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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">BPRq3Rbb3yxXjfHTdFgzF3b</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000700012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220418</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220418</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiopatia Chag&#225;sica: A Evolu&#231;&#227;o da Doen&#231;a e seus Exames Complementares</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2806-743X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Leinig Pereira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; &#8211; Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; &#8211; Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Claudio Leinig Pereira da Cunha</bold> &#8226; Rua Olavo Bilac, 181, CEP <postal-code>80440-040</postal-code>, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>cpcunha@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>12</fpage>
      <lpage>13</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Evolu&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Como em muitas &#225;reas da Medicina, o cen&#225;rio que abriga a Doen&#231;a de Chagas (DC) tem mudado substancialmente. H&#225; aproximadamente 50 anos, como M&#233;dico Residente, fazia plant&#245;es na Emerg&#234;ncia do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; e, rotineiramente atendia, em cada plant&#227;o, um ou mais casos de pacientes com franca Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Congestiva, anasarca, eletrocardiograma com dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o e m&#250;ltiplas arritmias, radiografia de t&#243;rax com cardiomegalia e diagn&#243;stico laboratorial de DC. N&#227;o havia ecocardiograma. Hoje esta &#233; uma situa&#231;&#227;o incomum; quando ocorre, s&#227;o chamados os estudantes para verem um quadro exuberante de Cardiopatia Chag&#225;sica (CC), que se apresenta a cada semestre.</p>
    <p>Nos levantamentos epidemiol&#243;gicos se observam constata&#231;&#245;es semelhantes. Em 1984 a preval&#234;ncia da DC no Estado do Paran&#225;, Brasil, era de 4% da popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Em 2020 as estimativas da preval&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#245;es pelo <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> foram de 1,02% a 2,4% no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No per&#237;odo 1975/83 entre 291 munic&#237;pios paranaenses, 90 (30,9%) tinham insetos triatom&#237;neos infestados pelo <italic>T. cruzi</italic>, enquanto que em 1990 estes foram encontrados em apenas 4 munic&#237;pios (1,4%),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> com posterior erradica&#231;&#227;o da contamina&#231;&#227;o vetorial. As estrat&#233;gias de controle vetorial t&#234;m propiciado um decl&#237;nio substancial na preval&#234;ncia mundial da doen&#231;a, estimada em 18 milh&#245;es em 1990 e em 6 milh&#245;es em 2018.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Apesar do evidente avan&#231;o na conten&#231;&#227;o de novos casos da DC, a popula&#231;&#227;o doente &#233; ainda muito grande e exige cuidados especiais no seu diagn&#243;stico e tratamento. No presente n&#250;mero dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Tassi et al. estudam achados de exames complementares em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s arritmias na CC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>As t&#233;cnicas laboratoriais para o diagn&#243;stico da DC cr&#244;nica n&#227;o t&#234;m apresentado mudan&#231;as h&#225; anos. A antiga Rea&#231;&#227;o de Machado-Guerreiro (fixa&#231;&#227;o de complemento) n&#227;o &#233; mais empregada por sua baixa sensibilidade, baixa especificidade e complexidade na execu&#231;&#227;o. S&#227;o utilizados os testes de imunofluoresc&#234;ncia indireta, hemoaglutina&#231;&#227;o e ELISA (imunoensaio enzim&#225;tico). Tendo em vista a possibilidade de falso-positivos (leishmaniose, mal&#225;ria, s&#237;filis, toxoplasmose, hansen&#237;ase, colagenoses, hepatites) &#233; recomendado que o soro seja testado em pelo menos dois desses m&#233;todos para confirma&#231;&#227;o da positividade da sorologia. Na fase aguda da doen&#231;a o teste preferido &#233; a PCR (Rea&#231;&#227;o em Cadeia da Polimerase).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular dos pacientes com DC definida ou suspeita, &#233; essencial para detectar os eventuais danos card&#237;acos. O eletrocardiograma &#233; o teste mais importante na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial, podendo indicar se j&#225; h&#225; uma cardiomiopatia instalada, presen&#231;a de arritmias e contribui&#231;&#227;o para a estimativa do risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A radiografia do t&#243;rax contribui na avalia&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas e da congest&#227;o pulmonar. O achado de cardiomegalia tem peso significativo na escala de risco de morte, proposta por Rassi, acrescentando 5 pontos para um m&#225;ximo de 20.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A ecocardiografia em geral &#233; o teste chave, usado para identificar anormalidades estruturais e funcionais na DC. Integra a investiga&#231;&#227;o de rotina, tanto na fase aguda como cr&#244;nica, mesmo na Forma Indeterminada, e independente de sintomas. O estudo contribui para avalia&#231;&#227;o das fun&#231;&#245;es ventriculares sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, an&#225;lise regional e global dos ventr&#237;culos esquerdo e direito, presen&#231;a de aneurismas ventriculares, derrame peric&#225;rdico principalmente na fase aguda, pesquisa de trombos, regurgita&#231;&#245;es mitral e tric&#250;spide, an&#225;lise da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O Holter (Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial do ECG) &#233; outro exame fundamental para investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica, conduta terap&#234;utica e avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica da DC. Permite estudar arritmias ventriculares complexas, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, doen&#231;a do n&#243; sinusal e defeitos da condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular e intraventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Pacientes selecionados com CC requerem avalia&#231;&#227;o adicional com outros exames: Teste Ergom&#233;trico, Coronariografia, Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica (avalia&#231;&#227;o ventricular em ecocardiogramas sub&#243;timos e pesquisa de fibrose), Testes de Medicina Nuclear (Ventriculografia radionuclear, SPECT, Imagem da inerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica mioc&#225;rdica com MIBG-I123*, tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitron com 18F-fluorodeoxiglicose*) e bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica* (* = aplica&#231;&#245;es em pesquisas).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O estudo de Tassi et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> exemplifica a evolu&#231;&#227;o das pesquisas no entendimento das arritmias na CC.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Rela&#231;&#227;o entre Norepinefrina Urin&#225;ria, Fibrose e Arritmias na Cardiopatia Chag&#225;sica Cr&#244;nica com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Preservada ou Minimamente Reduzida</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recommendations for Multimodality Cardiac Imaging in Patients with Chagas Disease: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>3</fpage>
          <lpage>25</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2017.10.019</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9 Acquatella H, Asch FM, Barbosa MM, Barros M, Bern C, Cavalcante JL et al. Recommendations for Multimodality Cardiac Imaging in Patients with Chagas Disease: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography. <italic>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</italic>. 2018;31(1):3-25. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2017.10.019.</mixed-citation>
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      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rassi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rassi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marin</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Chagas Disease</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>375</volume>
          <issue>9723</issue>
          <fpage>1388</fpage>
          <lpage>1402</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60061-X</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10 Rassi Jr A, Rassi A, Marin-Neto JA. Chagas Disease. Lancet. 2010;375(9723):1388&#8211;402. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60061-X.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Chagas Heart Disease: The Evolution of the Disease and its Complementary Exams</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2806-743X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Leinig Pereira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; &#8211; Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Claudio Leinig Pereira da Cunha</bold> &#8226; Rua Olavo Bilac, 181, Postal code <postal-code>80440-040</postal-code>, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>cpcunha@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Clinical Evolution</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>As in many areas of Medicine, the scenario that harbors Chagas Disease(CD) has changed substantially. For approximately 50 years, as a Resident Physician, I was on duty at the Emergency Department of the Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas of the Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; and routinely attended, on each shift, one or more cases of patients with clear Congestive Heart Failure, anasarca, electrocardiogram with conduction disorders and multiple arrhythmias, chest X-ray with cardiomegaly and laboratory diagnosis of CD. There was no echocardiogram. Today this is an unusual situation; when it occurs, students are invited to see an exuberant picture of Chagas&#8217; heart disease (CHD), which appears every semester.</p>
      <p>In epidemiological surveys, similar findings are observed. In 1984, the prevalence of CD in the State of Paran&#225;, Brazil, was 4% of the population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In 2020, estimates of the prevalence of infections by Trypanosoma cruzi ranged from 1.02% to 2.4% in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In the period 1975/83, among 291 municipalities in Paran&#225;, 90 (30.9%) had triatomine insects infected by T. cruzi, while in 1990, these were found in only 4 municipalities (1.4%),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> with subsequent eradication of vector contamination. Vector control strategies have led to a substantial decline in the global prevalence of the disease, estimated at 18 million in 1990 and 6 million in 2018.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Despite the evident progress in the containment of new cases of CD, the sick population is still very large and requires care in their diagnosis and treatment. In the present issue of Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Tassi et al. study the findings of complementary exams concerning arrhythmias in CHD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Laboratory techniques for the diagnosis of chronic CD have not changed for years. The old Machado-Guerreiro reaction (complement fixation) is no longer used due to its low sensitivity, low specificity and complexity of execution. Indirect immunofluorescence, hemagglutination and ELISA (enzyme immunoassay) tests are used. Because of the possibility of false positives (leishmaniasis, malaria, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, leprosy, collagen diseases, hepatitis), it is recommended that the serum be tested in at least two of these methods to confirm the positivity of the serology. In the acute phase of the disease, the preferred test is PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Cardiovascular assessment of patients with definite or suspected CD is essential to detect eventual cardiac damage. The electrocardiogram is the most important test in the initial evaluation and can indicate whether there is already established cardiomyopathy, presence of arrhythmias and contribution to the estimation of cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Chest radiography contributes to the assessment of cardiac chambers and pulmonary congestion. The finding of cardiomegaly has a significant weight in the risk of death scale proposed by Rassi, adding 5 points to a maximum of 20.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Echocardiography, in general, is the key test used to identify structural and functional abnormalities in CD. It integrates routine investigation in the acute and chronic phases, regardless of symptoms, even in the Indeterminate Form. The study contributes to the assessment of systolic and diastolic ventricular functions, regional and global analysis of the left and right ventricles, presence of ventricular aneurysms, and pericardial effusion mainly in the acute phase, thrombus investigation, mitral and tricuspid regurgitation, analysis of pulmonary hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Holter monitoring (ambulatory ECG monitoring) is another fundamental test for diagnostic investigation, therapeutic management and prognostic assessment of CD. It allows the study of complex ventricular arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, sick sinus syndrome and atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction defects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Selected patients with CHD require additional evaluation with other tests: Exercise Tests, Coronary angiography, MRI (ventricular assessment on suboptimal echocardiograms and fibrosis research), Nuclear Medicine Tests (Radionuclear Ventriculography, SPECT, Myocardial Sympathetic Innervation Imaging with MIBG-I123*, positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose*) and endomyocardial biopsy* (* = research applications).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The study by Tassi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> exemplifies the evolution of research in understanding arrhythmias in CHD.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Relationship between Urinary Norepinephrine, Fibrosis, and Arrhythmias in Chronic Chagas Heart Disease with Preserved or Mildly Reduced Ejection Fraction</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
