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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">DtVBvhF4DRctYvj8LjKNXDF</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005006202</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000601059</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210492</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210492</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estimuladores de Guanilato Ciclase Sol&#250;vel (Riociguate) na Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar: Dados da Pr&#225;tica Cl&#237;nica Real em 3 Anos de Acompanhamento</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1873-2600</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Spilimbergo</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Brum</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9114-8243</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Assmann</surname>
            <given-names>Ta&#237;s Silveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bellon</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hoscheidt</surname>
            <given-names>La&#237;s Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caurio</surname>
            <given-names>C&#225;ssia Ferreira Braz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Puchalski</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hochhegger</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2365-4181</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Roncato</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9539-9813</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Meyer</surname>
            <given-names>Gisela Martina Bohns</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar, Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Bayer S.A.</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Bayer S.A., S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Gisela Martina Bohns Meyer &#8226; Centro de Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar &#8211; Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre &#8211; Av. Independ&#234;ncia, 75, Centro Hist&#243;rico. CEP 90035-074, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>gimeyer@terra.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Spilimbergo FB, Meyer GMB; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Spilimbergo FB, Assmann TS, Bellon M; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Spilimbergo FB, Assmann TS, Puchalski M, Hochhegger B, Roncato G, Meyer GMB; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Assmann TS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Meyer GMB; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Spilimbergo FB, Assmann TS, Roncato G, Meyer GMB; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Bellon M, Hoscheidt LM, Caurio CFB, Puchalski M, Hochhegger B.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>Fernanda Brum Spilimbergo &#8211; Honor&#225;rios de palestra e consultoria: Bayer, Eli Lilly e GSK.</p>
          <p>Marcelo Bellon &#8211; Honor&#225;rios de palestra e consultoria: Bayer, Eli Lilly e GSK.</p>
          <p>Gabriela Roncato &#8211; Funcion&#225;ria da Bayer</p>
          <p>Gisela Martina Bohns Meyer &#8211; Honor&#225;rios de palestra e consultoria: Bayer, Eli Lilly e GSK.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1059</fpage>
      <lpage>1066</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HP) &#233; uma doen&#231;a rara e complexa com progn&#243;stico ruim, que exige tratamento pela vida toda.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Descrever dados de 3 anos de acompanhamento da vida real sobre o tratamento com estimuladores de guanilato ciclase sol&#250;vel (Riociguate) de pacientes com HP, medindo par&#226;metros atuais de avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Coletamos dados cl&#237;nicos e epidemiol&#243;gicos retrospectivamente de pacientes com HP do grupo 1 (hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar) e do grupo 4 (HP tromboemb&#243;lica cr&#244;nica). Par&#226;metros n&#227;o invasivos e invasivos correspondentes &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco foram analisados na linha de base e no acompanhamento. Foram realizadas an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas usando o software SPSS 18.0, e os p-valores &lt;0,050 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> No total, 41 pacientes tratados com riociguate foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Entre eles, 31 j&#225; conclu&#237;ram 3 anos de tratamento e foram selecionados para a seguinte an&#225;lise. Na linha de base, 70,7% dos pacientes estavam nas classes funcionais III ou IV da OMS. Depois de 3 anos de tratamento, a classe funcional da OMS melhorou significativamente em todos os pacientes. Al&#233;m disso, a mediana do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6M) aumentou significativamente de 394 &#177; 91 m na linha de base para 458 &#177; 100 m ap&#243;s 3 anos de acompanhamento (p= 0,014). O &#237;ndice de sobrevida ap&#243;s tr&#234;s anos foi de 96,7%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Em nossa coorte de vida real, a maioria dos pacientes com HP tratados com riociguate demonstraram par&#226;metros de risco est&#225;veis ou melhores, especialmente no TC6M, aos 3 anos de acompanhamento.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Propulsora Pulmonar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HP) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica progressiva caracterizada pela eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial pulmonar m&#233;dia (PAPm) acima de 20 mmHg em repouso<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Antes da era moderna da terapia para HP, a expectativa de vida m&#233;dia ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico era 2,8 anos para adultos com HP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O desenvolvimento e a disponibilidade de novas terapias aumentaram significativamente a qualidade de vida e a sobrevida de pacientes com HP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A HP &#233; classificada em cinco subgrupos cl&#237;nicos: hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar (HAP), HP devido a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca esquerda, HP devido a doen&#231;a pulmonar cr&#244;nica; HP tromboemb&#243;lica cr&#244;nica (HPTEC), e HP com mecanismos multifatoriais e/ou pouco claros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Essa categoriza&#231;&#227;o considera a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica similar, achados patol&#243;gicos, caracter&#237;sticas hemodin&#226;micas, e estrat&#233;gia de tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Especificamente, a HAP (grupo 1) e HPTEC (grupo 4) s&#227;o caracterizadas como HP pr&#233;-capilares, com press&#227;o de oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar &#8804;15 mmHg e resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar (RVP) &#8805;3 unidades Wood.1 Embora a HPTEC tenha origem um tromboembolismo pulmonar cr&#244;nico, as doen&#231;as HAP e HPTEC apresentam perda e remodelagem obstrutiva do leito vascular pulmonar, resultando em press&#227;o arterial pulmonar elevada e RVP, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita progressiva e morte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m de apresentar semelhan&#231;as fisiopatol&#243;gicas, a HAP e a HPTEC tamb&#233;m t&#234;m semelhan&#231;as no tratamento farmacol&#243;gico. A endarterectomia pulmonar ainda &#233; o tratamento de escolha para pacientes com HPTEC cir&#250;rgica; entretanto, para aqueles considerados inoper&#225;veis, a evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica justificar o in&#237;cio de uma terapia m&#233;dica e a considera&#231;&#227;o de angioplastia pulmonar por bal&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O estimulador de guanilato ciclase sol&#250;vel (riociguate) tem um modo de a&#231;&#227;o duplo: 1) estimula diretamente a guanilato ciclase sol&#250;vel independentemente do &#243;xido n&#237;trico e 2) aumenta a sensibilidade da guanilato ciclase sol&#250;vel ao &#243;xido n&#237;trico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Como se sabe que pacientes com HAP ou HPTEC t&#234;m n&#237;veis reduzidos de &#243;xido n&#237;trico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> esse modo de a&#231;&#227;o &#233; muito importante para melhorar a din&#226;mica da vasculatura pulmonar. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que o riociguate melhorou significativamente a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio, bem como desfechos secund&#225;rios, tais como RVP, classe funcional da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS) e pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico pr&#243;-cerebral N-terminal (NT-proBNP) em pacientes com HAP<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> e HPTEC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Com base nesses resultados, o riociguate foi aprovado para tratamento de adultos com HAP em monoterapia ou em combina&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e &#233; o &#250;nico medicamento aprovado por ag&#234;ncias regulat&#243;rias americanas, europeias e brasileiras para o tratamento de HPTEC inoper&#225;vel ou HP residual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, o objetivo desse estudo foi descrever dados de vida real do tratamento de pacientes com HP do grupo 1 (HAP) e do grupo 4 (HPTEC) com riociguate no Brasil, medindo par&#226;metros de avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco atuais.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes com HAP e HPTEC que iniciaram o tratamento com riociguate entre 2010 e 2020 no Centro de Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar, Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Porto Alegre foram inclu&#237;dos e analisados retrospectivamente ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). Trata-se de um centro de refer&#234;ncia para o tratamento da HP que participa dos principais estudos cl&#237;nicos multic&#234;ntricos na regi&#227;o desde 2005. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local (n&#250;mero: 30199714.6.0000.5335). O diagn&#243;stico da HP foi confirmado por um cateterismo do cora&#231;&#227;o direito (CCD) em todos os pacientes.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma dos pacientes durante o estudo. HAP: hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar; HPTEC: hipertens&#227;o pulmonar tromboemb&#243;lica cr&#244;nica.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1059-10492-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimentos</title>
        <p>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas foram coletadas na linha de base, aos 3 meses, a 1 ano, e aos 3 anos de acompanhamento. Esses par&#226;metros inclu&#237;ram a determina&#231;&#227;o da etiologia da HP, classe funcional da OMS, teste da caminhada de seis minutos (TC6M), NT-proBNP, e medi&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas.</p>
        <p>A linha de base foi definida no momento da estabilidade do medicamento antes de iniciar o tratamento com riociguate. A classe funcional da OMS foi determinada pelo m&#233;dico atendente em cada visita. O TC6M foi realizado de acordo com as diretrizes da ATS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> O CCD foi realizado usando-se um cateter Swan-Ganz. O d&#233;bito card&#237;aco foi medido por termodilui&#231;&#227;o. A sobrevida foi estabelecida com base em registros m&#233;dicos eletr&#244;nicos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foi verificada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal s&#227;o expressas como m&#233;dias &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP). Vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o distorcida passaram por transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica antes das an&#225;lises e s&#227;o apresentadas como medianas (25&#186; &#8211; 75&#186; percentis).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Dados categ&#243;ricos s&#227;o expressos como n&#250;meros absolutos e porcentagens.</p>
        <p>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais e hemodin&#226;micas foram comparadas entre os grupos (HAP e HPTEC) por testes t de Student n&#227;o pareado<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> ou &#967;<sup>2</sup>, conforme apropriado. As diferen&#231;as entre linha de base, aos 3 meses, a 1 ano, e aos 3 anos de acompanhamento foram comparadas pelo teste t de Student pareado. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando-se testes de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. Foram realizadas an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas usando o software SPSS 18.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL), e os p-valores &lt;0,050 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Um total de 41 pacientes que haviam sido tratados com riociguate se qualificaram para a an&#225;lise. Entre eles, 31 j&#225; tinham conclu&#237;do 3 anos de tratamento e foram selecionados para a seguinte an&#225;lise ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas de linha de base da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . Dos 41 pacientes cadastrados neste estudo, 24 pacientes foram classificados como portadores de HAP (grupo 1) e 17 pacientes, como portadores de HPTEC (grupo 4). As etiologias mais comuns da HAP foram idiop&#225;ticas (67%). Os pacientes eram predominantemente do sexo feminino (70,7%), com uma idade m&#233;dia no momento do diagn&#243;stico de HP de 42,2 &#177; 3,5 anos. A maioria dos participantes apresentaram manifesta&#231;&#245;es moderadas a graves da doen&#231;a na linha de base, com 70,7% dos pacientes apresentando classe funcional da OMS III ou IV. No geral, os n&#237;veis medianos de NT-proBNP foram 655 pg/ml e a m&#233;dia do TC6M foi de 386 metros. Hemodinamicamente, os pacientes apresentaram uma PAPm de 45,5 &#177; 11,7 mmHg; RVP de 9,8 &#177; 1,0 Wood; &#237;ndice card&#237;aco (IC) de 2,7 &#177; 0,1 L/min ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ). &#201; importante notar que n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;a entre os grupos de HAP e HPTEC em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas analisadas ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base de pacientes tratados com riociguate</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas da linha de base</th>
                <th>Total (n= 41)</th>
                <th>HAP (n= 24)</th>
                <th>HPTEC (n= 17)</th>
                <th>P- <italic>valor</italic> *</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo, n (% masculino)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">12 (29,3)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (29,1)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (29,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,889</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade no diagn&#243;stico, anos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">42,2 &#177; 3,5</td>
                <td align="center">40,0 &#177; 4,3</td>
                <td align="center">55,7 &#177; 15,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,514</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">27,3 &#177; 1,5</td>
                <td align="center">26,7 &#177; 4,6</td>
                <td align="center">29,0 &#177; 1,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,732</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o HAP (n)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idiop&#225;tica</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Familiar</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Associada a doen&#231;a do tecido conjuntivo</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Associada a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Associada a uso de anorex&#237;geno ou anfetamina</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Associada a HIV</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Classe funcional OMS, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>II</td>
                <td align="center">12 (29,3)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (29,2)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (29,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,087</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>III</td>
                <td align="center">26 (63,4)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (70,8)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (52,9)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IV</td>
                <td align="center">3 (7,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (17,6)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Medicamentos para HP concomitantes, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Antagonista do receptor da endotelina</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">14 (77,8)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (22,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,080</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prostanoide</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">1 (50,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (50,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Anticoagulante</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">10 (58,8)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (41,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">9 (60,0)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (30,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dist&#226;ncia na caminhada de 6 minutos (m)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">386,1 &#177; 99,2</td>
                <td align="center">410,4 &#177; 72,4</td>
                <td align="center">346,5 &#177; 136,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,201</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>NT-proBNP (pg/mL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">655 (127 - 1191)</td>
                <td align="center">190 (90 &#8211; 1028)</td>
                <td align="center">793 (259 - 2554)</td>
                <td align="center">0,570</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAP sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">81,1 &#177; 3,0</td>
                <td align="center">79,9 &#177; 18,3</td>
                <td align="center">82,9 &#177; 21,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,487</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAP diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">36,2 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">38,8 &#177; 11,7</td>
                <td align="center">33,8 &#177; 6,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,121</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAPm (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">45,5 &#177; 11,7</td>
                <td align="center">55,4 &#177; 13,4</td>
                <td align="center">44,6 &#177; 8,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,410</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>POAP (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">7,8 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">7,3 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">9,5 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,131</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>RVP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">9,8 &#177; 1,0</td>
                <td align="center">11,4 &#177; 0,8</td>
                <td align="center">9,0 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,211</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>&#205;ndice card&#237;aco (L/min)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">2,7 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">2,7 &#177; 0,8</td>
                <td align="center">2,5 &#177; 0,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,921</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>D&#233;bito card&#237;aco (L/min)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">4,9 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">4,7 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">4,9 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,778</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>Os resultados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP, n (%), ou mediana (25&#186; - 75&#186;), conforme apropriado. HPTEC: hipertens&#227;o pulmonar tromboemb&#243;lica cr&#244;nica; PAPm: press&#227;o arterial pulmonar m&#233;dia; NT-proBNP: Pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico pr&#243;-cerebral N-terminal; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; HAP: hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar; PAP: press&#227;o arterial pulmonar; POAP: press&#227;o de oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar; RVP: resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar; OMS: Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de. *p-valor calculado usando o teste &#967;<sup>2</sup> ou o Teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado para comparar com as caracter&#237;sticas da linha de base entre os grupos de HAP e HPTEC, conforme apropriado.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Durante os 3 anos de acompanhamento do paciente, observou-se uma melhoria da capacidade funcional, conforme ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> . Durante o acompanhamento, o n&#250;mero de pacientes na classe funcional III diminuiu, e o da classe funcional II aumentou ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2a</xref> ). Considerando apenas os pacientes que conclu&#237;ram 3 anos de acompanhamento (n= 31), na linha de base, 61% dos pacientes estavam na classe funcional III e ap&#243;s 3 anos de tratamento com riociguate, 10% dos pacientes continuaram na classe funcional III. Da mesma forma, na linha de base, 32% dos pacientes estavam na classe funcional II e, depois do tratamento, 71% dos pacientes estavam na classe funcional II. Particularmente, o n&#250;mero de pacientes na classe funcional I aumentou de 0, na linha de base, para 5, ap&#243;s 3 anos de tratamento ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2b</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Altera&#231;&#227;o ao longo do tempo na classe funcional da OMS para pacientes com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar. A) Dados de todos os 41 pacientes na linha de base e nos per&#237;odos de acompanhamento. B) Dados de todos os 31 pacientes que conclu&#237;ram 3 anos de acompanhamento.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1059-10492-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos 31 pacientes que conclu&#237;ram 3 anos de acompanhamento est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> . Nossos resultados demonstraram uma melhora significativa de 64 m ap&#243;s 3 anos de tratamento com riociguate em compara&#231;&#227;o com a linha de base (p= 0,014). Ap&#243;s a estratifica&#231;&#227;o por etiologia de HP, observou-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 59 m nos pacientes com HAP (p= 0,045) e de 70 m em pacientes com HPTEC (p= 0,080). Al&#233;m disso, conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> , o TC6M melhorou significativamente a 3 meses, a 1 ano, e aos 3 anos, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os resultados da linha de base. Embora a redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP n&#227;o seja estatisticamente significativa, pode-se observar uma redu&#231;&#227;o clinicamente importante de 663 pg/ml nos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP ap&#243;s o tratamento com riociguate ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> ). Ademais, h&#225; uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre o TC6M e os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP ap&#243;s 3 anos de acompanhamento (r= -0,520, p= 0,027). N&#227;o se observou nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o significativa em PAD ou IC nas aferi&#231;&#245;es de linha de base em compara&#231;&#227;o com o acompanhamento de 3 anos. De acordo com a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco n&#227;o invasiva francesa, nenhum paciente tinha risco baixo na linha de base e 7 pacientes chegaram ao status de risco baixo ap&#243;s 3 anos de tratamento. Durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento, um &#250;nico paciente (3,2%) morreu devido a causas associadas a HP, e essa morte ocorreu em um paciente com classe funcional III na linha de base.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Altera&#231;&#245;es em aferi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais ap&#243;s 3 anos de tratamento com riociguate</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th>Linha de base (n= 31)</th>
                <th>3 anos (n= 31)</th>
                <th>&#916;</th>
                <th>p-valor*</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAP sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">81,6 &#177; 16,1</td>
                <td align="center">78,2 &#177; 14,2</td>
                <td align="center">-3,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,500</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAP diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">35,1 &#177; 5,2</td>
                <td align="center">34,2 &#177; 4,7</td>
                <td align="center">-0,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,618</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAPm (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">43,5 &#177; 9,0</td>
                <td align="center">39,6 &#177; 3,4</td>
                <td align="center">-3,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,253</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>POAP (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">7,3 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">9,6 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">2,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>RVP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">9,3 &#177; 3,0</td>
                <td align="center">7,9 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">-1,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,157</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>&#205;ndice card&#237;aco (L/min)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">2,9 &#177; 0,8</td>
                <td align="center">2,7 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center">-0,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,170</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>D&#233;bito card&#237;aco (L/min)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">5,2 &#177; 1,5</td>
                <td align="center">5,0 &#177; 1,5</td>
                <td align="center">-0,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,504</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dist&#226;ncia na caminhada de 6 minutos (m)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">394 &#177; 91</td>
                <td align="center">458 &#177; 100</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
                <td align="center">0,014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>NT-proBNP (pg/mL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">793 (145 - 1235)</td>
                <td align="center">130 (58 - 980)</td>
                <td align="center">-663</td>
                <td align="center">0,197</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>Os resultados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP, ou mediana (25&#186; - 75&#186;), conforme apropriado. PAPm: press&#227;o arterial pulmonar m&#233;dia; NT-proBNP: Pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico pr&#243;-cerebral N-terminal; PAP: press&#227;o arterial pulmonar; POAP: press&#227;o de oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar; RVP: resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar. *p-valor calculado usando o teste t de Student pareado em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; linha de base.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Altera&#231;&#227;o ao longo do tempo no teste da caminhada de seis minutos (TC6M) em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar. *p-valor&lt; 0,05; +p-valor&lt; 0,10; Teste t de Student pareado comparado com a linha de base.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1059-10492-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Altera&#231;&#227;o ao longo do tempo no fragmento do Pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico pr&#243;-cerebral N-terminal (NT-proBNP) para pacientes com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1059-10492-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, nosso centro tamb&#233;m observou os resultados de um subgrupo de 10 pacientes que completaram 10 anos de uso de riociguate. Na mesma linha dos resultados de 3 anos de acompanhamento, os status cl&#237;nicos desses pacientes tamb&#233;m foram satisfat&#243;rios com baixo risco e boa toler&#226;ncia ao tratamento.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a detalhar a experi&#234;ncia em vida real de tratamento de HAP e HPTEC com riociguate por pelo menos 3 anos. Nessa coorte da vida real, demonstrou-se uma melhoria no TC6M e na classe funcional da OMS nos dois grupos, HAP e HPTEC.</p>
      <p>O TC6M &#233; uma ferramenta simples para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional de exerc&#237;cio, que reflete a capacidade do indiv&#237;duo de desempenhar atividades de rotina. Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes est&#227;o familiarizados com ela<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e ela foi o desfecho mais utilizado principalmente em ensaios cl&#237;nicos de terapias de HP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Entre os testes ergom&#233;tricos, o TC6M demonstrou ter a melhor capacidade de capturar as altera&#231;&#245;es na capacidade de exerc&#237;cio al&#233;m de demonstrar ser um preditor independente de morbidade e mortalidade na HP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nossos resultados demonstraram uma melhora significativa de 64 m ap&#243;s 3 anos de tratamento com riociguate, que est&#225; de acordo com os achados de melhorias em TC6M em v&#225;rios estudos, em ensaios randomizados controlados<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> bem como em estudos de extens&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> de r&#243;tulo aberto<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> e de vida real.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, nossos dados apresentaram um aumento gradual da dist&#226;ncia de TC6M, de 3 meses a 3 anos ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do tratamento, com uma mediana final acima de 440 m, que &#233; considerado um status de baixo risco para os pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As diretrizes de tratamento de 2015 da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia ( <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> &#8211;ESC)/Sociedade Europeia Respirat&#243;ria (European Respiratory Society &#8211; ERS) recomendam avalia&#231;&#245;es de risco regulares em pacientes de HAP, para controlar os pacientes com foco no baixo risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco &#233; realizada usando-se uma abordagem multidimensional, mas h&#225; vers&#245;es abreviadas, tais como o m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo de registro franc&#234;s, que avalia TC6M, NT-proBNP e classe funcional da OMS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, tamb&#233;m foram identificadas melhorias em NT-proBNP e na classe funcional da OMS em nossos pacientes tratados com riociguate. Al&#233;m disso, sete pacientes alcan&#231;aram o status de baixo risco. Esses resultados enfatizam os benef&#237;cios do medicamento para alcan&#231;ar os objetivos do tratamento e, talvez, reduzir a mortalidade de 1 ano estimada. Relat&#243;rios anteriores encontraram melhorias significativas nesses par&#226;metros<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> e o alcance do escore de baixo risco<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> ap&#243;s o tratamento com riociguate. Nossos dados provavelmente n&#227;o alcan&#231;aram a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica devido ao tamanho pequeno da amostra.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo teve algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiramente, devido ao desenho de coorte de vida real de nosso estudo, o n&#250;mero de pacientes em cada visita variou. Segundo, esse &#233; um estudo retrospectivo com uma amostra reduzida. Terceiro, os resultados v&#234;m de um centro &#250;nico. Portanto, essas limita&#231;&#245;es devem ser consideradas ao se interpretar os resultados.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em nossa coorte de vida real, a maioria dos pacientes com HP tratados com riociguate demonstraram par&#226;metros de risco est&#225;veis ou melhores, especialmente o TC6M, aos 3 anos de acompanhamento. Al&#233;m disso, nossos dados conseguiram reproduzir os resultados de estudos fundamentais durante nosso acompanhamento.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Gabriela Roncato foi funcion&#225;ria da Bayer SA durante a reda&#231;&#227;o do estudo como ex-pesquisadora do Centro de Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar do Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Porto Alegre.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Montani</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Celermajer</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Denton</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gatzoulis</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
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            <name>
              <surname>Krowka</surname>
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            </name>
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          <article-title>Haemodynamic Definitions and Updated Clinical Classification of Pulmonary Hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Eur Respir J</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
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    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Stimulators (Riociguat) in Pulmonary Hypertension: Data from Real-Life Clinical Practice in a 3-Year Follow-Up</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1873-2600</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Spilimbergo</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Brum</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9114-8243</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Assmann</surname>
            <given-names>Ta&#237;s Silveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bellon</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hoscheidt</surname>
            <given-names>La&#237;s Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caurio</surname>
            <given-names>C&#225;ssia Ferreira Braz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Puchalski</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hochhegger</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2365-4181</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Roncato</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9539-9813</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Meyer</surname>
            <given-names>Gisela Martina Bohns</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar, Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Bayer S.A., S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Gisela Martina Bohns Meyer &#8226; Centro de Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar &#8211; Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre &#8211; Av. Independ&#234;ncia, 75, Centro Hist&#243;rico. Postal Code 90035-074, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: gimeyer@terra.com.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Spilimbergo FB, Meyer GMB; Acquisition of data: Spilimbergo FB, Assmann TS, Bellon M; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Spilimbergo FB, Assmann TS, Puchalski M, Hochhegger B, Roncato G, Meyer GMB; Statistical analysis: Assmann TS; Obtaining financing: Meyer GMB; Writing of the manuscript: Spilimbergo FB, Assmann TS, Roncato G, Meyer GMB; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Bellon M, Hoscheidt LM, Caurio CFB, Puchalski M, Hochhegger B.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>Fernanda Brum Spilimbergo - Lecture and consultation fees from: Bayer, Eli Lilly e GSK.</p>
          <p>Marcelo Bellon - Lecture and consultation fees from: Bayer, Eli Lilly e GSK.</p>
          <p>Gabriela Roncato - Bayer employee.</p>
          <p>Gisela Martina Bohns Meyer - Lecture and consultation fees from: Bayer, Eli Lilly e GSK.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a rare and complex disease with poor prognosis, which requires lifelong treatment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To describe 3-year follow-up real-life data on treatment with soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators (Riociguat) of patients with PH, measuring current risk assessment parameters.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>This study retrospectively collected clinical and epidemiological data of patients with PH of group 1 (pulmonary arterial hypertension) and group 4 (chronic thromboembolic PH). Non-invasive and invasive parameters corresponding to the risk assessment were analyzed at baseline and follow-up. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS 18.0 software, and p-values &lt; 0.050 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>In total, 41 patients receiving riociguat were included in the study. Of them, 31 had already completed 3 years of treatment and were selected for the following analysis. At baseline, 70.7% of patients were in WHO functional class III or IV. After 3 years of treatment, the WHO functional class significantly improved in all patients. In addition, the median of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) significantly increased from 394 &#177; 91 m at baseline to 458 &#177; 100 m after 3 years of follow-up (p= 0.014). The three-year survival rate was 96.7%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>In our real-life cohort, most patients with PH treated with riociguat showed stable or improved risk parameters, especially in the 6MWT, at 3 years of follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension, Pulmonary</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Wedge Pressure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive clinical condition, characterized by the elevation of mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) to greater than 20 mmHg when at rest.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Prior to the modern era of PH therapy, the average life expectancy after diagnosis had been 2.8 years for adults with PH.2 The development and availability of new therapies have significantly improved the quality of life and the survival of PH patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>PH is classified into five clinical subgroups: pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), PH due to left-sided heart disease, PH due to chronic lung disease, chronic thromboembolic PH (CTEPH), and PH with an unclear and/or multifactorial mechanisms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This categorization considers a similar clinical presentation, pathological findings, hemodynamic characteristics, and treatment strategy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Specifically, PAH (group 1) and CTEPH (group 4) are characterized as pre-capillary PH, with pulmonary arterial wedge pressure &#8804;15 mmHg and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) &#8805;3 Wood Units.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Although CTEPH originates from a chronic pulmonary thromboembolism, PAH and CTEPH diseases present loss and obstructive remodeling of the pulmonary vascular bed, resulting in elevated pulmonary arterial pressure and PVR, progressive right heart failure, and death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In addition to presenting pathophysiological similarities, PAH and CTEPH also have similarities in pharmacological treatment. Pulmonary endarterectomy remains the treatment of choice for patients with surgical CTEPH; however, for those considered inoperable, scientific evidence supports the initiation of medical therapy and the consideration of balloon pulmonary angioplasty.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator (riociguat) has a dual mode of action: 1) it directly stimulates soluble guanylate cyclase independently of nitric oxide and 2) it increases the sensitivity of soluble guanylate cyclase to nitric oxide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> As it is known that patients with PAH or CTEPH have reduced levels of nitric oxide,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> this mode of action is very important to improve the dynamics of the pulmonary vasculature. Previous studies have shown that riociguat significantly improved exercise capacity, as well as secondary endpoints, such as PVR, the World Health Organization (WHO) functional class, and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in patients with PAH<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> and CTEPH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Based on these results, riociguat was approved for the treatment of adults with PAH in monotherapy or in combination,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and it is the only medication approved by American, European, and Brazilian regulatory agencies for the treatment of inoperable CTEPH or residual PH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In this context, the aim of this study was to describe real-life data on the treatment of patients with PH from group 1 (PAH) and group 4 (CTEPH) with riociguat in Brazil, measuring current risk assessment parameters.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Selection of patients</title>
          <p>All patients with PAH and CTEPH who started the treatment with riociguat between 2010 and 2020 at the Centro de Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar, Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Porto Alegre were included and analyzed retrospectively ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). This is a Reference Center for PH treatment, which participates in the main multicenter clinical studies in the area since 2005. This study was approved by the local ethics committee (number: 30199714.6.0000.5335). Diagnosis of PH was confirmed by right heart catheterization (RHC) in all patients.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Flowchart of patients throughout the study. PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension; CTEPH: chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1059-10492-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedures</title>
          <p>Demographic and clinical characteristics were collected at baseline, 3 months, 1 year, and 3 years of follow-up. These parameters included the determination of PH etiology, the WHO functional class, the 6-minute walking test (6MWT), NT-proBNP, and hemodynamic measurements.</p>
          <p>Baseline was defined as the time of stable medication before starting treatment with riociguat. The WHO functional class was determined by the treating physician at each visit. The 6MWT was carried out according to ATS guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> RHC was performed using a Swan-Ganz catheter. Cardiac output was measured by thermodilution. Survival was established based on the electronic medical records.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Normal distribution was checked using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The continuous variables with normal distribution are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). Variables with skewed distribution were log-transformed before analyses and are presented as medians (25th &#8211; 75th percentiles).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Categorical data are shown as absolute number and percentages.</p>
          <p>Clinical, laboratorial, and hemodynamics characteristics were compared between groups (PAH and CTEPH), using the unpaired Student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic> -test<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> or &#967;<sup>2</sup>tests, as appropriate. Differences between baseline, 3 months, 1 year, and 3 years of follow-up were compared using the paired Student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic> -test. Correlation analyses were performed using Pearson&#8217;s correlation tests. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS 18.0 software (SPSS, Chicago, IL), and p-values &lt; 0.050 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 41 patients who had been treated with riociguat were eligible for the analysis. Of these, 31 had completed 3 years of follow-up and were selected for the following analysis ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . Of the 41 patients enrolled in this study, 24 patients were classified as PAH (group 1) and 17 patients as CTEPH (group 4). The most common PAH etiologies were idiopathic (67%). Patients were predominantly female (70.7%), with a mean age at PH diagnosis of 42.2 &#177; 3.5 years. Most participants showed moderate to severe disease manifestations at baseline, with 70.7% of the patients presenting WHO functional class III or IV. Overall, the median levels of NT-proBNP were 655 pg/ml, and the mean 6MWT was 386 meters. Hemodynamically, patients showed mPAP of 45.5 &#177; 11.7 mmHg; PVR of 9.8 &#177; 1.0 Wood; and a cardiac index (CI) of 2.7 &#177; 0.1 L/min ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ). It is important to note that no difference was found between the PAH and CTEPH groups regarding the analyzed characteristics ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of patients treated with riociguat</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Baseline characteristics</th>
                  <th>Total (n= 41)</th>
                  <th>PAH (n= 24)</th>
                  <th>CTEPH (n= 17)</th>
                  <th>p-value*</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Gender, n (% male)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">12 (29.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (29.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (29.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.889</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age at diagnosis, years</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">42.2 &#177; 3.5</td>
                  <td align="center">40.0 &#177; 4.3</td>
                  <td align="center">55.7 &#177; 15.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.514</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">27.3 &#177; 1.5</td>
                  <td align="center">26.7 &#177; 4.6</td>
                  <td align="center">29.0 &#177; 1.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.732</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PAH classification (n)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idiopathic</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Familiar</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Associated with connective-tissue disease</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Associated with congenital heart disease</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Associated with anorexigen or amphetamine use</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Associated with HIV</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>WHO functional class, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>II</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (29.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (29.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (29.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.087</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (63.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (70.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (52.9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IV</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (17.6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Concomitant PH medications, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Endothelin-receptor antagonist</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (77.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (22.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.080</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prostanoid</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (50.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (50.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.999</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anticoagulant</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (58.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (41.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.999</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diuretics</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (60.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (30.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.999</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>6-min walking distance (m)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">386.1 &#177; 99.2</td>
                  <td align="center">410.4 &#177; 72.4</td>
                  <td align="center">346.5 &#177; 136.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.201</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>NT-proBNP (pg/ml)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">655 (127 - 1191)</td>
                  <td align="center">190 (90 &#8211; 1028)</td>
                  <td align="center">793 (259 - 2554)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.570</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Systolic PAP (mmHg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">81.1 &#177; 3.0</td>
                  <td align="center">79.9 &#177; 18.3</td>
                  <td align="center">82.9 &#177; 21.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.487</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diastolic PAP (mmHg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">36.2 &#177; 1.7</td>
                  <td align="center">38.8 &#177; 11.7</td>
                  <td align="center">33.8 &#177; 6.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.121</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>mPAP (mmHg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">45.5 &#177; 11.7</td>
                  <td align="center">55.4 &#177; 13.4</td>
                  <td align="center">44.6 &#177; 8.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.410</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PAWP (mmHg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">7.8 &#177; 0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">7.3 &#177; 0.5</td>
                  <td align="center">9.5 &#177; 0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.131</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PVR</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">9.8 &#177; 1.0</td>
                  <td align="center">11.4 &#177; 0.8</td>
                  <td align="center">9.0 &#177; 0.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.211</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Cardiac index (L/min)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2.7 &#177; 0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">2.7 &#177; 0.8</td>
                  <td align="center">2.5 &#177; 0.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.921</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Cardiac output (L/min)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4.9 &#177; 0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">4.7 &#177; 1.3</td>
                  <td align="center">4.9 &#177; 0.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.778</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Results are presented as mean &#177; SD, n (%), or median (25<sup>th</sup>- 75<sup>th</sup>), as appropriate. CTEPH: chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension; mPAP: mean pulmonary artery pressure; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; BMI: body mass index; PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension; PAP: pulmonary artery pressure; PAWP: pulmonary arterial wedge pressure; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance; WHO: World Health Organization. *p-value computed using &#967;<sup>2</sup>test or unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test to compare the baseline characteristics between PAH and CTEPH groups, as appropriate.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>During a 3-year patient follow-up, a functional capacity improvement was noted, as illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> . During the follow-up, the number of patients in functional class III decreased, and that of functional class II increased ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2a</xref> ). Considering only the patients who completed 3 years of follow-up (n= 31), at baseline, 61% patients were functional class III, and after 3 years of treatment with riociguat, 10% of patients continued as functional class III. In the same way, at baseline, 32% of the patients were functional class II, and after treatment, 71% of the patients were in functional class II. In particular, the number of patients in functional class I increased from 0 at baseline to 5 patients after 3 years of treatment ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2b</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Change of WHO functional class over time in patients with pulmonary hypertension. A) Data from all 41 patients in baseline and follow-up periods. B) Data from the 31 patients who completed 3 years of follow-up.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1059-10492-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Clinical characteristics of the 31 patients who completed the 3 years of follow-up are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> . Our results showed a significant improvement of 64 m after 3 years of treatment with riociguat when compared to the baseline (p= 0.014). After stratification by PH etiology, a reduction of 59 m was observed in PAH (p= 0.045) and of 70 m in CTEPH patients (p= 0.080). Moreover, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> , 6MWT significantly improved in 3 months, 1 year, and 3 years when compared to baseline results. Although the decrease in NT-proBNP levels is not statically significant, a clinically important reduction of 663 pg/ml could be observed in NT-proBNP levels after treatment with riociguat ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> ). Moreover, there is a negative correlation between 6MWT and NT-proBNP levels after 3 years of follow-up (r= -0.520, p= 0.027). No significant changes were observed in RAP and CI in baseline measurements when compared to 3 years of follow-up. According to the French non-invasive risk stratification, no patient was at low risk at baseline and 7 patients achieved low risk status after 3 years of treatment. During the follow-up period, a total of one (3.2%) patient died of PH-related causes; and this death occurred in patient with functional class III at baseline.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Changes in clinical and laboratorial measurements after 3 years of treatment with riociguat</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
                  <th>Baseline (n= 31)</th>
                  <th>3 years (n= 31)</th>
                  <th>&#916;</th>
                  <th>p-value*</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Systolic PAP (mmHg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">81.6 &#177; 16.1</td>
                  <td align="center">78.2 &#177; 14.2</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.500</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diastolic PAP (mmHg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">35.1 &#177; 5.2</td>
                  <td align="center">34.2 &#177; 4.7</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.618</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>mPAP (mmHg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">43.5 &#177; 9.0</td>
                  <td align="center">39.6 &#177; 3.4</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.253</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PAWP (mmHg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">7.3 &#177; 1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">9.6 &#177; 3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">2.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.013</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PVR</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">9.3 &#177; 3.0</td>
                  <td align="center">7.9 &#177; 3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.157</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Cardiac Index (L/min)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2.9 &#177; 0.8</td>
                  <td align="center">2.7 &#177; 0.7</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.170</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Cardiac output (L/min)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5.2 &#177; 1.5</td>
                  <td align="center">5.0 &#177; 1.5</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.504</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>6-min walk distance (m)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">394 &#177; 91</td>
                  <td align="center">458 &#177; 100</td>
                  <td align="center">64</td>
                  <td align="center">0.014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>NT-proBNP (pg/ml)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">793 (145 - 1235)</td>
                  <td align="center">130 (58 - 980)</td>
                  <td align="center">-663</td>
                  <td align="center">0.197</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Results are presented as mean &#177; SD or median (25<sup>th</sup>- 75<sup>th</sup>), as appropriate. mPAP: mean pulmonary artery pressure; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; PAP: pulmonary artery pressure; PAWP: pulmonary arterial wedge pressure; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance. *p-value computed using paired Student&#8217;s t-test compared to Baseline.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Change of 6-min walking test (6MWT) over time in patients with pulmonary hypertension. *p-value&lt; 0.05; +p-value&lt; 0.10; Paired Student&#8217;s t-test compared to Baseline.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1059-10492-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Change of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) over time in patients with pulmonary hypertension.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1059-10492-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Additionally, our center also observed the results of a sub-group of 10 patients who have completed 10-years using riociguat. In the same line of 3 years of follow-up results, the clinical status of these patients was also satisfactory, with low risk and good treatment tolerability.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to detail the real-life experience of treating PAH and CTEPH with riociguat for at least 3 years. In this real-life cohort, we show an improvement in 6MWT and WHO functional class in both groups, PAH and CTEPH.</p>
        <p>The 6MWT is a simple tool for the evaluation of functional exercise capacity, which reflects the capacity of the individual to perform activities of daily living. Moreover, it is familiar to patients<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and has been the most employed primary endpoint in clinical trials of PH therapies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Among exercise tests, the 6MWT has proven to have the best ability to capture changes in exercise capacity and has regularly proven to be an independent predictor of morbidity and mortality in PH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our results showed a significant improvement of 64 m after 3 years of treatment with riociguat, which is in accordance with the findings of improvements in 6MWT of many studies, both randomized controlled trials<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> as well as extension,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> open-label<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> and real-life studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> In addition, our data presented a gradual increase in 6MWT distance, from 3 months to 3 years after the start of treatment, with a final median greater than 440m, which is considered a low-risk status for patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The 2015 European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/European Respiratory Society (ERS) treatment guidelines recommend regular risk assessment in PAH patients, to manage the patients, focusing on low risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This risk assessment is performed using a multidimensional approach, but there are abbreviated versions, such as the French registry non-invasive method, which evaluate 6MWT, NT-ProBNP, and WHO functional class.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In this context, we also found improvements in NT-ProBNP and WHO functional class in our patients treated with riociguat. Moreover, seven patients achieved the low-risk status. These results emphasize the benefits of medication to the achievement of treatment goals and, perhaps, to reduce the estimated 1-year mortality. Previous reports found significant improvements in these parameters<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> and in the low-risk score achievement<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> after treatment with riociguat. It is likely that our data did not reach statistical significance because of the small sample size.</p>
        <p>Our study has some limitations. First, due to the real-life cohort design of this study, the number of patients at each visit varied. Second, this is a retrospective study with a reduced sample size. Third, the results are from a single center. Therefore, these limitations should be considered when interpreting the results.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In our real-life cohort, most patients with PH treated with riociguat showed stable or improved risk parameters, especially the 6MWT, at 3 years of follow-up. Moreover, our data was able to reproduce the results of pivotal studies during our follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>Gabriela Roncato was an employee of Bayer SA during the writing of the study as a former researcher at Centro de Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar, Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Porto Alegre.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
