<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="editorial" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">CcSL8ggprFwXT4m8k94mgcM</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000601106</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220284</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220284</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>&#201; Poss&#237;vel Estudar de Forma n&#227;o Invasiva as Adapta&#231;&#245;es Hemodin&#226;micas da Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica pela Curva Volume-Tempo Utilizando a Ecocardiografia 3D?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8920-5173</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pena</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Luiz Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Fel&#237;cio Rocho</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Fel&#237;cio Rocho, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jos&#233; Luiz Barros Pena</bold> &#8226; Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais &#8211; P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Alameda Ezequiel Dias, 275. CEP <postal-code>30130-110</postal-code>, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>jlbpena@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1106</fpage>
      <lpage>1107</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia, Tridimensional/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Diast&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Sangu&#237;nea</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A ecocardiografia tridimensional (3DE) representa uma grande inova&#231;&#227;o no ultrassom cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O aumento do poder de processamento computacional e os avan&#231;os no desenvolvimento de transdutores permitiram a aquisi&#231;&#227;o de estruturas card&#237;acas de qualquer ponto de vista espacial, sem suposi&#231;&#245;es sobre sua forma. Estudos recentes demonstraram que, quando os tamanhos das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas s&#227;o quantificados pelo 3DE, seus volumes s&#227;o semelhantes aos obtidos pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca em compara&#231;&#227;o com a ecocardiografia bidimensional (2DE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A utilidade da 3DE foi particularmente demonstrada principalmente em imagens anat&#244;micas real&#237;sticas de valvas card&#237;acas e na orienta&#231;&#227;o e monitoramento de procedimentos card&#237;acos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A 3DE permite o c&#225;lculo do volume do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) ao longo do ciclo card&#237;aco, possibilitando a constru&#231;&#227;o de uma curva volume-tempo. Esse m&#233;todo &#233; mais preciso que a 2DE, pois a constru&#231;&#227;o do volume ventricular esquerdo &#233; realizada por meio da an&#225;lise de centenas de pontos na borda do endoc&#225;rdio. Nenhum plano espec&#237;fico ou modelo geom&#233;trico &#233; necess&#225;rio para descrever a estrutura complexa do VE. Neste artigo, Pinto et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> testaram a hip&#243;tese de estudar as adapta&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas da cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica n&#227;o invasiva utilizando a curva volume-tempo gerada pelo 3DE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Eles geraram um polin&#244;mio ajustado &#224; curva de volume do VE por meio de software espec&#237;fico. O objetivo foi apresentar um estudo transversal avaliando a fun&#231;&#227;o do VE, comparando curvas de volume em 20 pacientes com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica (CC) e 15 controles saud&#225;veis pareados por sexo e idade.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes CC apresentaram maiores volumes diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico final do VE e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE menor do que o grupo controle. No entanto, o volume sist&#243;lico e o fluxo m&#225;ximo de eje&#231;&#227;o durante a s&#237;stole, QS, foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre fluxo e volumes sist&#243;licos foi demonstrada, Rs=0,91, p&lt;0,001.</p>
    <p>O grupo CC apresentou uma rela&#231;&#227;o volume diast&#243;lico final QS/VE inferior ao controle. A rela&#231;&#227;o volume diast&#243;lico final QS/VE apresentou forte correla&#231;&#227;o com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, Rs=0,89, p&lt;0,001.</p>
    <p>O fluxo m&#225;ximo nas fases de enchimento inicial e passivo, QE e durante contra&#231;&#227;o atrial, QA, foi semelhante entre pacientes e controles.</p>
    <p>Embora os pacientes CC apresentassem disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica grave do VE com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 30%, os volumes sist&#243;licos foram semelhantes aos controles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Qualquer VE com uma fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o baixa, mas com volume diast&#243;lico final aumentado ejeta a mesma quantidade de sangue que um VE com volume diast&#243;lico final e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normais. Essa diferen&#231;a ocorre devido &#224; preserva&#231;&#227;o do mecanismo de Frank-Starling em pacientes com CC em repouso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>De acordo com o mecanismo, quanto maior o volume diast&#243;lico ventricular, mais as fibras mioc&#225;rdicas s&#227;o distendidas durante a di&#225;stole. Dentro de uma faixa fisiol&#243;gica normal, quanto mais as fibras mioc&#225;rdicas s&#227;o distendidas, maior a tens&#227;o nas fibras musculars e maior a for&#231;a de contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular quando estimuladas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Holubarsch et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> descobriram que o mecanismo de Frank-Starling &#233; mantido no est&#225;gio final da insufici&#234;ncia de cora&#231;&#245;es humanos, enquanto altera&#231;&#245;es significativas da distensibilidade mioc&#225;rdica diast&#243;lica s&#227;o evidentes na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A ecocardiografia tridimensional pode medir com precis&#227;o a pr&#233;-carga de forma n&#227;o invasiva, e a curva volume-tempo pode calcular o fluxo em qualquer est&#225;gio do ciclo card&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Hammermeister et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> validaram de forma invasiva essa medida em 1974. A taxa de eje&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE de pico (S dV/dt) foi calculada a partir de um &#250;nico plano e os volumes do VE medidos cineangiograficamente em 113 pacientes adultos e relacionados a outras medidas de fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular. A m&#233;dia de S dV/dt para o grupo de 29 pacientes normais n&#227;o foi significativamente diferente em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, estenose a&#243;rtica, estenose mitral ou cardiomiopatia. S dV/dt correlacionou-se mal com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Este estudo mostra que o fluxo sist&#243;lico instant&#226;neo e o volume sist&#243;lico foram semelhantes entre pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave por CC e controles saud&#225;veis. O grande m&#233;rito da metodologia &#233; o emprego pioneiro desta ferramenta n&#227;o invasiva em CC.</p>
    <p>Eles demonstraram e confirmaram que o aumento do volume diast&#243;lico final do VE em pacientes com CC &#233; o principal mecanismo de adapta&#231;&#227;o que mant&#233;m o fluxo e os volumes sist&#243;licos na disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica grave.</p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o QS/Volume diast&#243;lico final do VE representa a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Mais estudos s&#227;o recomendados para confirmar a utilidade e valor progn&#243;stico desses achados na melhoria do manejo cl&#237;nico de pacientes com CC.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: A Curva Volume-Tempo Obtida pela Ecocardiografia Tridimensional na Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica: An&#225;lise do Mecanismo das Adapta&#231;&#245;es Hemodin&#226;micas</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lang</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Badano</surname>
              <given-names>LP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsang</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Agricola</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buck</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Faletra</surname>
              <given-names>FF</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>EAE/ASE recommendations for image acquisition and display using three-dimensional echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>46</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ehjci/jer316</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Lang RM, Badano LP, Tsang W, Adams DH, Agricola E, Buck T, Faletra FF, et al. EAE/ASE recommendations for image acquisition and display using three-dimensional echocardiography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;13(1):1-46. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jer316.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ruddox</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mathisen</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>B&#230;kkevar</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aune</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Edvardsen</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Otterstad</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Is 3D echocardiography superior to 2D echocardiography in general practice? A systematic review of studies published between 2007 and 2012</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>168</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>1306</fpage>
          <lpage>1315</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.12.002</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Ruddox V, Mathisen M, B&#230;kkevar M, Aune E, Edvardsen T, Otterstad JE. Is 3D echocardiography superior to 2D echocardiography in general practice? A systematic review of studies published between 2007 and 2012. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168(2):1306-15. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.12.002.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Saraiva</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scolin</surname>
              <given-names>EMB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pacheco</surname>
              <given-names>NP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bouret</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mediano</surname>
              <given-names>MFF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holanda</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>ARD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>3-Dimensional Echocardiography and 2-D Strain Analysis of Left Ventricular, Left Atrial and Right Ventricular Function in Healthy Brazilian Volunteers</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <month>11</month>
          <volume>113</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>935</fpage>
          <lpage>945</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190155</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Saraiva RM, Scolin EMB, Pacheco NP, Bouret ME, Mediano MFF, Holanda MT, Costa ARD. 3-Dimensional Echocardiography and 2-D Strain Analysis of Left Ventricular, Left Atrial and Right Ventricular Function in Healthy Brazilian Volunteers. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2019 Nov;113(5):935-45. doi: 10.5935/abc.20190155.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Velasco</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beckett</surname>
              <given-names>MQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>James</surname>
              <given-names>AW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Loehr</surname>
              <given-names>MN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lewis</surname>
              <given-names>TG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hassan</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Janardhanan</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Real-Time Three-Dimensional Echocardiography: Characterization of Cardiac Anatomy and Function-Current Clinical Applications and Literature Rev Update</article-title>
          <source>Biores Open Access</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>0 6</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>15</fpage>
          <lpage>18</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1089/biores.2016.0033</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Velasco O, Beckett MQ, James AW, Loehr MN, Lewis TG, Hassan T, Janardhanan R. Real-Time Three-Dimensional Echocardiography: Characterization of Cardiac Anatomy and Function-Current Clinical Applications and Literature Rev Update. Biores Open Access. 2017;0 6(1):15-8. doi: 10.1089/biores.2016.0033.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pinto</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nunes</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Medrado</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tan</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The volume-time curve by three-dimensional Echocardiography in Chagas cardiomyopathy: insights into the mechanism of hemodynamic adaptations</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>118</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1099</fpage>
          <lpage>1105</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Pinto AS, Nunes MC, Rodrigues C, Oliveira BM, Medrado Neto JR, Tan TC, et al. The volume-time curve by three-dimensional Echocardiography in Chagas cardiomyopathy: insights into the mechanism of hemodynamic adaptations. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022; 118(6):1099-1105.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Delicce</surname>
              <given-names>AV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Makaryus</surname>
              <given-names>AN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Physiology, Frank Starling Law</chapter-title>
          <year>2022</year>
          <month>02</month>
          <day>10</day>
          <source>StatPearls</source>
          <publisher-loc>Treasure Island (FL)</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>StatPearls Publishing</publisher-name>
          <comment>2022</comment>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29262149</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Delicce AV, Makaryus AN. Physiology, Frank Starling Law. 2022 Feb 10. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022. PMID: 29262149.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Holubarsch</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ruf</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldstein</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ashton</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nickl</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pieske</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Existence of the Frank-Starling Mechanism in the Failing Human Heart: Investigations on the Organ, Tissue, and Sarcomere Levels</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>683</fpage>
          <lpage>689</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.cir.94.4.683</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 Holubarsch C, Ruf T, Goldstein DJ, Ashton RC, Nickl W, Pieske B, et al. Existence of the Frank-Starling Mechanism in the Failing Human Heart: Investigations on the Organ, Tissue, and Sarcomere Levels. Circulation. 1996;94(4):683-9. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.94.4.683.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lang</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Badano</surname>
              <given-names>LP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mor-Avi</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Afilalo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Armstrong</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ernande</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>39e11</fpage>
          <lpage>39e14</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2014.10.003</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8 Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015;28(1): 1-39e14. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2014.10.003.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thavendiranathan</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rankin</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>3-Dimensional Echocardiography: Moving from Pretty Pictures Toward Patient Outcomes</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1927</fpage>
          <lpage>1929</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.06.020</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9 Thavendiranathan P, Rankin K. 3-Dimensional Echocardiography: Moving from Pretty Pictures Toward Patient Outcomes. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;12(10):1927-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.06.020.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hammermeister</surname>
              <given-names>KE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brooks</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Warbasse</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The rate of change of left ventricular volume in man. I. Validation and peak systolic ejection rate in health and disease</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1974</year>
          <volume>49</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>729</fpage>
          <lpage>738</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.cir.49.4.729</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10 Hammermeister KE, Brooks RC, Warbasse JR. The rate of change of left ventricular volume in man. I. Validation and peak systolic ejection rate in health and disease. Circulation. 1974;49(4):729-38. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.49.4.729.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Is it Possible to Non-Invasively Study the Hemodynamic Adaptations of Chagas Cardiomyopathy by the Volume-Time Curve Using 3D Echocardiography?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8920-5173</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pena</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Luiz Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Fel&#237;cio Rocho, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Jos&#233; Luiz Barros Pena</bold> &#8226; Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais &#8211; P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Alameda Ezequiel Dias, 275. Postal Code <postal-code>30130-110</postal-code>, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>jlbpena@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Caddiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) represents a great innovation in cardiovascular ultrasound.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Increased computer processing power and advances in the development of transducers have allowed acquiring of cardiac structures from any spatial point of view, without assumptions about their shape. Recent studies have demonstrated that when cardiac chamber sizes are quantified using 3DE, their volumes are similar to those obtained using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging compared to two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The usefulness of 3DE has particularly been demonstrated primarily in realistic anatomical heart valve images and in guiding and monitoring cardiac procedures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>3DE allows volume calculation of the left ventricle (LV) throughout the cardiac cycle, making it possible to construct a volume-time curve. This method is more accurate than 2DE because the left ventricular volume is constructed by analyzing hundreds of points at the edge of the endocardium. No specific plane or geometric model is necessary to describe the complex LV structure. In this paper, Pinto et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> tested the hypothesis of studying the hemodynamic adaptations of non-invasive Chagas cardiomyopathy using the volume-time curve generated by 3DE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> They generated a polynomial adjusted to the LV volume curve using specific software. Their objective was to present a cross-sectional study evaluating LV function, comparing volume curves in 20 patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy (CC) and 15 gender- and age-matched healthy controls.</p>
      <p>The CC patients presented greater LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes and lowered LV ejection fraction than the control group. However, the stroke volume and maximum ejection flow during systole, QS, were similar between groups. A strong correlation existed between flow and stroke volumes, Rs=0.91, p&lt;0.001.</p>
      <p>The CC group presented a lower QS/LV end-diastolic volume ratio than the control. The QS/LV end-diastolic volume ratio presented a strong correlation with ejection fraction, Rs=0.89, p&lt;0.001.</p>
      <p>The maximum flow in the early and passive filling phases, QE, and during atrial contraction, QA, was similar between patients and controls.</p>
      <p>Although the CC patients had severe LV systolic dysfunction with a 30% ejection fraction, the stroke volumes were similar to controls.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Any LV with a low ejection fraction but increased end-diastolic volume ejects the same amount of blood as a LV with normal end-diastolic volume and ejection fraction. This difference occurs due to the preservation of the Frank-Starling mechanism in CC patients at rest.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>According to the mechanism, the greater the ventricular diastolic volume, the more the myocardial fibers are stretched during diastole. Within a normal physiologic range, the more the myocardial fibers are stretched, the greater the tension in the muscle fibers and the greater the ventricular contraction force when stimulated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Holubarsch et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> found that the Frank-Starling mechanism is maintained in the end-stage of failing human hearts, whereas significant alterations of diastolic myocardial distensibility are evident in chronic heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Three-dimensional echocardiography can accurately measure a non-invasive preload, and the volume-time curve can calculate flow at any stage of the cardiac cycle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Hammermeister et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> invasively validated this measure in 1974. Peak LV systolic ejection rate (S dV/dt) was calculated from a single plane, and cineangiographically measured LV volumes in 113 adult patients and related to other measures of cardiovascular function. Mean S dV/dt for the group of 29 normal patients was not significantly different in patients with coronary artery disease, aortic stenosis, mitral stenosis, or cardiomyopathy. S dV/dt correlated poorly with the ejection fraction and LV end-diastolic pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>This study shows that instantaneous systolic flow and stroke volume were similar between patients with severe ventricular dysfunction due to CC and healthy controls. The great merit of the methodology is the first usage of a non-invasive tool in CC.</p>
      <p>They demonstrated and confirmed that an increase in LV end-diastolic volume in CC patients is the main adaptation mechanism maintaining flow and stroke volumes in severe systolic dysfunction.</p>
      <p>This study showed the QS/LV end-diastolic volume to represent LV global systolic function. Further studies are recommended to confirm the usefulness and prognostic value of these findings in improving the clinical management of CC patients.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: The Volume-Time Curve by Three-Dimensional Echocardiography in Chagas Cardiomyopathy: Insights into the Mechanism of Hemodynamic Adaptations</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
