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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Q65ypdPdP5B58DGc3P5BG5z</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000601067</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220261</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220261</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Devemos Considerar a Estimula&#231;&#227;o da Guanilil Ciclase Sol&#250;vel como Ben&#233;fica para o Tratamento da Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar Pr&#233;-Capilar?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3072-6270</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alencar</surname>
            <given-names>Allan Kardec Nogueira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de Petr&#243;polis</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Petr&#243;polis</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Petr&#243;polis, Petr&#243;polis, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Allan Kardec Nogueira de Alencar</bold> &#8226; Faculdade Arthur S&#225; Earp Neto Faculdade de Medicina de Petr&#243;polis - Av. Bar&#227;o do Rio Branco, 1003. CEP <postal-code>25680-120</postal-code>, Petr&#243;polis, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>allankdc@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1067</fpage>
      <lpage>1068</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Circula&#231;&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial Pulmonar de Oclus&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Estimuladores da Guanilil Ciclcase Sol&#250;vel</kwd>
        <kwd>Riociguate</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Um dos mais raros e complexos grupos de doen&#231;as que acometem o sistema cardiopulmonar &#233; conhecido como hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HP), uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica com risco de vida que em est&#225;gios avan&#231;ados eventualmente resulta em disfun&#231;&#227;o irrevers&#237;vel da c&#226;mara card&#237;aca direita e morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar (HAP) e a HP tromboemb&#243;lica cr&#244;nica (HPTEC) s&#227;o dois grupos distintos dentro do sistema de classifica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da HP, em que a perda e o remodelamento obstrutivo dos vasos pulmonares s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por um aumento significativo da press&#227;o arterial pulmonar (PAP) e da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar (RVP), resultando em decl&#237;nio funcional do desempenho card&#237;aco e insufici&#234;ncia progressiva do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A HAP &#233; uma HP do tipo pr&#233;-capilar (Grupo 1), definida hemodinamicamente por uma press&#227;o arterial pulmonar de oclus&#227;o m&#233;dia (mPAP) &gt; 20 mmHg, press&#227;o arterial pulmonar de oclus&#227;o PA &#8804; 15 mmHg e PVR &#8805; 3 unidades Wood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O remodelamento dos vasos pulmonares na HAP &#233; representado, nas paredes das art&#233;rias pulmonares (APs), pelo ac&#250;mulo de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas (CMLAPs) e endoteliais (CEAPs), fibroblastos, miofibroblastos e pericitos. Al&#233;m disso, esse processo de remodelamento resulta em perda de art&#233;rias pr&#233;-capilares e exacerba a inflama&#231;&#227;o perivascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A perda excessiva de (CEAPs) &#233; uma caracter&#237;stica patol&#243;gica chave da HAP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Este fen&#244;meno desencadeia o desenvolvimento de um fen&#243;tipo hiperproliferativo e resistente &#224; apoptose das CEAPs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Subsequentemente, uma intensa prolifera&#231;&#227;o de CEAPs induz a forma&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es plexog&#234;nicas nos vasos pulmonares, uma caracter&#237;stica histopatol&#243;gica da HAP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Pacientes com doen&#231;a tromboemb&#243;lica podem, consequentemente, desenvolver HPTEC (Grupo 4 na classifica&#231;&#227;o HP)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> devido a uma obstru&#231;&#227;o vascular pulmonar persistente ap&#243;s um evento emb&#243;lico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Fisiopatologicamente, a HPTEC pode ser multifatorial, pois envolve tanto os grandes vasos pulmonares quanto a microcircula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Setenta e cinco por cento dos pacientes com HP em doen&#231;a tromboemb&#243;lica cr&#244;nica t&#234;m hist&#243;ria de embolia pulmonar aguda,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> e foi sugerido que os 25% restantes apresentavam &#234;mbolos recorrentes e silenciosos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Ressaltando as caracter&#237;sticas histopatol&#243;gicas da HPTEC, principalmente materiais tromb&#243;ticos com grande quantidade de col&#225;geno, elastina, raras calcifica&#231;&#245;es, e comumente c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias aderem &#224;s paredes dos vasos pulmonares e obliteram esse pequeno leito vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Assim como a HAP, a HPTEC &#233; outro exemplo de HP pr&#233;-capilar, na qual os pacientes podem ser diagnosticados hemodinamicamente com pPAP de oclus&#227;o &#8804; 15 mmHg, RVP &#8805; 3 unidades Wood e mPAP variando de 15 a 24 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os tratamentos dispon&#237;veis para HP visam especificamente a redu&#231;&#227;o da vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o de APs e da sobrecarga de press&#227;o sobre o ventr&#237;culo direito. (VD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Foi relatado que a estimula&#231;&#227;o da enzima guanilil ciclase sol&#250;vel (GCs) com um f&#225;rmaco denominado riociguate &#233; ben&#233;fica no quadro cl&#237;nico da HAP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No contexto da HPTEC, a endarterectomia pulmonar &#233; o tratamento recomendado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> No entanto, at&#233; 40% dos pacientes s&#227;o tecnicamente inoper&#225;veis e 17-31% desenvolvem HP persistente ou recorrente ap&#243;s a endarterectomia pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> &#201; importante ressaltar que o riociguate foi a primeira subst&#226;ncia a ser aprovada para o tratamento de dois grupos distintos de HP pr&#233;-capilar: HAP e HPTEC inoper&#225;vel ou persistente/recorrente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Molecularmente, em CMLAPs de pacientes com HAP e HPTEC, o eixo &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO)-sGC-GMP c&#237;clico (cGMP) est&#225; desregulado, o que resulta em inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular pulmonar, trombose e vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o exacerbada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O riociguate modifica a via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o do GMPc ao aumentar os n&#237;veis citos&#243;licos desse nucleot&#237;deo c&#237;clico, ap&#243;s est&#237;mulo da GCs. Deve-se notar que esse mecanismo &#233; independente da ativiade par&#225;crina do NO nas c&#233;lulas vasculares pulmonares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> N&#237;veis citos&#243;licos aumentados de cGMP levam &#224; vasodilata&#231;&#227;o e inibi&#231;&#227;o da prolifera&#231;&#227;o e fibrose de CMLAPs, com efeitos antitromb&#243;ticos e anti-inflamat&#243;rios adicionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o aumento do conte&#250;do de GMPc ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de riociguate pode levar &#224; inibi&#231;&#227;o da fosfodiesterase tipo 3 em cardiomi&#243;citos, o que consequentemente aumenta os n&#237;veis intracelulares de AMP c&#237;clico e promove um efeito inotr&#243;pico positivo no cora&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O riociguate tamb&#233;m pode exercer efeitos cardioprotetores e melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD quando potencializa a ativa&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na cinase G, acompanhando o aumento dos n&#237;veis de cGMP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Essa sinaliza&#231;&#227;o biomolecular &#233; explicada principalmente pela abertura dos canais K<sub>ATP</sub> mitocondriais nas c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em seu artigo inovador de 2022, Spilimbergo et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> foram os primeiros pesquisadores a investigar retrospectivamente os efeitos do riociguate em pacientes com HAP e HPTEC por meio de um estudo real de acompanhamento de 3 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Esses cientistas mediram os par&#226;metros atuais de avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco e descobriram dados interessantes que podem ajudar a comprovar os efeitos ben&#233;ficos do riociguate em indiv&#237;duos com HAP e HPTEC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em primeiro lugar, eles mostraram que o riociguat aumentou significativamente a dist&#226;ncia percorrida em 6 minutos (DTC6) ap&#243;s pelo menos 3 anos de terapia, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os dados basais, em pacientes com HAP e HPTEC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Os autores tamb&#233;m encontraram um aumento gradual da DTC6 de 3 meses a 3 anos ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do tratamento de pacientes com riociguate, com mediana final superior a 440 metros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>&#201; importante ressaltar que, ap&#243;s 3 anos de investiga&#231;&#227;o, os autores n&#227;o observaram altera&#231;&#245;es significativas nos seguintes par&#226;metros: PAP sist&#243;lica, PAP diast&#243;lica, PAPm, RVP, &#237;ndice card&#237;aco, d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e BNP do pr&#243;-horm&#244;nio N-terminal (NT) (NT-pro BNP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> No entanto, 3 anos de tratamento com riociguate aumentaram significativamente a PAP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>De acordo com os achados citados acima, os autores demonstraram que a estimula&#231;&#227;o da GCs nesta coorte diminuiu o n&#250;mero de pacientes em classe funcional III da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS), que foram ent&#227;o classificados como classe funcional II ap&#243;s o acompanhamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Considerando apenas os pacientes que completaram 3 anos de acompanhamento, no in&#237;cio do estudo, 61% dos pacientes estavam em classe funcional III, e ap&#243;s 3 anos de tratamento com riociguate, 10% dos pacientes continuaram em classe funcional III.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, no in&#237;cio do estudo, 32% dos pacientes estavam em classe funcional II e, ap&#243;s o tratamento, 71% dos pacientes estavam em classe funcional II.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m foi demonstrado que a taxa de sobrevida em tr&#234;s anos entre os pacientes com HAP e HPTEC tratados com riociguate foi de 96,7%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Portanto, podemos entender que o riociguate melhorou a capacidade funcional de exerc&#237;cio, aumentou a PAP de oclus&#227;o e preservou as demais medidas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais ap&#243;s 3 anos de tratamento, o que provavelmente transferiu a maioria dos pacientes para uma melhor classe funcional da OMS.</p>
    <p>Finalmente, de acordo com a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco n&#227;o invasiva francesa, os pesquisadores descobriram que nenhum paciente estava em baixo risco no in&#237;cio do estudo, mas 7 pacientes alcan&#231;aram o status de baixo risco ap&#243;s 3 anos de terapia com riociguate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Na minha opini&#227;o, os autores conduziram esta investiga&#231;&#227;o de forma adequada e mostraram as limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo na se&#231;&#227;o de discuss&#227;o. Nesse sentido, este trabalho pode agregar dados importantes sobre a terap&#234;utica da HP pr&#233;-capilar, embora ainda entendamos que h&#225; car&#234;ncia de agentes pleiotr&#243;picos no contexto dessas doen&#231;as, principalmente quando destacamos a necessidade de novas abordagens farmacol&#243;gicas que promovam a&#231;&#245;es ben&#233;ficas no leito vascular pulmonar (atenua&#231;&#227;o do fen&#243;tipo proliferativo de c&#233;lulas endoteliais, musculares lisas e fibroblastos) com potencial efeito cardioprotetor adicional.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Estimuladores de Guanilato Ciclase Sol&#250;vel (Riociguate) na Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar: Dados da Pr&#225;tica Cl&#237;nica Real em 3 Anos de Acompanhamento</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Should we Consider the Stimulation of Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase as Beneficial for Treating Pre-Capillary Pulmonary Hypertension?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3072-6270</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alencar</surname>
            <given-names>Allan Kardec Nogueira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Petr&#243;polis</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Petr&#243;polis, Petr&#243;polis, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Allan Kardec Nogueira de Alencar</bold> &#8226; Faculdade Arthur S&#225; Earp Neto Faculdade de Medicina de Petr&#243;polis - Av. Bar&#227;o do Rio Branco, 1003. Postal Code <postal-code>25680-120</postal-code>, Petr&#243;polis, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>allankdc@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Pulmonary hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Ciruculation</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Arterial Wedge Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase Stimulators</kwd>
        <kwd>Riociguat</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>One of the rarest and most complex group of diseases that affects the cardiopulmonary system is known as pulmonary hypertension (PH), a life-threatening clinical condition that in advanced stages eventually results in irreversible dysfunction of the right heart chamber and sudden cardiac death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and chronic thromboembolic PH (CTEPH) are two different groups within the PH clinical classification system, in which loss and obstructive remodeling of the lung vessels is responsible for a significant rise in pulmonary arterial (PA) pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), resulting in a functional decline of the heart performance and progressive right ventricle (RV) failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>PAH is a pre-capillary-type PH (Group 1), hemodynamically defined by a mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) &gt;20 mmHg, PA wedge pressure &#8804;15 mmHg, and PVR &#8805;3 Wood units.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Remodeling of pulmonary vessels in PAH is depicted by the accumulation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle (PASMCs) and endothelial cells (PAECs), fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and pericytes in the PA walls. In addition, this remodeling process results in a loss of pre-capillary arteries and exacerbates perivascular inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The excessive loss of PAECs is a key pathobiological feature of PAH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This phenomenon triggers the development of an apoptosis-resistant and hyperproliferative phenotype of PAECs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Subsequently, an intense proliferation of PAECs induces the formation of plexogenic lesions in the lung vessels, a histopathologic hallmark of PAH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Patients with thromboembolic disease may consequently develop CTEPH (Group 4 in the PH classification)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> due to a persistent pulmonary vascular obstruction after an embolic event.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Pathophysiologically, CTEPH can be multifactorial as it involves both large pulmonary vessels and microcirculation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> 75% of patients with PH in chronic thromboembolic disease have a history of acute pulmonary embolism,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and it was suggested that the remaining 25% had recurrent and silent emboli.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Pointing out the histopathological characteristics of CTEPH, mainly thrombotic materials with a large amount of collagen, elastin, rarely calcifications, and commonly inflammatory cells adhere to the pulmonary vessel walls and obliterate this small vascular bed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Similarly to PAH, CTEPH is another example of pre-capillary PH, in which patients can be hemodynamically diagnosed with a pulmonary arterial wedge pressure &#8804;15 mmHg, PVR &#8805;3 Wood units and mPAP ranging from 15 to 24 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Available treatments for PH specifically target the reduction of PA vasoconstriction and the pressure-overloaded RV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> It was reported that stimulation of the soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) enzyme with a drug named riociguat is beneficial in the clinical setting of PAH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In the context of CTEPH, pulmonary endarterectomy is the recommended treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> However, up to 40% of patients are technically inoperable, and 17-31% develop persistent or recurrent PH following the pulmonary endarterectomy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Importantly, riociguat was the first substance to be approved for the treatment of two distinct groups of pre-capillary PH: PAH and inoperable or persistent/recurrent CTEPH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Molecularly, in PASMCs from patients with PAH and CTEPH, the nitric oxide (NO)-sGC-cyclic GMP (cGMP) axis is deregulated, which results in pulmonary vascular inflammation, thrombosis and exacerbated vasoconstriction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Riociguat modifies the cGMP signaling pathway by increasing its cytosolic levels after stimulation of sGC. It should be addressed that this mechanism is independent of the paracrine roles of NO in the pulmonary vascular cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Increased cytosolic levels of cGMP lead to vasodilation and inhibition of PASMCs proliferation and fibrosis, with further antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Additionally, the increasing content of cGMP after administration of riociguat could lead to inhibition of the phosphodiesterase type 3 in cardiomyocytes, which consequently augments the intracellular levels of cyclic AMP and promotes a positive inotropic effect in the heart.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Riociguat may also exert cardioprotective effects and improve the RV function when it potentiates the activation of protein kinase G, following the rise of cGMP levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> This biomolecular signaling is mainly explained by the opening of mitochondrial K<sub>ATP</sub> channels in cardiac cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In their groundbreaking paper of 2022, Spilimbergo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> were the first researchers to retrospectively investigate the effects of riociguat in patients with PAH and CTEPH through a 3-year follow-up real-life study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> These scientists measured current risk assessment parameters and found interesting data which may help to prove the beneficial effects of riociguat in PAH and CTEPH subjects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Firstly, they have shown that riociguat significantly increased the 6-minute walking distance (6MWD) after at least 3 years of therapy, compared with the baseline data, in both patients with PAH and CTEPH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The authors also found a gradual increase in the 6MWD from 3 months to 3 years after the beginning of the treatment of diseased subjects with riociguat, with a final median greater than 440 meters.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Importantly, after 3 years of investigation, the authors did not observe significant changes in the following parameters: systolic pulmonary arterial pressure, diastolic pulmonary arterial pressure, mPAP, PVR, cardiac index, cardiac output and N-terminal (NT)-prohormone BNP (NT-pro BNP) levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> However, 3 years of treatment with riociguat significantly increased the pulmonary arterial wedge pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In accordance with the findings mentioned above, the authors have shown that the stimulation of sGC in this cohort decreased the number of patients in the World Health Organization (WHO) functional class III, who were then classified as functional class II after the follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Considering only the patients who completed 3 years of follow-up, at baseline, 61% of patients were functional class III, and after 3 years of treatment with riociguat, 10% of patients continued as functional class III.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Similarly, at baseline, 32% of the patients were in functional class II, and after treatment, 71% of the patients were in functional class II.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> It was also shown that the three-year survival rate among PAH and CTEPH patients treated with riociguat was 96.7%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Therefore, we might understand that riociguat has improved the functional exercise capacity, increased the pulmonary arterial wedge pressure and preserved the other clinical and laboratorial measurements after 3 years of treatment, which probably have transferred most patients to a better WHO functional class.</p>
      <p>Finally, according to the French non-invasive risk stratification, the researchers found that no patient was at low risk at baseline, but 7 patients achieved low-risk status after 3 years of therapy with riociguat.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In my opinion, the authors have conducted this investigation appropriately and have shown the study&#8217;s limitations in the discussion section. Accordingly, this work can add important data on the therapy for pre-capillary PH, although we still understand that there is a lack of pleiotropic agents in the context of these diseases, mainly when we highlight the need for new pharmacological approaches that promote beneficial actions on the pulmonary vascular bed (attenuation of the proliferative phenotype of endothelial, smooth muscle and fibroblast cells) with a further potential cardioprotective effect.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Stimulators (Riociguat) in Pulmonary Hypertension: Data from Real-Life Clinical Practice in a 3-Year Follow-Up</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
