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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">kyvWFvHG7SvnyLtJmvWNvNz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000601085</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210327</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210327</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o e Estado Atual das Pr&#225;ticas de Implante Transcateter de V&#225;lvula A&#243;rtica na Am&#233;rica Latina &#8211; Estudo WRITTEN LATAM</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1267-0020</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bernardi</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Luiz de Melo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1273-1823</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nombela-Franco</surname>
            <given-names>Luis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cerrato</surname>
            <given-names>Enrico</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maluenda</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nazif</surname>
            <given-names>Tamim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sztejfman</surname>
            <given-names>Matias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lamelas</surname>
            <given-names>Pablo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Echeverri</surname>
            <given-names>Dario</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1253-1514</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Antonio Cartaxo Queiroga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6260-9626</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio S&#226;ndoli de</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mangione</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Eltchaninoff</surname>
            <given-names>Helene</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>S&#248;ndergaard</surname>
            <given-names>Lars</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodes-Cabau</surname>
            <given-names>Josep</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#8211; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Samaritano Paulista</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Samaritano Paulista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s &#8211; Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Cl&#237;nico San Carlos</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Madrid</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="ES">Espanha</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cl&#237;nico San Carlos, Madrid &#8211; Espanha</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Orbassano</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="IT">It&#225;lia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano &#8211; It&#225;lia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>6</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Cl&#237;nico San Borja Arriar&#225;n</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Santiago</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CL">Chile</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cl&#237;nico San Borja Arriar&#225;n, Santiago &#8211; Chile</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>7</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Columbia University Medical Center</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">New York</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Columbia University Medical Center, New York &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>8</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>9</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Sanatorio Finochietto</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Buenos Aires</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="AR">Argentina</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Sanatorio Finochietto, Buenos Aires &#8211; Argentina</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>10</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Buenos Aires</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="AR">Argentina</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires &#8211; Argentina</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff11">
          <label>11</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Fundacion Cardioinfantil Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bogota</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CO">Col&#244;mbia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Fundacion Cardioinfantil Instituto de Cardiologia, Bogota, Cundinamarca &#8211; Col&#244;mbia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff12">
          <label>12</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley, Cabedelo, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff13">
          <label>13</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff14">
          <label>14</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">H&#244;pital Charles Nicolle</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rouen</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Normandy</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="FR">Fran&#231;a</country>
          <institution content-type="original">H&#244;pital Charles Nicolle, Rouen, Normandy &#8211; Fran&#231;a</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff15">
          <label>15</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Copenhagen University Hospital</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Kobenhavn</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="DK">Dinamarca</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Copenhagen University Hospital, Kobenhavn &#8211; Dinamarca</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff16">
          <label>16</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie Et de Pneumologie de Qu&#233;bec</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Quebec</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CA">Canad&#225;</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie Et de Pneumologie de Qu&#233;bec, Quebec &#8211; Canad&#225;</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Henrique Barbosa Ribeiro</bold> &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>hbribeiro@gmail.com</email>, <email>henrique.ribeiro@hc.fm.usp.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Bernardi FLM, Ribeiro HB, Nombela-Franco L, Cerrato E, Nazif T, Rodes-Cabau J; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Bernardi FLM, Ribeiro HB, Nombela-Franco L, Cerrato E, Maluenda G, Nazif T, Lemos PA, Sztejfman M, Lamelas P, Echeverri D, Brito Jr. FS, Mangione JA, S&#248;ndergaard L, Rodes-Cabau J; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Bernardi FLM, Ribeiro HB, Nombela-Franco L, Cerrato E; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Bernardi FLM, Ribeiro HB; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Bernardi FLM, Ribeiro HB, Nombela-Franco L, Cerrato E, Maluenda G, Nazif T, Lemos PA, Sztejfman M, Lamelas P, Echeverri D, Lopes MACQ, Brito Jr. FS, Abizaid AA, Mangione JA, Eltchaninoff H, S&#248;ndergaard L, Rodes-Cabau J.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1085</fpage>
      <lpage>1096</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Implante transcateter de valva a&#243;rtica (TAVI) &#233; um procedimento adotado em todo o mundo e suas pr&#225;ticas evoluem rapidamente. Varia&#231;&#245;es regionais e temporais s&#227;o esperadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Comparar a pr&#225;tica de TAVI na Am&#233;rica Latina com aquela no resto do mundo e avaliar suas mudan&#231;as na Am&#233;rica Latina de 2015 a 2020.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>A pesquisa foi realizada em centros de TAVI em todo o mundo entre mar&#231;o e setembro de 2015, e novamente nos centros latino-americanos entre julho de 2019 e janeiro de 2020. As seguintes quest&#245;es foram abordadas: i) informa&#231;&#227;o geral sobre os centros; ii) avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-TAVI; iii) t&#233;cnicas do procedimento; iv) conduta p&#243;s-TAVI; v) seguimento. As respostas da pesquisa dos centros latino-americanos em 2015 (LATAM15) foram comparadas &#224;quelas dos centros no resto do mundo (WORLD15) e ainda &#224;quelas da pesquisa dos centros latino-americanos de 2020 (LATAM20). Adotou-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>250 centros participaram da pesquisa em 2015 (LATAM15=29; WORLD15=221) e 46 na avalia&#231;&#227;o LATAM20. No total, foram 73.707 procedimentos, sendo que os centros WORLD15 realizaram, em m&#233;dia, 6 e 3 vezes mais procedimentos do que os centros LATAM15 e LATAM20, respectivamente. Os centros latino-americanos realizaram menor n&#250;mero de TAVI minimalista do que os do restante do mundo, mas aumentaram significativamente os procedimentos menos invasivos ap&#243;s 5 anos. Quanto &#224; assist&#234;ncia p&#243;s-procedimento, observaram-se menor tempo de telemetria e de manuten&#231;&#227;o do marca-passo tempor&#225;rio, al&#233;m de menor uso de terapia dupla antiplaquet&#225;ria nos centros LATAM20.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A despeito do volume de procedimentos ainda significativamente menor, muitos aspectos da pr&#225;tica de TAVI nos centros latino-americanos evolu&#237;ram recentemente, acompanhando a tend&#234;ncia dos centros dos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Substitui&#231;&#227;o da Valva A&#243;rtica Transcateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Estenose da Valva A&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>Am&#233;rica Latina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
        <page-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O implante transcateter de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica (TAVI) vem sendo adotado no mundo todo para o tratamento da estenose a&#243;rtica importante sintom&#225;tica em pacientes de v&#225;rios perfis de risco. Este feito foi alcan&#231;ado ao longo de mais de uma d&#233;cada de avan&#231;os da tecnologia e da assist&#234;ncia ao paciente. Como consequ&#234;ncia, as pr&#225;ticas de TAVI t&#234;m evolu&#237;do rapidamente, resultando em melhora significativa dos desfechos cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Na Am&#233;rica Latina, os primeiros procedimentos de TAVI foram realizados em 2008 no Brasil e na Col&#244;mbia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A despeito do crescimento regular dos casos observado desde ent&#227;o, existe a preocupa&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; ado&#231;&#227;o das pr&#225;ticas mais atuais pelos centros da Am&#233;rica Latina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, disparidades na pr&#225;tica de procedimentos m&#233;dicos de alto custo podem ser exacerbadas devido a v&#225;rios fatores, como sistemas de sa&#250;de de menor renda, menores volumes de procedimento nos centros, menor experi&#234;ncia dos operadores e indisponibilidade de certos dispositivos. Compreender tais diferen&#231;as &#233; crucial para o melhor entendimento das pr&#225;ticas contempor&#226;neas e para a busca de padroniza&#231;&#227;o dos servi&#231;os. Al&#233;m disso, pode auxiliar no desenvolvimento de pol&#237;ticas pelos reguladores locais para a maior difus&#227;o da TAVI nas popula&#231;&#245;es desassistidas, considerando que publica&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas latino americanas sobre o tema s&#227;o limitadas.</p>
      <p>Portanto, os objetivos geral e secund&#225;rio deste estudo foram: i) comparar a pr&#225;tica da TAVI entre centros latino-americanos e do resto do mundo com base em dados obtidos na pesquisa WRITTEN de 2015; ii) avaliar as altera&#231;&#245;es na pr&#225;tica de TAVI na Am&#233;rica Latina ap&#243;s 5 anos atrav&#233;s de nova aplica&#231;&#227;o da pesquisa no continente.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>A pesquisa WRITTEN 2015 foi um question&#225;rio com base na Internet, planejado para investigar as pr&#225;ticas nos centros de TAVI em todo o mundo. O desenho dessa pesquisa foi descrito anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Em resumo, pelo menos um expert de TAVI regional de cada pa&#237;s ou regi&#227;o foi contatado e convidado para distribuir a pesquisa WRITTEN 2015 localmente. A pesquisa foi promovida atrav&#233;s de listas de mala direta de cardiologia intervencionista, an&#250;ncios de sociedades oficiais de cardiologia intervencionista, propaganda de <italic>website</italic> e e-mails personalizados para operadores de TAVI. Os convites foram distribu&#237;dos em diferentes &#225;reas geogr&#225;ficas simultaneamente por 6 meses (de mar&#231;o a setembro de 2015). Uma segunda pesquisa foi realizada de julho de 2019 a janeiro de 2020, com m&#233;todo similar, envolvendo apenas centros da Am&#233;rica Latina, sem um ponto de corte espec&#237;fico no n&#250;mero de procedimentos realizados por cada centro (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). A pesquisa consistiu em uma plataforma <italic>online</italic> hospedada em <italic>website</italic> de pesquisa colaborativa (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.cardiogrupo.org/TAVI/">www.cardiogrupo.org/TAVI/</ext-link>) com 59 quest&#245;es abordando cinco dom&#237;nios da TAVI (Tabela suplementar 1): (i) informa&#231;&#227;o geral sobre o programa de cada institui&#231;&#227;o, (ii) sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes, (iii) t&#233;cnicas do procedimento e de imagem, (iv) conduta p&#243;s-procedimento e (v) seguimento. Foi solicitado que apenas um indiv&#237;duo de cada centro de TAVI respondesse &#224; pesquisa e apenas um question&#225;rio por centro foi aceito.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o geogr&#225;fica dos centros participantes das pesquisas de 2015 e 2020.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1085-10327-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise do estudo, as respostas correspondentes &#224;s pr&#225;ticas de TAVI dos centros latino-americanos em 2015 (LATAM15) foram usadas como refer&#234;ncia. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e porcentagens, sendo as cont&#237;nuas expressas como mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ). Na compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, usou-se o teste exato de Fisher para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis independentes (grupo dos centros) e dependentes (resultados do question&#225;rio) para respostas dicot&#244;micas com valor de P bicaudal. Para as quest&#245;es com mais de duas respostas poss&#237;veis, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis independentes e dependentes foi testada com o teste do qui-quadrado. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram comparadas usando o teste de Mann-Whitney, devido &#224; sua distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal, confirmada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk, tamb&#233;m com valor de P bicaudal. Adotou-se n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% para todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas, que foram realizadas com o software GraphPad Prism, vers&#227;o 7.0 (GraphPad Software, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Como publicado anteriormente, 250 centros responderam ao question&#225;rio de forma adequada, sendo inclu&#237;dos na pesquisa de 2015.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Desses, 29 (11,6%) eram de centros latino-americanos (LATAM15). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> ilustra a distribui&#231;&#227;o global dos centros. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref> resume a inclus&#227;o dos 46 centros participantes da pesquisa na Am&#233;rica Latina em 2020 (LATAM20). Dos 296 question&#225;rios, 263 (88,8%) foram respondidos integralmente, enquanto nos demais, 80% das quest&#245;es foram respondidas. Os poucos dados faltantes foram considerados completamente aleat&#243;rios e nenhum tratamento especial foi feito. Os nomes das cidades e pa&#237;ses de todos os centros s&#227;o listados nas Tabelas suplementares 2 e 3.</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Fluxograma do arrolamento da pesquisa 2020 WRITTEN LATAM.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1085-10327-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Ao t&#233;rmino do estudo, o n&#250;mero total de TAVI realizadas pelos centros latino-americanos participantes em 2015 e 2020 (LATAM15 e LATAM20) e do resto do mundo (WORLD15) somaram juntos 73.707 procedimentos. Em compara&#231;&#227;o aos centros LATAM15, os centros WORD15 realizaram maior n&#250;mero de procedimentos no total de sua experi&#234;ncia (mediana: 34, IIQ: 12 a 101 vs. 200, IIQ: 84 a 453, p&lt;0,001), assim como no ano anterior &#224; finaliza&#231;&#227;o da pesquisa (mediana 12, IIQ: 5 a 23 vs. 60, IIQ: 27 a 110, p&lt;0,001). Em compara&#231;&#227;o aos centros LATAM15, a experi&#234;ncia total dos centros LATAM20 foi cerca de duas vezes maior (mediana 62, IIQ: 22 a 138, p=0,08) mas apenas levemente superior &#224; do ano anterior &#224; finaliza&#231;&#227;o da pesquisa (mediana 16, IIQ: 6 a 30, p=0,29). Os resultados da pesquisa completa s&#227;o apresentados nas Tabelas suplementares de 4 a 7.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-procedimento</title>
        <p>Em todos os tr&#234;s grupos, a maioria dos pacientes submetidos a TAVI apresentava risco cir&#250;rgico alto ou proibitivo. No entanto, ao se comparar os centros LATAM15 e LATAM20, observou-se aumento na propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com risco cir&#250;rgico intermedi&#225;rio e baixo ao longo do tempo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>). Os centros WORLD15 apresentaram uma mediana maior de n&#250;mero de reuni&#245;es do &#8216;<italic>heart team</italic>&#8217; mensais do que os centros LATAM15 (4, IIQ: 2 a 4 vs. 1, IIQ: 1 a 2, p=0,001), com leve aumento nos centros LATAM20 (1,5, IIQ: 1 a 4, p=0,27). O escore da Sociedade de Cirurgi&#245;es Tor&#225;cicos Americana (STS) foi a ferramenta de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco mais comum, usada rotineiramente por 90%, 69% e 98% dos centros LATAM15, WORDL15 e LATAM20, respectivamente. Por outro lado, apenas 28%, 47% e 39% dos centros, respectivamente, aplicaram testes de fragilidade de maneira rotineira. Com rela&#231;&#227;o a testes de imagem pr&#233;-TAVI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>), praticamente todos os centros inclu&#237;ram tomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca em sua pr&#225;tica. Ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica antes do procedimento foi realizada de rotina mais frequentemente nos centros LATAM15.</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Propor&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dias de pacientes tratados de acordo com o perfil de risco.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1085-10327-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos exames de imagem realizados rotineiramente antes do procedimento (% de centros). ETE: ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico; TC: tomografia computadorizada.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1085-10327-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Uma menor propor&#231;&#227;o de centros WORLD15 e LATAM20 administrou regularmente terapia de dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria (DAPT) antes de procedimentos transfemorais em compara&#231;&#227;o aos centros LATAM15 (45% e 56% vs. 83%, p&lt;0,001 e p=0,02, respectivamente). Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo da interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) quando da detec&#231;&#227;o de les&#227;o coronariana proximal grave, a abordagem mais comum pelos centros de todos os grupos foi a realiza&#231;&#227;o de ICP antes da TAVI. Em casos considerados de risco para obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana, os tr&#234;s grupos concordaram quanto &#224; ado&#231;&#227;o de deixar um fio-guia de prote&#231;&#227;o na coron&#225;ria durante a TAVI como estrat&#233;gia mais comum (Tabela suplementar 4). Quanto &#224; profilaxia antibi&#243;tica, mais de 90% dos centros administram antibi&#243;ticos de rotina, sendo que metade deles administra 1 dose e a outra metade, pelo menos 2 doses.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Manejo periprocedimento</title>
        <p>As compara&#231;&#245;es das respostas sobre manejo periprocedimento est&#227;o sumarizadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. A abordagem transfemoral foi a mais empregada pelos centros dos tr&#234;s grupos, mas uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o de centros LATAM15 em rela&#231;&#227;o a centros WORLD15 optou pelo acesso transfemoral em &#8805; 90% dos seus casos (72% vs. 42%, respectivamente, p=0,003). N&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o significativa ap&#243;s 5 anos (LATAM20 87%, p=0,14). Quase todos os centros reportaram a presen&#231;a de um anestesiologista para auxiliar nos procedimentos transfemorais, mas os centros LATAM15 mais comumente realizaram esses procedimentos sob anestesia geral em compara&#231;&#227;o aos centros WORLD15 e LATAM20 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, 86% dos centros LATAM15 reportaram a presen&#231;a de cirurgi&#227;o card&#237;aco para auxiliar TAVI transfemoral vs. 61% dos centros WORLD15 (p=0,01) e 52% dos LATAM20 (p=0,005). Ainda, cardiologistas intervencionistas assistiram regularmente procedimentos transapicais/transa&#243;rticos na maioria dos centros LATAM15 (88%) e WORLD15 (88%), com uma significativa redu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s 5 anos nos centros LATAM20 (56%, p=0,008). Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica para orienta&#231;&#227;o do procedimento, 83% dos centros LATAM15 reportaram sempre utiliz&#225;-la em compara&#231;&#227;o a 41% dos centros WORLD15 e 15% dos LATAM20 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das condutas t&#233;cnicas periprocedimento entre os centros LATAM15, WORLD15 e LATAM20</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">LATAM15<break/>(N=29)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">WORLD15<break/>(N=221)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">valor de p</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">LATAM20<break/>(N=46)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">#</xref></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Locais onde a TAVI &#233; realizada de rotina (% centros)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sala cir&#250;rgica</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,48</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">83%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">63%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,04</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">83%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sala h&#237;brida</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">45%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,04</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">
                  <bold>ETE durante TAVI (% centros)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sempre</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">83%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">41%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="3">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="3">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Apenas em certos pacientes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">42%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">63%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Nunca</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Tipo de dispositivo de oclus&#227;o usado de rotina no acesso percut&#226;neo transfemoral (% centros)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">1 Perclose</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">2 ou mais Perclose</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">90%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">59%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,03</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">83%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Prostar</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">40%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Fio-guia de prote&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria contralateral nos casos percut&#226;neos femorais (% centros)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sempre</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">33%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">35%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="3">0,06</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Nunca</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4,8%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25,2%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Apenas em acessos iliofemorais desafiadores</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">40%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">61%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Bal&#227;o perif&#233;rico durante fechamento do acesso nos casos percut&#226;neos (% centros)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Rotineiramente</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12,9%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">1,0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">0,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Apenas em caso de complica&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">90%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">87,1%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">96%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Se perfura&#231;&#227;o femoral nos casos percut&#226;neos (% centros)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Em geral, implante de <italic>stent</italic> revestido autoexpans&#237;vel ou bal&#227;o-expans&#237;vel</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">70%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">78%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">0,99</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">78%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">0,54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Em geral, assistido por cirurgi&#227;o vascular ou radiologista intervencionista</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Dispositivo de prote&#231;&#227;o emb&#243;lica de rotina (% centros)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,02</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <title>Observa&#231;&#227;o:</title>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>Valor de p dos centros LATAM20 em compara&#231;&#227;o aos resultados dos centros LATAM15.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN1a">
              <p>TAVI: implante transcateter de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica; ETE: ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico; ETT: ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A) Porcentagens de procedimentos transfemorais realizados com seda&#231;&#227;o consciente / anestesia local (% de centros). TF: transfemoral; AL: anestesia local; SC: seda&#231;&#227;o consciente. B) Tipo de acesso vascular realizado rotineiramente para casos transfemorais (% de centros).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1085-10327-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Nos casos transfemorais, TAVI com uma abordagem totalmente percut&#226;nea foi mais frequentemente realizada pelos centros WORLD15 e LATAM20 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>). Para esses, o dispositivo Perclose (Abbott Vascular, Abbott Park, IL) foi o mais utilizado em todos os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Quando perguntados sobre as estrat&#233;gias de prote&#231;&#227;o no acesso percut&#226;neo transfemoral, todos os grupos apontaram como estrat&#233;gia mais frequente deixar um fio-guia de prote&#231;&#227;o contralateral apenas em casos de acesso iliofemoral mais desafiador e utilizar bal&#227;o perif&#233;rico durante o fechamento do acesso apenas na presen&#231;a de complica&#231;&#227;o. No caso de perfura&#231;&#227;o femoral, a rotina mais comum consistiu no uso de <italic>stent</italic> revestido autoexpans&#237;vel ou bal&#227;o-expans&#237;vel pelo pr&#243;prio operador (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>A maioria dos centros dos tr&#234;s grupos relatou o uso regular do sistema Corevalve (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN) e das v&#225;lvulas Sapien (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA). Entretanto, em 2015 uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o de centros latino-americanos implantou uma v&#225;lvula autoexpans&#237;vel em &gt; 50% dos seus pacientes em compara&#231;&#227;o aos centros do resto do mundo sem, sem uma altera&#231;&#227;o significativa deste cen&#225;rio ap&#243;s 5 anos nos centros latino-americanos. Importante notar que, em 2015, apenas as v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas transcateter Corevalve e Sapien XT estavam comercialmente dispon&#237;veis na Am&#233;rica Latina para essas fam&#237;lias de pr&#243;teses. Em contraste, na pesquisa LATAM20, a maioria dos centros usou os sistemas Evolut R e Sapien 3. Os centros WORLD15 utilizaram mais rotineiramente a valvoplastia com pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o do que os centros LATAM15 e LATAM20 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Nem os centros LATAM15, nem os LATAM20 relataram o uso de dispositivos de prote&#231;&#227;o emb&#243;lica como rotina em compara&#231;&#227;o a 16% dos centros WORLD15 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos do tipo de v&#225;lvula implantada na TAVI</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">LATAM15<break/>(N=29)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">WORLD15<break/>(N=221)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">valor de p</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">LATAM20<break/>(N=46)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">#</xref></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Tipo de THV implantada de rotina (% centros)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">V&#225;lvula Corevalve</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">86%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">79%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">91%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">V&#225;lvula Sapien</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">72%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">84%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">93%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">V&#225;lvula Acurate</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">41%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">V&#225;lvula Lotus</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">V&#225;lvula Portico</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Centros onde &gt;50% dos casos recebem THV autoexpans&#237;vel (% centros)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">33%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,06</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">46%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Valvoplastia com pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o por bal&#227;o de rotina (% centros)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Para v&#225;lvulas auto-expans&#237;veis</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">44%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,68</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">47%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Para v&#225;lvulas bal&#227;o-expans&#237;veis</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">68%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">37%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Nenhum caso</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,04</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">44%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,32</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <title>Observa&#231;&#227;o:</title>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>P-valor dos centros LATAM20 em compara&#231;&#227;o aos resultados dos centros LATAM15.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2a">
              <p>THV: v&#225;lvula card&#237;aca transcateter.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Manejo p&#243;s-procedimento e seguimento</title>
        <p>Os principais achados do manejo p&#243;s-procedimento s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>. A manuten&#231;&#227;o de telemetria p&#243;s-TAVI variou muito entre as institui&#231;&#245;es, sem diferen&#231;a entre os centros LATAM15 e WORLD15 (72% vs. 59% durante 48 horas), embora tenha havido significativa redu&#231;&#227;o nos centros LATAM20 (72% dos centros mantiveram telemetria por apenas 24 horas). Quando uma v&#225;lvula autoexpans&#237;vel foi implantada, os centros LATAM15 tenderam a remover o marca-passo tempor&#225;rio mais tarde do que os centros WORLD15 e LATAM20, n&#227;o tendo sido observada diferen&#231;a com as v&#225;lvulas bal&#227;o-expans&#237;veis. A conduta inicial preferida no bloqueio atrioventricular transit&#243;rio por todos os grupos foi manter o marca-passo tempor&#225;rio e observar, independentemente do tipo da v&#225;lvula. Os centros tamb&#233;m concordaram quanto &#224; conduta em um novo bloqueio de ramo esquerdo, a maioria optando por manter a telemetria ou o marca-passo tempor&#225;rio por per&#237;odo mais longo enquanto se espera uma outra indica&#231;&#227;o de implante de marca-passo permanente (Tabela suplementar 5).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das respostas relacionadas ao manejo p&#243;s-procedimento entre os centros LATAM15, WORLD15 e LATAM20</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">LATAM15<break/>(N=29)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">WORLD15<break/>(N=221)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">valor de p</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">LATAM20<break/>(N=46)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Manuten&#231;&#227;o de telemetria ap&#243;s TAVI (% centro)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">24h</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">36%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="3">0,13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">72%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="3">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">48h</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">36%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">39%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&gt;48h</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">41%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Manuten&#231;&#227;o de MPT ap&#243;s THV autoexpans&#237;vel (na aus&#234;ncia de bloqueio AV ou de novo dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Remover sempre no final do procedimento</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="4">0,004</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="4">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Pelo menos 12-24h</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">40%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">59%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Pelo menos 48h</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">59%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sem protocolo padr&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Manuten&#231;&#227;o de MPT ap&#243;s THV bal&#227;o-expans&#237;vel (na aus&#234;ncia de bloqueio AV ou de novo dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Remover sempre no final do procedimento</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">71%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">46%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="4">0,08</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">70%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="4">0,17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Pelo menos 12-24h</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Pelo menos 48h</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sem protocolo padr&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Conduta para bloqueio AV transit&#243;rio em THV autoexpans&#237;vel (% centros)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Implanta&#231;&#227;o direta de marca-passo permanente</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="4">0,31</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="4">0,26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">MPT e observa&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">81%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">66%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">63%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">A depender da exist&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;vios</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Outra</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Conduta para bloqueio AV transit&#243;rio em THV bal&#227;o-expans&#237;vel (% centros)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Implanta&#231;&#227;o direta de marca-passo permanente</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4,5%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="4">0,06</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="4">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">MPT e observa&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">87%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">66%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">63%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">A depender da exist&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;vios</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Outra</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <title>Observa&#231;&#227;o:</title>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>Valor de p dos centros LATAM20 em compara&#231;&#227;o aos resultados dos centros LATAM15.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3a">
              <p>TAVI: implante transcateter de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica; THV: v&#225;lvula card&#237;aca transcateter; bloqueio AV: bloqueio atrioventricular; MPT: marca-passo tempor&#225;rio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Quanto &#224; terapia antitromb&#243;tica &#224; alta hospitalar, na aus&#234;ncia de qualquer indica&#231;&#227;o de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, DAPT com aspirina e clopidogrel foi a estrat&#233;gia de escolha da maioria das institui&#231;&#245;es. Entretanto, nos &#250;ltimos 5 anos, mais centros latino-americanos deram alta a seus pacientes em uso de apenas um agente antiagregante plaquet&#225;rio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 6</xref>). A dura&#231;&#227;o da DAPT foi heterog&#234;nea, mas ~90% dos centros suspenderam um dos agentes em 6 meses. Nos pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de anticoagulantes, a terapia antitromb&#243;tica variou consideravelmente, sendo a associa&#231;&#227;o de um anticoagulante oral com apenas um antiagregante plaquet&#225;rio a op&#231;&#227;o preferida pela maioria dos centros em todos os grupos. Nesses casos, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos novos anticoagulantes orais (NOAC) aumentou significativamente de 4% para 28% nos centros latino-americanos no per&#237;odo de 5 anos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 6</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figura 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Terapia antitromb&#243;tica ap&#243;s TAVI. A) DAPT de rotina ap&#243;s TAVI na aus&#234;ncia de outra indica&#231;&#227;o para anticoagula&#231;&#227;o (% de centros). DAPT: terapia dupla antiplaquet&#225;ria; B) Dura&#231;&#227;o rotineira da DAPT (% de centros); C) Terapia antitromb&#243;tica rotineira em casos com indica&#231;&#227;o de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o (% de centros); D. Tipo de anticoagulante oral utilizado quando h&#225; indica&#231;&#227;o de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o (% de centros). AVK: antagonista da vitamina K; NOAC: novos anticoagulantes orais.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1085-10327-gf06.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>No presente estudo, as pr&#225;ticas contempor&#226;neas de TAVI nos centros latino-americanos e suas mudan&#231;as entre 2015 e 2020 foram avaliadas, tendo para compara&#231;&#227;o o <italic>status</italic> das pr&#225;ticas nos centros de pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos em 2015. Os principais achados foram os seguintes: 1) no geral, os centros latino-americanos apresentaram experi&#234;ncia cumulativa e volume anual de procedimentos muito menores do que os centros do resto do mundo; 2) houve aumento na propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes de risco cir&#250;rgico baixo e intermedi&#225;rio sendo tratados com TAVI na Am&#233;rica Latina; 3) a ado&#231;&#227;o de abordagens minimalistas de TAVI aumentou nos centros latino-americanos de 2015 a 2020, uma tend&#234;ncia j&#225; observada nos centros de pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos em 2015; 4) o manejo p&#243;s-procedimento variou consideravelmente entre as institui&#231;&#245;es, mas algumas altera&#231;&#245;es significativas na pr&#225;tica foram observadas nos centros latino-americanos durante o per&#237;odo estudado, como redu&#231;&#227;o no tempo de telemetria e da manuten&#231;&#227;o do marca-passo tempor&#225;rio ap&#243;s o procedimento, menor frequ&#234;ncia de administra&#231;&#227;o de DAPT na alta hospitalar e maior utiliza&#231;&#227;o de NOAC nos casos com recomenda&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Volume por centro</title>
        <p>Estudos recentes salientaram a import&#226;ncia do volume e da experi&#234;ncia do centro como indicadores na TAVI, relacionando-os a melhores desfechos cl&#237;nicos e a mudan&#231;as nas t&#233;cnicas/pr&#225;ticas de TAVI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> No presente estudo, observamos que o volume de procedimentos nos centros latino-americanos &#233; ainda inferior ao dos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos. Mesmo em 2020, a mediana do n&#250;mero de procedimentos realizados nas institui&#231;&#245;es latino-americanas correspondeu a um ter&#231;o daquela nos centros do resto do mundo 5 anos antes. Nossos dados corroboram uma estimativa de 2017 sobre a dispers&#227;o geogr&#225;fica da TAVI pelo mundo, mostrando que os pa&#237;ses latino-americanos implantam, por 1 milh&#227;o de habitantes, menos de 10 v&#225;lvulas, enquanto pa&#237;ses como os Estados Unidos, Fran&#231;a e Alemanha implantam mais de 100.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Ao se considerar a propor&#231;&#227;o de n&#250;meros de centros por habitantes idosos, essa discrep&#226;ncia &#233; ainda mais evidente. Atualmente, estima-se que existam 200 centros ativos de TAVI na Am&#233;rica Latina para uma popula&#231;&#227;o idosa de ~56 milh&#245;es (3,6 centros/milh&#227;o) vs. 698 centros nos Estados Unidos para ~52 milh&#245;es de idosos (13,4 centros/milh&#227;o), de acordo com o Registro Nacional de Dados Cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Os fatores econ&#244;micos est&#227;o entre os motivos mais prov&#225;veis para explicar essa disparidade.</p>
        <p>Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, a despeito do crescimento econ&#244;mico e da melhoria nos indicadores sociais, a desigualdade de riqueza persiste sendo um importante problema na Am&#233;rica Latina, impactando de forma direta o bem-estar da popula&#231;&#227;o e os sistemas de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento em geral ficam atr&#225;s dos mais ricos quanto &#224; implementa&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos m&#233;dicos de alta tecnologia e custo em seus sistemas de sa&#250;de, o que &#233; o caso da TAVI e da cirurgia cardiovascular em geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Com as altera&#231;&#245;es demogr&#225;ficas na Am&#233;rica Latina tendendo ao envelhecimento populacional, espera-se que a demanda por TAVI aumente. Para que os sistemas de sa&#250;de deem conta dessa demanda, os governos e l&#237;deres locais precisam encontrar maneiras de melhorar a custo-efetividade da TAVI no continente. A implementa&#231;&#227;o de pol&#237;ticas para a redu&#231;&#227;o dos custos dos procedimentos &#233; fundamental, primeiramente ao reduzir os pre&#231;os dos dispositivos que hoje representam, em m&#233;dia, ~70% do custo total do procedimento. Isso poderia ser obtido com o subs&#237;dio ou redu&#231;&#227;o das taxas de importa&#231;&#227;o, estimulando a vinda de mais ind&#250;strias m&#233;dicas para a Am&#233;rica Latina e criando incentivos para a fabrica&#231;&#227;o local de pr&#243;teses de alto custo, o que vem acontecendo no Brasil recentemente. Quanto &#224; efetividade, o presente estudo sinaliza para a redu&#231;&#227;o nas disparidades quanto &#224;s pr&#225;ticas atuais de TAVI entre pa&#237;ses latino-americanos e do restante do mundo. Al&#233;m disso, dados do registro brasileiro de TAVI de 2016 mostram desfechos cl&#237;nicos em concord&#226;ncia com a literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Essas boas pr&#225;ticas se devem principalmente a um importante apoio das sociedades e ind&#250;strias m&#233;dicas locais, promovendo sess&#245;es cient&#237;ficas, treinamentos pr&#225;ticos e programas intensivos de <italic>proctoring</italic> na Am&#233;rica Latina nos &#250;ltimos anos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Manejo periprocedimento</title>
        <p>Al&#233;m da rela&#231;&#227;o volume-desfecho, existe uma rela&#231;&#227;o volume-pr&#225;tica, pois os centros com maior volume de TAVI alteram suas pr&#225;ticas rotineiras ao longo do tempo. Uma an&#225;lise recente do registro norte-americano de terapia valvar transcateter (TVT) sobre a curva de aprendizado de TAVI demonstra que, &#224; medida que a experi&#234;ncia cumulativa da institui&#231;&#227;o progride, aumenta a probabilidade de os procedimentos de TAVI serem realizados com seda&#231;&#227;o consciente, anestesia local e acesso vascular totalmente percut&#226;neo, a chamada abordagem minimalista.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A despeito da falta de dados definitivos na literatura mostrando que essas t&#233;cnicas menos invasivas est&#227;o diretamente associadas com melhora nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos duros,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> com certeza elas representam um avan&#231;o na <italic>expertise</italic> desses &#8216;<italic>heart teams</italic>&#8217;.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo capturou este fen&#244;meno. Em 2015, uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o de centros ao redor do mundo j&#225; havia adotado o uso rotineiro da TAVI minimalista em compara&#231;&#227;o aos centros latino-americanos. Interessante notar que, ap&#243;s 5 anos, embora os centros latino-americanos continuem com baixos volumes de procedimentos em geral, com mediana de apenas 16 casos por ano, essas t&#233;cnicas mais atuais v&#234;m sendo consistentemente incorporadas. A propor&#231;&#227;o de centros que realizaram mais de metade dos casos com anestesia local e seda&#231;&#227;o consciente aumentou cerca de seis vezes. Tend&#234;ncia similar foi observada no registro TVT nos &#250;ltimos anos, com relato de aumento consistente dos procedimentos com seda&#231;&#227;o consciente, atualmente correspondendo a 64% dos casos da Am&#233;rica do Norte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, abordagem totalmente percut&#226;nea como pr&#225;tica rotineira aumentou de 62% para 91% nos centros latino-americanos, mostrando que a pr&#225;tica de TAVI est&#225; evoluindo no continente a despeito das limita&#231;&#245;es para aumentar o volume de procedimentos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Manejo p&#243;s-procedimento e seguimento</title>
        <p>O manejo p&#243;s-procedimento adequado &#233; outro fator fundamental, ainda que por vezes negligenciado, num programa de TAVI. Importante salientar que, a maioria dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos at&#233; o momento visou avaliar aspectos do procedimento de TAVI. Consequentemente, h&#225; escassez de dados definitivos sobre a melhor conduta em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes ap&#243;s o procedimento. N&#227;o &#233; de surpreender que o presente estudo mostre heterogeneidade na pr&#225;tica entre os centros nesse aspecto. No entanto, algumas mudan&#231;as significativas na pr&#225;tica foram observadas nos centros latino-americanos nos &#250;ltimos 5 anos. Houve menos prescri&#231;&#227;o rotineira de DAPT na alta hospitalar e utiliza&#231;&#227;o mais frequente de NOAC para pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. Tais mudan&#231;as na pr&#225;tica podem ser atribu&#237;das a dados publicados entre as duas pesquisas mostrando o potencial benef&#237;cio da terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria oral &#250;nica na redu&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es de sangramento<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> e ao uso mais disseminado de NOAC na cardiologia em geral, devido ao melhor perfil de seguran&#231;a nos pacientes idosos. No entanto, o regime antitromb&#243;tico &#243;timo e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de NOAC ap&#243;s TAVI permanecem em debate, particularmente ap&#243;s os resultados desanimadores de um grande ensaio randomizado recente testando a rivaroxabana no p&#243;s-TAVI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Portanto, dados de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados futuros s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para definir o melhor manejo p&#243;s-procedimento.</p>
        <p>Por fim, a progress&#227;o das pr&#225;ticas de TAVI na Am&#233;rica Latina revela que mesmo os centros dos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento e com menores volumes podem acompanhar a r&#225;pida evolu&#231;&#227;o nessa &#225;rea. Isso tem sido catalisado gra&#231;as ao grande engajamento das sociedades m&#233;dicas na dissemina&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento na Am&#233;rica Latina. No Brasil, por exemplo, adotou-se uma certifica&#231;&#227;o formal de TAVI desde 2017. Atrav&#233;s de programas educacionais multifacetados e em v&#225;rios n&#237;veis, o pa&#237;s j&#225; treinou mais de 700 cardiologistas. Da mesma forma, iniciativas similares foram adotadas em outros pa&#237;ses, como Argentina, Chile, Col&#244;mbia e M&#233;xico. Todos esses esfor&#231;os contribu&#237;ram para o aumento do n&#250;mero de novos centros que realizam TAVI na Am&#233;rica Latina e desempenharam papel significativo no desenvolvimento das t&#233;cnicas mais modernas e na ades&#227;o &#224;s mesmas. Entretanto, muito h&#225; que se fazer para que se continue a diminuir a lacuna em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos. &#192; medida que aumenta o n&#250;mero de centros de TAVI, ser&#225; necess&#225;rio expandir a supervis&#227;o e fornecer programas de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada. Na era p&#243;s-COVID-19, inova&#231;&#245;es, como telemonitoramento, podem ter valor inestim&#225;vel. A cria&#231;&#227;o de programas de simula&#231;&#227;o virtual para reduzir a curva de aprendizado dos centros/operadores de baixo volume parece outra op&#231;&#227;o atraente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Por fim, melhorar a publica&#231;&#227;o de conte&#250;do cient&#237;fico pelos centros latino-americanos se faz necess&#225;rio, al&#233;m da cria&#231;&#227;o de bancos de dados de abrang&#234;ncia nacional nos pa&#237;ses latino-americanos para determinar os reais desfechos cl&#237;nicos e definir as potenciais oportunidades de melhoria.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Embora este estudo tenha sido uma oportunidade &#250;nica para capturar varia&#231;&#245;es na pr&#225;tica entre centros e regi&#245;es do mundo, assim como as mudan&#231;as nos centros latino-americanos nos &#250;ltimos 5 anos, algumas limita&#231;&#245;es devem ser mencionadas. Primeiramente, este foi um estudo baseado numa pesquisa volunt&#225;ria autorrelatada, estando propenso a vi&#233;s. Seus resultados podem sub- ou superestimar a verdadeira realidade dos centros participantes. Relatos sobre as diferen&#231;as nas caracter&#237;sticas de base dos pacientes tratados em cada centro, que poderiam influenciar a ado&#231;&#227;o de pr&#225;ticas diferentes, n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis. Al&#233;m disso, o estudo n&#227;o incluiu informa&#231;&#227;o sobre desfechos cl&#237;nicos. Portanto, n&#227;o se pode concluir se as diferen&#231;as na pr&#225;tica impactaram os desfechos dos pacientes. Ademais, h&#225; grande heterogeneidade entre os pa&#237;ses, as regi&#245;es e as institui&#231;&#245;es latino-americanas. &#201; dif&#237;cil supor que uma pesquisa possa representar com precis&#227;o a realidade de todo o continente, a despeito da estimativa de que ~15% do total de centros latino americanos de TAVI participaram da &#250;ltima pesquisa. De toda forma, os resultados do presente manuscrito indicam a dire&#231;&#227;o em que seguimos e as lacunas que ainda precisam ser preenchidas, al&#233;m de servirem como guia para os centros de menor experi&#234;ncia na defini&#231;&#227;o de seus protocolos institucionais. Por fim, como a pesquisa WRITTEN n&#227;o foi reconduzida no resto do mundo no per&#237;odo 2019-2020, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel fazer uma compara&#231;&#227;o direta da pr&#225;tica de TAVI atual na Am&#233;rica Latina com a de outros centros.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, diferen&#231;as referente &#224;s pr&#225;ticas de TAVI existem entre os pa&#237;ses latino americanos e pa&#237;ses mais desenvolvidos, havendo um atraso de pelo menos 5 anos na ado&#231;&#227;o disseminada de algumas t&#233;cnicas mais modernas na Am&#233;rica Latina. Algumas dessas diferen&#231;as na pr&#225;tica de TAVI parecem ligadas ao menor volume de procedimentos nos centros latino-americanos, enquanto outras podem estar meramente associadas &#224; falta de consenso global e variabilidade regional. Entretanto, a lacuna parece estar diminuindo, pois a rela&#231;&#227;o volume de procedimentos/desenvolvimento das pr&#225;ticas de TAVI tem se transformado nos &#250;ltimos anos atrav&#233;s da ado&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnicas mais refinadas mesmo pelos centros latino-americanos de menor volume. De toda maneira, estudos futuros no continente ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar o impacto de tais mudan&#231;as na pr&#225;tica sobre os desfechos cl&#237;nicos dos pacientes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Fernando Luiz de Melo Bernardi pelo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lamelas</surname>
            <given-names>Pablo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Echeverri</surname>
            <given-names>Dario</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff27">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1253-1514</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Antonio Cartaxo Queiroga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6260-9626</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio S&#226;ndoli de</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mangione</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Eltchaninoff</surname>
            <given-names>Helene</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff30">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>S&#248;ndergaard</surname>
            <given-names>Lars</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodes-Cabau</surname>
            <given-names>Josep</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff17">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#8211; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff18">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Samaritano Paulista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff19">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s &#8211; Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff20">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Madrid</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="ES">Spain</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cl&#237;nico San Carlos, Madrid &#8211; Spain</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff21">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Orbassano</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="IT">Italy</country>
          <institution content-type="original">San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano &#8211; Italy</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff22">
          <label>6</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Santiago</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CL">Chile</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cl&#237;nico San Borja Arriar&#225;n, Santiago &#8211; Chile</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff23">
          <label>7</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">New York</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Columbia University Medical Center, New York &#8211; USA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff24">
          <label>8</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff25">
          <label>9</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Buenos Aires</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="AR">Argentina</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Sanatorio Finochietto, Buenos Aires &#8211; Argentina</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff26">
          <label>10</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Buenos Aires</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="AR">Argentina</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires &#8211; Argentina</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff27">
          <label>11</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bogota</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CO">Colombia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Fundacion Cardioinfantil Instituto de Cardiologia, Bogota, Cundinamarca &#8211; Colombia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff28">
          <label>12</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley, Cabedelo, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff29">
          <label>13</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff30">
          <label>14</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rouen</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Normandy</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="FR">France</country>
          <institution content-type="original">H&#244;pital Charles Nicolle, Rouen, Normandy &#8211; France</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff31">
          <label>15</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Kobenhavn</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="DK">Denmark</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Copenhagen University Hospital, Kobenhavn &#8211; Denmark</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff32">
          <label>16</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Quebec</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CA">Canada</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie Et de Pneumologie de Qu&#233;bec, Quebec &#8211; Canada</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Henrique Barbosa Ribeiro</bold> &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>hbribeiro@gmail.com</email>, <email>henrique.ribeiro@hc.fm.usp.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Bernardi FLM, Ribeiro HB, Nombela-Franco L, Cerrato E, Nazif T, Rodes-Cabau J; Acquisition of data: Bernardi FLM, Ribeiro HB, Nombela-Franco L, Cerrato E, Maluenda G, Nazif T, Lemos PA, Sztejfman M, Lamelas P, Echeverri D, Brito Jr. FS, Mangione JA, S&#248;ndergaard L, Rodes-Cabau J; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Bernardi FLM, Ribeiro HB, Nombela-Franco L, Cerrato E; Statistical analysis, Obtaining financing and Writing of the manuscript: Bernardi FLM, Ribeiro HB; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Bernardi FLM, Ribeiro HB, Nombela-Franco L, Cerrato E, Maluenda G, Nazif T, Lemos Neto PA, Sztejfman M, Lamelas P, Echeverri D, Lopes MACQ, Brito Jr. FS, Abizaid AA, Mangione JA, Eltchaninoff H, S&#248;ndergaard L, Rodes-Cabau J.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is a worldwide adopted procedure with rapidly evolving practices. Regional and temporal variations are expected to be found.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To compare TAVR practice in Latin America with that around the world and to assess its changes in Latin America from 2015 to 2020.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A survey was applied to global TAVR centers between March and September 2015, and again to Latin-American centers between July 2019 and January 2020. The survey consisted of questions addressing: i) center&#8217;s general information; ii) pre-TAVR evaluation; iii) procedural techniques; iv) post-TAVR management; v) follow-up. Answers from the 2015 survey of Latin-American centers (LATAM15) were compared with those of other centers around the world (WORLD15) and with the 2020 updated Latin-American survey (LATAM20). A 5% level of significance was adopted for statistical analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>250 centers participated in the 2015 survey (LATAM15=29; WORLD15=221) and 46 in the LATAM20. Combined centers experience accounted for 73 707 procedures, with WORLD15 centers performing, on average, 6- and 3-times more procedures than LATAM15 and LATAM20 centers, respectively. LATAM centers performed less minimalistic TAVR than WORLD15 centers, but there was a significant increase in less invasive procedures after 5 years in Latin-American centers. For postprocedural care, a lower period of telemetry and maintenance of temporary pacing wire, along with less utilization of dual antiplatelet therapy was observed in LATAM20 centers.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Despite still having a much lower number of procedures, many aspects of TAVR practice in Latin-American centers have evolved in recent years, followingthe trend observed in developed country centers.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Latin America</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has been adopted worldwide for severe symptomatic aortic stenosis with various risk profiles. This achievement has been built on more than a decade of advancements in technology and patient care. As a consequence, TAVR practices have been evolving rapidly, resulting in a significant improvement in clinical outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In Latin America, the first TAVR procedures were performed in 2008 in Brazil and Colombia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Although a steady growth of cases has been observed since then, there have been concerns in the adoption of the most up-to-date practices in Latin America.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In developing countries, disparities in practice of a high-cost medical procedure can be exacerbated due to several factors, such as lower-income health systems, lower center volumes, less experienced operators, unavailability of certain devices, among others. Understanding such differences is crucial to better comprehend the contemporary practices and seek for further standardization. Moreover, it could aid in developing policies by the local regulators to achieve more widespread adoption of TAVR in such underserved populations, since published data in Latin America are limited.</p>
        <p>Therefore, the general and secondary objectives of the study were: i) to compare TAVR practice between Latin-American centers and centers from the rest of the world based on data obtained from the 2015 WRITTEN survey; ii) to assess the changes in TAVR practice in Latin America after 5 years through reapplication of the survey in the continent.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The WRITTEN survey was an internet-based questionnaire designed to investigate the practices in TAVR centers around the world. The survey design has been described previously.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In summary, at least one regional TAVR expert from each country or region was contacted and invited to distribute the survey locally. The survey was promoted through general interventional cardiology mailing lists, announcements by official societies of interventional cardiology, website advertisements, and personalized emails to TAVR operators. Invitations were distributed in different geographic areas simultaneously over 6 months (March 2015 to September 2015). A second enquiry was performed from July 2019 to January 2020, with similar methods, involving only Latin-American centers without a specific cutoff on the number of procedures performed by the center (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 1</xref>). The survey consisted of an online platform hosted on the collaborative research website (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.cardiogroup.org/TAVI/">www.cardiogroup.org/TAVI/</ext-link>) with 59 questions addressing five domains of TAVR (Supplemental Table 1): (i) general information about the program at each institution, (ii) patient selection, (iii) procedural techniques and imaging, (iv) postprocedural management, and (v) follow-up. It was requested that only one individual from each TAVR center completed the survey, and only one questionnaire per center was accepted.</p>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Geographical distribution of the participating centers in the 2015 and 2020 surveys.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1085-10327-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>For the study analysis, the answers corresponding to the TAVR practices of the Latin-American centers in 2015 (LATAM15 centers) were used as reference. Categorical variables were expressed as absolute frequencies and percentages, and continuous variables as median and interquartile range (IQR). For comparison of categorical variables, Fisher&#8217;s exact test was used to assess the association between dependent (centers group) and independent variables (results from the questionnaire) for dichotomous answers with a two-tailed P value. For questions with more than two possible answers, the association between independent and dependent variables was tested with the chi-square test. Continuous variables were compared with the Mann-Whitney test due to the non-normal distribution of the variables, confirmed by the Shapiro-Wilk test, also with a two-tailed P value. A 5% level of significance was adopted for all statistical analyses. All analyses were performed with the software GraphPad Prism version 7.0 (GraphPad Software, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>As previously published, 250 centers completed the questionnaire properly and were included in the 2015 survey.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Of these, 29 (11.6%) were from LATAM15 centers. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 1</xref> illustrates the global distribution of the centers. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 2</xref> summarizes the enrollment of the 46 centers participating in the Latin-American survey in 2020 (LATAM20). Out of the 296 questionnaires, 263 (88.8%) were fully answered, while the remaining had more than 80% of their questions responded. The very few missing data were considered as completely at random, and no special treatment was made. The names of the cities and countries of all centers are listed in the Supplemental Tables 2 and 3.</p>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Enrollment flowchart of the 2020 WRITTEN LATAM survey.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1085-10327-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>By the time of the surveys&#8217; completion, the sum of all TAVR performed by the participating centers in Latin America in 2015 and 2020 (LATAM15 and LATAM20) and worldwide (WORLD) accounted for 73 707 procedures combined. In comparison to LATAM15, WORD15 centers had performed a much higher number of procedures in their whole experience (median of 34, IQR: 12 to 101 vs. 200, IQR: 84 to 453, p&lt;0.001), as well as in the year before survey completion (median of 12, IQR: 5 to 23 vs. 60, IQR: 27 to 110, p&lt;0.001). Compared to LATAM15, the LATAM20 total experience was ~2-fold larger (median of 62, IQR: 22 to 138, p=0.08), but only slightly higher in the year before the survey (median of 16, IQR: 6 to 30, p=0.29). The complete survey results are found in Supplemental Tables 4-7.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Pre-procedural evaluation</title>
          <p>In all three groups, the majority of TAVR patients treated in their current practice were at high or prohibited surgical risk. Nonetheless, when comparing LATAM15 to LATAM20, an increase over time was observed in the proportion of intermediate and low surgical risk patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 3</xref>). WORLD15 centers had a higher median number of heart-team meetings monthly than LATAM15 centers (4, IQR: 2 to 4 vs. 1, IQR: 1 to 2, p=0.001), with a slight increase in LATAM20 centers (1.5, IQR: 1 to 4, p=0.27). The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) score was the most common risk-stratification tool, used routinely by 90%, 69%, and 98% of the LATAM15, WORDL15, and LATAM20 centers, respectively. Meanwhile, only 28%, 47%, and 39% of the centers, respectively, applied frailty tests routinely. Regarding pre-TAVR imaging (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 4</xref>), almost all centers performed cardiac computed tomography in their practice. Transesophageal echocardiography as a routine before the procedure was performed more often by LATAM15 centers.</p>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mean proportions of treated patients according to the risk profile.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1085-10327-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Routinely performed preprocedural imaging studies (% of centers). TEE: transesophageal echocardiogram; CT: computed tomography</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1085-10327-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>A lower proportion of WORLD15 and LATAM20 centers regularly administered dual-antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) before transfemoral procedures in comparison to LATAM15 centers (45% and 56% vs. 83%, p&lt;0.001 and p=0.02, respectively). Regarding the time of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) when a severe proximal coronary lesion was detected, the most common approach by the centers from all groups was to perform PCI before TAVR. In cases deemed risky for coronary obstruction, the three groups agreed the most frequent strategy was to have a PCI protection wire during TAVR (Supplemental Table 4). Regarding antibiotic prophylaxis, more than 90% of the centers administer antibiotics as a routine, with half of them administering 1 dose and the other half &#8805; 2 doses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedural management</title>
          <p>The comparison of answers to procedural management questions is summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>. Transfemoral TAVR was the preferred approach by all centers, but a higher proportion of LATAM15 over WORLD15 centers performed &#8805; 90% of their cases via the transfemoral route (72% vs. 42%, respectively, p=0.003). No significant change was noted after 5 years (LATAM20 87%, p=0.14). Almost all centers reported having an anesthesiologist to assist in transfemoral procedures, but LATAM15 centers more commonly performed these procedures under general anesthesia compared to WORLD15 and LATAM20 centers (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 5</xref>). Additionally, 86% of LATAM15 centers reported having a cardiac surgeon assisting transfemoral TAVR vs. 61% for WORLD15 (p=0.01) and 52% for LATAM20 (p=0.005). Meanwhile, interventional cardiologists regularly assisted transapical/transaortic procedures in most LATAM15 (88%) and WORLD15 (88%) centers, with a significant reduction after 5 years in LATAM20 centers (56%, p=0.008). Regarding procedural transesophageal echocardiography guidance, 83% of LATAM15 centers reported always relying on it, compared to 41% for WORLD15 and 15% for LATAM20 centers (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Comparison of technical procedural management between the LATAM15, WORLD15, and LATAM20 centers</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="16%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">LATAM15<break/>(N=29)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">WORLD15<break/>(N=221)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p value</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">LATAM20<break/>(N=46)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">#</xref></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">
                    <bold>Site where TAVR is routinely performed (% centers)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Operating room</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">9%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.48</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Cath lab</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">83%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">63%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.04</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">83%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Hybrid room</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">24%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">45%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.04</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">19%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.77</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">
                    <bold>TEE during TAVR (% of centers)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Always</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">83%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">41%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="3">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">15%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="3">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Only in certain patients</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">42%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">63%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Never</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">17%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">22%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">
                    <bold>Type of closure device routinely used in transfemoral percutaneous access (% centers)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">1 Perclose</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">9%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">2 or more Perclose</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">90%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">59%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.03</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">83%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Prostar</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">40%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">
                    <bold>Protection guidewire from contralateral artery in femoral percutaneous cases (% of centers)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Always</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">33%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">35%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="3">0.06</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">32%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Never</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4.8%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">25.2%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Only in challenging iliofemoral access</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">62%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">40%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">61%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">
                    <bold>Peripheral balloon during access closure in percutaneous cases (% centers)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Routinely</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">12.9%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">1.0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">0.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Just in case of complication</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">90%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">87.1%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">96%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">
                    <bold>In case of femoral perforation in percutaneous cases (% centers)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Usually implant self-expandable or balloon-expandable covered stent</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">70%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">78%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">0.99</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">78%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">0.54</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Usually assisted by vascular surgeons or an interventional radiologist</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">30%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">22%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">22%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Embolic protection device as a routine (% centers)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">16%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.02</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <title>Notes:</title>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <label>#</label>
                <p>P-values for the LATAM20 in comparison to the LATAM15 results.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN4a">
                <p>TAVR: transcatheter aortic valve replacement; TEE: transesophageal echocardiography; TTE: transthoracic echocardiography.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f11">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A) Percentages of transfemoral procedures performed with conscious sedation/local anesthesia (% of centers). TF: transfemoral; LA: local anesthesia; CS: conscious sedation. B) Type of vascular access routinely performed for transfemoral cases (% of centers).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1085-10327-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>In transfemoral cases, TAVR with a fully percutaneous approach was more frequently performed by the WORLD15 and LATAM20 centers (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 5</xref>). For these, the Perclose (Abbott Vascular, Abbott Park, IL) was the most utilized device in all groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>). When asked about protective strategies in percutaneous transfemoral access, the most common approach by all groups was to leave a protection guidewire from the collateral artery only in challenging iliofemoral access and use of a peripheral balloon during access closure only when a complication ensues. In the case of femoral perforation, the most common approach consisted of using self- or balloon-expandable covered stent by the operator himself (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>The Corevalve system (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN) and Edwards valves (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA) were reported as being regularly used by most centers from all three groups. Nonetheless, in 2015 a higher proportion of Latin-American centers implanted a self-expanding valve in &gt; 50% of their patients compared to the other centers in the world without a significant change after 5 years in Latin-American centers. Of note, in 2015, only the Corevalve and Sapien XT transcatheter heart valves were commercially available in Latin America for these families of valves. In contrast, for LATAM20, most centers used the Evolut R and the Sapien 3 systems. The WORLD15 centers more routinely employed predilatation valvuloplasty than LATAM15 and LATAM20 centers (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>). Neither LATAM15 nor LATAM20 centers reported using embolic protection devices as a routine as compared to 16% of the WORLD15 centers (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Comparison of the type of transcatheter heart valve implanted between groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="16%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">LATAM15<break/>(N=29)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">WORLD15<break/>(N=221)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p value</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">LATAM20<break/>(N=46)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">#</xref></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">
                    <bold>Type of THV routinely implanted (% centers)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Corevalve system</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">86%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">79%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">91%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Edwards valve</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">72%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">84%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">93%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Acurate valve</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">41%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Lotus valve</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">26%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">11%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Portico valve</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Centers where &gt;50% of cases are done with self-expanding THV (% centers)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">52%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">33%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.06</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">46%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.64</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">
                    <bold>Routine balloon predilatation valvuloplasty (% centers)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">For self-expanding valves</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">44%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">50%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.68</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">47%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">For balloon-expandable valves</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">52%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">68%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.13</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">37%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">In no case</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">30%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">14%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.04</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">44%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.32</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <title>Notes:</title>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <label>#</label>
                <p>P-values for the LATAM20 in comparison to the LATAM15 results.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN5a">
                <p>THV: transcatheter heart valve.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Postprocedural management and follow-up</title>
          <p>The main findings on postprocedural care are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>. Maintenance of telemetry after TAVR varied widely among institutions, with no difference between LATAM15 and WORLD15 centers (72% vs. 59%, during 48 hours), although a significant reduction in the period of surveillance was observed in LATAM20 centers (72% of centers maintained telemetry for just 24 hours). When a self-expandable valve was implanted, LATAM15 centers tended to remove the temporary pacemaker wire (TPW) later than WORLD15 and LATAM20 centers, whereas no difference was seen with balloon-expandable valves. The preferred initial management of transient atrioventricular block by all groups was to keep the TPW and watch, regardless of the type of valve. Centers also agreed on the management of a new left bundle branch block, most opting to keep telemetry or TPW for a longer period while waiting for any other indication of permanent pacemaker implantation (Supplemental Table 5).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Comparison of answers regarding postprocedural care between LATAM15, WORLD15, and LATAM20 centers</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="16%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">LATAM15<break/>(N=29)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">WORLD15<break/>(N=221)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p value</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">LATAM20<break/>(N=46)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">#</xref></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">
                    <bold>Maintenance of telemetry after TAVR (% center)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">24h</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">36%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">20%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="3">0.13</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">72%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="3">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">48h</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">36%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">39%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">24%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">&gt;48h</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">28%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">41%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">
                    <bold>Maintenance of TPW after self-expanding THV (if no AV block or new conduction disorder)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Always remove at the end of procedure</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">11%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="4">0.004</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">24%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="4">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">At least 12-24h</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">30%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">40%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">59%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">At least 48h</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">59%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">27%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">No standardized protocol</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">11%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">22%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">13%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">
                    <bold>Maintenance of TPW after balloon-expandable THV (if no AV block or new conduction disorder)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Always remove at the end of procedure</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">71%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">46%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="4">0.08</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">70%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="4">0.17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">At least 12-24h</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">24%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">15%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">At least 48h</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">No standardized protocol</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">24%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">15%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">
                    <bold>Management of transient AV block in self-expanding THV (% centers)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Direct permanent pacemaker implantation</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">13%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="4">0.31</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="4">0.26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">TPW and watch</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">81%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">66%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">63%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Depends on existence of prior conduction disorders</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">11%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">14%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">28%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Other</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">
                    <bold>Management of transient AV-block in balloon-expandable THV (% centers)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Direct permanent pacemaker implantation</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4.5%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="4">0.06</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="4">0.04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">TPW and watch</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">87%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">66%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">63%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Depends on existence of prior conduction disorders</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">17%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">26%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Other</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">9%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2%</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <title>Notes:</title>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <label>#</label>
                <p>P-values for the LATAM20 in comparison to the LATAM15 results.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN6a">
                <p>TAVR: transcatheter aortic valve replacement; THV: transcatheter heart valve; AV-block: atrioventricular block; TPW: temporary pacing wire.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Concerning the antithrombotic therapy at discharge, when no indication for anticoagulation existed, DAPT with aspirin and clopidogrel was the strategy of choice for most institutions. However, within the past 5 years, more Latin-American centers discharged their patients with a single antiplatelet agent (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 6</xref>). For the duration of DAPT, there was heterogeneity in practice, but ~90% of the centers suspended one of the agents within 6 months. In patients with an indication for anticoagulants, antithrombotic therapy varied considerably, being the association of an oral anticoagulant with only one antiplatelet agent the preferred choice by most centers from all groups. In these cases, the utilization of novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) increased significantly from 4% to 28% in Latin-American centers during the 5-year period (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 6</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f12">
            <label>Figure 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Antithrombotic therapy after TAVR. A) Routine DAPT after TAVR when no other indication for anticoagulation exists (% of centers). DAPT: dual-antiplatelet therapy; B) Routine duration of DAPT (% of centers); C) Routine antithrombotic therapy in cases where there is an indication for anticoagulation (% of centers); D. Type of oral anticoagulant utilized when an indication for anticoagulation exists (% of centers). VKA: vitamin K antagonist; NOAC: novel oral anticoagulant.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1085-10327-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In the present study, the current TAVR practices in Latin-American centers and their changes between 2015 and 2020 were evaluated, having for comparison the practice status at centers from developed countries in 2015. The main findings can be summarized as: 1) overall, Latin-American centers had a much lower cumulative experience and annual volume in comparison to centers from the rest of the world; 2) there has been an increase in the proportion of low and intermediate surgical risk patients now being treated with TAVR in Latin America; 3) the adoption of minimalistic TAVR approaches has increased in Latin-American centers from 2015 to 2020, a trend already observed in centers around the world in 2015; 4) postprocedural care varied considerably among institutions, but some significant changes in the TAVR practice have been observed in Latin-American centers over the studied period, such as a reduction in the time of telemetry and TPW after the procedure, less frequent administration of DAPT, and more frequent use of NOACs when anticoagulation was clinically recommended.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Center volume</title>
          <p>Recent studies have highlighted the importance of center volume and experience as indicators in TAVR, linking them to improved outcomes and better practices.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In the present study, we observed that the volume of procedures in Latin-American centers is still much lower than that in developed countries. Even in 2020, the median number of procedures performed in Latin-American institutions corresponded to a third of the volume performed in centers around the world 5 years earlier. Our data corroborate an estimate from 2017 on the geographical dispersion of TAVR across the world, showing that Latin-American countries implant less than 10 valves per 1 000 000 inhabitants, while the numbers for nations, such as the United States, France, and Germany, were above 100 implants per 1 000 000 people.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> When considering the proportion of centers per elderly inhabitants, this discrepancy is even more evident. Currently, Latin America has an estimate of 200 active TAVR centers for an elderly population of ~56 million (3.6 centers/million) vs. 698 centers in the United States (according to the National Cardiovascular Data Registry<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>) for ~52 million elderly (13.4 centers/million).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Economic factors are most probably one of the most significant in explaining this disparity.</p>
          <p>Over the past decades, despite economic growth and improvement in social indicators, wealth inequality is still a major issue in Latin America, directly impacting population well-being and health systems.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Developing countries often lag behind wealthier nations in implementing high-cost technological medical procedures in their health systems, which is the case of TAVR and cardiovascular surgery in general.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> With demographic changes in Latin America towards population aging, the demand for TAVR is expected to rise accordingly. For the health systems to afford such demand, governments and local leaders will need to find ways to improve the cost-effectiveness of TAVR in the continent. Implementation of policies targeting a reduction in procedural costs will be key, primarily by lowering device prices that today represent on average ~70% of the procedure&#8217;s total cost. This could be achieved by subsidizing or reducing importation taxes, stimulating more medical industries to come to Latin America, and creating incentives for manufacturing the high-cost prosthesis locally, which has been the case of Brazil recently. On the effectiveness side, the present study signals to a reduction in the disparities between Latin-American countries and the current TAVR practices compared to the rest of the world. In addition, data from the Brazilian TAVR registry from 2016 showed similar clinical outcomes as compared with the literature, even though more contemporary data is lacking.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> This development in practice can be attributed mainly to a strong support of the local medical societies and industries, promoting scientific and hands-on training sessions, along with strong proctoring programs in Latin America over the recent years.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Periprocedural management</title>
          <p>In addition to a volume-outcomes relationship, a volume-practice relationship exists, as centers with a higher number of TAVR change their routine practice over time. Recent analysis from the North American Transcatheter Valve Therapy (TVT) Registry on the TAVR learning curve demonstrates that, as an institution&#8217;s cumulative experience progresses, TAVR procedures are more likely to be performed with conscious sedation, local anesthesia, and fully percutaneous vascular access. The so-called minimalistic approach.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Although there is no definitive data in the literature showing that these less invasive techniques are directly associated with improvements in hard clinical outcomes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> they surely represent incremental expertise of the heart teams.</p>
          <p>The present study captured this phenomenon. In 2015, a higher proportion of centers around the world had already adopted the routine use of the minimalistic TAVR when compared to their Latin-American counterparts. But interestingly, after 5 years, even though Latin-American centers continue to have low volumes overall, with a median of only 16 cases yearly, there has been consistent incorporation of these more current techniques. The proportion of centers that performed more than half of cases with local anesthesia and conscious sedation increased ~6-fold. A similar trend has been observed in the TVT Registry during the latest years, where a steady increase in conscious sedation procedures has been reported, currently accounting for 64% of the North American cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Similarly, a fully percutaneous approach as a routine practice increased from 62% to 91% of the Latin-American centers, showing that TAVR practices are evolving in the continent despite the struggle to improve procedural volume.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Postprocedural management and follow-up</title>
          <p>Proper postprocedural care is another fundamental, but sometimes overlooked, factor in a TAVR program. Of note, most clinical trials to date have aimed to assess intraprocedural aspects of TAVR. Consequently, there is a scarcity of definitive data on the best management of patients after the procedure. Not surprisingly, the present study showed heterogeneity in practice among centers in this domain. Yet, some significant changes in practice have been noted in Latin-American centers in the last 5 years. The routine prescription of DAPT on hospital discharge was less frequent and NOACs were more often used in patients with an indication for oral anticoagulation therapy. These changes in practice are probably attributed to data published between the two surveys showing a potential benefit of single oral antiplatelet therapy in reducing bleeding complications<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> and to a more widespread use of NOACs in general cardiology due to safety profile in elderly patients. Still, the optimal antithrombotic regimen and the utilization of NOACs after TAVR remain open to debate, particularly after the dismal results from a recent large randomized trial with rivaroxaban.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Hence, data from future randomized trials are warranted to define the optimal postprocedural care.</p>
          <p>Finally, the progression of Latin-American practices reveals that even centers from developing and underserved countries can follow along with the rapid ongoing progressions in the field. This has been catalyzed thanks to a deep engagement of the medical societies in spreading the knowledge in Latin America. For instance, in Brazil, a formal TAVR certification has been adopted since 2017. Through multi-faceted and multilevel educational programs, the country has already trained more than 700 cardiologists. Likewise, similar initiatives in other countries, such as Argentina, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico, have also been adopted. All these efforts have contributed to a steady increase in new centers performing TAVR in Latin America and have played a significant role in the development of the most modern techniques and adherence to them. However, continous efforts should be implemented for diminishing the gap to developed nations. As the number of TAVR centers increases, expansion of proctoring and continuing medical education programs will be necessary. In the post-COVID-19 era, innovations, like teleproctoring, can be an invaluable asset. The creation of virtual simulation programs to soften the learning curve of lower volume centers/operators seems another attractive emerging option.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Finally, improving publication of scientific content by Latin-American centers is urgently warranted, accompanied by the creation of nationwide databanks in all Latin-American countries to determine the actual clinical outcomes and further define the potential gaps for improvement.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>Although this study was a unique opportunity to capture variations in practice among centers and regions of the world, as well as the changes in Latin-American centers over the past 5 years, some limitations must be mentioned. First, this was a self-reported voluntary survey, which, by its nature, makes it prone to biases. Results from such studies can under- or overestimate the actual reality of the participating centers. Reports on the differences in the baseline characteristics of the patients treated by each center, which could influence the adoption of different practices, were not available. Moreover, the study did not include information on clinical outcomes. Thus, it is impossible to draw conclusions on whether the differences in practice impacted patients&#8217; outcomes. In addition, there is big heterogeneity among Latin-American countries, regions, and institutions. It is difficult to assume that one survey can precisely represent the whole continent&#8217;s reality, even though we estimate ~15% of Latin-American centers participated in the latest inquiry. Nevertheless, the results give us a notion of which direction we are moving to and the gaps that still need to be filled, in addition to serving as a guide for the less experienced centers in defining their protocols. Finally, since the WRITTEN survey was not reconducted in the rest of the world during 2019-2020, a direct comparison of the current TAVR practice in Latin America with other centers through the survey&#8217;s responses was not possible.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In conclusion, differences in TAVR practice exist between the Latin America and other developed nations of the world, with an at least 5-year delay in the widespread adoption of some techniques in Latin America. Some of these differences in practice seem to be linked to a lower procedural volume in Latin-American centers, while others could be merely associated with a lack of global consensus and regional variability. Nevertheless, the gap appears to be diminishing since this volume-practice relationship has softened in the latest years due to practice development and the adoption of more refined techniques even by lower volume centers in Latin America. Future studies in the continent are warranted to evaluate the impact of such changes in practice on patients&#8217; clinical outcomes.</p>
      </sec>
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    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Fernando Luiz de Melo Bernardi, from Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app2">
          <label>*</label>
          <title>Supplemental Materials</title>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11806/2021-0327-supplemental-tables.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
