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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">GKr99RRWgrdmwY4rmvBTSSg</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000700035</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220392</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220392</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Se &#8220;Tempo &#233; M&#250;sculo&#8221;, ent&#227;o os Conhecimentos do Paciente devem Economizar Tempo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4683-0179</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital da Luz Digital</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Luz Digital, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Servi&#231;o de Medicina Intensiva</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital da Luz Lisboa</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Medicina Intensiva &#8211; Hospital da Luz Lisboa, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Daniel Ferreira</bold> &#8226; Avenida Lus&#237;ada, <postal-code>100 1500-650</postal-code>, Lisboa - Portugal E-mail: <email>dferreira@hospitaldaluz.pt</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>35</fpage>
      <lpage>36</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Conscientiza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Reperfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Assist&#234;ncia Integral &#224; Sa&#250;de/economia</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica/terapia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>H&#225; mais de meio s&#233;culo, o trabalho experimental do grupo de Eugene Braunwald sobre os fatores que influ&#234;nciam o tamanho do infarto ap&#243;s oclus&#245;es das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias levou ao conceito de &#8220;Tempo &#233; m&#250;sculo&#8221; no que se refere ao manejo do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A reperfus&#227;o atempada das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias oclu&#237;das &#233; fundamental para salvar as c&#233;lulas mioc&#225;rdicas isqu&#234;micas em risco no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (STEMI).</p>
    <p>Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, o foco tem sido colocado nos esfor&#231;os para encurtar os tempos porta-agulha ou porta-bal&#227;o e buscar melhores e mais seguras modalidades de terapias de reperfus&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Quando diferentes modalidades de reperfus&#227;o devem ser consideradas, a dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas e o tempo esperado para atingir a reperfus&#227;o s&#227;o fundamentais para a escolha da melhor terapia para cada paciente. Esse conceito levou &#224; compara&#231;&#227;o da terapia farmacol&#243;gica l&#237;tica, iniciada na fase pr&#233;-hospitalar ou em hospitais sem laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo, e interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea &#8211; ICP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Independentemente da estrat&#233;gia de reperfus&#227;o escolhida (l&#237;tica ou ICP), o tempo desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; a reperfus&#227;o bem-sucedida &#233; fundamental para o progn&#243;stico dos pacientes a curto e longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Para citar o artigo hist&#243;rico de Elliott M. Antman: &#8220;<italic>No futuro, os avan&#231;os no cuidado de pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCST) n&#227;o vir&#227;o da an&#225;lise de estudos que n&#227;o refletem a pr&#225;tica atual em um esfor&#231;o para racionalizar o prolongamento do tempo de atraso relacionado &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP). Devemos ir al&#233;m desses argumentos e encontrar maneiras de encurtar o tempo total de isquemia</italic>.&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Terkelsen et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> dividiram o tempo total de isquemia em &#8216;atraso do paciente&#8217; e &#8216;atraso do sistema&#8217;, sugerindo que o &#250;ltimo, mas n&#227;o o primeiro, pode ser influenciado pelo profissional de sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>As diretrizes STEMI da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia de 2017<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> indicam que todos os componentes do atraso do sistema (determinado como o intervalo do primeiro contato m&#233;dico (PCM) at&#233; a reperfus&#227;o) representam a qualidade do atendimento, sendo recomendado mensur&#225;-los como indicadores de qualidade.</p>
    <p>No entanto, como mencionado acima, o tempo isqu&#234;mico total &#233; o principal determinante do tamanho do infarto no STEMI. A &#234;nfase foi colocada na redu&#231;&#227;o do componente de tempo de terapia porta-reperfus&#227;o (o chamado atraso do sistema), enquanto o sintoma-a-PCM (o atraso do paciente) &#233; muitas vezes esquecido.</p>
    <p>O atraso do paciente pode ser atribu&#237;do a v&#225;rias caracter&#237;sticas individuais, mas tamb&#233;m sociais dos pacientes que apresentam STEMI. V&#225;rios artigos abordaram essa quest&#227;o e descobriram que a decis&#227;o de procurar ajuda m&#233;dica, ligando para os servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia ou apresentando-se a um centro m&#233;dico, pode variar de pessoa para pessoa. No entanto, foram identificadas algumas caracter&#237;sticas comuns que justificam a apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia dos pacientes ao primeiro contato m&#233;dico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Neste n&#250;mero dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Khalfallah et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> apresentam uma avalia&#231;&#227;o muito interessante de dois fatores que influenciam o atraso do paciente na reperfus&#227;o por ICP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A conscientiza&#231;&#227;o do paciente sobre os sintomas relacionados &#224; isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e que esses sintomas podem alertar para uma doen&#231;a grave (at&#233; mesmo com risco de vida) &#233; um importante determinante da decis&#227;o atempada de procurar atendimento m&#233;dico. Campanhas direcionadas para aumentar a conscientiza&#231;&#227;o do paciente t&#234;m mostrado resultados mistos, principalmente devido a diferentes abordagens que buscam melhorar a educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de das popula&#231;&#245;es em risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Outro aspecto relevante da conscientiza&#231;&#227;o do paciente &#233; o conhecimento do paciente sobre os benef&#237;cios da reperfus&#227;o precoce. Khalfallah et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> verificaram que a conscientiza&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes sobre os benef&#237;cios da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o precoce foi significativamente menor em pacientes com apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia, o que eles sugerem que pode ser outro motivo para a procura tardia de aconselhamento m&#233;dico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O outro achado relevante deste trabalho &#233; a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os fatores socioecon&#244;micos dos pacientes e o momento da apresenta&#231;&#227;o do paciente ao atendimento m&#233;dico. Os autores realizaram uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada para identificar os preditores socioecon&#244;micos independentes que afetam a apresenta&#231;&#227;o do paciente &#224; ICP e descobriram que a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com baixa escolaridade foi significativamente maior no grupo de apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes que sofriam de isolamento social e os que moravam sozinhos foram mais prevalentes nesse grupo. Como os autores discutem, esses achados est&#227;o de acordo com outros estudos sobre o tema,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> mas esta &#233; outra &#225;rea de relatos conflitantes, com outros autores relatando nenhuma rela&#231;&#227;o entre fatores socioecon&#244;micos e tempo de apresenta&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Podemos, assim, concluir que esta &#233; uma tem&#225;tica de grande interesse e investiga&#231;&#227;o em curso e que s&#227;o bem-vindos mais estudos que procurem avaliar o impacto da educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de no progn&#243;stico de doentes com STEMI. No entanto, as evid&#234;ncias mostram que os profissionais de sa&#250;de devem continuar prestando o melhor atendimento poss&#237;vel (incluindo reperfus&#227;o oportuna) aos apresentadores precoces e tardios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os profissionais de sa&#250;de, principalmente os respons&#225;veis pelo atendimento de pacientes de alto risco, devem aproveitar qualquer oportunidade para melhorar a educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de de seus pacientes em rela&#231;&#227;o aos sintomas relacionados &#224; isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, os riscos de apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia ao atendimento m&#233;dico e os benef&#237;cios da reperfus&#227;o precoce no caso de suspeita de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Impacto do Desconhecimento do Paciente e Fatores Socioecon&#244;micos na Apresenta&#231;&#227;o do Paciente &#224; Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea Prim&#225;ria</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>If &#8220;Time Is Muscle,&#8221; Then the Patient's Knowledge Must Save Time</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4683-0179</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Luz Digital, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Medicina Intensiva &#8211; Hospital da Luz Lisboa, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Daniel Ferreira</bold> &#8226; Avenida Lus&#237;ada, <postal-code>100 1500-650</postal-code> Lisboa - Portugal E-mail: <email>dferreira@hospitaldaluz.pt</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Awareness</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Reperfusion</kwd>
        <kwd>Comprehensive Health Care/economics</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia/therapy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>More than half a century ago, Eugene Braunwald's group experimental work on the factors influencing infarct size following coronary artery occlusions led to the concept of &#8220;Time is Muscle&#8221; in what relates to acute myocardial infarction management.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Timely reperfusion of the occluded coronary arteries is critical to saving at-risk ischemic myocardial cells in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).</p>
      <p>In the last decades, the focus has been put on the efforts to shorten the door-to-needle or door-to-balloon times and look for better and safer modalities of reperfusion therapies.</p>
      <p>When different reperfusion modalities are to be considered, the duration of symptoms and the expected time to reach reperfusion are key to choosing the best therapy for each patient. This concept has led to the comparison of lytic pharmacologic therapy, initiated in the pre-hospital phase or at hospitals without cath lab facilities, and percutaneous coronary intervention &#8211; PCI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Independently of what reperfusion strategy is chosen (lytics or PCI), the time from symptom onset to successful reperfusion is critical to the short- and long-term patients&#8217; prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>To quote Elliott M. Antman's landmark paper: &#8220;<italic>In the future, advances in the care of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) will not come from the analysis of trials that do not reflect current practice in an effort to rationalize extending the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)-related delay time. We must move beyond such arguments and find ways to shorten the total ischemic time.</italic>&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Terkelsen et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> divided the total ischaemic time into &#8216;patient delay&#8217; and &#8216;system delay,&#8217; suggesting that the latter, but not the former, can be influenced by the healthcare provider.</p>
      <p>The 2017 European Society of Cardiology STEMI guidelines<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> indicates that all components of the system delay (determined as the interval from first medical contact (FMC) to reperfusion) represent the quality of care, and it is recommended to measure them as quality indicators.</p>
      <p>Nevertheless, as mentioned above, total ischemic time is the major determinant of infarct size in STEMI. Emphasis has been placed on reducing the door-to-reperfusion therapy time component (the so-called system delay), whereas the symptom-to-FMC (the patient delay) is often overlooked.</p>
      <p>Patient delay can be attributed to several individuals and societal characteristics of the patients presenting with STEMI. Several papers have addressed this issue and found that the decision to seek medical help by calling the emergency services or self-presenting to a medical facility can vary from person to person. However, some common characteristics have been identified that justify the late presentation of patients to first medical contact.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this issue of Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Khalfallah et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> present a very interesting evaluation of two factors that influence patient delay in PCI reperfusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Patient awareness of myocardial ischemia-related symptoms and that those symptoms might alert to a serious (even life-threatening) disease is a major determinant of the timely decision to seek medical care. Campaigns directed to increase patient awareness have shown mixed results, mostly due to different approaches seeking to improve the health literacy of the at-risk populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Another relevant aspect of patient awareness is the patient's knowledge of early reperfusion benefits. Khalfallah et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> found that awareness of the patients about the benefits of early revascularization was significantly lower in late presenting patients, which they suggest might be another reason for late seeking medical advice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The other relevant finding of this paper is the relationship between patients&#8217; socioeconomic factors and the timing of patient presentation to medical care. The authors performed a multivariate regression analysis to identify the independent socioeconomic predictors affecting patient presentation to PCI and found that the proportion of patients with low educational levels was significantly higher in the late presenting group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Also, patients who suffered from social isolation and those that lived alone were more prevalent in this group. As the authors discuss, these findings are in line with other studies on this topic,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> but this is another area of conflicting reports, with other authors reporting no relationship between socioeconomic factors and timing of presentation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>We can thus conclude that this is a matter of great interest and ongoing research and that more studies seeking to evaluate the impact of health literacy on the prognosis of STEMI patients are welcome. Nevertheless, evidence shows that healthcare providers must continue giving the best care possible (including timely reperfusion) to early and late presenters.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Healthcare professionals, particularly those responsible for caring for high-risk patients, must grab any opportunity to improve their patients&#8217; health literacy concerning myocardial ischemia-related symptoms, the risks of later presentation to medical care, and the benefits of early reperfusion in the case of suspected myocardial infarction.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Impact of Patient Unawareness and Socioeconomic Factors on Patient Presentation to Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
