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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">58qV4hYzPZPgLPwBvJb4nHH</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000601132</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220293</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220293</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Custo-Efetividade do Emprego do Escore de C&#225;lcio Coronariano na Orienta&#231;&#227;o para Terapia na Preven&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria, na Popula&#231;&#227;o Brasileira</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0402-5769</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gottlieb</surname>
            <given-names>Ilan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Casa de Sa&#250;de S&#227;o Jos&#233;</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Casa de Sa&#250;de S&#227;o Jos&#233;, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ilan Gottlieb</bold> &#8226; Departamento de Radiologia - Casa de Sa&#250;de S&#227;o Jos&#233; - Rua Macedo Sobrinho, 21. CEP <postal-code>22271-080</postal-code>, Humait&#225;, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>ilangottlieb@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1132</fpage>
      <lpage>1133</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Placa Ateroscler&#243;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Estatinas</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise de Custo-Benef&#237;cio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>As estat&#237;sticas de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) nunca deixam de impressionar at&#233; mesmo o m&#233;dico mais experiente. Um ter&#231;o das mortes no mundo ainda se deve a causas cardiovasculares (85% delas s&#227;o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e acidente vascular cerebral), e 75% ocorrem em pa&#237;ses de renda m&#233;dia a baixa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Metade das pessoas que morreram de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio nunca apresentou sintomas antes do tr&#225;gico evento, e a maioria nunca teve o diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Apesar de nossos melhores esfor&#231;os, a preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o (DIC) vem aumentando constantemente nos &#250;ltimos 30 anos em todo o mundo devido ao envelhecimento populacional, mas mesmo padronizando por idade, a preval&#234;ncia tem se mantido est&#225;vel e n&#227;o caiu.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A calcifica&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria &#233; quase sempre um marcador de aterosclerose. O escore de c&#225;lcio coronariano (ECC) &#233; um n&#250;mero que quantifica a calcifica&#231;&#227;o coronariana como um substituto para a carga ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana total. Embora a calcifica&#231;&#227;o resulte da cicatriza&#231;&#227;o da placa, as placas de maior risco tendem a ter componentes n&#227;o calcificados proporcionalmente maiores;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> a ECC provou ser um forte preditor de eventos de DCV e DIC em v&#225;rios grandes e s&#243;lidos estudos de base populacional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria &#233; orientada e titulada pelo risco de DCV, ou seja, pacientes com maior risco devem ter tratamento de maior intensidade, e pacientes de baixo risco podem n&#227;o necessitar de tratamento al&#233;m do aconselhamento geral de sa&#250;de. A ECC determina o risco cardiovascular melhor do que a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e as calculadoras de risco cl&#237;nico porque a DCV tem uma fisiopatologia t&#227;o diversa e complexa, com tantos fatores de risco diferentes, que compilar todos os fatores de risco em uma calculadora &#233; ineficaz e impreciso. Al&#233;m disso, os fatores de risco s&#227;o t&#227;o comuns que n&#227;o conseguem diferenciar quem ter&#225; um evento e quem n&#227;o ter&#225;. Por exemplo, a preval&#234;ncia de 1 fator de risco principal (al&#233;m da idade) &#233; muito alta entre pessoas de 40 anos que desenvolvem DIC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> mas tamb&#233;m &#233; muito alta entre aquelas que n&#227;o desenvolvem DIC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Em vez de focar em como adivinhar quem tem DCV, devemos nos concentrar no diagn&#243;stico precoce de DCV pr&#233;-cl&#237;nica, e o escore de c&#225;lcio coronariano &#233; provavelmente a melhor ferramenta dispon&#237;vel, pois &#233; preciso, relativamente barato, amplamente dispon&#237;vel e custo-efetivo em m&#250;ltiplos cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos e popula&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os ABC deste m&#234;s trazem um artigo muito importante que investiga o custo-efetividade da ECC no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Como o esc&#226;ner, os medicamentos e outros custos de sa&#250;de variam em todo o mundo, &#233; importante realizar an&#225;lises de custo-efetividade localmente para orientar melhor as pol&#237;ticas nacionais de sa&#250;de. Os autores demonstraram que, entre os pacientes clinicamente classificados como de risco intermedi&#225;rio, que seriam recomendados ou considerados para tratamento com estatinas de intensidade moderada pelas diretrizes cl&#237;nicas atuais, a introdu&#231;&#227;o do ECC &#233; custo-efetiva em todos os cen&#225;rios analisados. N&#227;o apenas um aumento na intensidade das estatinas seria recomendado para a popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com ECC &gt; 100 (25% da coorte) que, de outra forma, estaria recebendo apenas tratamento de intensidade moderada, mas talvez mais importante seja o fato de que aproximadamente 45% da popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes seria retirada da terapia m&#233;dica por ter ECC=0. O custo do ECC &#233; compensado pela redu&#231;&#227;o das taxas de eventos em ECC&gt;100 e pela economia da suspens&#227;o de estatinas a longo prazo entre aqueles com ECC=0.</p>
    <p>Alguns recursos importantes est&#227;o faltando na an&#225;lise, uma vez que n&#227;o mostraram como coletaram os dados de custo e n&#227;o forneceram an&#225;lise de sensibilidade. No entanto, apesar dessas defici&#234;ncias, seu trabalho &#233; valioso para o planejamento da sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o no Brasil. Juntamente com outros dados de custo-efetividade que analisaram tecnologias semelhantes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> seu artigo refor&#231;a o escore de c&#225;lcio como uma ferramenta valiosa para orientar e titular a terapia m&#233;dica e melhorar a ades&#227;o do paciente &#224;s mudan&#231;as comportamentais necess&#225;rias</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Custo-Efetividade do Emprego do Escore de C&#225;lcio Coronariano na Orienta&#231;&#227;o para a Decis&#227;o Terap&#234;utica na Preven&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria, na Popula&#231;&#227;o Brasileira</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Generoso</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nasir</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hong</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cost-Effectiveness of Using the Coronary Calcium Score in Guiding Therapeutic Decisions in Primary Prevention in the Brazilian Population</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>118</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1126</fpage>
          <lpage>1131</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10 Val&#233;rio RS, Generoso G, Fernandes JL, Nasir K, Hong JC, Bittencourt MS. Cost-Effectiveness of Using the Coronary Calcium Score in Guiding Therapeutic Decisions in Primary Prevention in the Brazilian Population. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022; 118(6):1126-1131.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Magliano</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
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              <surname>Camargo</surname>
              <given-names>GC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Trocado</surname>
              <given-names>LFL</given-names>
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            <name>
              <surname>Gottlieb</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
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          <article-title>Cost-effectiveness analysis of CCTA in SUS, as compared to other non-invasive imaging modalities in suspected obstructive CAD</article-title>
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          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201050</pub-id>
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        <mixed-citation>11 Bastos do Carmo P, Magliano CA, Rey HCV, Camargo GC, Trocado LFL, Gottlieb I. Cost-effectiveness analysis of CCTA in SUS, as compared to other non-invasive imaging modalities in suspected obstructive CAD. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022;118(3):578-85. doi: 10.36660/abc.20201050.</mixed-citation>
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    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cost-Effectiveness of Using the Coronary Calcium Score to Guide Therapeutic Decisions in Primary Prevention in the Brazilian Population</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0402-5769</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gottlieb</surname>
            <given-names>Ilan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Casa de Sa&#250;de S&#227;o Jos&#233;, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Ilan Gottlieb</bold> &#8226; Departamento de Radiologia - Casa de Sa&#250;de S&#227;o Jos&#233; - Rua Macedo Sobrinho, 21. Postal Code <postal-code>22271-080</postal-code>, Humait&#225;, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>ilangottlieb@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention and control</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Plaque Atherosclerotic</kwd>
        <kwd>Statins</kwd>
        <kwd>Cost-Benefit Analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) statistics never fail to impress even the most hardened and experienced physician. One-third of deaths worldwide are still due to cardiovascular causes (85% of those are myocardial infarction and stroke), and 75% occur in mid-to-low income countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Half the people who died of myocardial infarction never had symptoms before the tragic event, and most never had the diagnosis of coronary artery disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Despite our best efforts, the prevalence of ischemic heart disease (IHD) has been steadily rising for the last 30 years worldwide due to population aging, but even if we standardize by age, the prevalence has been stable, and notwithstanding fallen. This fact highlights the importance of lifestyle changes that allow for a healthier heart and the need to focus on implementing existing cost-effective policies and interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Coronary calcification is almost always a marker of atherosclerosis. The coronary calcium score (CCS) is a number that quantifies coronary calcification as a surrogate for total coronary atherosclerotic burden. Even though calcification results from plaque healing, higher-risk plaques tend to have proportionately greater non-calcified components;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> CCS has been proven to be a strong predictor of CVD and IHD events in multiple large, solid, population-based studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Primary prevention is guided and titrated by CVD risk, i.e., patients with higher risk should have higher intensity treatment, and low-risk patients may require no treatment besides general healthcare counseling. CCS determines cardiovascular risk better than clinical assessment and clinical risk calculators because CVD has such diverse and complex pathophysiology, with so many different risk factors, that compiling all risk factors in a calculator is ineffective and inaccurate. Additionally, risk factors are so common that they fail to differentiate who will have an event and who will not. For instance, the prevalence of 1 major risk factor (aside from age) is very high among persons aged 40 years who develop IHD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> but it is also very high among those who do not develop IHD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Instead of focusing on how to guess who has CVD, we should focus on the early diagnosis of preclinical CVD, and coronary calcium score is probably the best tool available, for it is accurate, relatively cheap, widely available, and cost-effective in multiple clinical scenarios and populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>This month's ABC brings a very important article that investigates the cost-effectiveness of CCS in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Since scanning, medications and other healthcare costs vary worldwide, it is important to perform cost-effectiveness analysis locally to guide national healthcare policies better. The authors demonstrated that, among patients clinically classified as intermediate risk, who would be recommended or considered for moderate intensity statin treatment by current clinical guidelines, the introduction of CCS is cost-effective in all analyzed scenarios. Not only an increase in statin intensity would be recommended for the patient population with CCS&gt;100 (25% of the cohort) who would otherwise be taking only moderate-intensity treatment, but perhaps more important is the fact that approximately 45% of the patient population would be withdrawn from medical therapy since they have CCS=0. The cost of the CCS scan is compensated by lowering event rates in CCS&gt;100 and the savings from long-term statin suspension among those with CCS=0.</p>
      <p>Some important features are missing from the analysis, since they did not show how they collected cost data and did not provide sensitivity analysis. Nevertheless, despite these shortcomings, their paper is valuable for population healthcare planning in Brazil. Together with other cost-effectiveness data that analyzed similar technologies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> their paper reinforces calcium score as a valuable tool to guide and titrate medical therapy and improve patient adherence to necessary behavioral changes.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Cost-Effectiveness of Using the Coronary Calcium Score in Guiding Therapeutic Decisions in Primary Prevention in the Brazilian Population</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
