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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">bSj9rrG4w7cYZWntPYw6dWB</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000601126</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210347</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210347</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Custo-Efetividade do Emprego do Escore de C&#225;lcio Coronariano na Orienta&#231;&#227;o para a Decis&#227;o Terap&#234;utica na Preven&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria, na Popula&#231;&#227;o Brasileira</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1530-3795</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Val&#233;rio</surname>
            <given-names>Raul Serra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1010-2428</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Generoso</surname>
            <given-names>Giuliano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6726-5324</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano Lara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nasir</surname>
            <given-names>Khurram</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hong</surname>
            <given-names>Jonathan C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3711-1754</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Sommer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Diagn&#243;sticos da Am&#233;rica SA</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Diagn&#243;sticos da Am&#233;rica SA, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s - Centro de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Radiologia Cl&#237;nica de Campinas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Radiologia Cl&#237;nica de Campinas, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa Jose Michel Kalaf</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa Jose Michel Kalaf, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Houston Methodist Debakey Heart &amp; Vascular Center</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Center for Outcomes Research</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Houston</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Texas</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Houston Methodist Debakey Heart &amp; Vascular Center - Center for Outcomes Research, Houston, Texas &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>6</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Texas Heart Institute</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Division of Cardiovascular Surgery</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="state">Texas</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Texas Heart Institute - Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>7</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio de Sao Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Hospital Universit&#225;rio de Sao Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Marcio Sommer Bittencourt</bold> &#8226; Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica &#8211; Hospital Universit&#225;rio/USP &#8211; Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 2565. CEP <postal-code>05508-000</postal-code>, Butant&#227;, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>msbittencourt@mail.harvard.edu</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Val&#233;rio RS, Generoso G, Bittencourt MS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Nasir K, Hong JC, Bittencourt MS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Val&#233;rio RS, Generoso G, Fernandes JL, Nasir K, Hong JC, Bittencourt MS; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Val&#233;rio RS, Generoso G, Nasir K, Hong JC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Val&#233;rio RS, Generoso G, Bittencourt MS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Generoso G, Fernandes JL, Bittencourt MS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1126</fpage>
      <lpage>1131</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O emprego do escore de c&#225;lcio no aux&#237;lio da estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular pode ser ferramenta com melhor custo-efetividade em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; estrat&#233;gia convencional.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da custo-efetividade do emprego do escore de c&#225;lcio na orienta&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica para a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria cardiovascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Modelo de microssimula&#231;&#227;o para avaliar as consequ&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas e econ&#244;micas da doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica, comparando-se a estrat&#233;gia de preven&#231;&#227;o pelo uso do escore de c&#225;lcio e a estrat&#233;gia convencional.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Resultados obtidos demonstram melhor custo-efetividade da estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica guiada pelo escore de c&#225;lcio, por meio da redu&#231;&#227;o do custo incremental, e aumento nos anos de vida ajustados por qualidade (QALY), que corresponde, em n&#250;mero, ao benef&#237;cio incorporado &#224; qualidade de vida do indiv&#237;duo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>O emprego do escore de c&#225;lcio mostrou-se mais custo-efetivo que a estrat&#233;gia convencional tanto em custo como em QALY, na maioria dos cen&#225;rios estudados.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise Custo-Benef&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>T&#233;cnicas de Imagem Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>C&#225;lcio Coronariano</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
        <page-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Gra&#231;as as novas formas de classificar o risco de eventos cardiovasculares na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, que s&#227;o recomendadas pelas diretrizes das principais sociedades de cardiologia do mundo, observa-se aumento significativo na popula&#231;&#227;o eleg&#237;vel para o uso de estatinas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Como exemplo dessas mudan&#231;as, a diretriz de controle de dislipidemias de 2018 e de preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular de 2019 da American Heart Association (AHA) e do American College of Cardiology (ACC) sugere o uso de um escore de risco cardiovascular (<italic>Pooled Cohort Equations</italic> &#8212; ASCVD) para estimar o risco de eventos cardiovasculares relacionados &#224; aterosclerose em um per&#237;odo de dez anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Esse escore classifica o indiv&#237;duo, de acordo com vari&#225;veis modific&#225;veis e n&#227;o modific&#225;veis, em alto risco (&gt;20% de eventos em dez anos); moderado risco (7,5&#8211;20% de eventos em dez anos); <italic>borderline</italic> (5&#8211;7,5% de eventos em dez anos) e baixo risco (&lt;5% de eventos em dez anos).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Entretanto, &#233; poss&#237;vel notar que essa classifica&#231;&#227;o une uma popula&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular heterog&#234;nea, j&#225; que uma parcela de indiv&#237;duos candidatos ao uso de estatina n&#227;o apresenta sintomas ou sinais de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica manifesta. Por consequ&#234;ncia, muitos dos indiv&#237;duos eleg&#237;veis &#224; terapia farmacol&#243;gica poderiam se beneficiar marginalmente dessa terap&#234;utica em longo prazo, uma vez que o benef&#237;cio acumulado do tratamento &#233; diretamente proporcional ao risco de base.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nesse cen&#225;rio, o escore de c&#225;lcio coronariano (ECC), realizado por meio da tomografia computadorizada para quantificar a carga ateroscler&#243;tica dos indiv&#237;duos, pode ser &#250;til para reclassificar o paciente intermedi&#225;rio para baixo ou alto risco de eventos, evitando ou, eventualmente, at&#233; intensificando a necessidade da terapia hipolipemiante nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dessa forma, &#233; relevante a avalia&#231;&#227;o da efetividade e da custo-efetividade dessa ferramenta em compara&#231;&#227;o a outros mecanismos de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco da popula&#231;&#227;o, com o objetivo de orientar a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, bem como direcionar estrategicamente os esfor&#231;os e recursos da sa&#250;de.</p>
      <p>Diversos estudos de custo-efetividade compararam o emprego do ECC &#224; terapia guiada por escores de risco ou outros m&#233;todos de classifica&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Entre eles, Nasir et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> estudaram a custo-efetividade do emprego do ECC e compararam-na com a estratifica&#231;&#227;o guiada apenas pelo escore de risco de eventos cardiovasculares. Essa an&#225;lise utilizou os dados e os custos previstos nos Estados Unidos e teve como base os dados populacionais do <italic>Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis</italic> (MESA), uma coorte composta de 6.814 participantes de diversos centros de estudos do pa&#237;s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Neste artigo, usamos como refer&#234;ncia o estudo citado anteriormente, com a mesma base populacional citada, adaptando os custos para a realidade brasileira, a fim de verificar a reprodutibilidade do m&#233;todo no Brasil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Nesta an&#225;lise, a metodologia &#233; replicada do artigo publicado por Nasir et al., sendo realizada por um modelo de microssimula&#231;&#227;o (TreeAge Pro <italic>version</italic> 2016 &#8212; Williamstown, Massachusetts). O modelo simula as consequ&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas e econ&#244;micas da doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica, no contexto da preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria em paciente de moderado risco cardiovascular. As estrat&#233;gias comparadas nesta an&#225;lise s&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>) explicitadas a seguir.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Estrat&#233;gias para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco em pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1126-10347-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Estrat&#233;gia 1 (convencional): pacientes n&#227;o realizaram ECC e foram submetidos &#224; terapia farmacol&#243;gica com estatina de moderada pot&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>Estrat&#233;gia 2 (ECC): pacientes realizaram um ECC, e o tratamento foi guiado pelo resultado. Indiv&#237;duos com ECC 1&#8211;100 foram submetidos ao tratamento com estatina de moderada intensidade.</p>
      <p>Com valor de ECC superior a 100, era iniciado tratamento com estatina de alta pot&#234;ncia. Contudo, se ECC:0, n&#227;o era iniciado tratamento medicamentoso.</p>
      <p>A intensidade do tratamento com estatinas, classificada em baixa, moderada e alta pot&#234;ncia, segue os crit&#233;rios contidos na diretriz da AHA e da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> As demais medica&#231;&#245;es de uso cont&#237;nuo, caso indicadas, n&#227;o sofreram modifica&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s a reclassifica&#231;&#227;o de risco.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise comparativa do estudo de custo-efetividade &#233; baseada nos anos de vida ajustados por qualidade (<italic>quality-adjusted life years</italic> &#8212; QALY) como medida de benef&#237;cio. A QALY &#233; uma medida de resultado de sa&#250;de, que combina em um &#237;ndice num&#233;rico a quantidade (mortalidade) e a qualidade (morbidade) de vida da popula&#231;&#227;o, sendo &#250;til para comparar e analisar o resultado comparativo entre as estrat&#233;gias 1 e 2.</p>
      <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o desta an&#225;lise, como citado, &#233; baseada no estudo MESA, e a caracter&#237;stica populacional e a distribui&#231;&#227;o do escore de c&#225;lcio de acordo com o risco cardiovascular, baseado nos escores da ACC/AHA, est&#227;o demonstradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> e na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;stica e distribui&#231;&#227;o do escore de c&#225;lcio coronariano da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo <italic>Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis</italic> nas categorias de risco cardiovascular</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Estatina recomendada (n=2.377)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Estatina considerada (n=538)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade (anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">64,7 +-3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">58,4 +-6,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Masculino</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.434 (60)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">299 (51)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">
                <bold>Etnia</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Branco</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">795 (33)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">220 (37)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Negro</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">791 (33)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">180 (31)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hisp&#226;nico</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">534 (23)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">124 (21)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Asi&#225;ticos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">527 (11)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">65 (11)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">472 (20)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.439 (61)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">193 (33)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">
                <bold>Fumante</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nunca</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.023 (43)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">280 (47)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ex-fumante</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">918 (39)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">211 (36)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Atual</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">436 (18)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">98 (17)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">948 (43)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">237 (43)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IMC (kg/m2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">28,7 +-5,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">38,5+-5,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Colesterol total (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">201,5 +-34,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">199,8 +-30,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">LDL-C (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">126,4 +-31,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">124,6 +-26,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">HDL-C (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">48,5 +-13,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">49,9 +- 13,9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Triglicer&#237;deos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">132,8 +- 67</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">126,4 +- 64,4</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Valores descritos em m&#233;dia +- DP ou n(%). IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria; LDL-C: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL-c: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos valores de escore de c&#225;lcio coronariano de acordo com diretrizes do American College of Cardiology e da American Heart Association</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Estatina recomendada</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">2.377</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">EC 0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">878 (33,0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">EC 1&#8211;100</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">714 (24,1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">EC &gt;100</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">685 (23,1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Estatina considerada</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>598</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">EC 0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">338 (11,4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">ECC 1&#8211;100</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">184 (6,2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">EC&gt;100</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">67 (2,3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Total</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2.966 (100)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Valores s&#227;o n ou n (%). EC: escore de c&#225;lcio; ECC: escore de c&#225;lcio coronariano.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Nesta investiga&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes percorreram o modelo at&#233; apresentar um evento cardiovascular ou morte por outras causas, e o n&#250;mero de anos de uso de estatina ou evento cardiovascular foi pesquisado para cada paciente. O horizonte temporal foi atualizado com ciclos de um ano. Todos os custos e resultados foram descontados em 3% ao ano.</p>
      <p>Como limita&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo, ressaltamos que a an&#225;lise dos pressupostos n&#227;o foi realizada, j&#225; que, neste caso, os resultados s&#227;o extens&#245;es de estudos realizados previamente.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Custos</title>
        <p>Como citado anteriormente, houve adapta&#231;&#227;o dos custos para a realidade brasileira. Os valores est&#227;o demonstrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>, em reais (R$) e, em raz&#227;o da alta variabilidade, est&#227;o representados na tabela em tr&#234;s escalas: mediano, m&#237;nimo e m&#225;ximo. Dessa forma, nossa an&#225;lise foi conduzida com ampla margem de suposi&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Tabela de custos brasileiros</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel (TreeAge Pro <italic>version</italic> 2016 &#8211; Williamstown, Massachusetts)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Mediana (R$)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">M&#237;n (R$)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">M&#225;x (R$)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Fonte</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Exame de ECC</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">418</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">300</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">713</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Estatina (dose moderada), gasto anual</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">276,96</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">210,96</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">804</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Estatina (dose intensiva), gasto anual</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">435,84</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">324,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">725,64</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Estatina (todas as doses, mediana), gasto anual</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">356,4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">267,78</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">764,82</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Infarto fatal</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9.816,8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.853,44</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11.780,16</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Infarto n&#227;o fatal, primeiro ano</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28.048</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22.438,4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">33.657,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Infarto n&#227;o fatal, demais anos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.207,2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.365,76</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.048,64</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Parada card&#237;aca ressuscitada</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">42.072</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">33.657,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50.486,4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">AVC fatal</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12.761,84</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10.209,472</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15.314,208</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">AVC n&#227;o fatal, primeiro ano</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">56.096</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">44.876,8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">67.315,2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">AVC n&#227;o fatal, demais anos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.890,08</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.712,064</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.068,096</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Complica&#231;&#245;es leves de estatinas</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">650</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">520</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">780</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Complica&#231;&#245;es importantes de estatinas</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19.500</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15.600</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">23.400</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Seguimento de investiga&#231;&#227;o por achados incidentais n&#227;o card&#237;acos (repeti&#231;&#227;o de imagem)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">240</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">200</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">340</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Seguimento de consulta m&#233;dica e testes laboratoriais (revis&#227;o ECC, painel l&#237;p&#237;dico, painel hep&#225;tico)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">80</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">65</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">130</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>ECC: escore de c&#225;lcio coronariano; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>&#201; importante ressaltar que o custo do ECC &#233; acrescentado ao modelo apenas uma vez, j&#225; que a repeti&#231;&#227;o do exame n&#227;o &#233; frequente. Tem-se na literatura que o <italic>warrant time</italic>, ou seja, o tempo de garantia do ECC para indiv&#237;duos com ECC=0, &#233; relativamente longo al&#233;m de individualizado, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o diversos elementos, como idade, sexo e presen&#231;a de fatores de risco como o diabetes. Sendo assim, em caso de EC zero, a indica&#231;&#227;o de sua repeti&#231;&#227;o &#233; vari&#225;vel e pode estar indicada em intervalos de tr&#234;s a sete anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O restante dos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, incluindo an&#225;lises de sensibilidade de m&#250;ltiplos par&#226;metros realizados de forma probabil&#237;stica, foi utilizado conforme descrito na publica&#231;&#227;o anterior.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Ao compararmos a custo-efetividade do emprego do ECC na estratifica&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular da preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria do indiv&#237;duo de moderado risco cardiovascular entre as estrat&#233;gias 1 e 2, observamos que, ao se considerar o custo mediano de todas as estatinas e do EC, houve redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa de R$ 672,00 nos custos acumulados em favor do grupo que realizou o ECC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> &#8212; caso base). Da mesma maneira, ao se reduzir o custo da estatina &#224; mediana das estatinas de moderada intensidade, permanece a diferen&#231;a de custo acumulado no valor de R$ 423,00, tamb&#233;m favor&#225;vel &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o do ECC. Em outra an&#225;lise, observamos que al&#233;m do benef&#237;cio financeiro se observa maior sobrevida ajustada para QALY, o que corrobora a custo-efetividade do m&#233;todo em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; estrat&#233;gia convencional guiada pelas diretrizes.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Tabela 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Par&#226;metros iniciais para o modelo de microssimula&#231;&#227;o comparando estrat&#233;gias de terapia com estatina para indiv&#237;duos com risco intermedi&#225;rio de evento cardiovascular</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="10%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Custo ECC</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Custo Estatina</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Custo total por diretrizes</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">ECC &#8212; Custo total</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Dif Custo</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Diretrizes &#8212; QALY</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">ECC &#8212; QALY</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">QALY Diferen&#231;a</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Conclus&#227;o</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Caso base</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">R$ 418,00</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">R$ 356,00</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">R$ 6.160,00 (95% IC: 5,587&#8211;6,757)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">R$ 5.488,00 (95% IC: 4,900&#8211;6,113)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-R$ 672,00</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11.849 (95% IC: 10.834&#8211;12.829)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11.859 (95% IC: 10.859&#8211;12.838)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">ECC domina</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Caso com estatinas em dose moderada</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">R$ 418,00</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">R$ 276,00</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">R$ 5.492,00 (95% IC: 2,035&#8211;10,651)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">R$ 5.069,00 (95% IC: 743&#8211;10,730)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-R$ 423,00</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11.849 (95% IC: 10.834&#8211;12.829)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11.859 (95% IC: 10.859&#8211;12.838)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">ECC domina</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>ECC: escore de c&#225;lcio coronariano; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Considerando-se as m&#250;ltiplas vari&#225;veis apresentadas, tamb&#233;m foram realizadas 10 mil simula&#231;&#245;es de Monte Carlo para ilustrar a an&#225;lise de sensibilidade probabil&#237;stica dos m&#250;ltiplos par&#226;metros inclu&#237;dos no modelo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). O gr&#225;fico em quest&#227;o analisa a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da estrat&#233;gia convencional, ou seja, a n&#227;o utiliza&#231;&#227;o do EC na estratifica&#231;&#227;o, por meio de um ganho incremental de QALY no eixo X e os custos incrementais ($ &#8212; em moeda local de reais) no eixo Y. Cada ponto no gr&#225;fico representa um cruzamento das 10 mil simula&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis. Logo, &#233; poss&#237;vel inferir que, utilizando a estrat&#233;gia convencional de estratifica&#231;&#227;o desses indiv&#237;duos, mais de 95% das combina&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o associadas a um ganho incremental de custo sem um ganho incremental de QALY, ou seja, s&#227;o favor&#225;veis &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o do EC. Assim, h&#225; benef&#237;cio financeiro ao se comparar a estrat&#233;gia convencional &#224; estrat&#233;gia que utiliza o ECC. Entretanto, ao se analisar o QALY, nota-se maior dispers&#227;o das simula&#231;&#245;es, o que n&#227;o demonstra diferen&#231;a clara entre as estrat&#233;gias utilizadas na an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, apesar de discreta tend&#234;ncia de favorecimento ao grupo que foi submetido ao ECC.</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Simula&#231;&#245;es de Monte Carlo, com 10 mil an&#225;lises multivari&#225;veis.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1126-10347-gf02.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Temos, portanto, com base nos resultados desta an&#225;lise ajustados para os custos brasileiros, dados que se demonstram favor&#225;veis &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o da estrat&#233;gia 2, ou seja, o uso do ECC no aux&#237;lio &#224; estratifica&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular e na indica&#231;&#227;o de estatina, com melhor custo-efetividade em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; estrat&#233;gia 1 (conservadora).</p>
      <p>Ao compararmos a custo-efetividade do emprego do ECC como ferramenta de aux&#237;lio na estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco em pacientes em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e risco moderado de eventos cardiovasculares, compreendemos os seus reais benef&#237;cios e sua aplicabilidade na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Os fatores que respaldam esta an&#225;lise s&#227;o: 1) a redu&#231;&#227;o do custo incremental de cada estrat&#233;gia; e 2) o aumento no QALY, que corresponde, em n&#250;mero, ao benef&#237;cio incorporado &#224; qualidade de vida do indiv&#237;duo.</p>
      <p>O resultado encontrado nesta pesquisa est&#225; de acordo com a literatura, mesmo ap&#243;s o ajuste dos custos para a realidade brasileira. Dessa maneira, estratificar indiv&#237;duos de risco moderado para eventos cardiovasculares com o ECC e, com base no resultado obtido, decidir entre o uso ou n&#227;o da estatina comprova ser vantajoso se comparado &#224; estrat&#233;gia conservadora.</p>
      <p>Dessa forma, restringe-se o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos eleg&#237;veis ao tratamento medicamentoso e, por consequ&#234;ncia, a possibilidade de efeitos adversos relacionados &#224; droga. Ao mesmo tempo, inicia-se o tratamento do indiv&#237;duo com real benef&#237;cio de seu uso e, portanto, podem-se prevenir eventos cardiovasculares associados &#224; aterosclerose. Fica, portanto, evidente a custo-efetividade da estrat&#233;gia que inclui a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do ECC na estratifica&#231;&#227;o desses indiv&#237;duos, como ferramenta de extrema import&#226;ncia quando implementada em larga escala.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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              <surname>Pencina</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Navar-Boggan</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D&#8217;Agostino</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
              <suffix>Sr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neely</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sniderman</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
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            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Application of New Cholesterol Guidelines to a Population-Based Sample</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>370</volume>
          <issue>15</issue>
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          <lpage>1431</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1315665</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Pencina MJ, Navar-Boggan AM, D&#8217;Agostino RB Sr, Williams K, Neely B, Sniderman AD, et al. Application of New Cholesterol Guidelines to a Population-Based Sample. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(15):1422-31. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1315665.</mixed-citation>
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        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
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            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3711-1754</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Sommer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Diagn&#243;sticos da Am&#233;rica SA, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s - Centro de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Radiologia Cl&#237;nica de Campinas, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff11">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa Jose Michel Kalaf, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff12">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Houston</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Texas</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Houston Methodist Debakey Heart &amp; Vascular Center - Center for Outcomes Research, Houston, Texas &#8211; USA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff13">
          <label>6</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="state">Texas</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Texas Heart Institute - Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas &#8211; USA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff14">
          <label>7</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Hospital Universit&#225;rio de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Marcio Sommer Bittencourt</bold> &#8226; Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica - Hospital Universit&#225;rio/USP &#8211; Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 2565. Postal Code <postal-code>05508-000</postal-code>, Butant&#227;, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>msbittencourt@mail.harvard.edu</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Val&#233;rio RS, Generoso G, Bittencourt MS; Acquisition of data: Nasir K, Hong JC, Bittencourt MS; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Val&#233;rio RS, Generoso G, Fernandes JL, Nasir K, Hong JC, Bittencourt MS; Statistical analysis: Val&#233;rio RS, Generoso G, Nasir K, Hong JC; Writing of the manuscript: Val&#233;rio RS, Generoso G, Bittencourt MS; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Generoso G, Fernandes JL, Bittencourt MS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The use of the coronary artery calcium score to aid cardiovascular risk stratification may be a more cost-effective tool than the conventional strategy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>Evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of the use of the calcium score in therapeutic guidance for primary cardiovascular prevention.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A microsimulation model to assess the clinical and economic consequences of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, comparing the prevention strategy using the calcium score and the conventional strategy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The results obtained demonstrated a better cost-effectiveness of the therapeutic strategy guided by the calcium score, by reducing incremental costs and increasing quality-adjusted life years (QALY), which corresponds, in number, to improving the quality of life of the individual.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The use of the coronary artery calcium score proved to be more cost-effective than the conventional strategy, both in terms of cost and QALY, in most of the scenarios studied.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cost-Benefit Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Primary Prevention</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Imaging Techniques</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Calcium</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Thanks to new ways of classifying the risk of cardiovascular events in primary prevention, which are recommended by the guidelines of the main cardiology societies in the world, there is a significant increase in the population eligible for the use of statins.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> As an example of these changes, the 2018 dyslipidemia management and 2019 cardiovascular prevention guidelines of the American Heart Association (AHA) and American College of Cardiology (ACC) suggest the use of a cardiovascular risk score (Pooled Cohort Equations, ASCVD) to estimate the risk of cardiovascular events related to atherosclerosis over a period of ten years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> This score classifies the individual, according to modifiable and non-modifiable variables, as being at high risk (&gt;20% of events in ten years); moderate risk (7.5&#8211;20% of events in ten years); borderline (5&#8211;7.5% of events in ten years) and low risk (&lt;5% of events in ten years).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>However, it is possible to note that this classification unites a heterogeneous cardiovascular risk population, since a portion of individuals who are candidates for statin use do not show symptoms or signs of overt atherosclerotic disease. Consequently, many individuals eligible for pharmacological therapy could marginally benefit from this therapy in the long term, since the accumulated benefit of the treatment is directly proportional to the baseline risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this scenario, the coronary artery calcium score (CAC), performed by means of computed tomography to quantify the atherosclerotic burden of individuals, may be useful to reclassify the intermediate patient to low or high risk of events, avoiding or eventually even intensifying the need for lipid-lowering therapy in this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Thus, it is important to evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of this tool in comparison to other mechanisms of risk stratification of the population, with the objective of guiding clinical practice, as well as strategically directing health efforts and resources.</p>
      <p>Several cost-effectiveness studies have compared the use of CAC to therapy guided by risk scores or other classification methods.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Among them, Nasir et al. studied the cost-effectiveness of using CAC and compared it with stratification guided only by the risk score for cardiovascular events. This analysis used data and expected costs in the United States and was based on population data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), a cohort composed of 6,814 participants from different study centers in the country.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Here, we used the aforementioned study as a reference, with the same population base mentioned, adapting the costs to the Brazilian reality, to determine the reproducibility of the method in Brazil.</p>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>In this analysis, the methods were replicated from the article published by Nasir et al., using a microsimulation model (TreeAge Pro version 2016 &#8212; Williamstown, MA, USA). The model simulates the clinical and economic consequences on the basis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, in the context of primary prevention in patients with moderate cardiovascular risk. The strategies compared in this analysis are (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>) explained below.</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Strategies for risk stratification in intermediate-risk patients.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1126-10347-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Strategy 1 (conventional): patients did not undergo CAC and were submitted to pharmacological therapy with moderate-intensity statin.</p>
        <p>Strategy 2 (CAC: The CAC was determined in patients, and treatment was guided by the outcome. Subjects with CAC 1&#8211;100 underwent moderate-intensity statin treatment.</p>
        <p>With a CAC value greater than 100, treatment with high-intensity statin was started. However, with CAC 0, drug treatment was not started.</p>
        <p>The intensity of treatment with statins, classified as low-, moderate- and high-intensity, follows the criteria contained in the guidelines of the AHA and the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The other medications for continuous use, if indicated, were not modified after the risk reclassification.</p>
        <p>The comparative analysis of the cost-effectiveness study was based on quality-adjusted life years (QALY) as a measure of benefit. QALY is a health outcome measure, which combines the population's quantity (mortality) and quality (morbidity) of life in a numerical index, being useful to compare and analyze the comparative result between strategies 1 and 2.</p>
        <p>The population of this analysis, as mentioned, is based on the MESA study, and the population characteristics and distribution of the calcium score according to cardiovascular risk, based on the ACC/AHA scores, are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics and distribution of coronary artery calcium score in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis population based on cardiovascular risk categories</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Statin recommended (n=2,377)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Statin considered (n=538)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">64.7 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">58.4 &#177; 6.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Male</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,434 (60)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">299 (51)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Ethnicity</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">While</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">795 (33)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">220 (37)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Black</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">791 (33)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">180 (31)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hispanic</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">534 (23)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">124 (21)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Asian</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">527 (11)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">65 (11)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">472 (20)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hypertension</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.439 (61)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">193 (33)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Smoker</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Never</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,023 (43)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">280 (47)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Former</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">918 (39)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">211 (36)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Current</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">436 (18)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">98 (17)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Family history of CAD</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">948 (43)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">237 (43)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BMI (kg/m2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28.7&#177; 5.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">38.5 &#177; 5.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Total cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">201.5 &#177; 34.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">199.8 &#177; 30.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LDL-C (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">126.4 &#177; 31.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">124.6 &#177; 26.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">HDL-C (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">48.5 &#177; 13.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">49.9 &#177; 13.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Triglycerides</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">132.8 &#177; 67</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">126.4 &#177; 64.4</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>Values given as mean &#177; SD or n(%). BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of coronary artery calcium scores according to American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association guidelines</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Statin recommended</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">2,377</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CAC 0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">878 (33.0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CAC 1&#8211;100</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">714 (24/1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CAC &gt;100</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">685 (23.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Statin considered</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>598</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CAC 0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">338 (11.4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CAC 1&#8211;100</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">184 (6.2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CAC &gt;100</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">67 (2.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Total</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,966 (100)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>Values are n or n (%). CAC: coronary artery calcium score.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>In this investigation, patients were run through the model until they had a cardiovascular event or death from other causes, and the number of years of statin use or cardiovascular event was searched for each patient. The time horizon was updated with one-year cycles. All costs and results were discounted at 3% per year.</p>
        <p>As a limitation of our study, we emphasize that the analysis of the assumptions was not performed, since in this case, the results are extensions of studies carried out previously.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Costs</title>
          <p>As previously mentioned, the costs were adapted to the Brazilian reality. The values are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref>, in reais (R$) and, due to the high variability, they are represented in the table in three scales: median, minimum and maximum. Thus, our analysis was conducted with a wide range of assumptions.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Brazilian costs</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Variable (TreeAge Pro version 2016 &#8211; Williamstown, MA, USA)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Median (R$)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Min (R$)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Max (R$)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Source</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">CAC examination</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">418</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">300</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">713</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Statin (moderate-intensity), annual cost</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">276.96</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">210.96</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">804</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Statin (high-intensity), annual cost</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">435.84</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">324.60</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">725.64</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Statin (all intensities, median), annual cost</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">356.40</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">267.78</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">764.82</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Fatal infarction</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">9,816.80</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7,853.44</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">11,780.16</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Nonfatal myocardial infarction, first year</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">28,048</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">22,438.40</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">33,657.60</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Nonfatal infarction, other years</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4,207.20</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3,365.76</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5,048.64</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Cardiac arrest resuscitated</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">42,072</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">33,657.60</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">50,486.40</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Fatal CVA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">12,761.84</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10,209.47</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">15,314.20</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Nonfatal CVA, first year</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">56,096</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">44,876.80</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">67,315.20</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Nonfatal CVA, other years</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5,890.08</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4,712.06</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7,068.09</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Mild complications of statins</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">650</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">520</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">780</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Major complications of statins</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">19,500</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">15,600</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">23,400</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Follow-up investigation for non-cardiac findings (repeat imaging)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">240</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">200</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">340</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Clinical follow-up and laboratory tests (CAC review, lipid panel, liver panel)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">80</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">65</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">130</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">15</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>CAC: coronary artery calcium score.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>It is important to note that the cost of CAC was added to the model only once, as the test is not repeated frequently. In the literature, the warrant time, that is, CAC guarantee time for individuals with CAC=0, is relatively long in addition to being individualized, taking into account several aspects such as age, sex and the presence of risk factors, including diabetes. Therefore, in case of a zero calcium score, the indication of its repetition is variable and may be indicated at intervals of three to seven years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The rest of the clinical parameters, including probabilistic multiparameter sensitivity analyses, were used as described in the previous publication.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>When comparing the cost-effectiveness of using CAC in the cardiovascular stratification of primary prevention of individuals with moderate cardiovascular risk between strategies 1 and 2, we observed that when considering the median cost of all statins and the CAC, there was a statistically significant reduction of R$ 672.00 in accumulated costs in favor of the group in which CAC was determined (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref> &#8211; base case). In the same way, when the cost of the statin was reduced to the median of moderate-intensity statins, the accumulated cost difference of R$ 423.00 remained, also favorable to the performance of the CAC. In another analysis, we observed that in addition to the financial benefit, there was a greater QALY survival, which confirmed the cost-effectiveness of the method in relation to the conventional strategy based on the guidelines.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Parameters for the microsimulation model that compared strategies for statin therapy in individuals at intermediate risk for an ASCVD event</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="10%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">CAC</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Statin cost</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Total cost per guidelines</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">CAC &#8212; Total cost</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Cost difference</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Guidelines &#8212; QALY</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">CAC &#8212; QALY</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">QALY Difference</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Conclusion</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Base case</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">R$ 418.00</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">R$ 356.00</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">R$ 6.160,00 (95%CI: 5,587&#8211;6,757)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">R$ 5.488,00 (95%CI: 4,900&#8211;6,113)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-R$ 672</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11,849 (95%CI: 10,834&#8211;12,829)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11,859 (95%CI: 10,859&#8211;12,838)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">CAC dominates</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Case with moderate-intensity statins</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">R$ 418.00</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">R$ 276.00</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">R$ 5.492,00 (95%CI: 2,035&#8211;10,651)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">R$ 5.069,00 (95%CI: 743&#8211;10,730)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-R$ 423</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11,849 (95%CI: 10,834&#8211;12,829)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11,859 (95%CI: 10,859&#8211;12,838)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">CAC dominates</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>CAC: coronary artery calcium score; CI: confidence interval.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Considering the multiple variables presented, 10,000 Monte Carlo simulations were also performed to illustrate the probabilistic sensitivity analysis of the multiple parameters included in the model (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>). The graph in question analyzed the use of the conventional strategy, that is, the non-use of CAC in stratification, through an incremental gain of QALY on the X axis and the incremental cost ($ &#8212; in local currency of reais) on the Y axis. Each point on the graph represents a cross between the 10,000 possible simulations. Therefore, it is possible to infer that using the conventional strategy of stratification in these individuals, more than 95% of the combinations were associated with an incremental gain in cost without an incremental gain in QALY; that is, they were favorable to the use of CAC. Thus, there was a financial benefit when comparing the conventional strategy to the strategy that used CAC. However, when analyzing QALY, there was a greater dispersion of the simulations, which did not show a clear difference between the strategies used in the sensitivity analysis, despite a slight tendency to favor the group that involved CAC.</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Monte Carlo simulations with 10,000 multivariate analyses.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1126-10347-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Therefore, based on the results of this analysis, adjusted for Brazilian costs, we have data that are favorable to the use of strategy 2, that is, the use of CAC to support cardiovascular stratification and statin indication, with better cost-effectiveness. compared to strategy 1 (conservative).</p>
        <p>When comparing the cost-effectiveness of using the CAC as a tool to aid in risk stratification in patients undergoing primary prevention and moderate risk of cardiovascular events, we understand its real benefits and its applicability in clinical practice. The factors that support this analysis are: 1) the reduction of the incremental cost of each strategy; and 2) the increase in QALY, which corresponds, in number, to the benefit incorporated into the individual's quality of life.</p>
        <p>The results obtained in this study are in agreement with the literature, even after adjusting the costs to the Brazilian reality. Thus, stratifying individuals at moderate risk for cardiovascular events with CAC and on the basis of the results obtained, deciding whether or not to use a statin proves to be advantageous compared to the conservative strategy.</p>
        <p>Thus, the number of individuals eligible for drug treatment is limited and consequently the possibility of adverse drug-related effects. At the same time, treatment of the individual is initiated with real benefit from its use, and therefore, cardiovascular events associated with atherosclerosis can be prevented. Therefore, the cost-effectiveness of the strategy that includes the use of CAC in the stratification of these individuals is evident, as an extremely important tool when implemented on a large scale.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
