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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Bvx88JqBFRyXDrzYtRbCc7J</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000700003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210400</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210400</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre Norepinefrina Urin&#225;ria, Fibrose e Arritmias na Cardiopatia Chag&#225;sica Cr&#244;nica com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Preservada ou Minimamente Reduzida</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8466-5322</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tassi</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Marinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Em&#237;lia Matos do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Continentino</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Abramoff</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Basilio de Bragan&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3270-1595</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Coury</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Eduardo Marinho Tassi</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho/Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; R. Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255. CEP <postal-code>21941-590</postal-code>, Ilha do Fund&#227;o, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>etassi@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Tassi EM, Pereira BB, Pedrosa RC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Tassi EM, Continentino MA; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Tassi EM, Nascimento EM, Continentino MA, Pereira BB, Pedrosa RC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Tassi EM, Nascimento EM, Pereira BB; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Tassi EM, Continentino MA, Pedrosa RC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Tassi EM, Nascimento EM, Pereira BB, Pedrosa RC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>3</fpage>
      <lpage>11</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Na cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica (CCC), imp&#245;em-se estudos com a proposta de identificar fatores de risco arritmog&#234;nicos em pacientes nos quais a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular de moderada a grave n&#227;o est&#225; presente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Verificar a depend&#234;ncia entre arritmias ventriculares frequentes (ARV), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE), extens&#227;o da fibrose pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) e dosagem de norepinefrina urin&#225;ria (NOREPI) na CCC com FEVE preservada ou minimamente comprometida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foi analisada no Holter a presen&#231;a de extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares &gt;30/hora. Na RMC, avaliou-se a FEVE e a quantifica&#231;&#227;o de massa fibrosada. Foi realizada a dosagem de NOREPI pelo m&#233;todo de Muskiet. A matriz de correla&#231;&#227;o foi calculada para aferir a capacidade de as vari&#225;veis preverem outra sendo considerado significante p&lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo 59 pacientes, com idade m&#233;dia de 57,9&#177;10,94 anos. Arritmia ventricular frequente (ARV) foi detectada em 28 pacientes. A vari&#225;vel fibrose mostrou-se inversamente proporcional &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) (R de &#8722;0,61) e &#224; norepinefrina urin&#225;ria (NOREPI) (R de &#8722;0,68), assim como a vari&#225;vel ARV mostrou-se inversamente proporcional &#224; FEVE (R de &#8722;0,33) e &#224; NOREPI (R de &#8722;0,27). J&#225; a FEVE mostrou-se diretamente proporcional &#224; NOREPI (R de 0,83).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Nesta amostra, em pacientes com CCC com FEVE preservada ou discretamente reduzida, observa-se a integridade do sistema nervoso auton&#244;mico em cora&#231;&#245;es com pouca fibrose e FEVE mais elevada, apesar da presen&#231;a de tradicionais fatores de risco para morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca. H&#225; depend&#234;ncia entre os n&#237;veis de NOREPI, FEVE e fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, mas n&#227;o com ARV.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Arritmias card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrose mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Denerva&#231;&#227;o Auton&#244;mica</kwd>
        <kwd>Norepinefrina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="39"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas (DC) ainda apresenta marcada import&#226;ncia epidemiol&#243;gica em raz&#227;o do contingente de infectados com potencial para desenvolvimento de formas graves. Estima-se que, no Brasil, haja 1,2 milh&#227;o de pessoas acometidas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> pela patologia, um ter&#231;o delas cardiopatas, das quais dois ter&#231;os com o cora&#231;&#227;o minimamente comprometido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica (CCC) &#233; considerada uma condi&#231;&#227;o arritmog&#234;nica decorrente de uma mir&#237;ade vari&#225;vel de arritmias potencialmente fatais, principalmente em est&#225;gios avan&#231;ados da doen&#231;a (grupo com alto risco individual de morte s&#250;bita el&#233;trica card&#237;aca).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Embora os pacientes de alto risco de morte s&#250;bita el&#233;trica possam ser identificados por seus fatores de risco, na popula&#231;&#227;o com DC, o maior n&#250;mero de casos de morte s&#250;bita el&#233;trica &#233; registrado em pacientes n&#227;o previamente determinados como de alto risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Esse aparente paradoxo dificulta a ado&#231;&#227;o de medidas preventivas em larga escala e justifica estudos nesse grupo de pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada ou discretamente reduzida, ainda que seja motivo de debate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O mecanismo que envolve a g&#234;nese das arritmias ventriculares nos est&#225;gios precoces da CCC pode estar relacionado com a denerva&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, caracter&#237;stica marcante da DC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Estudos da &#250;ltima d&#233;cada<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> demonstraram que a denerva&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca (com diferentes n&#237;veis de gravidade) &#233; achado comum em pacientes com DC e ocasionado por inflama&#231;&#227;o neuronal e ganglionar. A destrui&#231;&#227;o com perda vari&#225;vel de c&#233;lulas nervosas inicia-se na fase aguda e continua na fase cr&#244;nica, provocada por mecanismos imunes ou parasit&#225;rios, agindo exclusivamente ou em combina&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A denerva&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica tem import&#226;ncia no entendimento da patog&#234;nese, assim como na hist&#243;ria natural da CCC.</p>
      <p>A fim de caracterizar os n&#237;veis de norepinefrina como um indicador da atividade simp&#225;tica, muitos autores<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> j&#225; demonstraram a rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre estimula&#231;&#227;o neural simp&#225;tica e norepinefrina.</p>
      <p>Em pacientes com ICC, a hiperatividade simp&#225;tica &#233; persistente e relacionada aos sintomas cl&#225;ssicos de est&#237;mulo adren&#233;rgico, tais como taquicardia, sudorese fria, diarreia e ansiedade. Por&#233;m, na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica, esses aspectos permanecem controversos, havendo indicadores de que o sistema simp&#225;tico caminha para a exaust&#227;o &#224; medida que avan&#231;a o comprometimento card&#237;aco.</p>
      <p>O envolvimento comum de &#225;reas distais do mioc&#225;rdio de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), como o &#225;pice, e de segmentos &#237;nfero-laterais basais, sugere uma inflama&#231;&#227;o aguda, levando &#224; isquemia mioc&#225;rdica decorrente da desregula&#231;&#227;o microvascular na patog&#234;nese da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica desses pacientes. Corroborando isso, a regula&#231;&#227;o do fluxo anormal microvascular na presen&#231;a de inflama&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica cr&#244;nica na CCC foi demonstrada por cintilografia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Essas anormalidades de perfus&#227;o geralmente precedem o aparecimento de altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar, sugerindo que dist&#250;rbios microvasculares podem se desenvolver antes do in&#237;cio de dano mioc&#225;rdico e ser um agente causador de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
      <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre os achados da RMC e as arritmias na CCC j&#225; foi avaliada por muitos estudos e atualmente &#233; recomendada em caso de pacientes com arritmia ventricular grave para quantificar a extens&#227;o de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica e risco de morte s&#250;bita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Assim, o grupo populacional portador de DC com potencial para desenvolver complica&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#233; suficientemente grande para justificar estrat&#233;gias diagn&#243;sticas que identifiquem grupos de risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho &#233; verificar a depend&#234;ncia entre as vari&#225;veis arritmia ventricular frequente, extens&#227;o da fibrose, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar e dosagem de norepinefrina urin&#225;ria em pacientes com CCC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos os pacientes com CCC com idade superior a 21 anos e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda preservada ou minimamente comprometida (FE &gt;45%) &#224; RMC e com dosagem de norepinefrina urin&#225;ria anterior &#224; data da RMC, a qual foi realizada entre mar&#231;o e dezembro de 2010, e precedida de eletrocardiograma (ECG) e Holter de 24 horas. Somente foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes assintom&#225;ticos afastados de zona end&#234;mica h&#225; mais de 20 anos e em uso de betabloqueadores e inibidores de enzima de convers&#227;o de angiotensina (IECA). Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes que apresentassem disfun&#231;&#227;o renal (<italic>clearance</italic> estimado de creatinina &lt;30 mL/min), passado de abla&#231;&#227;o por estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico, diabetes ou mais que dois fatores de risco para doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, tempo de eco (TE) compat&#237;vel com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, qualquer procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ou perif&#233;rica ou contraindica&#231;&#227;o para resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (marca-passo definitivo, cardiodesfibrilador implantado, clipe neurocir&#250;rgico ou implante coclear).</p>
      <p>Arritmia ventricular frequente foi considerada no Holter pela presen&#231;a de extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares &gt;30/hora ou epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada (TVNS) (definida como tr&#234;s ou mais batimentos consecutivos com dura&#231;&#227;o &lt;30 segundos).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A dosagem de norepinefrina urin&#225;ria foi aferida ao longo dos anos de 2004 a 2006. Todos os pacientes foram orientados a evitar a ingest&#227;o de alimentos que cont&#234;m tiramina (subst&#226;ncia que facilita a libera&#231;&#227;o da norepinefrina dos locais de armazenamento (no interior dos neur&#244;nios)), capazes de interferir na concentra&#231;&#227;o de norepinefrina pelo menos 24 horas antes e durante o per&#237;odo de armazenamento da urina. O uso de betabloqueadores n&#227;o foi suspenso durante a coleta. A coleta de urina, procedimento feito por 24 horas, teve in&#237;cio num domingo, &#224;s 6h e t&#233;rmino na manh&#227; de segunda-feira. Todas as amostras foram armazenadas em dois frascos de polietileno com capacidade de um litro cada um, contendo cada frasco 1 ml de HCl 6 M (pH 1.0), com a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de que as amostras fossem mantidas a 4&#176;C durante o per&#237;odo de coleta (24 horas). O m&#233;todo utilizado para determina&#231;&#227;o da norepinefrina urin&#225;ria teve como base a proposi&#231;&#227;o de Muskiet et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A RMC foi realizada em um equipamento GE HDX de 1,5 Tesla (Wakeusha, Wisconsin), sendo adquiridas duas sequ&#234;ncias de pulso: a primeira foi cine-RMC (Steady-State Free Precession &#8722; SSFP) em eixo longo e eixo curto para mensura&#231;&#227;o e c&#225;lculo de massa, volumes e FEVE. O corte mais basal no eixo curto foi posicionado logo ap&#243;s o anel atrioventricular, e todas as subsequentes pausas respirat&#243;rias em expira&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima foram adquiridas com 8 mm de espessura e espa&#231;amento de 2 mm entre os demais cortes, at&#233; o &#225;pice de VE. Os par&#226;metros utilizados foram FOV (sigla para a express&#227;o inglesa <italic>field of view</italic>) 400 mm, matriz 224 &#215; 224, 20&#8211;24 linhas/segmento, resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal &lt;50 ms, tempo de repeti&#231;&#227;o (TR) = 3,9 ms, tempo de eco (TE) = 1,5 ms, <italic>flip angle</italic> de 50&#176; e n&#250;mero de excita&#231;&#245;es (NEX) de 1. Ap&#243;s 3 minutos da inje&#231;&#227;o de 0,3 mmol/kg de gadol&#237;nio (Dotarem&#174;, Guerbet), uma segunda sequ&#234;ncia realizada foi gradiente eco com recupera&#231;&#227;o de invers&#227;o (t&#233;cnica do realce tardio) em eixo longo e eixo curto, para pesquisar fibrose mioc&#225;rdica com os seguintes par&#226;metros: FOV 360 mm, matriz 224 &#215; 192, 24 linhas/segmento, TE = 2,9 ms, <italic>flip angle</italic> de 20&#176;, espessura de corte de 8 mm com espa&#231;amento de 2 mm e NEX de 2.</p>
      <p>A mensura&#231;&#227;o e os c&#225;lculos de medidas de VE e VD foram realizados independentemente por dois investigadores cegos sobre a qual grupo os pacientes pertenciam, em esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho dedicada a exames cardiol&#243;gicos por RMC, por meio de <italic>software</italic> espec&#237;fico (Report CARD&#174;, vers&#227;o 3.6, GE).</p>
      <p>O c&#225;lculo da massa fibrosada, se presente, foi realizado por meio de aplicativo espec&#237;fico do <italic>software</italic> mediante a detec&#231;&#227;o semiquantitativa de &#225;reas hiperintensas compat&#237;veis com a fibrose nas sequ&#234;ncias de realce tardio em eixo curto, em que o investigador tinha a liberdade de editar os limites da &#225;rea de fibrose.</p>
      <p>Este projeto de estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, atendendo &#224;s diretrizes nacionais e internacionais para pesquisa em seres humanos (Resolu&#231;&#227;o n&#176; 466/2012 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de), que regulamentam experimentos envolvendo pessoas.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Com base em estudos pr&#233;vios, foram utilizadas as vari&#225;veis j&#225; conhecidas de fatores de risco para instabilidade el&#233;trica: &gt;30 extrass&#237;stoles por hora,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> idade,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> FEVE e fibrose mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Al&#233;m dessas, foi acrescentado o n&#237;vel de norepinefrina urin&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>A normalidade dos dados foi verificada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk juntamente com o <italic>boxplot</italic> e o gr&#225;fico quartil-quartil. As vari&#225;veis normalmente distribu&#237;das foram expressas pela m&#233;dia&#177;desvio-padr&#227;o e as que n&#227;o seguem a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, pela mediana e intervalo interquartil.</p>
        <p>Para an&#225;lise de arritmia, foi utilizado ponto de corte de 720 extrass&#237;stoles em 24 horas ou presen&#231;a de TVNS<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>)</sup>. J&#225; a altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar foi avaliada pela presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia pela RMC (categ&#243;rica). Para definir os pontos de corte das vari&#225;veis FEVE, fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, n&#237;vel de norepinefrina urin&#225;ria e idade, foram elaboradas &#225;rvores de regress&#227;o usando-se como desfecho a arritmia.</p>
        <p>Na sequ&#234;ncia, com o ponto de corte j&#225; estabelecido, um modelo log-linear foi utilizado para mensurar as depend&#234;ncias das vari&#225;veis acima descritas e para confirmar os resultados obtidos por meio da &#225;rvore de regress&#227;o. As arestas de cada gr&#225;fico apresentam a medida de depend&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis discretas e um n&#250;mero chamado Cram&#233;r's V, o qual consiste num algarismo entre 0 e 1, que indica qu&#227;o fortemente duas vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas est&#227;o associadas. Aqui cabe uma r&#225;pida explica&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica: se quisermos saber se duas vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas est&#227;o associadas, nossa primeira op&#231;&#227;o &#233; o teste de independ&#234;ncia do qui-quadrado. Um valor-p pr&#243;ximo de zero significa que &#233; improv&#225;vel que nossas vari&#225;veis sejam completamente desassociadas em alguma popula&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, isso n&#227;o significa que as vari&#225;veis estejam fortemente associadas; uma medida que indica a for&#231;a da associa&#231;&#227;o &#233; o Cram&#233;r's V.</p>
        <p>Depois, foi realizada a matriz de coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o para aferir a capacidade de uma vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua prever outra, analisando-se idade, FEVE, fibrose, arritmia e norepinefrina urin&#225;ria. O <italic>software</italic> R foi utilizado para a an&#225;lise dos dados. Foi considerado significante valor de p&lt;0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Do grupo de 328 pacientes do ambulat&#243;rio, 61 (23 masculinos) preencheram os crit&#233;rios para participar do estudo. Dois n&#227;o realizaram a fase p&#243;s-contraste da RMC (realce tardio), um por dificuldade de acesso venoso e outro pela hist&#243;ria de atopia ao gadol&#237;nio, e foram exclu&#237;dos posteriormente.</p>
      <p>Os principais dados da amostra est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>, trata-se de pacientes cardiopatas cr&#244;nicos com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal ou discretamente diminu&#237;da. A carga fibr&#243;tica card&#237;aca (m&#233;dia de 15 g) esteve presente em praticamente metade dos pacientes e arritmias ventriculares significativas em 47% deles. Os n&#237;veis de norepinefrina urin&#225;ria foram vari&#225;veis. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>, encontram-se os valores de corte obtidos pelas &#225;rvores de regress&#227;o linear.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Dados gerais</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">Idade</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">M&#233;dia&#177;DP</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">57,9&#177;10,9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">
                <bold>IMC</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">M&#233;dia&#177;DP</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">26,1&#177;4,8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">
                <bold>G&#234;nero</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Feminino</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">36</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Masculino</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">23</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">
                <bold>ECG</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="6"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Alt. repolariza&#231;&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">33</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">HBASE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">BRD</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">BRE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">BRD + HBASE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">18</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">BAV 1&#176; grau</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">
                <bold>Altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">40</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">
                <bold>FEVE</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="3"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">45&#8211;50%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt;50%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">52</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">M&#233;dia&#177;DP (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">66,8 &#177;11,9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">
                <bold>Fibrose (realce tardio)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="3"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Presente</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">27</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Ausente</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">32</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Mediana (IQ) (g)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0; 10,9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">
                <bold>Holter</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="4"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sem arritmia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Entre 1 e 719 ESV</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt;720 ESV</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">28</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Mediana (IQ)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">489,0 (3,0; 1813,5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">
                <bold>Norepinefrina (nmol/24h)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="5"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Mediana (IQ)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2369,6 (2233,6; 2502,1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sem arritmia (IQ)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2429,1 (2334,5; 2497,6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Com arritmia (IQ)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2364,1 (2180,1; 2512,3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sem fibrose (IQ)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2437,1 (2342,9; 2759,7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Com fibrose (IQ)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2327,4 (1461,1; 2429,1)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; ECG: eletrocardiograma; HBASE: hemibloqueio anterossuperior-esquerdo; BRD: bloqueio de ramo direito; BRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; BAV: bloqueio atrioventricular; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ESV: extrass&#237;stole ventricular; IQ: interquartil.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Resultados da &#225;rvore de regress&#227;o linear para os pontos de corte para o log-linear</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="17%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">FEVE (n)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar (n)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Arritmia (n)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Fibrose (n)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Norepinefrina (n)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Idade (n)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8804;57% (13)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o (41)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o (31)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8804;10,56% (44)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8804;2218,97nmol/24h (15)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8804;54 anos (20)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&gt;57% (46)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim (18)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim (28)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt;10,56% (15)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt;2218,97nmol/24h (44)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt;54 anos (39)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Em an&#225;lise multivariada, por meio do modelo log-linear, verificou-se o padr&#227;o de intera&#231;&#227;o (depend&#234;ncia) das vari&#225;veis demonstradas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Modelo Log-Linear. Os pesos nas arestas correspondem &#224; estat&#237;stica Cram&#233;r's V (medida de depend&#234;ncia entre as vari&#225;veis discretas).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0003-10400-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Observa-se que as vari&#225;veis fibrose, FEVE e norepinefrina apresentam padr&#227;o direto de intera&#231;&#227;o (depend&#234;ncia) entre si, com alto poder de associa&#231;&#227;o (fibrose e norepinefrina 0,64, FEVE e norepinefrina 0,63 e fibrose e FEVE 0,53). Essas intera&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o de segunda ordem. A fibrose est&#225; relacionada &#224; arritmia na depend&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es segmentares por uma intera&#231;&#227;o de terceira ordem, ou seja, as tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis t&#234;m que estar presentes. Observa-se tamb&#233;m que n&#227;o h&#225; intera&#231;&#227;o direta de arritmia e norepinefrina.</p>
      <p>Em seguida, foi aplicada a matriz de correla&#231;&#227;o, em que R demonstra em percentual o quanto as cinco vari&#225;veis est&#227;o correlacionadas entre si (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). As vari&#225;veis com maior rela&#231;&#227;o (diretamente ou inversamente proporcional) se encontram com a circunfer&#234;ncia mais ovalada. Os asteriscos representam o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de acordo com o valor-p (*** p&lt;0.001, ** p&lt;0.1, * p&lt;0.05). A vari&#225;vel fibrose mostrou-se inversamente proporcional &#224; FEVE encontrada (R de &#8722;0,61) e &#224; norepinefrina urin&#225;ria (R de &#8722;0,68). Assim como a vari&#225;vel arritmia mostrou-se com rela&#231;&#227;o inversa &#224; FEVE (R de &#8722;0,33) e &#224; norepinefrina urin&#225;ria (R de &#8722;0,27). J&#225; a FEVE mostrou-se diretamente proporcional &#224; norepinefrina (R de 0,83).</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Matriz de Correla&#231;&#227;o (valores em R). Quanto mais ovalado melhor &#233; a correla&#231;&#227;o. Os asteriscos representam a signific&#226;ncia de acordo com o p-value.</title>
          <p>(*** p &lt; 0.001, ** p &lt; 0.1, * p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0003-10400-gf02.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este &#233; o primeiro estudo de CCC, com cora&#231;&#227;o estruturalmente preservado com pouca fibrose e FEVE preservada ou minimamente alterada, a mostrar depend&#234;ncia significativa entre os fatores de risco tradicionais, pois pacientes com mais fibrose apresentam n&#237;veis de norepinefrina mais baixos e, quanto maior a FEVE, maiores os n&#237;veis de norepinefrina, como demonstrado na matriz de correla&#231;&#227;o com excelente associa&#231;&#227;o (-0,68 e 0,83, respectivamente). Tamb&#233;m foi evidenciado que a presen&#231;a de arritmia n&#227;o tem intera&#231;&#227;o significativa com as demais vari&#225;veis.</p>
      <p>Esta publica&#231;&#227;o &#233; original ao mostrar pela primeira vez que mesmo em pacientes com pouca ou nenhuma disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, fatores de risco para morte s&#250;bita podem estar presentes, tais como denerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica (demonstrada pelos n&#237;veis de norepinefrina urin&#225;ria), fibrose mioc&#225;rdica e arritmias ventriculares frequentes. Ademais, traz mais relev&#226;ncia ao lembrar que a maior parte dos pacientes com DC est&#227;o no grupo com nenhuma ou discreta disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
      <p>A depend&#234;ncia dos valores de norepinefrina mais elevados com maior FEVE, por meio da matriz de correla&#231;&#227;o neste trabalho, foi mostrado tamb&#233;m com Iosa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> mas com outro desenho de estudo, no qual se demonstrou a rela&#231;&#227;o inversa da disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca na CCC com os n&#237;veis de norepinefrina ao evidenciar que nas fases tardias da cardioneuropatia chag&#225;sica os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de norepinefrina permaneceram normais, diferentemente dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o chag&#225;sica, os quais apresentavam n&#237;vel de norepinefrina mais elevado quanto maior a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
      <p>As evid&#234;ncias de les&#227;o ao SNA j&#225; demonstradas em estudos experimentais na fase aguda e cr&#244;nica da DC justificam as depend&#234;ncias entre os n&#237;veis de norepinefrina, fibrose e FEVE observadas neste estudo. Esses pacientes parecem apresentar denerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica causada por progressiva destrui&#231;&#227;o neuronal refletida pela rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre os n&#237;veis de norepinefrina e fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, como mostrada na matriz de correla&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>&#201; sabida a alta variabilidade nos n&#237;veis de catecolaminas durante o ciclo circadiano ou at&#233; pela pun&#231;&#227;o venosa para coleta da norepinefrina plasm&#225;tica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> ou se o paciente se encontra internado ou n&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Grande parte dos resultados de an&#225;lise de norepinefrina publicados s&#227;o baseados em amostras de plasma, e poucos estudos foram em DC. Ross et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> demonstraram que a determina&#231;&#227;o de norepinefrina em urina de 24 horas reduz o &#237;ndice de resultados falso-negativos em pacientes com feocromocitoma.</p>
      <p>Foi encontrado apenas um estudo cl&#237;nico utilizando norepinefrina urin&#225;ria na DC. Cunha et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> avaliaram o envolvimento do SNA na patog&#234;nese da CCC e evidenciaram diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de norepinefrina urin&#225;ria em CCC com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e, de maneira inversa, n&#237;veis normais ou at&#233; aumentados em pacientes na forma indeterminada da DC.</p>
      <p>Como demonstrado pelo nosso grupo anteriormente,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> a fibrose tem rela&#231;&#227;o inversa com a FEVE e, neste estudo, ficam n&#237;tidas, pelo log-linear, as intera&#231;&#245;es de segunda ordem (depend&#234;ncia direta) da fibrose, altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar e norepinefrina com a FEVE, o que em conjunto ou individualmente provoca uma remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular, justificando em parte o modelo de Myerburg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> No estudo anterior, havia uma intera&#231;&#227;o de terceira ordem (as tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis t&#234;m que estar presentes) entre fibrose, arritmia e FEVE, a qual n&#227;o se manteve no estudo atual. Isso pode ser explicado por dois motivos: em primeiro lugar, j&#225; que morfologicamente a denerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica ocorre antes da instala&#231;&#227;o da fibrose, isto pode equilibrar a depend&#234;ncia da arritmia perdendo poder explicativo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> O segundo motivo &#233; de desenho, pois no primeiro estudo, o log-linear somente levou em considera&#231;&#227;o os pacientes com FEVE acima de 50% pela RMC, ou seja, retirando-se sete pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o discreta (FEVE entre 45&#8211;50%), dos quais seis tinham arritmias frequentes, justifica-se a perda de intera&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis.</p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, a m&#233;dia de gramatura de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica foi de 15,02 g (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>), em que o valor de 10,56% (10,01 g) determinou a presen&#231;a de arritmias frequentes, de acordo com a &#225;rvore de regress&#227;o. Recentemente, Senra et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> observaram em um estudo progn&#243;stico retrospectivo que a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica &#233; um preditor independente de risco (morte, disparo de cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel e transplante card&#237;aco) na CCC e que, a cada 1 g adicional de fibrose, aumentaria em 3,1% o risco de evento duro. Eles detectaram gramatura m&#233;dia de fibrose (15,2 g, ou 13,5%) em quantidade muito pr&#243;xima &#224; encontrada em nosso estudo, e pela curva ROC, determinaram que o ponto de corte de 12,3 g &#233; um preditor de evento maior. No mesmo ano, Volpe et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> em outro estudo progn&#243;stico retrospectivo de cerca de tr&#234;s anos de acompanhamento de pacientes com CCC, detectaram 10,4 g de fibrose (9,2% de massa de VE) e 11 &#243;bitos &#8212; 10 desses pacientes tinham fibrose detect&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>Gadioli et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> encontraram rela&#231;&#227;o proporcional entre a gravidade da arritmia (TVS e TVNS) com a extens&#227;o da denerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica de forma semelhante, a qual foi evidenciada neste estudo pela presen&#231;a de arritmia com n&#237;veis mais baixos de norepinefrina, denotando maior denerva&#231;&#227;o. Contudo, eles n&#227;o encontraram rela&#231;&#227;o entre fibrose detectada por <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Sestamibi com arritmia ventricular, o que ocorreu neste estudo. Isso pode ser explicado pela maior resolu&#231;&#227;o da RMC para detectar fibrose mioc&#225;rdica mediante cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
      <p>Este estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. A defini&#231;&#227;o de arritmia ventricular frequente no presente estudo pode ser question&#225;vel do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico, por&#233;m n&#227;o funcional em termos de modula&#231;&#227;o neurog&#234;nica. Contudo, ao utilizar uma popula&#231;&#227;o de DC de baixo risco (FEVE &gt;45% e idade m&#233;dia de 57,9 anos) e focando na fundamenta&#231;&#227;o anatomopatol&#243;gica do substrato arritmog&#234;nico da fibrose e n&#227;o na instabilidade cl&#237;nica por arritmia maligna, confirma-se que o substrato arritmog&#234;nico j&#225; se encontra presente em tal popula&#231;&#227;o. Da mesma forma, evidencia-se neste estudo que o mecanismo patog&#234;nico predominante nesta popula&#231;&#227;o em quest&#227;o &#233; neurog&#234;nico e n&#227;o card&#237;aco, fato tamb&#233;m j&#225; publicado por outros autores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora n&#227;o possamos descartar definitivamente o diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria como um importante fator de confus&#227;o, dados cl&#237;nicos e padr&#227;o de fibrose distinto de doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica &#224; RMC permitem inferir a aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva funcionalmente significativa. Ademais, esse grupo de pacientes, invariavelmente, n&#227;o apresentava indica&#231;&#245;es para coronariografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A lat&#234;ncia entre a dosagem de norepinefrina urin&#225;ria e a RMC (cerca de seis anos) pode parecer grande, contudo &#233; importante lembrar que a progress&#227;o de pacientes nos grupos de est&#225;gios iniciais de comprometimento card&#237;aco &#233; muito lenta, cerca de 1,48 caso a cada cem pacientes/ano,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> ou seja, talvez, no m&#225;ximo, seis pacientes tenham seu grupo alterado ao longo do estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os pacientes faziam uso pr&#233;vio (minimo de seis meses) de betabloqueadores e inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina. Todos utilizaram as drogas para controlar as complica&#231;&#245;es, de acordo com recomenda&#231;&#245;es da literatura para DC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> na forma card&#237;aca (est&#225;dios A e B1). A decis&#227;o de tratamento farmacol&#243;gico foi dentro do contexto cl&#237;nico e n&#227;o para controle ou tratamento de arritmias. Portanto, mesmo que modulem a resposta neurohormonal, essas drogas n&#227;o seriam uma limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo, uma vez que a carga adren&#233;rgica foi estabelecida na vig&#234;ncia do uso cr&#244;nico desses f&#225;rmacos.</p>
      <p>O modelo log-linear mostra que a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da arritmia n&#227;o tem rela&#231;&#227;o com a FEVE, fibrose e/ou norepinefrina, e a fibrose tem rela&#231;&#227;o com norepinefrina urin&#225;ria e FEVE, com poder de explica&#231;&#227;o semelhante entre si (estat&#237;stica de Cram&#233;r's V de 0,53, 0,63 e 0,64). Realmente, h&#225; dados na literatura sobre DC indicando que a arritmia ventricular e/ou bloqueio de ramo direito (BRD) n&#227;o s&#227;o marcadores progn&#243;sticos independentes para morte em geral, contudo s&#227;o marcadores de envolvimento card&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> O mecanismo de morte s&#250;bita na DC &#233; por taquicardia ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular n&#227;o necessariamente precedidas de arritmias complexas, estas est&#227;o mais relacionadas com a disfun&#231;&#227;o de VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Nos pacientes com CCC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada ou discretamente reduzida, observa-se a integridade do SNA em cora&#231;&#245;es com pouca fibrose e FEVE mais elevada, apesar dos tradicionais fatores de risco para morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca. H&#225; depend&#234;ncia entre os n&#237;veis de norepinefrina urin&#225;ria, FEVE e fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, mas n&#227;o com arritmias ventriculares frequentes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Eduardo Marinho Tassi pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Relationship between Urinary Norepinephrine, Fibrosis, and Arrhythmias in Chronic Chagas Heart Disease with Preserved or Mildly Reduced Ejection Fraction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8466-5322</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tassi</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Marinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Em&#237;lia Matos do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Continentino</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Abramoff</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Basilio de Bragan&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3270-1595</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Coury</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil,<sup>1</sup> Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Eduardo Marinho Tassi</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho/Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; R. Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255. Postal Code <postal-code>21941-590</postal-code>, Ilha do Fund&#227;o, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>etassi@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Tassi EM, Pereira BB, Pedrosa RC; Acquisition of data: Tassi EM, Continentino MA; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Tassi EM, Nascimento EM, Continentino MA, Pedrosa RC; Statistical analysis: Tassi EM, Nascimento EM, Pereira BB; Writing of the manuscript: Tassi EM, Continentino MA, Pedrosa RC; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Tassi EM, Nascimento EM, Pereira BB, Pedrosa RC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>In Chronic Chagas Cardiomyopathy (CCC), studies are needed to identify arrhythmogenic risk factors in patients in which moderate to severe ventricular dysfunction is not present.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To verify the correlation between frequent ventricular arrhythmias (PVC), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), extension of fibrosis by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), and urinary norepinephrine measurement (NOREPI) in CCC with preserved or mildly compromised LVEF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>The presence of ventricular extrasystoles &gt; 30/h was analyzed on Holter. At CMR, LVEF and quantification of fibrosis mass were evaluated. The dosage of NOREPI was performed using the Muskiet method. The correlation coefficient matrix was calculated to measure the predictive ability of the variables to predict another variable, with p &lt; 0.05 being considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of 59 patients were included. The mean age was 57.9 + 10.94 years. PVC was detected in 28 patients. The fibrosis variable was inversely proportional to LVEF (R of &#8722;0.61) and NOREPI (R of &#8722;0.68). Also, the variable PVC was inversely proportional to LVEF (R of &#8722;0.33) and NOREPI (R of &#8722;0.27). On the other hand, LVEF was directly proportional to NOREPI (R of 0.83).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In this sample, in patients with CCC with preserved or slightly reduced LVEF, integrity of the autonomic nervous system is observed in hearts with little fibrosis and higher LVEF despite the presence of traditional risk factors for sudden cardiac death. There is correlation between the levels of NOREPI, LVEF, and myocardial fibrosis, but not with PVC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiac Arrythmias</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Fibrosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagasic Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Autonomic Denervation</kwd>
        <kwd>Norepinephrine</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Chagas disease (Cd) remains of marked epidemiological importance due to the contingent of infected individuals who are at risk of progression to more severe forms. In Brazil, 1.2 million people are estimated to be infected.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> One-third of them have heart disease, two-thirds of these being mild.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Chronic Chagas Cardiomyopathy (CCC) is considered arrhythmogenic due to its potential to cause several fatal types of arrhythmias,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> especially in more advanced stages of disease (group with increased risk of sudden cardiac death). Although patients at high risk for sudden death can be identified by their risk factors, most sudden deaths occur in patients who were not categorized as high risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This apparent paradox hampers the implementation of large-scale preventive measures and justifies research on this group of patients with preserved or mildly reduced ejection fraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The mechanism behind ventricular arrhythmias in the early stages of CCC may be associated with autonomic denervation, a hallmark of Cd.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Studies in the last decade<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> have shown that cardiac autonomic denervation is a common finding in patients with Cd and is caused by neuronal and ganglion inflammation. The destruction and loss of neural cells begin in the acute stage of the disease and continue through the chronic phase, caused by immune or parasitary mechanisms, both acting exclusively or in combination.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Autonomic denervation is important in understanding the pathogenesis, as well as the natural history of CCC.</p>
        <p>Several authors demonstrated the direct association between sympathetic neural stimulation and the levels of norepinephrine, justifying the use of norepinephrine as a marker of sympathetic activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In patients with heart failure, sympathetic hyperactivity is persistent and associated with classic adrenergic symptoms, such as tachycardia, sudoresis, diarrhea, and anxiety. However, in Chagas heart disease, these aspects remain controversial, and it has been indicated that the sympathetic system heads towards exhaustion as the cardiac dysfunction progresses.</p>
        <p>The common involvement of distal areas of the left ventricle (LV) myocardium, such as the apex and basal inferolateral segments, suggests an acute inflammation leading to myocardial ischemia due to microvascular dysregulation as the pathogenesis of myocardial fibrosis in these patients. Corroborating this, the regulation of abnormal microvascular flow in the presence of chronic myocardial inflammation in CCC was demonstrated by scintigraphy<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> and also magnetic resonance imaging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> These perfusion defects usually precede the appearance of wall motion abnormalities, suggesting that microvascular disorders may develop before the onset of myocardial damage and may be a causative agent of myocardial fibrosis.</p>
        <p>The association between CMR findings and arrhythmias in CCC has been studied previously. CMR is currently recommended for patients with severe ventricular arrhythmias in order to quantify myocardial fibrosis and for risk stratification of sudden cardiac death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Thus, the population with Cd and the potential to develop a cardiac complication is large enough to justify diagnostic strategies that identify patients at increased risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Therefore, this study aims to verify the relationship between frequent ventricular arrhythmias, fibrosis extension, ventricular function, regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMA), and urinary norepinephrine dosage in patients with CCC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>Patients with CCC aged over 21, with preserved or mildly reduced left ventricular function (EF &gt; 45%) at CMR and who had urinary norepinephrine dosage before the CMR acquisition date were included. The acquisitions were performed between March and December 2010. All patients had a 12-lead electrocardiogram and 24h Holter monitoring before CMR. Only asymptomatic patients away from Chagas endemic zones for more than 20 years and using beta-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) were included. The exclusion criteria were renal dysfunction (estimated creatinine clearance &lt; 30 mL/min), previous cardiac ablation procedure, diabetes or more than two risk factors for coronary heart disease, atrial fibrillation, treadmill test positive for myocardial ischemia, previous myocardial infarction, any previous myocardial or peripheral revascularization procedure, and standard contraindication to CMR (permanent pacemaker, implanted defibrillator, neurosurgical clip, or cochlear implant).</p>
        <p>Holter monitoring was considered positive for frequent ventricular arrhythmia in the presence of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) &gt; 30/hour, or episodes of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) (defined as three or more consecutive ventricular beats with a duration of less than 30 seconds).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Urinary norepinephrine dosages were performed from 2004 to 2006. All patients were instructed to avoid eating food that contained tyramine (a substance that facilitates the release of norepinephrine from storage sites inside neurons), which could interfere with the norepinephrine concentration, at least 24 hours before and during the urine collecting period. The use of beta-blockers was not suspended during collection. Urine collection was performed on Sundays, starting at 6:00 am, during a period of 24 hours, and all samples were cumulatively stored in two polyethylene bottles with a capacity of one liter each. Every bottle contained 1 ml of 6 M HCl (pH 1.0), with the recommendation to keep the samples at 4&#176; C during the collection period (24h). The method used to determine urinary norepinephrine was based on the proposition by Muskiet et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>CMR was performed on a 1.5 Tesla GE HDX scanner (Wakeusha, Wisconsin), and two pulse sequences were acquired during end-expiratory breath-hold: the first was cine-CMR (Steady-State Free Precession) in the long-axis and short-axis views for assessing mass, volumes, and LVEF. The most basal cut on the short axis was positioned right after the atrioventricular ring, and all subsequent images were acquired with 8 mm thickness and a 2 mm inter-slice gap, up to the LV apex. The parameters used were field of view (FOV) 400 mm, 224 &#215; 224 matrix, 20-24 lines/segment, temporal resolution &lt; 50 ms, repetition time (TR) = 3.9 ms, echo time (TE) = 1.5 ms, flip angle of 50&#176;, and number of excitations (NEX) of 1. Late gadolinium enhancement was performed three minutes after the injection of 0.3 mmol/kg of gadolinium contrast agent (Dotarem&#174;, Guerbet), using inversion-recovery gradient-echo sequence on the long axis and the short axis (delayed enhancement technique) to search for myocardial fibrosis with the following parameters: FOV 360 mm, matrix 224 &#215; 192, 24 lines/segment, TE = 2.9 ms, flip angle 20&#176;, slice thickness of 8 mm with a spacing of 2 mm and NEX of 2. Two blinded independent readers analyzed all CMR images in a dedicated workstation, using specific software (Report CARD&#174;, version 3.6, GE).</p>
        <p>Myocardial fibrosis mass was calculated using a specific software solution through semi-quantitative detection of hyperintense areas in short-axis late enhancement sequences. The investigators were free to edit the limits of the fibrosis area.</p>
        <p>The study was approved by the research ethics committee of the Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, in compliance with national and international guidelines for research on human beings (Resolution No. 466/2012 of the National Health Council).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Based on previous studies, known risk factors for electrical instability were used: &gt; 30 PVCs per hour,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> age,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> RWMA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> LVEF, and myocardial fibrosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> In addition, urinary norepinephrine dosage was included.</p>
          <p>Data normality was verified by the Shapiro-Wilk test as well as with the boxplot and the quartile-quartile plot methods. Normally distributed variables were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation. Variables that were not normally distributed were presented as median and interquartile ranges.</p>
          <p>For arrhythmia analysis, a cutoff value of 720 PVCs in a 24-hour period or the presence of NSVT was used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> RWMA was assessed as the presence or absence by CMR (categorical). To define the cutoff values for LVEF, myocardial fibrosis, urinary norepinephrine level, and age, regression trees were performed using arrhythmia as the outcome.</p>
          <p>With the cutoff value already established, a log-linear model was used to measure the dependencies of the variables described above and to confirm the results obtained through the regression tree. The edges of each graph represent the amount of dependence between the variables and outline a number called Cram&#233;r's V, which is a digit between 0 and 1 that indicates how strongly two categorical variables are associated. Here is a short statistical explanation: if we want to know if two categorical variables are associated, our first option is the chi-square independence test. A p-value close to zero means that it is very unlikely that the variables will be completely disassociated in a random population. However, this does not mean that the variables are strongly associated. A measure that indicates the strength of the association is Cram&#233;r's V.</p>
          <p>Then, the correlation coefficient matrix was performed to measure the predictive ability of a continuous variable to predict another variable being analyzed: age, LVEF, fibrosis, arrhythmia, and urinary norepinephrine. The R software was used for data analysis. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>From 328 outpatients screened, a total of 61 (23 male patients) met the inclusion criteria. Two patients were excluded because they could not undergo the post-contrast phase of CMR (delayed enhancement). One of them due to difficult venous access and the other due to gadolinium atopy.</p>
        <p>The main data are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>. These are patients with chronic heart disease with normal or mildly reduced ejection fraction. Cardiac fibrosis mass (mean 15.02g) was present in nearly half of the patients and significant ventricular arrhythmias in 47% of them. Urinary norepinephrine levels were variable. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref> shows the cutoff values found by linear regression trees.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>General data</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">Age</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Mean &#177; SD</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">57.9&#177;10.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">
                  <bold>BMI</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Mean &#177; SD</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26.1&#177;4.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Gender</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Female</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Male</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">
                  <bold>ECG</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="6"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">ST repolarization abnormalities</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">LAFB</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">RBBB</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">LBBB</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">RBBB + LAFB</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1st-degree AVB</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Regional Wall Motion Abnormality</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">
                  <bold>LVEF</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="3"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">45-50%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 50%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Mean &#177; SD</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">66.8 &#177;11.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Fibrosis</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="3"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Present</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Absent</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Median (IQ) (g)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0; 10.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">
                  <bold>24h Holter</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="4"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Without arrhythmias</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Between 1 and 719 PVC</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 720 PVC</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Median (IQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">489.0 (3.0; 1813.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Norepinephrine (nmol/24h)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="5"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Median (IQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2369.6 (2233.6; 2502.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Without arrhythmia (IQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2429.1 (2334.5; 2497.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">With arrhythmia (IQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2364.1 (2180.1; 2512.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Without fibrosis (IQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2437.1 (2342.9; 2759.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">With fibrosis (IQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2327.4 (1461.1; 2429.1)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>BMI: body mass index; ECG: electrocardiogram; LAFB: left anterior fascicular block; RBBB: right bundle branch block; LBBB: left bundle branch block; AVB: atrioventricular block; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; PVC: premature ventricular contraction; IQ: interquartile; SD: standard deviation.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Results of the linear regression tree for the cutoff points for the log-linear model</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="17%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">LVEF (n)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">RWMA</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Arrythmia (n)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Fibrosis (n)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Norepinephrine (n)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Age (n)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8804;57% (13)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No (41)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No (31)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8804;10.56% (44)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8804;2218.97 nmol/24h (15)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8804;54 years (20)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&gt;57% (46)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes (18)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes (28)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt;10.56% (15)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt;2218.97 nmol/24h (44)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt;54 years (39)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; RWMA: Regional Wall Motion Abnormality.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A multivariate analysis using the Loglinear model was used to verify the pattern of interaction (dependence) of the variables shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Log-Linear Model. Edge weights correspond to the Cram&#233;r's V statistic (measure of dependence between discrete variables).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0003-10400-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The variables fibrosis, LVEF, and norepinephrine are observed to have a direct pattern of interaction (dependence) with each other, with a high power of association (fibrosis and norepinephrine 0.64, LVEF and norepinephrine 0.63, and fibrosis and LVEF 0.53). These interactions are of second order. Fibrosis is associated with arrhythmia depending on RWMA through a third-order interaction, that is, the three variables must be present. It is also noted that there is no direct interaction between arrhythmia and norepinephrine.</p>
        <p>A correlation coefficient matrix was performed, where R demonstrates, in percentage values, how much the five variables are correlated with each other (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>). Variables with the greatest relation (directly or inversely proportional) have the most oval circumference. Asterisks represent the level of significance according to the p-value (*** p &lt; 0.001, ** p &lt; 0.1, * p &lt; 0.05). Fibrosis was inversely proportional to LVEF (R = &#8722;0.61) and urinary norepinephrine (R = &#8722;0.68). The variable arrhythmia was shown to have an inverse relationship with LVEF (R = &#8722;0.33) and urinary norepinephrine (R = &#8722;0.27). LVEF was directly proportional to norepinephrine (R = 0.83).</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation Coefficient Matrix (values in R). The more oval the better the correlation. Asterisks represent the significance according to the p-value. (*** p &lt; 0.001, ** p &lt; 0.1, * p &lt; 0.05).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0003-10400-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This is the first study on CCC with mild fibrosis and preserved or mildly reduced ejection fraction to show significant dependence between traditional risk factors. More fibrosis was associated with lower norepinephrine levels. Higher LVEF was associated with higher norepinephrine levels, as shown in the correlation matrix (-0.68 and 0.83, respectively). It was also demonstrated that the presence of arrhythmia was not associated with the other variables.</p>
        <p>This is a novel publication as it demonstrates for the first time that risk factors for sudden death may already be present, such as sympathetic denervation, myocardial fibrosis, and frequent ventricular arrhythmias, even in patients with preserved or mildly reduced ejection fraction. Furthermore, this finding is of great importance because most Cd patients have normal or mildly reduced ventricular function.</p>
        <p>Dependence of higher norepinephrine dosages on higher LVEF in the correlation matrix was also demonstrated by Iosa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> They demonstrated the inverse relationship between cardiac dysfunction in CCC and norepinephrine levels. In the late phases of Chagas cardioneuropathy, plasma norepinephrine levels remained normal, unlike patients with non-Chagas heart failure, who had higher norepinephrine levels the greater the ventricular dysfunction.</p>
        <p>Cd causes autonomous nervous system (ANS) lesions during the acute and chronic phases of the disease. This justifies the correlation between norepinephrine levels, fibrosis, and LVEF observed in this study. These patients seem to have sympathetic denervation caused by progressive neuronal destruction, reflected by the inverse relationship between norepinephrine levels and myocardial fibrosis, as shown in the correlation matrix (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>Catecholamine levels are known to vary greatly throughout the circadian cycle, during venipuncture,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> or even if the patient is hospitalized.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Most of the published norepinephrine test results are based on plasma samples and few studies have been conducted in Cd. Ross et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> demonstrated that 24-hour urine norepinephrine dosages reduce false-negative results in patients with pheochromocytoma.</p>
        <p>We found only one clinical study using urinary norepinephrine in Cd. Cunha et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> evaluated the involvement of the ANS in the pathogenesis of CCC. They observed decreased urinary norepinephrine levels in CCC with ventricular dysfunction and, conversely, normal or even increased levels in patients with the indeterminate form of Cd.</p>
        <p>As previously demonstrated by our group,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> fibrosis is inversely associated with LVEF. In the current study, fibrosis, RWMA, and norepinephrine have second-order interactions (direct dependence) with LVEF, observed by the Loglinear method. Together or individually, they cause ventricular remodeling, partially justifying the Myerburg model.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> In the previous study, there was a third-order interaction (the three variables must be present) between fibrosis, arrhythmia, and LVEF, which was not maintained in the current study. This can probably be explained in two different ways: firstly, since sympathetic denervation morphologically occurs before the onset of fibrosis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> this can balance the dependence of the arrhythmia, losing explanatory power; secondly, design, as in the first study the log-linear only considered patients with LVEF above 50% by CMR, that is, seven patients with mild dysfunction (LVEF between 45-50%) were removed, of which six had frequent arrhythmias. This could justify the loss of interaction between the variables.</p>
        <p>In our study, the mean myocardial fibrosis weight was 15.02g (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>), and the value of 10.56% (10.01g) determined the presence of frequent arrhythmias according to the regression tree. Recently, Senra et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> observed in a retrospective prognostic study that myocardial fibrosis is an independent risk factor (for death, implantable defibrillator triggering, and heart transplantation) in CCC and that each additional gram of fibrosis would increase by 3.1 % the risk of a hard event. They detected an average weight of fibrosis (15.2g or 13.5%) very close to that found in our study. Also, based on a ROC curve analysis, they determined that the cutoff value of 12.3g is a predictor of a major event. In the same year, Volpe et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> in another retrospective prognostic study of about 3 years of follow-up in patients with CCC, detected 10.4g of fibrosis (9.2% of LV mass) and there were 11 deaths, of which 10 had detectable fibrosis.</p>
        <p>Gadioli et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> found a proportional relation between arrhythmia severity (SVT and NSVT) and the extension of sympathetic denervation, similar to what was shown in this study, as seen by the presence of arrhythmia with lower levels of norepinephrine, denoting greater denervation. However, they did not find a relation between fibrosis detected by 99mTc-Sestamibi and ventricular arrhythmia, which occurred in this study. This can be explained by the higher spatial resolution of CMR compared to myocardial scintigraphy to detect myocardial fibrosis.</p>
        <p>This study has some limitations. The definition of frequent ventricular arrhythmia in the present study may be questionable from a clinical point of view, but not functional in terms of neurogenic modulation. However, when using a low-risk Cd population (LVEF &gt; 45% and mean age 57.9 years) and focusing on the anatomopathological basis of the arrhythmogenic substrate of fibrosis and not on clinical instability due to malignant arrhythmia, it is confirmed that the arrhythmogenic substrate is already present in this population. Likewise, it is evident in this study that the predominant pathogenic mechanism in this population is neurogenic and not cardiac, a fact that has also been published by other authors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although we cannot definitively rule out the diagnosis of coronary heart disease as an important confounding factor, clinical data and the pattern of fibrosis allow us to infer the absence of functionally significant obstructive coronary disease. Furthermore, this group of patients did not have indications for coronary angiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The time interval between urinary norepinephrine dosage and CMR acquisition (about 6 years) may seem long. However, it is important to remember that progression during the early stages of cardiac involvement is very slow, about 1.48 cases/100 patient-years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> So, at most, six patients may have changed groups during the study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The patients were previously using beta-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (minimum of 6 months). These drugs were used according to recommendations for Cd<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> with cardiac involvement (stages A and B1). The decision for pharmacological treatment was within the clinical context and not intended to control or treat arrhythmias. Therefore, even if these drugs modulate the neurohormonal response, they would not be a limitation of the study since the adrenergic load was established during the chronic use of these drugs.</p>
        <p>The Loglinear model shows that arrhythmia quantification is not related to LVEF, fibrosis, and/or norepinephrine dosage, and fibrosis is related to urinary norepinephrine and LVEF with similar explanatory power to each other (Cram&#233;r's V statistic of 0.53, 0.63, and 0.64). Indeed, there are data in the Cd literature that the presence of ventricular arrhythmia and/or right bundle branch block (RBBB) are not independent prognostic markers for all-cause mortality. However, they are markers of cardiac involvement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The sudden death mechanism in Cd is due to ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation, not necessarily preceded by complex arrhythmias, which are more intensively associated with LV dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In patients with CCC with preserved or mildly reduced ejection fraction, ANS integrity is observed in hearts with little fibrosis and higher LVEF despite the presence of traditional risk factors for sudden cardiac death. There is a correlation between the levels of urinary norepinephrine, LVEF, and myocardial fibrosis, but not with the presence of frequent ventricular arrhythmias.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of PhD submitted by Eduardo Marinho Tassi, from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
