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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">sRrkZxm8rDpfrGwS3MqL7yL</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005004201</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000601099</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201308</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Curva Volume-Tempo Obtida pela Ecocardiografia Tridimensional na Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica: An&#225;lise do Mecanismo das Adapta&#231;&#245;es Hemodin&#226;micas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3526-5263</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Airandes de Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8801-1828</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Carmo Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7663-8751</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Br&#225;ulio Muzzi Ribeiro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Medrado</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o da Rocha</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tan</surname>
            <given-names>Timothy C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4721-1767</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Manoel Otavio da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de e Medicina Tropical</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de e Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Feira de Santana</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Previd&#234;ncia dos Servidores do Estado de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Previd&#234;ncia dos Servidores do Estado de Minas Gerais &#8211; IPSEMG, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Western Sydney</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Penrith South</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">New South Wales</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="AU">Austr&#225;lia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Western Sydney &#8211; Department of Cardiology, Penrith South, New South Wales &#8211; Austr&#225;lia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Maria do Carmo P. Nunes &#8226; Departamento de Medicina Interna - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Av. Professor Alfredo Balena, 190. CEP 30130-100, Santa Efig&#234;nia, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil E-mail: <email>mcarmo@waymail.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Pinto AS, Nunes MC, Rodrigues C, Oliveira BM, Medrado Neto JR, Tan TC, Rocha MOC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Pinto AS, Nunes MC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Pinto AS, Nunes MC, Rodrigues C, Oliveira BM, Medrado Neto JR, Rocha MOC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Pinto AS, Nunes MC, Medrado Neto JR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Nunes MC, Rocha MOC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Pinto AS, Nunes MC, Rodrigues C.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1099</fpage>
      <lpage>1105</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A ecocardiografia tridimensional (ECO 3D) permite a gera&#231;&#227;o de uma curva volume-tempo representativa das altera&#231;&#245;es no volume ventricular esquerdo (VE) ao longo de todo o ciclo card&#237;aco.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> O presente estudo tem como objetivo demonstrar as adapta&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas presentes na cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica (CC) por meio das medidas de volume e fluxo obtidas pela curva volume-tempo por ECO 3D.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Vinte pacientes com CC e 15 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis foram inclu&#237;dos prospectivamente em um estudo de desenho transversal. Realizou-se ECO 3D em todos os indiv&#237;duos e as curvas volume-tempo do VE foram geradas. O fluxo foi obtido pela primeira derivada da curva volume-tempo por meio do software MATLAB. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida com p&lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Embora os pacientes com CC tivessem menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle (29,8&#177;7,5 vs. 57,7&#177;6,1, p&lt;0,001), o volume (61,5&#177;25,2 vs. 53,8&#177;21,0, p=0,364) e o fluxo de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#225;ximo durante a s&#237;stole (-360,3&#177;147,5 vs. -305,6&#177;126,0, p = 0,231) mostraram-se semelhantes entre os grupos. Da mesma forma, o fluxo m&#225;ximo na fase de enchimento inicial e durante a contra&#231;&#227;o atrial mostrou-se semelhante entre os grupos. Um aumento na pr&#233;-carga expressa pelo volume diast&#243;lico final do VE (204,8&#177;79,4 vs. 93,0&#177;32,6), p&lt;0,001) pode manter o fluxo e o volume ejetado semelhantes aos dos controles.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Com uma ferramenta n&#227;o invasiva, demonstramos que o aumento no volume diast&#243;lico final do VE pode ser o principal mecanismo de adapta&#231;&#227;o que mant&#233;m o fluxo e o volume ejetado no cen&#225;rio de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda severa.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Tridimensional</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume ejetado</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Lei de Frank-Starling</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os m&#233;todos atuais de ecocardiografia bidimensional (2D) para avalia&#231;&#227;o do volume ventricular esquerdo (VE) s&#227;o limitados pela variabilidade inter-observador e por premissas geom&#233;tricas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O advento da ecocardiografia tridimensional (ECO 3D) permitiu que os volumes ventriculares fossem avaliados sem o uso de quaisquer premissas geom&#233;tricas, permitindo a gera&#231;&#227;o de uma curva volume-tempo representativa das altera&#231;&#245;es no volume do VE ao longo de todo o ciclo card&#237;aco, estando, portanto, muito menos sujeitos &#224; variabilidade do observador devido &#224; detec&#231;&#227;o semiautom&#225;tica das bordas do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No entanto, atualmente, o ECO 3D vir usado para a avalia&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica das estruturas card&#237;acas, a avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica ainda &#233; realizada por meio de vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas 2D, incluindo dimens&#227;o e velocidade na equa&#231;&#227;o da continuidade. Embora as medidas uniplanares das dimens&#245;es VE sejam rotineiramente usadas para avaliar o aumento da c&#226;mara card&#237;aca, as medidas de volume 3D representam melhor a dilata&#231;&#227;o geral da c&#226;mara.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, as medidas do fluxo instant&#226;neo dentro de uma c&#226;mara card&#237;aca podem ser obtidas usando dados da primeira derivada das curvas de volume.</p>
      <p>Esta abordagem n&#227;o invasiva para a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da dilata&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas n&#227;o foi estudada em pacientes com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica. Portanto, este estudo tem como objetivo demonstrar as adapta&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas presentes na cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica por meio das medidas de volume e fluxo obtidas pela curva volume-tempo por meio da ecocardiografia 3D.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Um total de 44 pacientes com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica foram inicialmente recrutados para o estudo. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, cardiopatia valvar, cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, pericardiomiopatia e portadores de marca-passo. Com base nesses crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, 24 pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos e 20 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo (fluxograma do estudo, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). Os participantes do grupo controle n&#227;o apresentavam hist&#243;rico cl&#237;nica de doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Os exames cl&#237;nico e ecocardiogr&#225;fico estavam normais.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxograma do estudo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1099-01308-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Definiu-se cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica como presen&#231;a de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o VE menor ou igual a 54% e di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final VE maior que 56 mm.</p>
      <p>O estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi realizado por um &#250;nico examinador, utilizando-se ecocardi&#243;grafo IE 33-Philips de acordo com o protocolo da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Realizou-se ecocardiografia tridimensional em todos os participantes com um transdutor X3-1. As curvas volume-tempo do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram geradas pelo software pr&#243;prio Qlab ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> , A). Essas curvas geraram o volume diast&#243;lico final ventricular esquerdo, o volume sist&#243;lico final ventricular esquerdo e o volume sist&#243;lico. A curva de volume foi criada em intervalos de cerca de 03 ms. O software MATLAB vers&#227;o R2017a gerou um polin&#244;mio ajustado para a curva de volume ventricular esquerda ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> , B). A correla&#231;&#227;o entre as curvas de volume geradas pelo Qlab e o polin&#244;mio obtido pelo Mathlab apresentou r&#8805;0,99 em todos os pacientes.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; A) Curva de volume do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo gerada pelo software Qlab em paciente com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica. B) Representa&#231;&#227;o da curva de volume do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, em preto, gerada pelo software Qlab e o intervalo do polin&#244;mio gerado pelo software MATLAB, em vermelho. C) Curva de fluxo obtida em paciente com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica durante o ciclo card&#237;aco. Valores negativos ocorrem durante a s&#237;stole e valores positivos durante a di&#225;stole. QS= Fluxo sist&#243;lico m&#225;ximo absoluto, QE= fluxo de pico durante o enchimento ventricular esquerdo precoce. QA = pico de fluxo durante a contra&#231;&#227;o atrial. D) Boxplot do valor absoluto do volume diast&#243;lico final do QS/VE de acordo com o grupo de estudo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1099-01308-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Os valores de fluxo durante o ciclo card&#237;aco ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> , C) foram obtidos pela primeira derivada do polin&#244;mio representativo da curva de volume.</p>
      <p>Para nossa an&#225;lise, utilizamos o fluxo m&#225;ximo durante a s&#237;stole, enchimento precoce e contra&#231;&#227;o atrial ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> , C). Al&#233;m disso, calculamos a raz&#227;o entre o fluxo sist&#243;lico m&#225;ximo e volume diast&#243;lico final ventricular esquerdo (QS/VDFVE) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> , D).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>O estudo foi projetado para atingir 95% de poder para detectar uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 50% na raz&#227;o entre o pico do fluxo sist&#243;lico instant&#226;neo (QS) e o volume diast&#243;lico final VE em pacientes com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle com base nos valores obtidos por Marshall et al. (n1=12, n2=10, m&#233;dia x1=3,4 seg<sup>-1</sup> e x2 = 1,22 seg<sup>-1</sup>).4 Portanto, considerando um erro alfa de 0,05 e uma raz&#227;o paciente: controle de 1, obteve-se uma amostra de 3 pacientes e 3 controles. Para os c&#225;lculos, utilizou-se o software G Power vers&#227;o 3.1.</p>
        <p>Utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado para comparar as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas entre os grupos. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas como m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o ou como mediana ou intervalo interquartil se apresentassem distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. Utilizou-se o teste de Shapiro-Wilk para avaliar a normalidade das vari&#225;veis.</p>
        <p>Utilizou-se o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado para comparar vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e o teste de Mann-Whitney para comparar vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal entre os grupos.</p>
        <p>As correla&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas pelo m&#233;todo de Pearson. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida como p&lt;0,05. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando o software SPSS vers&#227;o 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).</p>
        <p>O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (CAAE:48354315.8.3001.5091) aprovou o estudo, e o consentimento informado por escrito foi obtido de todos os pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Vinte pacientes com CC, idade m&#233;dia de 45&#177;12, 55% do sexo masculino, foram comparados com 15 controles saud&#225;veis pareados por sexo e idade. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a de sexo entre pacientes e controles. As caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref> . A maioria dos pacientes (70%) apresentava dispneia aos esfor&#231;os, em tratamento para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, principalmente com inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina e betabloqueadores ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel*</th>
                <th>Cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica (n=20)</th>
                <th>Controles (n=15)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final VE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">68,4&#177;9,2</td>
                <td align="center">46,6&#177;4,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final VE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">56,1&#177;10,8</td>
                <td align="center">30,1&#177;3,7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Volume diast&#243;lico final VE (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">204,8&#177;79,4</td>
                <td align="center">93,0&#177;32,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Volume sist&#243;lico final VE (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">143,3&#177;60,8</td>
                <td align="center">39,2&#177;13,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Volume sist&#243;lico (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">61,5&#177;25,2</td>
                <td align="center">53,8&#177;21,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,364</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o VE 3D (%)</td>
                <td align="center">29,8&#177;7,5</td>
                <td align="center">57,7&#177;6,1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QS (mL/s)</td>
                <td align="center">- 360,3&#177;147,5</td>
                <td align="center">-305,6&#177;126,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,231</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QS/volume diast&#243;lico final VE (s-1)</td>
                <td align="center">1,80&#177;0,40</td>
                <td align="center">3,28&#177;0,64</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QE (mL/s)</td>
                <td align="center">270,4&#177;135,3</td>
                <td align="center">201,9&#177;61,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,104</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QA (mL/s)</td>
                <td align="center">134,4&#177;88,1</td>
                <td align="center">109,1&#177;37,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,623</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QE/QA</td>
                <td align="center">2,2&#177;1,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,8&#177;0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,382</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Velocidade de pico mitral E (m/s)</td>
                <td align="center">81,0&#177;30,2</td>
                <td align="center">81,9&#177;19,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,921</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">166,5 (79)</td>
                <td align="center">190,0 (38)</td>
                <td align="center">0,290</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Velocidade de pico mitral A (m/s)</td>
                <td align="center">51,2&#177;24,5</td>
                <td align="center">55,4&#177;15,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,583</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Raz&#227;o E/A mitral</td>
                <td align="center">1,9&#177;1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,6&#177;0,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,404</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Raz&#227;o E/e&#8217;</td>
                <td align="center">15,2&#177;9,3</td>
                <td align="center">7,6&#177;1,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (intervalo interquartil). VE: ventricular esquerdo; QS: pico de fluxo sist&#243;lico instant&#226;neo; QE: pico de fluxo durante o enchimento ventricular esquerdo inicial; QA: pico de fluxo durante a contra&#231;&#227;o atrial.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Medicamentos usados pelos 20 pacientes com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica dilatada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Medica&#231;&#245;es</th>
                <th>N&#250;mero de pacientes (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">19 (95)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espironolactona</td>
                <td align="center">5 (25)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina</td>
                <td align="center">16 (80)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Antagonistas dos receptores de angiotensina</td>
                <td align="center">3 (15)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Digoxina</td>
                <td align="center">13 (65)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Amiodarona</td>
                <td align="center">6 (30)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Terapia anticoagulante</td>
                <td align="center">8 (40)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueadores</td>
                <td align="center">17 (85)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aspirina</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (batimentos por minuto) foi semelhante entre a cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica e o grupo controle &#8212; 62,4&#177;10,2 vs. 66,1&#177;11,0, p=0,3, respectivamente.</p>
      <p>Os pacientes com CC apresentaram maiores volumes diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico final de VE e menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o VE, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. No entanto, o volume ejetado e o fluxo de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#225;ximo durante a s&#237;stole (QS) foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Houve uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre o QS e o volume sist&#243;lico: r=0,91, p&lt;0,001.</p>
      <p>O grupo CC apresentou uma raz&#227;o QS/volume diast&#243;lico final do VE menor em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> , D). A raz&#227;o QS/volume diast&#243;lico final do VE apresentou forte correla&#231;&#227;o com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o: r=0,89, p&lt;0,001.</p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o por Doppler da velocidade mitral n&#227;o mostrou nenhuma diferen&#231;a em E, A, raz&#227;o E/A e tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E. Como esperado, os pacientes com CC apresentaram aumento da pr&#233;-carga em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle, demonstrado pelo aumento do volume diast&#243;lico final do VE e da raz&#227;o E/e&#8217;.</p>
      <p>O fluxo m&#225;ximo na fase de enchimento passivo e precoce (QE) e durante a contra&#231;&#227;o atrial (QA) se mostrou semelhante entre pacientes e controles.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, avaliamos as adapta&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas do VE na CC por meio de curvas de volume e fluxo por ecocardiografia 3D em compara&#231;&#227;o a um grupo controle. Embora os pacientes com CC tivessem fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica VE severa com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 30%, o volume ejetado foi semelhante ao grupo controle. Essa discrep&#226;ncia pode ser explicada pelos mecanismos adaptativos que ocorrem na disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica cr&#244;nica do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O ventr&#237;culo com baixa fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, mas com volume diast&#243;lico final elevado, ejeta a mesma quantidade de sangue que um ventr&#237;culo com volume diast&#243;lico final e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Isso se deve &#224; preserva&#231;&#227;o do mecanismo de Frank-Starling na CC em repouso, o que est&#225; de acordo com os achados de Holubasch et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A ecocardiografia tridimensional permite a medi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva da pr&#233;-carga, apresentando alta precis&#227;o. O volume diast&#243;lico final do VE &#233; a melhor representa&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233;-carga, que expressa o grau de estiramento do mioc&#225;rdio antes da contra&#231;&#227;o. As limita&#231;&#245;es na avalia&#231;&#227;o precisa do volume ventricular por m&#233;todos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos padr&#227;o levam ao uso de press&#245;es de enchimento ventricular como medida substituta da pr&#233;-carga. No entanto, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as press&#245;es de enchimento e o volume ventricular n&#227;o &#233; linear, dependendo da complac&#234;ncia da c&#226;mara card&#237;aca esquerda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A curva volume-tempo pela ecocardiografia 3D tamb&#233;m fornece informa&#231;&#245;es para o c&#225;lculo do fluxo em qualquer est&#225;gio do ciclo card&#237;aco. Em nosso estudo, o fluxo foi obtido por interpola&#231;&#227;o polinomial. A interpola&#231;&#227;o polinomial &#233; um m&#233;todo preciso de baixa complexidade que permite medir a varia&#231;&#227;o de qualquer curva deriv&#225;vel. Recentemente, usamos essa ferramenta para realizar uma an&#225;lise da taxa de crescimento da Covid-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O fluxo m&#225;ximo de eje&#231;&#227;o (QS) se mostrou semelhante entre os grupos, n&#227;o refletindo a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre o QS absoluto e o volume ejetado sugere que o mesmo mecanismo que normalizou o volume sist&#243;lico (VS) competiu pela normaliza&#231;&#227;o do QS. Portanto, o QS/volume diast&#243;lico final do VE retira o efeito da dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, que &#233; o aumento da pr&#233;-carga, e produz uma vari&#225;vel que permite avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global do VE. De fato, em nosso estudo, o QS absoluto/volume diast&#243;lico final do VE foi menor nos pacientes que tinham CC do que nos controles normais, o que est&#225; de acordo com os achados de outros autores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Esse artif&#237;cio &#233; o mesmo usado para calcular a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. Dividindo-se o VS pelo volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, o resultado &#233; mais do que uma porcentagem do volume final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo que &#233; ejetado. A propor&#231;&#227;o representa a normaliza&#231;&#227;o do volume sist&#243;lico pelo representante da pr&#233;-carga: o volume final do VE. Como a pr&#233;-carga &#233; um dos determinantes da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, isso pode explicar a import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o nas cardiomiopatias.</p>
      <p>Da mesma forma, Hammersmeister et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> validaram um m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o do volume e fluxo VE em 1974, em diversas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, por cateterismo card&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> O volume ventricular foi calculado por ventriculografia na frequ&#234;ncia de 60 quadros/s, pelo m&#233;todo &#225;rea-comprimento. O fluxo foi obtido pela primeira derivada do polin&#244;mio que se aproximou da curva de volume. No entanto, esse m&#233;todo &#233; limitado devido &#224; sua natureza invasiva. Por outro lado, em nosso estudo, obtivemos a curva de volume VE durante o ciclo card&#237;aco com frequ&#234;ncia tr&#234;s vezes maior do que m&#233;todo semelhante ao descrito por Hammermeister et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, encontramos uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre o polin&#244;mio e a curva de volume VE, permitindo o c&#225;lculo do fluxo com grande precis&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a entre os valores do fluxo diast&#243;lico entre os grupos tamb&#233;m foi observada por Hammermeister et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O comportamento em &#8220;U&#8221; dessas vari&#225;veis frente &#224; piora da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica explica esses resultados, conforme observado por Ohno et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> em um estudo experimental.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Apesar disso, a raz&#227;o E/e&#8217; foi maior no grupo com CC do que no grupo controle, o que est&#225; de acordo com os achados de Oliveira et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> que observaram que essa vari&#225;vel foi um preditor independente para n&#237;vel elevado de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP) na CC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A ecocardiografia tridimensional permite revisitar os estudos experimentais do in&#237;cio do s&#233;culo passado, quando o mecanismo de Frank-Starling foi descrito e os fatores mec&#226;nicos relacionados ao volume e os fatores mec&#226;nicos relacionados ao volume ejetado, reconhecido na &#233;poca como uma medida da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, foram estudados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este estudo teve as seguintes limita&#231;&#245;es: a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo n&#227;o foi classificada, mas foram tomados os par&#226;metros para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Os valores normais para o QS/volume diast&#243;lico final VE basearam-se nos controles, que podem n&#227;o ser os valores de refer&#234;ncia. Finalmente, a import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica e as implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas desses achados ainda n&#227;o s&#227;o totalmente conhecidas. No entanto, este estudo teve como objetivo demonstrar as adapta&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas presentes na cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica por meio das medidas de volume e fluxo obtidas pela curva volume-tempo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo mostra que o fluxo sist&#243;lico instant&#226;neo e o volume ejetado foram semelhantes entre pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave devido a CC e controles saud&#225;veis. Utilizando uma ferramenta n&#227;o invasiva pela primeira vez na CC, demonstramos que o aumento no volume diast&#243;lico final VE, que &#233; uma medida da pr&#233;-carga ventricular, &#233; o principal mecanismo de adapta&#231;&#227;o que mant&#233;m o fluxo e o volume ejetado no cen&#225;rio de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica severa. O QS/volume diast&#243;lico final VE, no presente estudo, mostrou-se representativo da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, cuja utilidade e valor progn&#243;stico devem ser estudados em pesquisas cuja utilidade e valor progn&#243;stico devem ser estudados em pesquisas posteriores.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Airandes de Sousa Pinto pelo Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de e Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPEMIG e CNPq.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Volume-Time Curve by Three-Dimensional Echocardiography in Chagas Cardiomyopathy: Insights into the Mechanism of Hemodynamic Adaptations</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3526-5263</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Airandes de Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8801-1828</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Carmo Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7663-8751</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Br&#225;ulio Muzzi Ribeiro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Medrado</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o da Rocha</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tan</surname>
            <given-names>Timothy C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4721-1767</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Manoel Otavio da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de e Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Previd&#234;ncia dos Servidores do Estado de Minas Gerais &#8211; IPSEMG, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="AU">Austr&#225;lia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Western Sydney &#8211; Department of Cardiology, Penrith South, New South Wales &#8211; Austr&#225;lia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Maria do Carmo P. Nunes &#8226;</bold> Departamento de Medicina Interna - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Av. Professor Alfredo Balena, 190. Postal Code 30130-100, Santa Efig&#234;nia, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil E-mail: mcarmo@waymail.com.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content Pinto AS, Nunes MC, Rodrigues C, Oliveira BM, Medrado Neto JR, Tan TC, Rocha MOC; Acquisition of data: Pinto AS, Nunes MC; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Pinto AS, Nunes MC, Rodrigues C, Oliveira BM, Medrado Neto JR, Rocha MOC; Statistical analysis: Pinto AS, Nunes MC, Medrado Neto JR; Obtaining financing: Nunes MC, Rocha MOC; Writing of the manuscript: Pinto AS, Nunes MC, Rodrigues C.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Three-dimensional echocardiography (3D ECHO) allows the generation of a volume-time curve representative of changes in the left ventricular (LV) volume throughout the entire cardiac cycle.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>This study aims to demonstrate the hemodynamic adaptations present in Chagas cardiomyopathy (CC) by means of the volume and flow measurements obtained by the volume-time curve by 3D ECHO.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Twenty patients with CC and 15 healthy subjects were prospectively enrolled in a cross-sectional design study. 3D ECHO was performed in all subjects and the volume over time curves of the LV was generated. The flow was obtained by the first derivative of the volume-time curve using the software MATLAB. Statistical significance was set at p&lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Although CC patients had lower LV ejection fraction compared to the control group (29.8&#177;7.5 vs. 57.7&#177;6.1, p&lt;0.001), stroke volume (61.5&#177;25.2 vs. 53.8&#177;21.0, p=0.364) and maximum ejection flow during systole (-360.3&#177;147.5 vs. -305.6&#177;126.0, p=0.231) were similar between the groups. Likewise, the maximum flow in the early diastolic filling phase and during atrial contraction was similar between groups. An increase in preload expressed by LV end diastolic volume (204.8&#177;79.4 vs. 93.0&#177;32.6), p&lt;0.001) may maintain the flow and stroke volumes similar to the controls.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Using a non-invasive tool, we demonstrated that an increase in LV end-diastolic volume may be the main adaptation mechanism that maintains the flow and stroke volumes in the setting of severe LV systolic dysfunction.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Three Dimensional Echocardiogram</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Frank-Starling Law</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Current two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography methods for the assessment of left ventricular (LV) volume are limited by observer variability, and geometric assumptions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The advent of three-dimensional echocardiography (3D ECHO) allowed ventricular volumes assessed without using any geometric assumptions, allowing the generation of a volume-time curve representative of changes in LV volume throughout the entire</p>
        <p>cardiac cycle, thus much less subject to observer variability due to the semiautomated detection of LV edges.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, currently 3D ECHO has been used for morphological evaluation of cardiac structures, but hemodynamic evaluation is still performed using 2D echocardiographic variables, including dimension and velocity in the continuity equation. Although single plane measurements of LV size are routinely used to evaluate cardiac chamber enlargement, 3D volume measurements best represent overall chamber dilatation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In addition, measurements of instantaneous flow within a cardiac chamber can be obtained using data from the first derivative of volume curves.</p>
        <p>This non-invasive approach for characterization of cardiac chamber dilatation has not been studied in patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy. Therefore, this study aims to demonstrate the hemodynamic adaptations present in Chagas cardiomyopathy using the measures of volume and flow obtained by volume-time curve using 3D echocardiography.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>A total of 44 patients presenting Chagas cardiomyopathy were initially recruited for the study. Patients with arterial hypertension, atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, congenital heart disease, pericardiomyopathy, and those who had pacemakers were excluded. Based on these exclusion criteria, 24 patients were excluded and 20 patients were included in the study (study flowchart, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). The individuals in the control group had no clinical history of cardiovascular disease. Clinical and echocardiographic examinations were normal.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Study population flow chart.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1099-01308-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Chagas cardiomyopathy was defined as the presence of LV ejection fraction smaller than or equal to 54% and LV end-diastolic diameter greater than 56 mm.</p>
        <p>The echocardiographic study was performed by a single examiner, using a IE 33-Philips echocardiograph according to the protocol of the American Society of Echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Three-dimensional echocardiography was performed in all subjects using a X3-1 transducer. The volume-time curves of the left ventricle were generated by proprietary software Qlab ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> , A). These curves yielded left ventricular end-diastolic volume, left ventricular end-systolic volume and stroke volume. The volume curve was generated at intervals of around 3 ms. The software MATLAB version R2017a generated a polynomial adjusted to the left ventricular volume curve ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> , B). The correlation between the volume curves generated by Qlab and the polynomial obtained by Mathlab presented r&#8805;0.99 in all patients.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A) Left ventricular volume curve generated by Qlab software in a patient with Chagas cardiomyopathy. B) Representation of the left ventricular volume curve, in black, generated by the Qlab Software and the interval of the polynomial generated by the MATLAB software, in red. C) Flow curve obtained in a patient with Chagas cardiomyopathy during the cardiac cycle. Negative values occur during systole and positive values during diastole. QS= Absolute maximum systolic flow, QE= peak flow during early left ventricular filling. QA = peak flow during atrial contraction. D) Boxplot of the absolute value of the QS/LV end-diastolic volume according to the study group.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1099-01308-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The flow values during cardiac cycle ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> , C) were obtained by the first derivative of the representative polynomial of the volume curve.</p>
        <p>For our analysis, we used the maximum flow during systole, early filling and atrial contraction ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> , C). In addition, we calculated the maximum flow systole divided by left ventricular end-diastolic volume (QS/LVEDV) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> , D).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>This study was designed to achieve 95% power to detect a 50% reduction in the ratio between peak instantaneous systolic flow (QS) and LV end-diastolic volume in patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy compared to the control group based on the values obtained by Marshall et al. (n1=12, n2=10, mean x1=3.4 sec<sup>-1</sup>and x2=1.22 sec<sup>-1</sup>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Therefore, considering an alpha error of 0.05 and a patient:control ratio of 1, a sample of 3 patients and 3 controls was obtained. For the calculations, the G Power software version 3.1 was used.</p>
          <p>Chi-square test was used to compare the categorical variables between the groups. The continuous variables with normal distribution were expressed as mean&#177;standard deviation or as median or interquartile range if they presented a non-normal distribution. We used the Shapiro-Wilk test to assess the normality of the variables.</p>
          <p>Unpaired Student&#8217;s t test was used to compare continuous variables with normal distribution, and the Mann-Whitney test was used to compare variables with non-normal distribution between the groups.</p>
          <p>The correlations were performed using the Pearson method. Statistical significance was set at p&lt;0.05. All analyzes were performed using the software SPSS version 15.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL).</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (CAAE:48354315.8.3001.5091) and written informed consent was obtained from all patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Twenty patients with CC, mean age 45&#177;12, 55% males, were compared with 15 sex- and age-matched healthy controls. There was no sex difference between patients and controls. The echocardiographic characteristics of the study population are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . The majority the patients (70%) had exertional dyspnea, on treatment for heart failure, mainly using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Echocardiographic characteristics of the study population</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable *</th>
                  <th>Chagas cardiomyopathy (n=20)</th>
                  <th>Controls (n=15)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV end-diastolic diameter (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">68.4&#177;9.2</td>
                  <td align="center">46.6&#177;4.2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV end-systolic diameter (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">56.1&#177;10.8</td>
                  <td align="center">30.1&#177;3.7</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV end-diastolic volume (mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">204.8&#177;79.4</td>
                  <td align="center">93.0&#177;32.6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV end-systolic volume (mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">143.3&#177;60.8</td>
                  <td align="center">39.2&#177;13.6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stroke volume (mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">61.5&#177;25.2</td>
                  <td align="center">53.8&#177;21.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.364</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3D LV ejection fraction (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29.8&#177;7.5</td>
                  <td align="center">57.7&#177;6.1</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QS (mL/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">- 360.3&#177;147.5</td>
                  <td align="center">-305.6&#177;126.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.231</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QS/LV end-diastolic volume (s-1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.80&#177;0.40</td>
                  <td align="center">3.28&#177;0.64</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QE (mL/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">270.4&#177;135.3</td>
                  <td align="center">201.9&#177;61.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.104</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QA (mL/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">134.4&#177;88.1</td>
                  <td align="center">109.1&#177;37.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.623</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QE/QA</td>
                  <td align="center">2.2&#177;1.3</td>
                  <td align="center">1.8&#177;0.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.382</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mitral peak E velocity (m/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">81.0&#177;30.2</td>
                  <td align="center">81.9&#177;19.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.921</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Deceleration time (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">166.5 (79)</td>
                  <td align="center">190.0 (38)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.290</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mitral peak A velocity (m/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">51.2&#177;24.5</td>
                  <td align="center">55.4&#177;15.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.583</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mitral E/A ratio</td>
                  <td align="center">1.9&#177;1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.6&#177;0.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.404</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E/e&#8217; ratio</td>
                  <td align="center">15.2&#177;9.3</td>
                  <td align="center">7.6&#177;1.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Data are expressed as mean&#177;standard deviation, or median (interquartile range). LV: left ventricular; QS:peak instantaneous systolic flow; QE: peak flow during early left ventricular filling; QA: peak flow during atrial contraction.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Medications used by the 20 patients with chronic dilated Chagas cardiomyopathy</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Medications</th>
                  <th>Number of patients (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diuretics</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (95)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Spironolactone</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (25)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (80)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angiotensin receptor antagonists</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (15)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Digoxin</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (65)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Amiodarone</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (30)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anticoagulant therapy</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (40)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta-blockers</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (85)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aspirin</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Heart rate (beats per minute) was similar between the Chagas cardiomyopathy and the control group &#8212; 62.4&#177;10.2 vs. 66.1&#177; 11.0, p=0.3, respectively.</p>
        <p>The patients with CC had greater LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, and lower LV ejection fraction, compared to the control group. However, stroke volume and maximum ejection flow during systole (QS) were similar between the groups. There was a strong correlation between QS and stroke volume: r=0.91, p&lt;0.001.</p>
        <p>The CC group had a lower QS/LV end-diastolic volume ratio compared with the controls ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> , D). The QS/LV end-diastolic volume ratio presented a strong correlation with the ejection fraction: r=0.89, p&lt;0.001.</p>
        <p>Doppler evaluation of mitral velocity did not show any difference in E, A, E/A ratio and E wave deceleration time. As expected, the patients with CC showed an increase in preload compared with the control group, as demonstrated by an increased LV end-diastolic volume and E/e&#8217; ratio.</p>
        <p>The maximum flow in the early and passive filling phase (QE) and during atrial contraction (QA) was similar between patients and controls.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In our study, we evaluated the hemodynamic adaptations of the LV in CC using volume and flow curves by 3D echocardiography compared to a control group. Although the patients with CC had severe LV systolic function with ejection fraction of 30%, the stroke volumes were similar to controls. This discrepancy may be explained by the adaptive mechanisms that occur in chronic LV systolic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The ventricle with low ejection fraction but with increased end-diastolic volume ejects the same amount of blood as a ventricle with normal end-diastolic volume and ejection fraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> This is due to preservation of the Frank-Starling mechanism in CC at rest, which is in agreement with the findings of Holubasch et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Three-dimensional echocardiography allows non-invasive preload measurement with high accuracy. End-diastolic LV volume is the best representation of preload, which expresses the degree of myocardial stretch before contraction. Limitations in evaluating accurately ventricular volume by standard echocardiographic methods lead to used ventricular filling pressures as a surrogate measurement of preload. However, the relationship between filling pressures and ventricular volume is not linear, depending on the compliance of left-sided cardiac chamber.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The volume-time curve by 3D echocardiography also provides information for calculating flow at any stage of the cardiac cycle. In our study, the flow was obtained by polynomial interpolation. Polynomial interpolation is an accurate low-complexity method that allows to measure the variation of any derivable curve. We recently used this tool to conduct a Covid-19 growth rate analysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Maximal ejection flow (QS) was similar between the groups, which did not reflect left ventricular systolic function. The strong correlation between absolute QS and stroke volume suggests that the same mechanism that normalized the Stroke volume competed for the normalization of QS. Therefore, QS/LV end-diastolic volume withdraws the effect of left ventricular dilatation, which is increased preload, and derive a variable that allows assessing LV global systolic function. Indeed, in our study, absolute QS/LV end-diastolic volume was lower in those patients who had CC than in normal controls, which is in agreement with the findings of other authors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This artifice is the same used to calculate ejection fraction. By dividing the systolic volume (SV) by end-diastolic left ventricular volume, the result is more than a percentage of the final left ventricular volume that is ejected. The ratio represents the normalization of stroke volume by the representative of preload: LV end volume. Since preload is one of the determinants of systolic function, this may explain the prognostic importance of ejection fraction in cardiomyopathies.</p>
        <p>Similarly, Hammersmeister et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> validated a method for assessing LV volume and flow in 1974, in several cardiovascular diseases, by cardiac catheterization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Ventricular volume was calculated by ventriculography at a frequency of 60 frames/s, using the area-length method. The flow was obtained by the first derivative of the polynomial that approached the volume curve. However, this method is limited due to its invasive nature. On the other hand, in our study, we obtained the LV volume curve during the cardiac cycle with a frequency three times greater than a similar method described by Hammermeister et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In addition, we found a strong correlation between the polynomial and LV volume curve, allowing the calculation of flow with great accuracy.</p>
        <p>The absence of difference between diastolic flow values between groups was also observed by Hammermeister et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The &#8220;U&#8221; behavior of these variables considering diastolic function worsening explains these results, as observed by Ohno et al<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> in an experimental study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Despite this, the E/e&#8217;ratio was higher in the group with CC than in the control group, which is in agreement with Oliveira et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> who observed that this variable was an independent predictor for elevated brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels in CC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Three-dimensional echocardiography allows to revisit experimental studies from the beginning of the last century, when the Frank-Starling mechanism was described and the mechanical factors related to stroke volume, recognized at that time as a measure of cardiac function, were studied.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study had the following limitations: left ventricular diastolic function was not classified, but the parameters to assess diastolic function were taken. The normal values for QS/LV end-diastolic volume was based on the controls, which may not be the reference values. Finally, the clinical importance and prognostic implications of these findings are not fully known yet. However, our objective was to demonstrate the hemodynamic adaptations present in Chagas cardiomyopathy using the measures of volume and flow obtained by the volume-time curve.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Our study shows that instantaneous systolic flow and stroke volume were similar between patients with severe ventricular dysfunction due to CC and healthy controls. Using a non-invasive tool for the first time in CC, we demonstrated that an increase in LV end-diastolic volume, which is a measure of ventricular preload, is the main adaptation mechanism that maintains the flow and stroke volumes in the setting of severe systolic dysfunction. QS/LV end-diastolic volume, in this study, was shown to be representative of left ventricular global systolic function, whose usefulness and prognostic value should be studied in later studies.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Airandes de Sousa Pinto, from Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de e Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding:</bold> This study was partially funded by FAPEMIG and CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
