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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">CWtkYP5gHXYJCcxhDR5yfHc</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000601147</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210538</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210538</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico e MicroRNAs: Mecanismos Moleculares na Hipertens&#227;o e Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8779-1188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Improta-Caria</surname>
            <given-names>Alex Cleber</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina e Sa&#250;de</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina e Sa&#250;de, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Alex Cleber Improta-Caria &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal da Bahia - Medicina e Sa&#250;de - Rua Dr. Augusto Viana, s/n. CEP <postal-code>40301-155</postal-code>, Canela, Salvador, BA - Brasil. E-mail: <email>alexcaria.personal@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Improta-Caria AC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1147</fpage>
      <lpage>1149</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>MicroRNAs/gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Esfor&#231;o F&#237;sico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior-Brasil (CAPES)</funding-source>
          <award-id>001</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas mostram que a pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico (EF) &#233; ben&#233;fica para diversos &#243;rg&#227;os e sistemas do corpo humano, principalmente para o cora&#231;&#227;o e sistema cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Em ambos os sistemas, o EF aer&#243;bico e de for&#231;a promovem hipertrofia card&#237;aca fisiol&#243;gica, respectivamente exc&#234;ntrica e conc&#234;ntrica, melhorando a fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m dos benef&#237;cios para o cora&#231;&#227;o, o EF impacta os vasos sangu&#237;neos atrav&#233;s do estresse de cisalhamento e altera a fun&#231;&#227;o vascular em longo prazo, melhorando a fun&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas endoteliais e das c&#233;lulas musculares lisas, gerando remodela&#231;&#227;o arterial e um potencial efeito antiaterog&#234;nico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Esses benef&#237;cios sobre o sistema cardiovascular ocorrem tanto em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis quanto em indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, como hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> por exemplo.</p>
      <p>No entanto, os mecanismos moleculares que governam esses benef&#237;cios induzidos pelo EF ainda n&#227;o foram completamente elucidados, principalmente os mecanismos regulados por microRNAs (miRs), que s&#227;o pequenos RNAs n&#227;o codificantes que modulam o padr&#227;o de express&#227;o g&#234;nica e de prote&#237;na em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e naqueles com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo enfatizar a import&#226;ncia do EF na preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento da HAS e IM, bem como explicar o papel dos miRs induzidos pelo EF nestas condi&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, miRs e EF</title>
        <p>A HAS &#233; uma doen&#231;a multifatorial e est&#225; associada a fatores gen&#233;ticos e fatores de risco modific&#225;veis, como dieta hipercal&#243;rica e rica em sal, tabagismo, estresse, comportamento sedent&#225;rio e inatividade f&#237;sica, sendo considerada fator de risco independente para IM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O EF, por sua vez, &#233; extremamente ben&#233;fico para indiv&#237;duos com HAS, pois reduz os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos ap&#243;s o treinamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Essa diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial deve-se, em parte, ao remodelamento arterial, atenuando a resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica e tamb&#233;m devido &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Entretanto, o papel dos miRs na redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial permanece incerto.</p>
        <p>Poucos estudos demonstraram o papel regulador dos miRs na redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial. Em um estudo, os autores mostraram que o EF aer&#243;bico reduziu a press&#227;o arterial em ratos hipertensos ao reduzir a express&#227;o do miR-16 que tem como alvo o gene do fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF), com consequente aumento da express&#227;o do VEGF, melhorando a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e diminui&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o do miR-21, com consequente aumento do seu alvo, Bcl-2, atenuando a apoptose, demonstrando assim que o EF promoveu uma altera&#231;&#227;o nos fatores angiog&#234;nicos e apopt&#243;ticos, minimizando as anormalidades microvasculares e gerando revasculariza&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica na HAS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Nesse contexto, tamb&#233;m foi demonstrado que o EF aer&#243;bico aumentou a express&#227;o do miR-27a, reduzindo a express&#227;o do seu alvo, o gene ACE, aumentou a express&#227;o do miR-155, reduzindo a express&#227;o do AT1R, e diminuiu a express&#227;o do miR-153, aumentando a express&#227;o do ACE2. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es moleculares induzidas pelo EF geraram altera&#231;&#245;es no fen&#243;tipo da art&#233;ria aorta em ratos hipertensos, como redu&#231;&#227;o do peso e comprimento da aorta, redu&#231;&#227;o da espessura da parede, atenua&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de elastina e hidroxiprolina, com consequente melhora no relaxamento da aorta e da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, diminuindo a press&#227;o arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em outro estudo, o EF aer&#243;bico aumentou a express&#227;o de miR-145 com modula&#231;&#227;o da via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o AKT, induzindo a altera&#231;&#227;o do fen&#243;tipo das c&#233;lulas musculares lisas vasculares em ratos hipertensos, diminuindo a espessura da camada m&#233;dia, promovendo remodelamento arterial e reduzindo a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Corroborando os estudos acima mencionados, outro estudo tamb&#233;m mostrou que o EF reduziu a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica em ratos hipertensos, mas um aumento na express&#227;o de miR-214 foi observado nesse estudo, exacerbando a disponibilidade de c&#225;lcio intracelular e o relaxamento de cardiomi&#243;citos isolados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Assim, o EF &#233; uma excelente ferramenta para modular a express&#227;o de miRs e regular as vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o, induzindo altera&#231;&#245;es fenot&#237;picas card&#237;acas e vasculares de longo prazo em ratos hipertensos; entretanto, esses experimentos ainda precisam ser feitos em humanos com HAS, para verificar se esses efeitos observados em estudos <italic>in vivo</italic> ocorrem em humanos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, miRs e EF</title>
        <p>O IM &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o na qual o fluxo sangu&#237;neo &#233; reduzido em uma ou mais art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, resultando em redu&#231;&#227;o no fornecimento de oxig&#234;nio e nutrientes para alguns cardiomi&#243;citos, com consequente morte dessas c&#233;lulas. O IM &#233; considerado uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade em todo o mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Por outro lado, a pr&#225;tica regular de EF &#233; importante para prevenir e tratar os indiv&#237;duos ap&#243;s IM, mas os mecanismos moleculares desses benef&#237;cios precisam ser melhor elucidados.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos efeitos do EF na express&#227;o de miRs em modelos animais p&#243;s-IM, o EF aer&#243;bio aumentou a express&#227;o de miR-29a, miR-29b e miR-29c, diminuindo a express&#227;o dos genes COL1A1 e COL3A1, reduzindo o conte&#250;do de col&#225;geno no mioc&#225;rdio de ratos p&#243;s-IM quantificados pela concentra&#231;&#227;o de hidroxiprolina, promovendo melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca avaliada por ecocardiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Outro estudo tamb&#233;m mostrou que o EF aer&#243;bio exacerbou a express&#227;o de miR-29a, inibindo a express&#227;o de TGF-&#946; e inativando sua via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o, que &#233; pr&#243;-fibr&#243;tica. Al&#233;m do miR-29a, os autores tamb&#233;m mostraram que o PE aumentou a express&#227;o do miR-101a, que tem como alvo o gene FOS, reduzindo sua express&#227;o e atenuando ainda mais a via do TGF-&#946;. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es moleculares induzidas pelo EF resultaram em redu&#231;&#227;o da fibrose intersticial mioc&#225;rdica em ratos p&#243;s-IM<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>EF modulando miRs e alvos em HAS e IM.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1147-10538-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Portanto, o EF tem um grande potencial para reduzir o perfil fibr&#243;tico card&#237;aco em ratos p&#243;s-IM atrav&#233;s da modula&#231;&#227;o de miRs; entretanto, esses resultados tamb&#233;m precisam ser elucidados em humanos, tanto a n&#237;vel molecular quanto tecidual.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, o EF &#233; uma excelente estrat&#233;gia para prevenir e tratar indiv&#237;duos com HAS e p&#243;s-IAM. Os miRs modulados por EF t&#234;m sido descritos como reguladores das vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o, induzindo modifica&#231;&#227;o do fen&#243;tipo card&#237;aco e vascular em ratos hipertensos, promovendo redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, hipertrofia card&#237;aca fisiol&#243;gica e remodela&#231;&#227;o arterial, com melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Al&#233;m disso, miRs modulados por EF tamb&#233;m regularam as vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o associadas ao processo de fibrose card&#237;aca em ratos p&#243;s-IM, melhorando a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. No entanto, esses efeitos ben&#233;ficos dos miRs regulados por EF t&#234;m sido descritos em modelos animais, necessitando de ensaios cl&#237;nicos para confirmar esses resultados obtidos <italic>in vivo</italic>, sendo essa uma nova linha de pesquisa promissora e desafiadora.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Este estudo foi financiado em parte pela Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior-Brasil (CAPES) - C&#243;digo Financeiro 001.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Physical Exercise and MicroRNAs: Molecular Mechanisms in Hypertension and Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8779-1188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Improta-Caria</surname>
            <given-names>Alex Cleber</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina e Sa&#250;de, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Alex Cleber Improta-Caria</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal da Bahia - Medicina e Sa&#250;de - Rua Dr. Augusto Viana, s/n. Postal Code <postal-code>40301-155</postal-code>, Canela, Salvador, BA - Brazil. E-mail: <email>alexcaria.personal@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Improta-Caria AC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>MicroRNAs/genetic</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Exertion</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior-Brazil (CAPES)</funding-source>
          <award-id>001</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Scientific evidence shows that the regular practice of physical exercise (PE) is beneficial for various organs and systems of the human body, mainly for the heart and cardiovascular system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In both systems, aerobic and strength PE promote physiological cardiac hypertrophy, respectively eccentric and concentric, improving myocardial function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In addition to the benefits for the heart, PE impacts blood vessels through shear stress and alters long-term vascular function, improving endothelial cell and smooth muscle cell function, generating arterial remodeling and a potential antiatherogenic effect.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> These benefits on the cardiovascular system occur in both healthy individuals and individuals with cardiovascular diseases, such as systemic arterial hypertension (SAH)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and myocardial infarction (MI),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> for example.</p>
        <p>However, the molecular mechanisms that govern these PE-induced benefits have not been completely elucidated, especially the mechanisms regulated by microRNAs (miRs), which are small non-coding RNAs that modulate the pattern of gene and protein expression in healthy individuals and those with cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Thus, the present study aims to emphasize the importance of PE in the prevention and treatment of SAH and MI, as well as explaining the role of PE-induced miRs in these pathological conditions.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Systemic arterial hypertension, miRs and PE</title>
          <p>SAH is a multifactorial disease and is associated with genetic factors and modifiable risk factors, such as a high-salt and high-calorie diet, smoking, stress, sedentary behavior and physical inactivity, being considered an independent risk factor for MI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> PE in turn, is extremely beneficial for individuals with SAH because it reduces pressure levels after training.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> This decrease in blood pressure is due in part to arterial remodeling, attenuating peripheral vascular resistance and also due to reduced sympathetic nerve activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> However, the role of miRs in reducing blood pressure remains unclear.</p>
          <p>Few studies have demonstrated the regulatory role of miRs to reduce blood pressure. In one study, the authors showed that aerobic PE lowered blood pressure in hypertensive rats by reducing the expression of miR-16 that targets the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene, with a consequent increase in VEGF expression, improving endothelial function and decrease in miR-21 expression, with a consequent increase in its target, the Bcl-2, attenuating apoptosis, demonstrating that PE promoted an alteration in angiogenic and apoptotic factors, minimizing microvascular abnormalities, and generating peripheral revascularization in SAH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In this context, it was also shown that aerobic PE increased the expression of miR-27a, decreasing the expression of its target, the ACE gene, increased the expression of miR-155 reducing the expression of the AT1R and decreased the expression of miR-153, increasing the expression of ACE2. These molecular changes induced by PE, generated changes in the phenotype of the aorta artery in hypertensive rats, such as reduced aortic weight and length, decreased wall thickness, attenuation of elastin and hydroxyproline expression, with consequent improvement in the relaxation of the aorta and endothelial function, decreasing blood pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In another study, aerobic PE increased the expression of miR-145 with modulation of the AKT signaling pathway, inducing the phenotype change of vascular smooth muscle cells in hypertensive rats, decreasing the medial layer thickness, promoting arterial remodeling and decreasing systolic and diastolic blood pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Corroborating the abovementioned studies, another study also showed that PE reduced systolic blood pressure in hypertensive rats, but an increase in miR-214 expression was observed in this study, exacerbating the availability of intracellular calcium and the relaxation of isolated cardiomyocytes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Thus, PE is an excellent tool to modulate the expression of miRs and regulate signaling pathways, inducing long-term cardiac and vascular phenotypic changes in hypertensive rats; however, these experiments still need to be performed in human beings with SAH, to ascertain whether these effects observed in <italic>in vivo</italic> studies occur in humans.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Myocardial infarction, miRs and PE</title>
          <p>MI is a condition in which blood flow is reduced in one or more coronary arteries, resulting in a reduction in the supply of oxygen and nutrients to some cardiomyocytes, with consequent death of these cells. MI is considered one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> On the other hand, regular PE practice is important to prevent and treat the individuals after an MI, but the molecular mechanisms of these benefits need to be further elucidated.</p>
          <p>Regarding the effects of PE on the expression of miRs in post-MI in animal models, aerobic PE increased the expression of miR-29a, miR-29b and miR-29c, decreasing the expression of COL1A1 and COL3A1 genes, reducing the collagen content in the myocardium of post-MI rats quantified by the concentration of hydroxyproline, promoting improvement in cardiac function assessed by echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Another study also showed that aerobic PE exacerbated the expression of miR-29a, inhibiting the expression of TGF-&#946;, inactivating its signaling pathway, which is pro-fibrotic. In addition to miR-29a, the authors also showed that PE increased the expression of miR-101a, which targets the FOS gene, decreasing its expression and further attenuating the TGF-&#946; pathway. These PE-induced molecular changes resulted in reduced myocardial interstitial fibrosis in rats after MI<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>PE modulating miRs and targets in SAH and MI.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1147-10538-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Therefore, PE has a great potential to reduce the cardiac fibrotic profile in post-MI rats through the modulation of miRs; however, these outcomes also need to be elucidated in humans, both at the molecular and tissue level.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Finally, PE is an excellent strategy to prevent and treat individuals with SAH and post-MI. PE-modulated miRs have been described as regulators of signaling pathways inducing modification of the cardiac and vascular phenotype in hypertensive rats, promoting blood pressure reduction, physiological cardiac hypertrophy and arterial remodeling, with improved endothelial function. Furthermore, PE-modulated miRs also regulated signaling pathways associated with the cardiac fibrosis process in post-MI rats, improving cardiac function. However, these beneficial effects of PE-regulated miRs have been described in animal models, requiring clinical trials to confirm these results obtained <italic>in vivo</italic>, being a promising and challenging new line of research.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES)</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>This study was funded in part by the <italic>Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior</italic>-Brazil (CAPES) - Funding Code 001.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
