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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">QwwshTP3rBq6FFxQ5D7ZGzw</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000700025</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210521</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210521</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impacto do Desconhecimento do Paciente e Fatores Socioecon&#244;micos na Apresenta&#231;&#227;o do Paciente &#224; Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea Prim&#225;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6105-9300</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Khalfallah</surname>
            <given-names>Mohamed</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2739-4914</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Allaithy</surname>
            <given-names>Amany</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5838-7549</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Maria</surname>
            <given-names>Dina A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Tanta University</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Tanta</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="EG">Egito</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Tanta University, Tanta &#8211; Egito</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mohamed Khalfallah</bold> &#8226; Faculdade de Medicina, Tanta University &#8211; 31Elgeish street, Tanta &#8211; Egito. E-mail: <email>khalfallah@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Khalfallah M; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Khalfallah M, Allaithy A, Maria DA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>25</fpage>
      <lpage>34</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O desconhecimento do paciente sobre o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, suas complica&#231;&#245;es e os benef&#237;cios da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o precoce &#233; um ponto crucial na determina&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos. Al&#233;m disso, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre fatores socioecon&#244;micos e apresenta&#231;&#227;o do paciente &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria (ICPP) n&#227;o foi totalmente estudada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Nosso objetivo foi investigar se o desconhecimento do paciente e outros fatores socioecon&#244;micos impactam na apresenta&#231;&#227;o do paciente &#224; ICPP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>O estudo compreendeu 570 pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST) revascularizados por ICPP. Os pacientes foram classificados em dois grupos de acordo com o tempo total de isquemia (tempo desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas do IAMCSST at&#233; a dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o); grupo I: Pacientes com apresenta&#231;&#227;o precoce (1-12 horas). Grupo II: Pacientes com apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia (&gt;12-24 horas). Fatores socioecon&#244;micos, desfechos cl&#237;nicos incluindo mortalidade e eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores (ECAM) foram avaliados em cada grupo. O valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Existem diferentes fatores socioecon&#244;micos que afetam a apresenta&#231;&#227;o do paciente &#224; ICPP. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada identificou os preditores socioecon&#244;micos independentes da seguinte forma: baixa escolaridade - OR 4,357 (IC95% 1,087&#8211;17,47, p=0,038), isolamento social - OR 4,390 (IC95% 1,158&#8211;16,64, p=0,030) e desconhecimento sobre os benef&#237;cios da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o precoce - OR 4,396 (IC95% 1,652&#8211;11,69, p =0,003). A mortalidade e ECAM foram mais altas no grupo II.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O desconhecimento do paciente e o baixo n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico foram associados &#224; apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia para a ICPP, com desfechos mais adversos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Fatores Socioecon&#244;micos</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="31"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) &#233; uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade em todo o mundo. Entretanto, os avan&#231;os na terapia trombol&#237;tica e na interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria (ICPP) t&#234;m permitido que a grande maioria dos pacientes sobreviva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Pacientes com IAM enfrentam v&#225;rias dificuldades que podem influenciar sua capacidade de manejar sua condi&#231;&#227;o de forma otimizada. Em primeiro lugar, o desconhecimento do paciente sobre a natureza da doen&#231;a, suas complica&#231;&#245;es e os benef&#237;cios da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o precoce. Al&#233;m disso, fatores socioecon&#244;micos como educa&#231;&#227;o, emprego e moradia podem afetar a sa&#250;de de uma pessoa. Da mesma forma, barreiras financeiras podem levar &#224; n&#227;o-ades&#227;o a tratamentos e recomenda&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas essenciais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A priva&#231;&#227;o social impacta na incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares; al&#233;m disso, a sobrevida &#233; reduzida ap&#243;s o IAM em pacientes provenientes de meios sociais desfavorecidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> As pessoas privadas de um ou mais desses fatores podem ter dificuldade de acesso aos cuidados de sa&#250;de, o que pode influenciar sua sa&#250;de e bem-estar geral.</p>
      <p>O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; uma situa&#231;&#227;o de emerg&#234;ncia que requer decis&#245;es e interven&#231;&#245;es r&#225;pidas. A ICPP &#233; um m&#233;todo altamente recomendado para restaurar o fluxo sangu&#237;neo rapidamente em pacientes com IAM, com o objetivo de minimizar a necrose mioc&#225;rdica e melhorar a sobrevida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Os desfechos da ICPP n&#227;o dependem apenas da experi&#234;ncia dos operadores ou da capacidade dos centros de ICP, que representam apenas uma pequena porcentagem dos desfechos da ICPP. Entretanto, h&#225; muitos fatores esquecidos que afetam os desfechos relacionados ao desconhecimento do paciente e fatores socioecon&#244;micos que determinam a apresenta&#231;&#227;o precoce ou tardia do paciente ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas do IAM. No presente estudo, nosso objetivo foi investigar o impacto do desconhecimento do paciente sobre a natureza do IAM e os diferentes fatores socioecon&#244;micos que podem afetar a apresenta&#231;&#227;o do paciente &#224; ICPP.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>O presente estudo &#233; um estudo de coorte prospectivo, com o objetivo de investigar o impacto de diferentes fatores socioecon&#244;micos na apresenta&#231;&#227;o do paciente &#224; ICPP. O estudo foi realizado em uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia de pacientes adultos com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST), submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o por ICPP em nosso Departamento Cardiovascular, no <italic>Tanta University Hospital</italic>, que &#233; um centro terci&#225;rio para popula&#231;&#227;o de toda a prov&#237;ncia, com capacidade para emerg&#234;ncia e alta taxa de fluxo. O perfil da popula&#231;&#227;o local &#233; uma mistura de uma pequena porcentagem de indiv&#237;duos com educa&#231;&#227;o superior e a maioria da popula&#231;&#227;o do pa&#237;s, que tem baixo n&#237;vel de escolaridade. Os pacientes foram classificados em dois grupos de acordo com o tempo total de isquemia (tempo desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas do IAM at&#233; a dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o); grupo I: Pacientes com apresenta&#231;&#227;o precoce (1-12 horas). Grupo II: Pacientes com apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia (&gt;12-24 horas). O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes nesta pesquisa. Cada paciente possu&#237;a um n&#250;mero de c&#243;digo designado para o seu n&#250;mero de telefone e endere&#231;o. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica Local e foi realizado de acordo com os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki II. O IAMCSST foi definido pelos sintomas caracter&#237;sticos de dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica, bem como por uma eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST de 1 mm nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores, ou eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST de 2 mm nas deriva&#231;&#245;es tor&#225;cicas anteriores em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas, ou um novo, ou presumivelmente novo, bloqueio de ramo esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Pacientes com IAMCSST que receberam terapia trombol&#237;tica ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ou se apresentaram tardiamente ap&#243;s 24 horas e pacientes com IAMSSST foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo.</p>
      <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; anamnese completa, especialmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a de diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia, hipertens&#227;o e tabagismo atual. O hist&#243;rico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, acidente vascular cerebral e doen&#231;as arteriais perif&#233;ricas pr&#233;vios foi avaliado. O in&#237;cio da dor tor&#225;cica antes da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o foi determinado, sendo calculado o intervalo de tempo entre o in&#237;cio da dor tor&#225;cica at&#233; a dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o. Foram questionados o hist&#243;rico de uso de medicamentos e sua ades&#227;o, incluindo medicamentos anti-hipertensivos, redutores de colesterol e antiplaquet&#225;rios. Tamb&#233;m foi avaliado o status socioecon&#244;mico dos pacientes, incluindo n&#237;vel de escolaridade, renda, isolamento social, estado civil, situa&#231;&#227;o profissional. O Invent&#225;rio de Depress&#227;o de Beck foi utilizado, que consiste em uma medida autorreferida de 21 perguntas sobre a gravidade dos sintomas depressivos, com o escore variando de 0 a 64, onde o normal varia de 0 a 10 e escores de 11 ou mais indicam depress&#227;o cl&#237;nica potencial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, outros fatores que podem afetar os resultados foram avaliados, incluindo se o paciente tinha seguro-sa&#250;de, in&#237;cio de dor tor&#225;cica durante a noite, morar longe de prestadores de cuidados de sa&#250;de e, finalmente, conscientiza&#231;&#227;o sobre os benef&#237;cios da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o precoce.</p>
      <p>Um exame cl&#237;nico completo, eletrocardiograma de superf&#237;cie de doze deriva&#231;&#245;es e ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico foram realizados em todos os pacientes. Investiga&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais de rotina foram realizadas em todos os pacientes, incluindo medidas dos n&#237;veis de hemoglobina s&#233;rica, glicemia aleat&#243;ria, creatinina s&#233;rica e CK-MB. Na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes receberam quatro comprimidos mastig&#225;veis de 300 mg de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, 600 mg de clopidogrel ou 180 mg de ticagrelor, al&#233;m de heparina n&#227;o fracionada por via intravenosa. A ICPP foi realizada por via transfemoral ou transradial, de acordo com a prefer&#234;ncia do operador. Dois intervencionistas experientes avaliaram um conjunto de par&#226;metros, incluindo o vaso culpado, comprimento da les&#227;o-alvo, grau de fluxo TIMI antes e ap&#243;s a ICPP, carga do trombo (leve, moderada ou alta). O uso do cateter de aspira&#231;&#227;o e inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa foram registrados. O escore de fluxo TIMI foi definido pelo grau de fluxo na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica. Os graus TIMI foram avaliados como (grau 0) = aus&#234;ncia completa de fluxo al&#233;m do ponto de obstru&#231;&#227;o; (grau 1) = algum material de contraste flui distalmente &#224; obstru&#231;&#227;o, mas a opacifica&#231;&#227;o arterial completa n&#227;o &#233; alcan&#231;ada; (grau 2) = opacifica&#231;&#227;o tardia de todo o art&#233;ria e (grau 3) = visualiza&#231;&#227;o imediata e completa de toda a art&#233;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os desfechos de interesse neste estudo foram a ocorr&#234;ncia de mortalidade ou eventos cardiovasculares maiores, incluindo parada card&#237;aca, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e choque cardiog&#234;nico, que &#233; definido como hipotens&#227;o persistente com press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica menor que 90 mmHg por pelo menos trinta minutos, com caracter&#237;sticas de hipoperfus&#227;o tecidual apesar da administra&#231;&#227;o adequada de fluidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A nefropatia induzida por contraste &#233; definida como um aumento relativo (&#8805;25%) ou absoluto (&#8805;0,5 mg/dl) na creatinina s&#233;rica dos n&#237;veis basais at&#233; o per&#237;odo de tr&#234;s dias ap&#243;s a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao meio de contraste.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A ocorr&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o repetida e reinfarto, definido como recorr&#234;ncia de sintomas isqu&#234;micos com novas altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas sugestivas de reinfarto, foi avaliada. Sangramento maior (sangramento que exigiu interna&#231;&#227;o prolongada ou queda de hemoglobina de pelo menos 3 g/dL) foi registrada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O fen&#244;meno de <italic>no-reflow</italic> ocorre se o fluxo TIMI na art&#233;ria for &#8804; 2, apesar da dilata&#231;&#227;o bem-sucedida e aus&#234;ncia de dissec&#231;&#227;o, espasmo ou emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal observados angiograficamente ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o do procedimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi executada utilizando-se o <italic>software</italic> SPSS 23 (SPSS Inc. Vers&#227;o 2015, IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, vers&#227;o 23, Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). A normalidade de cada vari&#225;vel foi testada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Os dados quantitativos foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Os dados qualitativos foram expressos como frequ&#234;ncia e porcentagem. O teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras independentes foi utilizado para comparar vari&#225;veis quantitativas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. O teste qui-quadrado (&#967;<sup>2</sup>) foi utilizado para estudar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis qualitativas. Sempre que qualquer uma das c&#233;lulas esperadas fosse menor que cinco, utilizou-se o teste exato de Fisher. A an&#225;lise de sobreviv&#234;ncia foi realizada utilizando-se a estat&#237;stica de Kaplan-Meier com teste de <italic>log-rank</italic> para expressar a signific&#226;ncia. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada foi realizada para detectar os preditores socioecon&#244;micos independentes que afetam a apresenta&#231;&#227;o do paciente &#224; ICPP. O valor de <italic>p</italic> bilateral &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>O presente estudo foi realizado com 570 pacientes com IAMCSST e submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o por ICPP. Os pacientes foram divididos em 2 grupos de acordo com o tempo total de isquemia: grupo I: 280 pacientes (49,1%) com apresenta&#231;&#227;o precoce (1-12 horas). Grupo II: 290 pacientes (50,9%) com apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia (&gt;12-24 horas). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre os dois grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, distribui&#231;&#227;o por g&#234;nero, presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia e tabagismo atual. O n&#250;mero de pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no grupo II foi significantemente maior do que no grupo I. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi significantemente maior no grupo I do que no grupo II. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos resultados laboratoriais, os n&#237;veis de CK-MB e creatinina s&#233;rica foram significantemente menores no grupo I do que no grupo II, como mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais, dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e laboratoriais de todos os pacientes de ambos os grupos</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo I (n=280) (1-12 horas)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo II (n=290) (12-24 horas)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade, anos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">57,16&#177;12,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">56,60&#177;12,06</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,574</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">139 (49,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">146 (50,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,867</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">74 (26,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">79 (27,2%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,827</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">94 (33,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">91 (31,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,576</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">84 (30,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">91 (31,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,721</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">97 (34,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">106 (36,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,634</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IM anterior, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (7,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">27 (9,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,536</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">AVC anterior, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (3,2%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (2,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,749</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">36 (12,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">35 (12,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,776</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">24 (8,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">41 (14,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,037<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IMC, (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">25,26&#177;4,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">25,42&#177;4,36</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,638</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">84 (30,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">76 (26,2%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,314</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Uso de medicamentos para baixar o colesterol, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">76 (27,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">77 (26,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,873</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Uso de medica&#231;&#227;o antiplaquet&#225;ria, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">97 (34,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">89 (30,7%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,314</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PA Sist&#243;lica, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">125,3&#177;17,85</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">124,1&#177;20,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,462</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PA Diast&#243;lica, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">77,50&#177;8,20</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">76,26&#177;9,50</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,096</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FEVE, (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">47,50&#177;4,65</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">45,86&#177;6,46</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hemoglobina, g/dL</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11,56&#177;1,48</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11,61&#177;1,46</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,646</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Glicemia no sangue aleat&#243;ria, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">162,5&#177;43,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">160,6&#177;49,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,621</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinina s&#233;rica, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,036&#177;0,23</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,093&#177;0,24</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,006<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">CK-MB, U/L</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">72,53&#177;33,07</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">81,98&#177;43,47</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,004<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Volume do agente de contraste, (ml)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">184,2&#177;69,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">182,2&#177;65,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,728</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; CK-MB: creatina quinase banda mioc&#225;rdica;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>valor de p significante.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; situa&#231;&#227;o socioecon&#244;mica dos pacientes, seguimento m&#233;dico, ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o e conscientiza&#231;&#227;o sobre os benef&#237;cios da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o precoce foram comparados. Houve uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre os dois grupos quanto ao n&#250;mero de pacientes atendidos por m&#233;dico especialista no ano anterior, sendo maior no grupo I. Al&#233;m disso, o n&#250;mero de pacientes aderentes ao tratamento m&#233;dico tamb&#233;m foi significantemente maior neste grupo. O n&#250;mero de pacientes que sofreu isolamento social foi maior no grupo II do que no grupo I. O n&#250;mero de pacientes com baixo n&#237;vel de escolaridade foi significantemente maior no grupo II do que no grupo I. Quanto &#224; conscientiza&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes sobre os benef&#237;cios da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o precoce, o n&#250;mero de pacientes conscientes disso foi significantemente maior no grupo I do que no grupo II. O n&#250;mero de pacientes com in&#237;cio dos sintomas durante a noite foi maior no grupo II e o n&#250;mero de pacientes que moravam longe de prestadores de servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de tamb&#233;m foi maior no grupo II, como mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Fatores socioecon&#244;micos de todos os pacientes em ambos os grupos</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo I (n=280) (1-12 horas)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo II (n=290) (12-24 horas)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Consultou um especialista m&#233;dico no ano anterior, n(%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">193 (68,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">113 (39,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Ades&#227;o ao tratamento m&#233;dico, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">159 (56,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">121 (41,7%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">Categoria de renda</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Renda alta, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">88 (31,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">77 (26,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">0,199</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Renda baixa, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">192 (68,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">213(73,4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">N&#237;vel de escolaridade</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Bacharelado ou superior, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">119 (42,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">88 (30,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">0,003<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ensino m&#233;dio ou inferior, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">161 (57,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">202 (69,7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">Isolamento social</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Mora acompanhado, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">248 (88,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">228 (78,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Mora sozinho, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">32 (11,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">62 (21,4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">Invent&#225;rio de depress&#227;o de Beck</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Normal, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">247 (88,2%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">250 (86,2%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">0,473</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Anormal, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">33 (11,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">40 (13,8%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">Estado civil</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Casado, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">188 (67,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">177 (61,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="3">0,129</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Separado/Divorciado/ Solteiro/</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">92 (32,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">113 (39,0%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Vi&#250;va/Vi&#250;vo, n (%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">Situa&#231;&#227;o de emprego</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Empregado, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">173 (61,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">170 (58,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="3">0,718</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Aposentado, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">50 (17,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">54 (18,6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Desempregado, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">57 (20,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">66 (22,8%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Consciente dos benef&#237;cios da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o precoce, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">179(63,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">103 (35,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">In&#237;cio da dor tor&#225;cica durante a noite, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">112 (40,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">148 (51,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,008<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Plano de Sa&#250;de, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">89 (31,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">81 (27,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,315</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Mora longe dos prestadores de servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, n(%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">33 (11,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">52 (17,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,039<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Valor de p significante.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos resultados angiogr&#225;ficos, a carga do trombo na les&#227;o do vaso culpado foi significantemente maior no grupo II do que no grupo I. Al&#233;m disso, a necessidade de uso de cateter de aspira&#231;&#227;o e inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa tamb&#233;m foi maior no grupo II. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre os dois grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao fluxo TIMI inicial, ao comprimento da les&#227;o ou ao vaso culpado, embora o fluxo TIMI p&#243;s-procedimento tenha apresentado diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante, com maior incid&#234;ncia de <italic>no-reflow</italic> no grupo II, como mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Resultados angiogr&#225;ficos de todos os pacientes de ambos os grupos</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo I (n=280) (1-12 horas)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo II (n=290) (12-24 horas)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Intervalo desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; o PCM, (horas)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7,61&#177;2,71</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">18,34&#177;3,41</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Intervalo do PCM at&#233; a dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o, (minutos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">63,98&#177;19,50</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">64,04&#177;19,45</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,971</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">Fluxo TIMI inicial</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0-2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">246 (87,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">265 (91,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">0,168</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">34 (12,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">25 (8,6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">Fluxo TIMI p&#243;s-procedimento</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (0,7%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (2,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="4">0,027<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (2,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">18 (6,2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (4,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (7,6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">257 (91,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">243(83,8%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">Carga tromb&#243;tica</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Baixa</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">147 (52,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">116 (40,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="3">0,010<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Moderada</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">85 (30,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">106 (36,6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Alta</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">48 (17,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">68 (23,4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Cateter de aspira&#231;&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (7,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">39 (13,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,031<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">26 (9,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">48 (16,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,010<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">Tipo de reperfus&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Angioplastia com bal&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (2,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">14 (4,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="3">0,466</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Stenting direto</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">56 (20,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">55 (19,0%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Coloca&#231;&#227;o de stent ap&#243;s pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">216 (77,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">221 (76,2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Comprimento da les&#227;o, mm</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">21,39&#177;5,40</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20,73&#177;5,25</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,143</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">Vaso culpado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">ACE, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (2,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (2,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,829</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">ADA, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">111 (39,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">121 (41,7%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,613</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">CX, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">85 (30,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">90 (31,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,861</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">78 (27,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">72 (24,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,412</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>PCM: primeiro contato m&#233;dico; TIMI: tromb&#243;lise no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; ACE: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda; ADA: Art&#233;ria descendente anterior; CX: art&#233;ria circunflexa;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>valor de p significativo.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos desfechos, a mortalidade foi significantemente maior no grupo II do que no grupo I. A incid&#234;ncia de choque cardiog&#234;nico foi significantemente maior no grupo II do que no grupo I. O n&#250;mero de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi maior no grupo II do que no grupo I. Al&#233;m disso, a ocorr&#234;ncia do fen&#244;meno de <italic>no-reflow</italic> foi significantemente maior no grupo II do que no grupo I, como mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> e na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Tabela 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Resultados da interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo I (n=280) (1-12 horas)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo II (n=290) (12-24 horas)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Mortalidade, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (2,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">17 (5,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,046<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Choque cardiog&#234;nico, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">15 (5,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">30 (10,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,027<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Parada card&#237;aca, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (5,7%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (4,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,384</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nefropatia induzida por contraste, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">26 (9,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">34 (11,7%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,343</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (8,2%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">42 (14,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,019<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sangramento maior, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (0,7%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (1,7%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,274</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Reinfarto, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (1,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (2,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,560</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de repeti&#231;&#227;o, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (1,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (2,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,393</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Acidente vascular cerebral, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (0,7%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (1,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,682</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Fen&#244;meno de <italic>no-reflow</italic>, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">25 (8,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">47 (16,2%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,009<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>valor de p significante.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Resultados da interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria de ambos os grupos.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0025-10521-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada foi realizada para identificar os preditores socioecon&#244;micos independentes que afetam a apresenta&#231;&#227;o do paciente &#224; ICPP, como mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>, com os seguintes resultados: n&#237;vel de escolaridade - OR 4,357 (IC95% 1,087&#8211;17,47, p=0,038), isolamento social - OR 4,390 (IC95% 1,158&#8211;16,64, p=0,030) e conscientiza&#231;&#227;o sobre os benef&#237;cios da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o precoce - OR 4,396 (IC95% 1,652&#8211;11,69, p=0,003). A curva de Kaplan Meier foi utilizada, mostrando a sobrevida cumulativa em pacientes de ambos os grupos, como mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Tabela 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>An&#225;lise da regress&#227;o multivariada para preditores independentes socioecon&#244;micos que afetam a apresenta&#231;&#227;o do paciente &#224; ICPP</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">An&#225;lise multivariada</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Valor de p</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">OR</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">(IC95%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Consultou um m&#233;dico especialista no ano anterior</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,364</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,866&#8211;6,450</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,093</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ades&#227;o ao tratamento m&#233;dico</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,237</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,436&#8211;3,511</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,689</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#237;vel de escolaridade</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,357</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,087&#8211;17,47</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,038<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Isolamento social</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,390</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,158&#8211;16,64</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,030<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Consciente do benef&#237;cio da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o precoce</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,396</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,652&#8211;11,69</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,003<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">In&#237;cio da dor tor&#225;cica durante a noite</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,707</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,493&#8211;5,909</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,398</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Mora longe dos prestadores de servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,001</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,279&#8211;3,598</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,999</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>valor de p significante.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Curva de Kaplan-Meier mostrando sobrevida cumulativa em pacientes dos grupos de apresenta&#231;&#227;o precoce e tardia.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0025-10521-gf02.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o de emerg&#234;ncia que requer r&#225;pida decis&#227;o de procurar orienta&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o precoce e resgate do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco da necrose. Embora a ICPP seja o padr&#227;o-ouro para o tratamento de pacientes com IAMCSST, sua principal limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; o atraso na sua realiza&#231;&#227;o. O manejo contempor&#226;neo do IAMCSST &#233; realizado em torno de terapias de reperfus&#227;o precoce para reduzir o tamanho do infarto e otimizar os resultados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A dura&#231;&#227;o da isquemia &#233; um determinante-chave do tamanho do infarto, uma vez que a morte do mi&#243;cito &#233; diretamente proporcional &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o da oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Portanto, o benef&#237;cio na sobrevida da desobstru&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria oclu&#237;da est&#225; fundamentalmente relacionado ao tempo muito precoce no curso da apresenta&#231;&#227;o do IAMCSST.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Assim, no presente estudo, dividimos os pacientes em dois grupos de acordo com o tempo total de isquemia, considerado a pedra angular para os resultados da ICPP. Embora seja altamente recomendado que o tempo total de isquemia seja encurtado em pacientes com IAMCSST, ele pode variar de acordo com o conhecimento do paciente sobre a doen&#231;a e outros diferentes fatores socioecon&#244;micos que determinam a apresenta&#231;&#227;o precoce ou tardia aos provedores de servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de. Embora a pol&#237;tica de sa&#250;de do estado tenha sido aprimorada nos anos anteriores, com a integra&#231;&#227;o de diferentes modelos de pol&#237;tica de sa&#250;de, incluindo o programa (<italic>stent for life</italic>) no qual a ICPP est&#225; dispon&#237;vel gratuitamente para todo paciente com IAM, independentemente de sua condi&#231;&#227;o socioecon&#244;mica, bem como pela integra&#231;&#227;o da Rede de Atendimento de Emerg&#234;ncia-CATH-LAB, decidimos investigar os diferentes fatores socioecon&#244;micos e outros fatores relacionados que podem impactar a apresenta&#231;&#227;o do paciente na ICPP.</p>
      <p>Neste estudo, os pacientes com apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia (grupo II) apresentaram um aumento dos n&#237;veis da enzima CK-MB, o que indica um aumento da necrose mioc&#225;rdica devido &#224; longa dura&#231;&#227;o da isquemia, refletindo tamb&#233;m na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, significantemente menor neste grupo do que no grupo I. Essa diminui&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pode levar a desfechos adversos, como observado por Ng et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> que estudaram 2.648 pacientes com IAMCSST divididos em tr&#234;s grupos de acordo com a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda: (1) FEVE gravemente comprometida &lt;40%; (2) FEVE moderadamente comprometida 40-50%; e (3) FEVE normal &#8805;50 %, concluindo que os eventos adversos est&#227;o acentuadamente aumentados naqueles com FEVE &lt;40%.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise de diferentes fatores socioecon&#244;micos no presente estudo mostrou que o n&#250;mero de pacientes com baixo n&#237;vel de escolaridade era significantemente maior no grupo II, assim como o n&#250;mero de pacientes que sofriam de isolamento social e moravam sozinhos era maior neste grupo. Al&#233;m disso, a conscientiza&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes sobre os benef&#237;cios da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o precoce foi significantemente menor nesse grupo, sugerindo as consequ&#234;ncias da busca tardia por atendimento m&#233;dico. Al&#233;m disso, o n&#250;mero de pacientes do grupo II atendidos por m&#233;dico especialista no ano anterior e de pacientes aderentes ao tratamento m&#233;dico foi significantemente menor neste grupo. Em concord&#226;ncia com nossos resultados, Schr&#246;der et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> observaram que pacientes com maior n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico tinham mais conhecimentos sobre o tratamento m&#233;dico e conseguiam utilizar os prontu&#225;rios para obter mais informa&#231;&#245;es, enquanto os pacientes com baixo n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico parecem n&#227;o ter conhecimentos sobre o tratamento e t&#234;m dificuldade em compreender as informa&#231;&#245;es que lhes s&#227;o fornecidas. Al&#233;m disso, o estudo de Roth et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> que estudou o papel do ambiente socioecon&#244;mico nos desfechos m&#233;dicos ap&#243;s IAM e incluiu 870 pacientes com IAMCSST submetidos &#224; ICPP no General Hospital of Vienna, demonstrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a distribui&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico e fatores de risco convencionais, os quais, por sua vez, mostraram um impacto significante na sobrevida de pacientes com IAMCSST. Em concord&#226;ncia com nossos resultados, Jones et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> estudaram 13.770 pacientes consecutivos submetidos &#224; ICPP em um &#250;nico centro entre 2005 e 2011, e relataram v&#225;rias raz&#245;es poss&#237;veis pelas quais o status socioecon&#244;mico pode influenciar os resultados da ICPP, observando que o isolamento social foi visto de forma cada vez mais frequente nos indiv&#237;duos de baixo n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico e tem sido associado a piores desfechos ap&#243;s o IAM. Al&#233;m disso, Kareem et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> que investigaram o impacto do n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico sobre eventos card&#237;acos adversos ap&#243;s angioplastia coronariana, conclu&#237;ram que o baixo n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico estava associado a menor ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o e maior mortalidade ap&#243;s a ICP. Outro fator importante observado no presente estudo &#233; que o n&#250;mero de pacientes que apresentou in&#237;cio da dor tor&#225;cica durante o hor&#225;rio noturno foi significantemente maior no grupo II. Analisando este grupo em maiores detalhes, verificou-se que se os pacientes estivessem cientes da natureza do IAM, eles teriam chamado a ambul&#226;ncia durante o hor&#225;rio noturno para encaminhamento ao hospital e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o precoce por ICPP, ao inv&#233;s de ficar em casa e esperar para ir ao hospital pela manh&#227;. Isso reflete a relut&#226;ncia dos pacientes em procurar ajuda m&#233;dica durante a noite devido ao seu desconhecimento.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, os pacientes do grupo II tiveram maior incid&#234;ncia do fen&#244;meno <italic>no-reflow</italic> do que os pacientes do grupo I. Brosh et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m relataram diferen&#231;a significante no tempo porta-bal&#227;o em pacientes com e sem o fen&#244;meno <italic>no-reflow</italic>. (p=0,000). Al&#233;m disso, Yip et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> demonstraram que a taxa de <italic>no-reflow</italic> foi menor em pacientes que foram reperfundidos em menos de 4 horas, e Kirma et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> verificaram que a reperfus&#227;o tardia &gt; 6 horas estava correlacionada com o fen&#244;meno de <italic>no-reflow</italic> (p&lt;0,05), o que est&#225; de acordo com nossos resultados. Nos est&#225;gios iniciais do IAM, o trombo &#233; rico em tromb&#243;citos e &#233; mais f&#225;cil de ser tratado com farmacoterapia adjuvante. Al&#233;m disso, a reperfus&#227;o tardia resulta em um trombo intracoron&#225;rio bem-organizado e, portanto, reduz a probabilidade de atingir o fluxo TIMI 3.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os desfechos ap&#243;s ICPP foram piores no grupo II, j&#225; que a mortalidade e os eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores foram significantemente maiores neste grupo do que no grupo I. O choque cardiog&#234;nico continua sendo a causa mais comum de morte em pacientes hospitalizados com IAMCSST. A incid&#234;ncia de pacientes com choque cardiog&#234;nico foi significantemente maior no grupo II (10,3%) em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo I (5,4%). A raz&#227;o subjacente pode ser a maior necrose celular que ocorre em pacientes com IAMCSST com apresenta&#231;&#227;o mais tardiamente. Assim, n&#237;veis maiores de CK-MB foram encontrados no grupo II. O choque cardiog&#234;nico tem uma frequ&#234;ncia em torno de 7-10%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Est&#225; associada a sinais cl&#237;nicos de hipoperfus&#227;o, que incluem diminui&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito urin&#225;rio e vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica. Al&#233;m disso, a ocorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foi significantemente maior no grupo II. A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial pode levar &#224; queda do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco com maior comprometimento hemodin&#226;mico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, os n&#237;veis de creatinina s&#233;rica foram significantemente maiores no grupo II; todos esses fatores aumentam a possibilidade de nefropatia induzida por contraste que, por sua vez, piora os desfechos e aumenta a mortalidade, apesar dos avan&#231;os nas estrat&#233;gias farmacol&#243;gicas, mec&#226;nicas e de reperfus&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>O desconhecimento do paciente sobre a natureza do IAM, suas complica&#231;&#245;es e os benef&#237;cios da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o precoce e o baixo n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico dos pacientes foram associados &#224; apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia da ICPP. Os preditores socioecon&#244;micos independentes que afetaram a apresenta&#231;&#227;o da ICPP no presente estudo foram baixo n&#237;vel de escolaridade, isolamento social e desconhecimento dos benef&#237;cios da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o precoce.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Morrison</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verbeek</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McDonald</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impact of Patient Unawareness and Socioeconomic Factors on Patient Presentation to Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6105-9300</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Khalfallah</surname>
            <given-names>Mohamed</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2739-4914</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Allaithy</surname>
            <given-names>Amany</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5838-7549</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Maria</surname>
            <given-names>Dina A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Tanta</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="EG">Egypt</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Tanta University, Tanta &#8211; Egypt</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mohamed Khalfallah</bold> &#8226; Faculdade de Medicina, Tanta University &#8211; 31Elgeish street, Tanta &#8211; Egito. E-mail: <email>khalfallah@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Statistical analysis: Khalfallah M; Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Khalfallah M, Allaithy A, Maria DA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Patient unawareness about acute myocardial infarction, its complications and the benefits of early revascularization is a crucial point that determines the outcomes. Moreover, the relationship between socioeconomic factors and patient presentation to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) has not been fully studied.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>Our objective was to investigate whether or not patient unawareness and other socioeconomic factors impact patient presentation to PPCI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>The study comprised 570 patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) revascularized by PPCI. The patients were classified into two groups according to the total ischemia time (the time from STEMI symptom onset to balloon dilatation); group I: Patients with early presentation (1-12 hours). Group II: Patients with late presentation (&gt;12-24 hours). Socioeconomic factors, clinical outcomes including mortality and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were evaluated in each group. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>There are different socioeconomic factors affecting patient presentation to PPCI. Multivariate regression analysis identified the independent socioeconomic predictors as following: low educational level - OR 4.357 (CI95% 1.087&#8211;17.47, p=0.038), social isolation - OR 4.390 (CI95% 1.158&#8211;16.64, p=0.030) and unawareness about the benefits of early revascularization - OR 4.396 (CI95% 1.652&#8211;11.69, p=0.003). Mortality and MACE were higher in group II.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Patient unawareness and low socioeconomic status were associated with late presentation to PPCI with more adverse outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Socioeconomic Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, advances in thrombolytic therapy and primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) have enabled the vast majority of patients to survive.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Patients with AMI experience various impediments, which may influence their ability to manage their condition optimally. First of all, the patient unawareness about the nature of the disease, its complications and the benefits of early revascularization. Moreover, socioeconomic factors such as education, employment and housing can affect a person's health. Similarly, financial barriers may lead to non-adherence to essential medical therapies and recommendations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Social deprivation impacts the incidence of cardiovascular diseases; furthermore, survival is reduced following AMI in patients from deprived social backgrounds.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> People who are deprived of one or more of these factors may have difficulty accessing health care, and this may influence their overall health status and wellbeing.</p>
        <p>Acute myocardial infarction is an emergency situation that requires rapid decisions and intervention. PPCI is a highly recommended method to restore blood flow rapidly for patients with AMI, aiming to minimize myocardial necrosis and improve survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The outcomes of PPCI do not depend only on the experience of the operators or the capability of PCI centers, which represents only a small percentage of PPCI outcomes. However, there are many forgotten factors affecting the outcomes related to patient unawareness and socioeconomic factors that determine patient presentation, either early or late, after AMI symptom onset. In the current study, our objective was to investigate the impact of patient unawareness about the nature of AMI and the different socioeconomic factors that may impact patient presentation to PPCI.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The current study is a prospective cohort study, aiming to investigate the impact of different socioeconomic factors on patient presentation to PPCI. The study was conducted on a convenience sample of adult patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), submitted to revascularization by PPCI at the Cardiovascular Department of Tanta University Hospital, which is a tertiary center for people from all over the governorate, with emergency capabilities and a high flow rate. The profile of the local population is a mixture of a small percentage of highly educated individuals and the majority of the population countrywide, who has a low educational level. The patients were classified into two groups according to the total ischemia time (the time from AMI symptom onset to balloon dilatation); group I: Patients with early presentation (1-12 hours). Group II: Patients with late presentation (&gt;12-24 hours). Informed consent was obtained from all participants in this research. Every patient had a code number assigned to his telephone number and address. The study was approved by the local ethical committee and was carried out in agreement with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki II. STEMI was defined by the characteristic symptoms of typical chest pain, as well as by a 1-mm ST-segment elevation in the inferior leads, or 2-mm ST-segment elevation in the anterior chest leads in two contiguous leads, or a new or presumably new left bundle branch block.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Patients with STEMI who received thrombolytic therapy or underwent CABG or presented later than 24 hours and patients with non-STEMI were excluded from the study.</p>
        <p>All patients were submitted to full history taking, especially regarding the presence of diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension and current smoking. History of prior myocardial infarction, previous stroke and peripheral arterial diseases was assessed. The onset of chest pain before admission was determined, then the time interval between chest pain onset to balloon dilatation was calculated. History of medication use and compliance with it was questioned, including antihypertensive, cholesterol-lowering and antiplatelet medications. The socioeconomic status of the patients was assessed, including level of schooling, patients&#8217; income, social isolation, marital and employment status. The Beck Depression Inventory was used, which consists in a 21-question self-reported measure for the severity of depressive symptoms with a score ranging from 0 to 64, where normal scores range from 0 to 10 and scores of 11 or higher indicate potential clinical depression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Furthermore, other factors that may affect the outcomes were assessed, including whether the patient had health insurance, chest pain onset during the night hours, living away from health care providers and, finally, awareness about the benefits of early revascularization.</p>
        <p>A full clinical examination, twelve-lead surface ECG and transthoracic echocardiography were performed in all patients. Routine laboratory investigations including serum hemoglobin, random blood glucose, serum creatinine and CK-MB levels were measured in all patients. On admission, patients received four 300 mg chewable acetylsalicylic acid tablets, 600 mg clopidogrel or 180 mg ticagrelor, in addition to intravenous unfractionated heparin. PPCI was performed via the transfemoral or transradial route consistent with operator preference. Two experienced interventionists evaluated a set of parameters including the culprit vessel, target lesion length, TIMI flow grade before and after the PPCI, and thrombus burden (mild, moderate or high). The use of aspiration catheter and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors were recorded. TIMI flow score was defined by the degree of flow into the epicardial coronary artery. TIMI grades were assessed as (grade 0) = complete absence of flow beyond the point of obstruction, (grade 1) = some contrast material flows distal to the obstruction, but complete arterial opacification is not achieved, (grade 2) = delayed opacification of the entire artery and (grade 3) = full prompt visualization of the entire artery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The outcomes of interest in this study were the occurrence of mortality or major cardiovascular events including cardiac arrest, heart failure, and cardiogenic shock, which is defined as persistent hypotension with systolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg for at least thirty minutes, with characteristics of tissue hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid administration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Contrast-induced nephropathy is defined as a relative (&#8805;25%) or absolute (&#8805;0.5 mg/dl) increase in serum creatinine from baseline to 3 days after contrast media exposure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The occurrence of cerebral stroke, repeat revascularization and re-infarction, which is defined as recurrence of ischemic symptoms with new ECG changes suggestive of re-infarction were assessed. Major bleeding (bleeding that required prolonged hospital stay or drop of hemoglobin of at least 3 gm/dL) was recorded.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No-reflow phenomenon occurs if TIMI flow in the artery is &#8804; 2, despite the successful dilation and absence of dissection, spasm or distal embolization seen angiographically after completing the procedure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 23, (SPSS Inc. Released 2015. IBM SPSS statistics for windows, version 23, Armonk, NY; IBM Corp.). The normality of each variable was tested by Shapiro-Wilk test. Quantitative data were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. Qualitative data were expressed as frequency and percentage. Independent-samples Student's t-test was used to compare normally distributed quantitative variables. The Chi-square test (&#967;<sup>2</sup>) was used to study the association between qualitative variables. Whenever any of the expected cells were less than five, Fisher's exact test was used. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier statistics with log-rank test to express the significance. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to detect the independent socioeconomic predictors affecting patient presentation to PPCI. A two-sided p-value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The current study was carried out with 570 patients presenting with STEMI and submitted to PPCI revascularization. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to total ischemia time; group I: 280 Patients (49.1 %) with early presentation (1-12 hours). Group II: 290 Patients (50.9 %) with late presentation (&gt;12-24 hours). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups regarding age, sex distribution, presence of hypertension, dyslipidemia and current smoking status. The number of patients with atrial fibrillation in group II was significantly higher than ingroup I. Left ventricular ejection fraction was significantly higher in group I than in group II. Regarding the laboratory results, CK-MB and serum creatinine levels were significantly lower in group I than in group II, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Basal characteristics, echocardiographic data and laboratory data of all patients in both groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Group I (n=280) (1-12 hours)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Group II (n=290) (&gt;12-24 hours)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Age, years</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">57.16&#177;12.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">56.60&#177;12.06</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.574</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Male gender, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">139 (49.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">146 (50.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.867</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Smoking, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">74 (26.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">79 (27.2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.827</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">94 (33.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">91 (31.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.576</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">84 (30.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">91 (31.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.721</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">97 (34.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">106 (36.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.634</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Prior MI, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (7.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27 (9.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.536</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Previous stroke, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (3.2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (2.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.749</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Peripheral vascular disease, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">36 (12.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">35 (12.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.776</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Atrial fibrillation, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24 (8.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">41 (14.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.037<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BMI, (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25.26&#177;4.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25.42&#177;4.36</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.638</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Anti-hypertensive medication use, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">84 (30.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">76 (26.2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.314</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cholesterol lowering medication use, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">76 (27.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">77 (26.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.873</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Anti-platelet medication use, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">97 (34.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">89 (30.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.314</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Systolic BP, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">125.3&#177;17.85</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">124.1&#177;20.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.462</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diastolic BP, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">77.50&#177;8.20</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">76.26&#177;9.50</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.096</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LVEF, (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">47.50&#177;4.65</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">45.86&#177;6.46</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hemoglobin, g/dL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11.56&#177;1.48</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11.61&#177;1.46</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.646</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Random blood glucose, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">162.5&#177;43.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">160.6&#177;49.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.621</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Serum creatinine, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.036&#177;0.23</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.093&#177;0.24</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.006<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CK-MB, U/L</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">72.53&#177;33.07</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">81.98&#177;43.47</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.004<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Volume of contrast agent,(mL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">184.2&#177;69.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">182.2&#177;65.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.728</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>MI: myocardial infarction; BMI: body mass index; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; CK-MB: Creatine kinase myocardial band;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>significant p-value.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The patients&#8217; socioeconomic status, medical follow up, compliance with medication and awareness about the benefits of early revascularization were compared. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups regarding the number of patients seen by medical specialist in the previous year, which was higher in group I. Moreover, the number of patients compliant with medical treatment was also significantly higher in this group. The number of patients who suffered from social isolation was higher in group II than in group I. The number of patients with low level of schooling was significantly higher in group II than in group I. Regarding patient awareness about the benefits of early revascularization, the number of patients who was aware was significantly higher in group I than in group II. The number of patients experiencing symptom onset during the night hours was higher in group II, and the number of patients living away from health care providers was also higher in group II, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Socioeconomic factors of all patients in both groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Group I (n=280) (1-12 hours)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Group II (n=290) (&gt;12-24 hours)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Has seen a medical specialist in the previous year, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">193 (68.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">113 (39.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Compliance with medical treatment, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">159 (56.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">121 (41.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">Income category</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">High income, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">88 (31.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">77 (26.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">0.199</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Low income, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">192 (68.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">213(73.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">Level of schooling</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Bachelor's degree or higher, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">119 (42.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">88 (30.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">0.003<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">High school or less, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">161 (57.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">202 (69.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">Social isolation</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Lives with others, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">248 (88.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">228 (78.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Lives alone, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32 (11.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62 (21.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">Beck Depression Inventory</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Normal, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">247 (88.2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">250 (86.2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">0.473</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Abnormal, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">33 (11.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">40 (13.8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">Marital Status</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Married, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">188 (67.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">177 (61.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="3">0.129</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Separated/Divorced/Single/</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">92 (32.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">113 (39.0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Widow/Widower, n (%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">Employment status</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Employed, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">173 (61.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">170 (58.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="3">0.718</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Retired, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50 (17.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">54 (18.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Unemployed, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">57 (20.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">66 (22.8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Awareness about the benefits of early revascularization, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">179(63.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">103 (35.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Onset of chest pain during night hours, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">112 (40.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">148 (51.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.008<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Health insurance, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">89 (31.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">81 (27.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.315</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Living away from health care providers, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">33 (11.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52 (17.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.039<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>significant p value.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Regarding the angiographic results, the lesion thrombus burden in the culprit vessel was significantly higher in group II than in I group. Moreover, the need for aspiration catheter and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor use was also higher in group II. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups regarding initial TIMI flow, the length of the lesion or the culprit vessel, although post-procedural TIMI flow showed a statistically significant difference with a higher incidence of no-reflow in group II, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 3</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Angiographic results of all patients in both groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Group I (n=280) (1-12 hours)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Group II (n=290)(&gt;12-24 hours)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Interval from symptom onset to FMC, (hours)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.61&#177;2.71</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18.34&#177;3.41</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Interval from FMC to balloon dilation, (minutes)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">63.98&#177;19.50</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">64.04&#177;19.45</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.971</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">Initial TIMI flow</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0-2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">246 (87.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">265 (91.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">0.168</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">34 (12.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25 (8.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">Post-procedural TIMI flow</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (0.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (2.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="4">0.027<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (2.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18 (6.2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (4.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (7.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">257 (91.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">243(83.8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">Thrombus burden</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Low</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">147 (52.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">116 (40.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="3">0.010<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Moderate</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">85 (30.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">106 (36.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">High</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">48 (17.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">68 (23.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Aspiration catheter</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (7.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">39 (13.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.031<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26 (9.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">48 (16.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.010<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">Reperfusion type</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Balloon angioplasty</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (2.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14 (4.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="3">0.466</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Direct stenting</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">56 (20.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">55 (19.0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Stenting after pre-dilation</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">216 (77.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">221 (76.2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Length of the lesion, mm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21.39&#177;5.40</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20.73&#177;5.25</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.143</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">Culprit vessel</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">LM coronary artery, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (2.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (2.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.829</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">LAD coronary artery, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">111 (39.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">121 (41.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.613</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CX coronary artery, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">85 (30.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">90 (31.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.861</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Right coronary artery, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">78 (27.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">72 (24.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.412</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <p>FMC: first medical contact; TIMI: thrombolysis in myocardial infarction; LM: left main; LAD: left anterior descending; CX: circumflex;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>significant p value.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Concerning the outcomes, mortality was significantly higher in group II than in group I. The incidence of cardiogenic shock was significantly higher in group II than in group I. The number of patients with heart failure was higher in group II than in group I. Moreover, the occurrence of the no-reflow phenomenon was significantly higher in group II than in group I, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Outcomes of primary percutaneous coronary intervention</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Group I (n=280) (1-12 hours)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Group II (n=290) (&gt;12-24 hours)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mortality, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (2.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17 (5.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.046<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cardiogenic shock, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15 (5.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30 (10.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.027<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cardiac arrest, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (5.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (4.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.384</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Contrast-induced nephropathy, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26 (9.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">34 (11.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.343</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Heart failure, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (8.2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">42 (14.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.019<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Major bleeding, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (0.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (1.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.274</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Reinfarction, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (1.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (2.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.560</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Repeat revascularization, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (1.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (2.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.393</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cerebral stroke, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (0.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (1.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.682</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">No-reflow phenomenon, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25 (8.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">47 (16.2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.009<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>significant p value.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Outcomes of primary percutaneous coronary intervention in both groups.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0025-10521-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify the independent socioeconomic predictors affecting patient presentation to PPCI as depicted in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 5</xref>, with the following results: level of schooling OR 4.357 (CI95% 1.087&#8211;17.47, p=0.038), social isolation - OR 4.390 (CI95% 1.158&#8211;16.64, p=0.030) and patient awareness about the benefits of early revascularization - OR 4.396 (CI95% 1.652&#8211;11.69, p=0.003). The Kaplan Meier curve was performed showing cumulative survival in patients from both groups, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Multivariate regression analysis for socioeconomic independent predictors affecting patient presentation to PPCI</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Multivariate analysis</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">value-p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">OR</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">(95% CI)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Has seen a medical specialist in the previous year</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.364</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.866&#8211;6.450</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.093</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Compliance with medical treatment</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.237</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.436&#8211;3.511</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.689</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Level of schooling</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.357</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.087&#8211;17.47</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.038<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Social isolation</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.390</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.158&#8211;16.64</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.030<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Awareness about the benefit of early revascularization</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.396</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.652&#8211;11.69</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.003<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Chest pain onset during the night hours</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.707</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.493&#8211;5.909</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.398</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Living away from health care providers</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.279&#8211;3.598</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.999</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>significant p value.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Kaplan-Meier curve showing cumulative survival in patients from the early and late presentation groups.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0025-10521-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Acute myocardial infarction is an emergency condition that requires rapid decision to seek medical advice for early revascularization and salvage of cardiac muscle from necrosis. Although the PPCI is the gold standard for treating patients with STEMI, its main limitation is the time delay. Contemporary management of STEMI is built around early reperfusion therapies to reduce infarction size and optimize outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Ischemia duration is a key determinant of infarction size, as myocyte death is directly proportionate to the duration of coronary artery occlusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Therefore, the survival benefit from the opening up of the occluded coronary artery is crucially related to the time in the very early course of STEMI presentation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Therefore, in the current study, we divided the patients into two groups according to the total ischemia time, which is considered the cornerstone for PPCI outcomes. Although it is highly recommended that total ischemia time be shortened in patients with STEMI, it can vary according to the knowledge of the patient about the disease and other different socioeconomic factors that determine the early or late presentation to health care providers. Although the health policy of the state has been enhanced in previous years with the integration of different health policy models, including the program (&#8216;stent for life&#8217;) in which PPCI is available freely for all patients with AMI, regardless of their socioeconomic status, as well as by the integration of the Emergency Care Network-CATH-LAB, we decided to investigate the different socioeconomic factors and other related factors that may impact patient presentation to PPCI.</p>
        <p>In this study, patients with late presentation (group II) showed an increase in CK-MB enzyme levels, which indicates an increase in myocardial necrosis due to the long duration of ischemia and also reflected on left ventricular ejection fraction, which was significantly lower in this group than in group I. This decrease in ejection fraction can lead to adverse outcomes as reported by Ng et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> who studied 2648 patients with STEMI, divided into three groups according to left ventricular function: (1) severely impaired LVEF &lt;40%, (2) moderately impaired LVEF 40&#8211;50% and (3) normal LVEF &#8805;50% and concluded that adverse events are markedly increased in those with LVEF &lt;40%.</p>
        <p>The analysis of different socioeconomic factors in the present study showed that the number of patients with low educational level was significantly higher ingroup II, and also the number of patients that suffered from social isolation and lived alone were higher in this group. Moreover, the patients&#8217; awareness about the benefits of early revascularization was significantly lower in this group, implying the consequences of the delayed seeking of medical advice. In addition, the number of patients in group II that was seen by a medical specialist in the previous year and those compliant with medical treatment was significantly lower in this group. In agreement with our results, Schr&#246;der et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> observed that patients with higher socioeconomic status had greater knowledge about medical treatment and could use medical records to obtain more information, while patients with low socioeconomic status seem to lack knowledge about treatment and have problems in understanding the information provided to them. Moreover, the study by Roth et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> who studied the role of the socioeconomic environment on medical outcomes after AMI and included 870 patients with STEMI submitted to PPCI at the General Hospital of Vienna, demonstrated an association between the socioeconomic status distribution and conventional risk factors, which in turn, showed a significant impact on survival for patients with STEMI. In agreement to our results, Jones et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> studied 13,770 consecutive patients who underwent PPCI at a single center between 2005 and 2011 and reported several possible reasons why socioeconomic status might influence PPCI outcomes and observed that social isolation was increasingly seen in those of low socioeconomic status and has been associated with poorer outcomes following AMI. Furthermore, Kareem et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> who investigated the impact of socioeconomic status on adverse cardiac events after coronary angioplasty concluded that low socioeconomic status, was associated with lower adherence to medication and higher mortality after PCI. Another important factor observed in the present study is that the number of patients who experienced chest pain onset during the night hours was significantly higher in group II. By further analyzing this group, it was found that if patients were aware of the nature of AMI, they would call the ambulance center during the night hours for referral to the hospital and early revascularization by PPCI, rather than staying at home and wait to go to the hospital in the morning. This reflects the patients&#8217; reluctance to seek medical care during the night hours due to their unawareness.</p>
        <p>In the current study, patients in group II had a higher incidence of no-reflow phenomenon than patients in group I. Brosh et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> also reported a significant difference in the door-to-balloon time in patients with and without the no-reflow phenomenon (p=0.000). Moreover, Yip et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> demonstrated that the rate of no-reflow was lower in patients who were reperfused within less than 4 hours and Kirma et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> found that delayed reperfusion &gt; 6 hours was correlated with no-reflow (p&lt;0.05), which is in agreement with our results. In the early stages of AMI, the thrombus is rich in thrombocytes and is easier to be treated with adjunctive pharmacotherapy. Furthermore, delayed reperfusion results in a well-organized intracoronary thrombus, thus reducing the likelihood of achieving TIMI 3 flow.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The outcomes after PPCI were worse in group II, as mortality and major adverse cardiac events were significantly higher in this group than in group I. Cardiogenic shock remains the most common cause of death in patients hospitalized with STEMI. The incidence of patients with cardiogenic shock was significantly higher in group II (10.3%) than (5.4%) in group I. The underlying reason may be the fact that more cell necrosis occurs in patients with STEMI that had a later presentation. Thus, the highest CK-MB levels were found in group II. Cardiogenic shock has a frequency of around 7-10%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> It is associated with clinical signs of hypoperfusion, which include decreased urine output and peripheral vasoconstriction. Moreover, the occurrence of atrial fibrillation was significantly higher in group II. Atrial fibrillation can lead to a decrease in cardiac output, with more hemodynamic compromise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Furthermore, serum creatinine levels were significantly higher in group II; all of these factors increase the possibility of contrast-induced nephropathy, which in turn worsen the outcomes and increase mortality, despite advances in pharmacological, mechanical and reperfusion strategies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Patient unawareness about the nature of AMI, its complications and the benefits of early revascularization and the patients&#8217; low socioeconomic status were associated with a late presentation to PPCI. The independent socioeconomic predictors affecting the presentation to PPCI in the current study were low educational level, social isolation and unawareness about the benefits of early revascularization.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
