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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">KRQjCd4kK6CbXjbTnzfQxXR</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000700023</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220367</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220367</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Um Novo Preditor de Risco no Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio. Ainda tem Lugar para Mais Um?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1187-8690</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pr&#233;coma</surname>
            <given-names>Dalton Bertolim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Angelina Caron Hospital Society</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campina Grande do Sul</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Angelina Caron Hospital Society, Campina Grande do Sul, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Hospitalar Angelina Caron &#8211; Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campina Grande do Sul</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Hospitalar Angelina Caron &#8211; Cardiologia, Campina Grande do Sul, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Dalton Bertolim Precoma</bold> Angelina Caron Hospital Society - 1150 Rod. do Caqui. CEP <postal-code>83430-000</postal-code>, Campina Grande do Sul, PR &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>daltonprecoma@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>23</fpage>
      <lpage>24</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Mediadores da Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Placa Ateroscler&#243;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Colesterol</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="19"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A cardiologia &#233; uma das especialidades que tradicionalmente utiliza a evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica na pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria, tanto na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco como no diagn&#243;stico, na terap&#234;utica e no progn&#243;stico. Um dos temas mais discutidos neste sentido, &#233; a aterosclerose e a inflama&#231;&#227;o, despertando um grande interesse pelo cont&#237;nuo conhecimento adquirido ao longo dos &#250;ltimos dois s&#233;culos. V&#225;rios autores se destacam neste contexto hist&#243;rico, por exemplo, Rudolf Virchow no s&#233;culo 19 que descreveu a associa&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose com a inflama&#231;&#227;o; Marchand em 1904 que sugeriu a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a aterosclerose e o processo de obstru&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias e em 1908, Ignatowski, que observou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o colesterol da dieta e a aterosclerose. Ao longo destes &#250;ltimos 100 anos, uma s&#233;rie de artigos elucidaram a sequ&#234;ncia fisiopatog&#234;nica que hoje conhecemos. O entendimento da forma&#231;&#227;o e a evolu&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica, atrav&#233;s de complexos mecanismos moleculares e da imunidade inata e adaptativa, que culminam com o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) est&#227;o bem estabelecidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Em 1974, Friedman GD et al., descreveram o papel da contagem dos leuc&#243;citos no progn&#243;stico do IAM,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e na sequ&#234;ncia, outros estudos destacaram a import&#226;ncia destas c&#233;lulas no processo de deteriora&#231;&#227;o e recupera&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio infartado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Nesta mesma linha de investiga&#231;&#227;o, Coste MER et al., investigaram as citocinas em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supra de ST (IAMCSST) e a rela&#231;&#227;o com a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Observaram um balan&#231;o das citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias e anti-inflamat&#243;rias, exceto da IL-6, sugerindo um risco inflamat&#243;rio residual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Al&#233;m destes aspectos relacionados com a placa ateroscler&#243;tica e a atividade inflamat&#243;ria no IAM, outro processo relacionado com estas c&#233;lulas chamadas imuno-inflamat&#243;rias, como as plaquetas, os leuc&#243;citos, os neutr&#243;filos e os linf&#243;citos, ganharam destaque inicialmente na &#225;rea da oncologia, ao ser descritos como um marcador progn&#243;stico confi&#225;vel na progress&#227;o de v&#225;rios tumores malignos, pelo chamado &#8220;&#237;ndice de imuno-inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica&#8221; (IIIS). A revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise de Zhong et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> ressalta a import&#226;ncia deste &#237;ndice na predi&#231;&#227;o de sobrevida, sendo que elevadas taxas foram associadas a um pior progn&#243;stico em tumores s&#243;lidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Al&#233;m das neoplasias, outros fatores alteram a IIIS, tais como a idade, obesidade, diabete tipo 2, estresse emocional, esteroides ex&#243;genos, horm&#244;nios sexuais end&#243;genos, dist&#250;rbios hematol&#243;gicos, acidente vascular cerebral, embolia pulmonar e trauma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>As c&#233;lulas brancas, como os leuc&#243;citos e neutr&#243;filos, s&#227;o abundantes e as primeiras a atuarem como pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios na &#225;rea infartada. J&#225; as plaquetas, participam do processo pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio e pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico, al&#233;m de outras a&#231;&#245;es a longo prazo na aterosclerose. Os linf&#243;citos s&#227;o c&#233;lulas com caracter&#237;sticas imunes cuja a&#231;&#227;o anti-inflamat&#243;ria promove a prote&#231;&#227;o e a recupera&#231;&#227;o do tecido infartado ou as c&#233;lulas j&#225; deterioradas. Por estas fun&#231;&#245;es celulares principalmente na fase aguda do infarto, nos &#250;ltimos anos, muitos autores relataram estes elementos celulares como valor progn&#243;stico nas s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA). Takahashi et al. em 2007 estudaram 116 casos de IAM da parede anterior, dentro das 12 primeiras horas, submetidos a angioplastia prim&#225;ria, com o objetivo de verificar o grau de acometimento microvascular do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE). A an&#225;lise multivariada demonstrou que o grau dos neutr&#243;filos foi um preditor independente do acometimento microvascular ap&#243;s a angioplastia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Al&#233;m da import&#226;ncia destes &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos, recentemente alguns estudos demonstraram o papel da terap&#234;utica anti-inflamat&#243;ria na redu&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cardiovasculares. Como o estudo <italic>The Canakinumab Anti-Inflammatory Thrombosis Outcomes Study (CANTOS)</italic> que demonstrou a redu&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos maiores pelo tratamento anti-inflamat&#243;rio com esta subst&#226;ncia monoclonal com a&#231;&#227;o na interleucina-1 Beta, diminuindo n&#237;veis da prote&#237;na C reativa ultrassens&#237;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Outro importante estudo, <italic>Colchicine Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial (</italic>COLCOT) demonstrou a redu&#231;&#227;o de 23% dos desfechos maiores com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da colchicina na doen&#231;a coronariana cr&#244;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Num estudo analisando estes tr&#234;s elementos celulares pela rela&#231;&#227;o entre as plaquetas (P), os neutr&#243;filos (N) e os linf&#243;citos (L) - (IIIS: PxN/L), Yang et al. descreveram este &#237;ndice como preditor de risco independente, sendo superior aos fatores de risco tradicionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Saylik e Akbulut,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> relacionam o IIIS, utilizando mesmo crit&#233;rio de Yang et al., estudando 843 pacientes portadores IAMCSST, submetidos a angioplastia prim&#225;ria. O &#237;ndice elevado, foi associado com a idade avan&#231;ada, maiores taxas de mortalidade cardiovascular, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal, acidente vascular cerebral n&#227;o fatal, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e eventos cardiovasculares maiores. Eles conclu&#237;ram que o IIIS &#233; um preditor independente. Este estudo ressalta que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o das plaquetas, neutr&#243;filos e linf&#243;citos, &#233; superior na predi&#231;&#227;o de risco, do que a raz&#227;o do neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito e &#224; raz&#227;o plaqueta-linf&#243;cito, utilizadas em outros estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Isto se deve provavelmente &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o de mecanismos compostos da resposta imuno-inflamat&#243;ria na resposta da agress&#227;o principalmente pelos neutr&#243;filos nos primeiros dias e da regenera&#231;&#227;o celular pela resposta imune e apopt&#243;tica dos linf&#243;citos na sequ&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Devemos considerar alguns aspectos metodol&#243;gicos, pois o estudo foi retrospectivo, unic&#234;ntrico, sendo o acompanhamento por telefone ou registros hospitalares e certificados de &#243;bito para a causa de morte. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foram relatadas as medica&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias utilizadas, como as estatinas, colchicina, corticoides, quimioter&#225;picos e outras que possam influenciar nos resultados. Outro fato que poderia interferir na an&#225;lise dos resultados, foi a coleta dos dados de mortalidade por telefone, prontu&#225;rios e certificados de &#243;bito. Por&#233;m, com os resultados baseados em exames de entrada do hospital e no m&#233;todo empregado, o estudo permitiu demonstrar que este &#237;ndice de imuno-inflama&#231;&#227;o tem muita import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica, sendo facilmente incorporado na pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria devido a seu baixo custo e facilidade de acesso.</p>
    <p>Conclu&#237;mos que o tema nos remete a &#8220;mais uma&#8221; ferramenta de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, de maneira pr&#225;tica e de baixo custo, que facilmente pode ser incorporada &#224; nossa pr&#225;tica.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: &#205;ndice de Inflama&#231;&#227;o Imune Sist&#234;mica &#233; Preditor de Eventos Cardiovasculares Adversos Maiores em Pacientes com Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A New Risk Predictor in Acute Myocardial Infarction. Is There Still Room for One More?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1187-8690</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pr&#233;coma</surname>
            <given-names>Dalton Bertolim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campina Grande do Sul</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Angelina Caron Hospital Society, Campina Grande do Sul, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campina Grande do Sul</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Hospitalar Angelina Caron &#8211; Cardiologia, Campina Grande do Sul, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Dalton Bertolim Precoma</bold> Angelina Caron Hospital Society - 1150 Rod. do Caqui. Postal Code <postal-code>83430-000</postal-code>, Campina Grande do Sul, PR &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>daltonprecoma@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation Mediators</kwd>
        <kwd>Plaque, Atherosclertic</kwd>
        <kwd>Cholesterol</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Cardiology is one of the specialties that traditionally uses scientific evidence in daily practice, both in risk stratification and diagnosis, therapy and prognosis. One of the most discussed topics is atherosclerosis and inflammation, arousing great interest in the continuous knowledge acquired over the last two centuries. Several authors stand out in this historical context, for example, Rudolf Virchow in the 19th century who described the association of atherosclerosis with inflammation; Marchand in 1904, who suggested the relationship between atherosclerosis and the process of clogging of the arteries and in 1908, Ignatowski who observed the relationship between dietary cholesterol and atherosclerosis. Over the last 100 years, many articles have elucidated the pathophysiological sequence that we know today. Understanding atherosclerotic plaque formation and evolution through complex molecular mechanisms and innate and adaptive immunity, which culminate in acute myocardial infarction (AMI), is well established.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In 1974, Friedman GD et al., described the role of leukocyte count in the prognosis of AMI,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and subsequently, other studies highlighted the importance of these cells in the deterioration and recovery of infarcted myocardium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In the same line of investigation, Coste MER et al. investigated cytokines in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and the relationship with ventricular function. They observed a balance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, except for IL-6, suggesting a residual inflammatory risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In addition to these aspects related to atherosclerotic plaque and inflammatory activity in AMI, another process related to these so-called immuno-inflammatory cells, such as platelets, leukocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, initially gained prominence in the field of oncology when described as a reliable prognostic marker in the progression of various malignant tumors, by the so-called &#8220;systemic immuno-inflammation index&#8221; (IIIS). The systematic review and meta-analysis by Zhong et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> emphasize the importance of this index in predicting survival since high rates were associated with a worse prognosis in solid tumors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In addition to neoplasms, other factors alter IIIS, such as age, obesity, type 2 diabetes, emotional stress, exogenous steroids, endogenous sex hormones, hematological disorders, stroke, pulmonary embolism, and trauma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>White cells, such as leukocytes and neutrophils, are abundant and the first to act as pro-inflammatory in the infarcted area. On the other hand, platelets participate in the pro-inflammatory and prothrombotic processes and other long-term actions in atherosclerosis. Lymphocytes are cells with immune characteristics whose anti-inflammatory action promotes the protection and recovery of infarcted tissue or cells that have already deteriorated. Due to these cellular functions, mainly in the acute phase of infarction, in recent years, many authors have reported these cellular elements as a prognostic value in acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Takahashi et al. in 2007, studied 116 cases of anterior wall AMI, within the first 12 hours, submitted to primary angioplasty to verify the degree of microvascular involvement of the left ventricle (LV). Multivariate analysis showed that neutrophil grade was an independent predictor of microvascular involvement after angioplasty.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In addition to the importance of these prognostic indices, recently, some studies have demonstrated the role of anti-inflammatory therapy in reducing cardiovascular outcomes. The Canakinumab Anti-Inflammatory Thrombosis Outcomes Study (CANTOS) demonstrated the reduction of major outcomes by anti-inflammatory treatment with this monoclonal substance with action on interleukin-1 Beta, decreasing levels of ultrasensitive C-reactive protein.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Another important study, the Colchicine Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial (COLCOT), demonstrated a 23% reduction in major outcomes using colchicine in chronic coronary heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In a study analyzing these three cellular elements by the relationship between platelets (P), neutrophils (N) and lymphocytes (L) - (IIIS: PxN/L), Yang et al. described this index as an independent risk predictor, being superior to traditional risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this issue of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Saylik and Akbulut,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> list the IIIS, using the same criteria as Yang et al., studying 843 patients with STEMI who underwent primary angioplasty. The high index was associated with older age, higher cardiovascular mortality rates, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, hospitalization for heart failure, myocardial revascularization, and major cardiovascular events. They concluded that IIIS is an independent predictor. This study emphasizes that the use of the ratio of platelets, neutrophils and lymphocytes is superior in predicting risk than the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and the platelet-lymphocyte ratio used in other studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> This is probably due to the combination of mechanisms composed of the immuno-inflammatory response in response to aggression mainly by neutrophils in the first days and cell regeneration by the immune and apoptotic response of lymphocytes in the sequence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>We must consider some methodological aspects, as the study was retrospective, single center, with follow-up by telephone or hospital records and death certificates for the cause of death. In addition, previous medications used, such as statins, colchicine, steroids, chemotherapy drugs and others that could influence the results, were not reported. Another fact that could interfere in the analysis of the results was the collection of mortality data by telephone, medical records and death certificates. However, with the results based on hospital entrance exams and the method used, the study showed that this index of immuno-inflammation has great prognostic importance, being easily incorporated into daily practice due to its low cost and ease of access.</p>
      <p>We conclude that the topic reminds us of &#8220;one more&#8221; tool for stratifying the risk of myocardial infarction in a practical and low-cost way, which can easily be incorporated into our practice.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index Predicts Major Cardiovascular Adverse Events in Patients with ST-Segment Elevated Myocardial Infarction</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
