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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">DBkBNTRMSFLNnbrFCYw4n8L</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005004203</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000601049</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210463</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210463</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aumento de Capta&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG Induzida por Quimioterapia em Pacientes com Linfoma: Um Marcador Precoce de Cardiotoxicidade?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dourado</surname>
            <given-names>Mayara L. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9893-4343</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dompieri</surname>
            <given-names>Luca T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leit&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Glauber M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mourato</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Renata G. G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3584-5316</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo J</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3068-0540</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Markman</surname>
            <given-names>Brivaldo</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8809-8783</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo D. T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9899-1612</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Simone C. S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Oncologia, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas/Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Real Hospital Portugu&#234;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Real Nuclear, Real Hospital Portugu&#234;s, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina Interna</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Simone Cristina Soares Brand&#227;o &#8226; Departamento de Medicina Nuclear &#8211; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#8211; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco &#8211; Rua Professor Moraes Rego, 1235. CEP 50670-901, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>sbrandaonuclearufpe@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Dourado MLC, Leit&#227;o GM, Mourato FA, Almeida Filho PJ, Markman Filho B, Melo MDT, Brand&#227;o SCS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Dourado MLC, Dompieri LT, Leit&#227;o GM, Mourato FA, Santos RGG, Almeida Filho PJ, Markman Filho B, Melo MDT, Brand&#227;o SCS; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Dourado MLC, Brand&#227;o SCS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Dourado MLC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Dourado MLC, Dompieri LT, Brand&#227;o SCS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1049</fpage>
      <lpage>1058</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Ainda n&#227;o est&#225; estabelecido se a capta&#231;&#227;o de fluorodesoxiglicose no mioc&#225;rdio ocorre exclusivamente por caracter&#237;sticas fisiol&#243;gicas ou se representa um desarranjo metab&#243;lico causado pela quimioterapia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Investigar os efeitos da quimioterapia no cora&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com linfoma por tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons associada a tomografia computadorizada (PET/CT) com 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-desoxi-D-glicose (<sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT) antes, durante e/ou ap&#243;s a quimioterapia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Setenta pacientes com linfoma submetidos a <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT foram retrospectivamente analisados. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi de 5%. A capta&#231;&#227;o de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG foi avaliada por tr&#234;s medidas: capta&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ( <italic>standardized uptake value</italic> , SUV max), raz&#227;o SUV card&#237;aco / aorta e SUV card&#237;aco / SUV no f&#237;gado. Tamb&#233;m foram comparados peso corporal, glicemia de jejum, tempo p&#243;s-inje&#231;&#227;o e dose administrada de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG entre os exames.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A idade m&#233;dia foi de 50,4 &#177; 20,1 anos e 50% dos pacientes eram mulheres. A an&#225;lise foi realizada em dois grupos &#8211; PET/CT basal vs. intermedi&#225;rio e PET/CT basal vs p&#243;s-terapia. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e do protocolo dos exames entre os diferentes momentos avaliados. N&#243;s observamos um aumento na SUV m&#225;xima no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 3,5&#177;1,9 (basal) para 5,6&#177;4,0 (intermedi&#225;rio), p=0,01, e de 4,0&#177;2,2 (basal) para 6,1&#177;4,2 (p&#243;s-terapia), p&lt;0,001. Uma porcentagem de aumento &#8805;30% na SUV m&#225;xima no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ocorreu em mais da metade da amostra. O aumento da SUV card&#237;aca foi acompanhado por um aumento na raz&#227;o SUV m&#225;xima no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo / SUV m&#225;xima na aorta e SUV m&#233;dia no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo /SUV m&#233;dia no f&#237;gado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O estudo mostrou um aumento evidente na capta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG em pacientes com linfoma, durante e ap&#243;s quimioterapia. A literatura corrobora com esses achados e sugere que a <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT pode ser um exame de imagem sens&#237;vel e confi&#225;vel para detectar sinais metab&#243;licos precoces de cardiotoxicidade.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiotoxicidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Quimioterapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Linfoma</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="45"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A cardiotoxicidade (CTX) induzida por quimioterapia e radioterapia abrange v&#225;rias formas de les&#227;o ao sistema cardiovascular que induz uma produ&#231;&#227;o aumentada de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio (EROs) e de nitrog&#234;nio, peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica e inflama&#231;&#227;o. Tal quadro leva &#224; apoptose de cardiomi&#243;citos e &#224; fibrose intersticial, aumentando o risco de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial coronariana, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Atualmente a CTX &#233; monitorada por ecocardiografia peri&#243;dica para avalia&#231;&#227;o de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) reduzida e/ou strain longitudinal global reduzido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No entanto, o diagn&#243;stico de CTX baseado nesses par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#233; feito tardiamente, e pode ser indicativo de uma les&#227;o importante e irrevers&#237;vel do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Assim, &#233; necess&#225;rio examinar anormalidades do mioc&#225;rdio a n&#237;vel subcelular para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o sens&#237;vel e precoce de CTX induzida por medicamentos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A medicina nuclear tem se mostrado muito &#250;til para identificar doen&#231;a subcl&#237;nica induzida por tratamento do c&#226;ncer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons associada a tomografia computadorizada (PET/CT) com 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-desoxi-D-glicose (<sup>18</sup>F-FDG) &#233; amplamente utilizada na oncologia, principalmente em pacientes com linfoma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A capta&#231;&#227;o e distribui&#231;&#227;o tecidual de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG &#233; vari&#225;vel, e dependente de v&#225;rios fatores, tais como glicemia, per&#237;odo de jejum e medicamentos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, dados recentes sugerem que o ac&#250;mulo mioc&#225;rdico de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG n&#227;o se deve totalmente ao consumo de glicose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A reten&#231;&#227;o do marcador mostrou-se dependente da atividade da enzima hexose-6-fosfato desidrogenase (H6PD) no ret&#237;culo endoplasm&#225;tico (RE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Essa enzima pode processar muitas hexoses, incluindo FDG,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> e desencadear uma via de fosfato pentose, preservando n&#237;veis de NADPH em resposta a estados de estresse oxidativo, como a CTX.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar potenciais sinais metab&#243;licos precoces de les&#227;o card&#237;aca pela avalia&#231;&#227;o da capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG por PET/CT em pacientes com linfoma antes, durante e/ou ap&#243;s quimioterapia.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes</title>
        <p>Setenta pacientes diagnosticados com linfoma, submetidos a <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT no servi&#231;o de medicina nuclear do Real Hospital Portugu&#234;s em Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil, entre 01 de janeiro de 2012 e 28 de agosto de 2017, foram analisados retrospectivamente. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica do Centro de Ci&#234;ncias de Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, o qual isentou os autores de apresenta&#231;&#227;o de consentimento por escrito dada a natureza retrospectiva do estudo.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: diagn&#243;stico prim&#225;rio de linfoma, idade igual ou superior a 10 anos, e realiza&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos dois exames de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT antes, durante e/ou ap&#243;s a quimioterapia. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram aus&#234;ncia de PET/CT basais ou de controle, dados cl&#237;nicos e de imagens indispon&#237;veis ou sem possibilidade de serem avaliados, e terapia insul&#237;nica no dia do exame.</p>
        <p>Hist&#243;ria e caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes, e vari&#225;veis relacionadas ao protocolo de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT registradas nos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos foram coletadas, tais como peso, dose de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG injetada, glicemia de jejum, e tempo para in&#237;cio da aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o do FDG. Para os exames de imagem, quantificou-se a capta&#231;&#227;o de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG medindo-se os valores m&#233;dio e m&#225;ximo no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), na aorta (pool sanguineo) e no f&#237;gado.</p>
        <p>Quatro pacientes tinham somente exames PET/CT basal e intermedi&#225;rio antes e durante quimioterapia, respectivamente, 40 somente exame basal e p&#243;s-terapia, e 26 apresentavam os tr&#234;s (basal, intermedi&#225;rio e p&#243;s-terapia). Para a an&#225;lise, os pacientes foram ent&#227;o divididos em dois grupos, grupo 1, pacientes com dados de PET/CT basal e intermedi&#225;rio (n=30), e grupo 2, pacientes com dados basais e p&#243;s-terapia (n=66). Assim, alguns pacientes participaram de ambas as an&#225;lises.</p>
        <p>Cada grupo foi em seguida dividido em dois subgrupos de acordo com a mudan&#231;a na SUV m&#225;xima de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo entre o exame basal e o exame de controle: uma porcentagem de aumento igual ou superior a 30% (grupo &#8805;30%), e uma mudan&#231;a de capta&#231;&#227;o de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG inferior a 30% (grupo &lt;30%). A escolha de um ponto de corte de 30% baseou-se no PERCIST<sup>18</sup> ( <italic>PET Response Criteria in Solid Tumors</italic> ), um conjunto de crit&#233;rios aplicados para avalia&#231;&#227;o da resposta do tumor &#224; quimioterapia e radioterapia, por meio de mudan&#231;as metab&#243;licas verificadas por exames de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT scans.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo 18F-FDG PET/CT</title>
        <p>Para o exame de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT, os pacientes foram orientados a realizar jejum de pelo menos seis horas, n&#227;o interromper nenhuma medica&#231;&#227;o, e n&#227;o realizar exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos por 24 horas antes do exame. No dia do exame, foram medidos peso corporal (Kg) e glicemia de jejum, e <sup>18</sup>F-FDG foi administrada por acesso venoso. Os n&#237;veis de glicemia deveriam ser inferiores a 180mg/dL. A <sup>18</sup>F-FDG foi administrada em uma dose de atividade entre 3,7 a 4,8MBq/Kg e, ap&#243;s 60 minutos, as imagens foram obtidas por PET/CT (Biograph 16, Siemens Healthcare, EUA), a partir da base do cr&#226;nio at&#233; o ter&#231;o m&#233;dio proximal do f&#234;mur, tr&#234;s minutos por posi&#231;&#227;o. Os par&#226;metros de aquisi&#231;&#227;o da CT inclu&#237;ram: cortes de 5mm, 120kV de voltagem, e sem administra&#231;&#227;o de contraste endovenoso.</p>
        <p>As imagens foram processadas usando reconstru&#231;&#227;o iterativa (duas itera&#231;&#245;es, oito subgrupos com filtro gaussiano) por um m&#233;dico nuclear, que realizou uma an&#225;lise quantitativa com SUV m&#225;xima e SUV m&#233;dio. Ambos os SUVs foram medidos no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em imagens fundidas de PET/CT e determinados de modo semiautom&#225;tico, com aux&#237;lio do programa syngo vers&#227;o 5.1 (Siemens Healthcare), a partir da demarca&#231;&#227;o de um volume de interesse (VOI) incluindo todo o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. SUV m&#225;xima e m&#233;dio do pool sangu&#237;neo foram medidos pela demarca&#231;&#227;o da regi&#227;o de interesse (ROI) na aorta descendente logo ap&#243;s o arco a&#243;rtico. SUV m&#225;xima e m&#233;dio do f&#237;gado foram medidos pela demarca&#231;&#227;o de uma ROI no segmento VI.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram analisados com o programa Stata 12.1. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP); e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas em frequ&#234;ncia e porcentagem. Compara&#231;&#245;es de porcentagem entre dois grupos independentes foram realizados pelo teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson ou teste exato de Fisher. O teste t de Student foi usado para comparar duas m&#233;dias tanto de amostras independentes como de amostras pareadas. Em todos os testes, um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% foi adotado para rejeitar a hip&#243;tese nula.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A idade m&#233;dia dos 70 pacientes estudados foi 50,4 &#177; 20,1 anos (16-88 anos), e 50% dos pacientes eram mulheres. Vinte pacientes (28,6%) apresentavam hipertens&#227;o e 10 (14,3%) diabetes. Cerca de 67% (n=47) apresentavam linfoma n&#227;o-Hodgkin (LNH) e os demais, linfoma de Hodgkin (LH). Somente tr&#234;s pacientes (4,3%) se submeteram &#224; radioterapia do mediastino entre o fim da quimioterapia e o exame <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT de controle. Foi poss&#237;vel definir o regime quimioter&#225;pico em 33 pacientes (47,1%) e todos os regimes inclu&#237;ram drogas cardiot&#243;xicas ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e terap&#234;uticas dos pacientes avaliados (n=70)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>N (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo feminino</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">35 (50,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">20 (28,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Diabetes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">10 (14,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dislipidemia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">14 (20,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Tabagismo</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o fumante</td>
                <td align="center">49 (70,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ex-fumante</td>
                <td align="center">20 (28,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fumante</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Consumo de &#225;lcool</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">5 (7,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hemodi&#225;lise</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Medicamentos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nenhum</td>
                <td align="center">10 (14,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Medicamento n&#227;o cardioprotetor <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">40 (57,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Medicamento cardioprotetor <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">20 (28,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>C&#226;ncer</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Linfoma de Hodgkin</td>
                <td align="center">23 (32,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Linfoma n&#227;o Hodgkin</td>
                <td align="center">47 (67,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Quimioterapia</bold>
                  <sup>b</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RCHOP</td>
                <td align="center">11 (33,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RCHOP + alternativo</td>
                <td align="center">6 (18,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ABVD</td>
                <td align="center">11 (33,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ABVD + alternativo</td>
                <td align="center">2 (6,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DA-EPOCH-R</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BEACOPP</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RCOP</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Mediastino Radioterapia ap&#243;s pet basal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>3 (4,3)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic><sup>a</sup> Medicamento cardioprotetor: bloqueador de receptor de angiotensina II, betabloqueador, inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina; <sup>b</sup> Dispon&#237;vel para 33 pacientes. ABVD: Adriamicina ou Doxorrubicina + Bleomicina + Vimblastina + Dacarbazina; BEACOPP: Bleomicina + Etopos&#237;deo + Adriamicina ou Doxorrubicina + Ciclofosfamida + Vincristina + Procarbazina + Prednisona; DAC: Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, DA-EPOCH-R: Etopos&#237;deo com dose ajustada + Prednisona + Vincristina + Ciclofosfamida + Doxorrubicina ou Hidroxidoxorrubicina + Rituximab, RCHOP: Rituximab + Ciclofosfamida + Doxorrubicina ou Hidroxidoxorrubicina + Vincristina + Prednisona, RCOP: Rituximab + Ciclofosfamida + Vincristina + Prednisona; PET: tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Grupo 1: 18F-FDG PET/CT basal e intermedi&#225;rio</title>
        <p>Houve padroniza&#231;&#227;o do protocolo <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT entre o exame basal e o exame intermedi&#225;rio. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na dose de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG administrada, glicemia de jejum, e tempo decorrido quando comparados os exames basal e intermerdiario. O peso m&#233;dio dos pacientes tamb&#233;m n&#227;o mudou significativamente, o que possibilitou a compara&#231;&#227;o da capta&#231;&#227;o de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG nos &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o de peso corporal, glicemia de jejum, dose injetada de 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-desoxi-D-glicose (18F-FDG), e m&#233;dia de tempo ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o de 18F-FDG entre os exames de tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons (PET) basal e intermedi&#225;rio</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel (N=30)</th>
                  <th>Basal</th>
                  <th>Intermedi&#225;rio</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p*</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                  <th>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Peso</bold> (Kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">75,3 &#177; 14,3</td>
                  <td align="center">74,7 &#177; 13,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,551</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Glicemia de jejum</bold> (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">92,6 &#177; 19,5</td>
                  <td align="center">93,4 &#177; 19,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,816</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Dose de</bold><sup>18</sup>F-FDG mCi</td>
                  <td align="center">9,1 &#177; 2,7</td>
                  <td align="center">9,1 &#177; 2,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,971</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Tempo p&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o</bold> (min)</td>
                  <td align="center">68,8 &#177; 10,0</td>
                  <td align="center">65,9 &#177; 9,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,308</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>*Teste t de Student.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Por outro lado, a SUV m&#225;xima de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo aumentou no exame intermedi&#225;rio em compara&#231;&#227;o ao basal. Tamb&#233;m se observou um aumento significativo na raz&#227;o SUV m&#225;xima no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo/SUV m&#225;xima na aorta e na raz&#227;o SUV m&#233;dia no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo/SUV m&#233;dia no f&#237;gado do exame basal ao exame intermedi&#225;rio ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1A</xref> ). O intervalo m&#233;dio entre os exames basal e intermedi&#225;rio foi 95,4 &#177; 32,2 dias.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Grupo 01 &#8211; A) Compara&#231;&#227;o do valor m&#225;ximo de capta&#231;&#227;o (SUV, do ingl&#234;s standardized uptake value) no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, raz&#227;o SUV m&#225;xima no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo/SUV m&#225;xima na aorta e SUV m&#233;dio no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo/SUV m&#233;dio no f&#237;gado entre tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitron (PET) basal e PET intermedi&#225;rio B) Compara&#231;&#227;o de SUV m&#225;xima no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo/SUV m&#225;xima na aorta e SUV m&#233;dia no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo/SUV m&#233;dia no f&#237;gado entre PET basal e PET intermedi&#225;rio no grupo com aumento na SUV m&#225;xima no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#8805; 30% C: Compara&#231;&#227;o de SUV m&#225;xima no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo / SUV m&#225;xima na aorta e SUV m&#233;dia no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo/SUV m&#233;dia no f&#237;gado entre PET basal e PET intermedi&#225;rio no grupo com aumento na SUV m&#225;xima no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &lt; 30%; SUV max VE: SUV m&#225;xima no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; SUV max AO: SUV m&#225;xima na aorta; SUV m&#233;dio VE: SUV m&#233;dia no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1049-10463-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Dos 30 pacientes que se submeteram ao exame de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT, 16 (53,3%) apresentaram um aumento &#8805;30% (grupo &#8805;30%) na SUV m&#225;xima. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, tais como fatores de risco e medicamentos usados, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as.</p>
        <p>Os valores de SUV m&#225;xima no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo/SUV m&#225;xima na aorta e da raz&#227;o SUV m&#233;dia no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo/SUV m&#233;dia no f&#237;gado tamb&#233;m aumentaram significativamente na avalia&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; basal no grupo &gt;= 30% ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1B</xref> ). No grupo &lt;30% (n=14), n&#227;o houve aumento estatisticamente significativo nessas raz&#245;es entre o exame basal e o exame intermedi&#225;rio ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1C</xref> ).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Grupo 2: 18F-FDG PET/CT basal e p&#243;s-terapia</title>
        <p>Sessenta e seis pacientes submeteram-se a exames <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT nos per&#237;odos basal e p&#243;s-terapia. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na glicemia de jejum, na dose de atividade de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG administrada, e no tempo p&#243;s-inje&#231;&#227;o entre as duas avalia&#231;&#245;es. O peso m&#233;dio dos pacientes foi ligeiramente maior no exame p&#243;s-terapia em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; m&#233;dia de peso basal ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o de peso corporal, glicemia de jejum, dose injetada de 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-desoxi-D-glicose (18F-FDG), e m&#233;dia de tempo ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o de 18F-FDG entre os exames de tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons (PET) basal e p&#243;s-terapia</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel (N=66)</th>
                  <th>Basal</th>
                  <th>P&#243;s-Terapia</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p*</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                  <th>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Peso</bold> (Kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">72,7 &#177; 14,8</td>
                  <td align="center">75,2 &#177; 15,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Glicemia de jejum</bold> (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">91,6 &#177; 15,6</td>
                  <td align="center">91,6 &#177; 16,7</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;0,99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Dose de</bold><sup>18</sup>F-FDG mCi</td>
                  <td align="center">9,2 &#177; 2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">9,5 &#177; 2,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,308</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Tempo p&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o</bold> (min)</td>
                  <td align="center">68,6 &#177; 9,1</td>
                  <td align="center">70,4 &#177; 5,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,606</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>* Teste t de Student.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A SUV m&#225;xima no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi significativamente maior no PET p&#243;s-terapia. Observamos um aumento absoluto de 2,1 (IC 95% 1,3 a 3,0), o que representa uma porcentagem de aumento de 66,5% (IC 95% 43,3% a 89,7%) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao exame basal.</p>
        <p>Os valores de SUV m&#225;xima no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo /SUV m&#225;xima na aorta e de SUV m&#233;dio no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo /SUV m&#233;dio no f&#237;gado tamb&#233;m aumentaram no PET p&#243;s-terapia em compara&#231;&#227;o ao basal ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2A</xref> ). O tempo m&#233;dio entre o exame basal e o exame p&#243;s-terapia foi de 231,8&#177;125,7 dias.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Grupo 2: Compara&#231;&#227;o do valor m&#225;ximo de capta&#231;&#227;o (SUV, do ingl&#234;s standardized uptake value) no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, raz&#227;o SUV m&#225;xima no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo / SUV m&#225;xima na aorta e SUV m&#233;dio no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo/SUV m&#233;dio no f&#237;gado entre tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitron (PET) basal e PET p&#243;s-terapia B: Compara&#231;&#227;o de SUV m&#225;xima no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo / SUV m&#225;xima na aorta e SUV m&#233;dio no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo/SUV m&#233;dia no f&#237;gado entre PET basal e PET p&#243;s-terapia no grupo com aumento na SUV m&#225;xima no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#8805; 30% C: Compara&#231;&#227;o de SUV m&#225;xima no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo / SUV m&#225;xima na aorta e SUV m&#233;dio no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo/SUV m&#233;dia no f&#237;gado entre PET basal e PET p&#243;s-terapia no grupo com aumento na SUV m&#225;xima no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &lt; 30%; SUV max VE: SUV m&#225;xima no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; SUV max AO: SUV m&#225;xima na aorta; SUV m&#233;dio VE: SUV m&#233;dio no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1049-10463-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Dos 66 pacientes, 38 (57,6%) apresentaram um aumento &#8805; 30% na capta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG (grupo &#8805; 30%). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre os grupos quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, tais como fatores de risco cardiovasculares e uso de medicamentos.</p>
        <p>Os valores de SUV m&#225;xima no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo /SUV m&#225;xima na aorta e de SUV m&#233;dio no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo /SUV m&#233;dio no f&#237;gado aumentaram significativamente na avalia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-terapia em compara&#231;&#227;o ao basal no grupo &#8805; 30% ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2B</xref> ). No grupo &lt;30% (n=28), n&#227;o houve aumento significativo nessas raz&#245;es ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2C</xref> ).</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ilustra um exemplo do comportamento da SUV m&#225;xima antes, durante e ap&#243;s quimioterapia.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Exemplo de caso - valor m&#225;ximo de capta&#231;&#227;o (SUV, do ingl&#234;s standardized uptake value) (SUVmax) no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitron (PET/CT) basal (5,86), intermedi&#225;rio (8,95/52,73% de aumento a partir do basal) e p&#243;s-terapia (9,67/65,02% de aumento a partir do basal).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1049-10463-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo mostrou que a quimioterapia em pacientes com linfoma causou um desequil&#237;brio no metabolismo card&#237;aco, o que foi evidenciado pela maior capta&#231;&#227;o de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG. Tais resultados s&#227;o corroborados por evid&#234;ncias recentes que sugerem que essa maior capta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca de FDG induzida por quimioterapia pode ser um sinal de CTX. O aumento de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG card&#237;aco foi observado no PET intermedi&#225;rio e no PET p&#243;s-terapia. Tais resultados n&#227;o sofreram interfer&#234;ncia quanto &#224; dose de atividade de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG administrada ou qualquer diferen&#231;a poss&#237;vel no preparo ou momento de realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame.</p>
      <p>O exame de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT &#233; um m&#233;todo bem estabelecido no diagn&#243;stico e estadiamento de pacientes oncol&#243;gicos, especialmente pacientes com linfoma, com potencial capacidade de avaliar manifesta&#231;&#245;es precoces de CTX a n&#237;vel subcelular, como postulado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Cascata de cardiotoxicidade &#8211; A les&#227;o provocada por cardiotoxicidade desencadeia uma s&#233;rie de altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas em resposta ao estresse oxidativo, detect&#225;veis por tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons e 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-desoxi-D-glicose (18F-FDG) (18F-FDG PET/CT). A les&#227;o e a falha de autorregenera&#231;&#227;o dos mi&#243;citos contribuem para a disfun&#231;&#227;o celular e altera&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas detectadas pela avalia&#231;&#227;o do strain. Ainda, o processo continua com uma diminui&#231;&#227;o no desempenho card&#237;aco avaliado pela fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE). Sinais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca podem ser ent&#227;o detectados, sugerindo que o cora&#231;&#227;o j&#225; n&#227;o atende as demandas corporais, ou o faz &#224;s custas de uma press&#227;o de enchimento ventricular elevada (EROs: esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio; RE: ret&#237;culo endoplasm&#225;tico; PPP: via da pentose fosfato; H6PD: hexose-6-fosfato desidrogenase; FDG: Fluorodesoxiglicose; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1049-10463-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Terapias antineopl&#225;sicas t&#234;m melhorado taxas de sobrevida em pacientes oncol&#243;gicos. No entanto, seus efeitos citot&#243;xicos mostram um amplo espectro de altera&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas e agudas ao sistema cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Sabe-se que mecanismos celulares e moleculares da CTX afetam a homeostase principalmente no mioc&#225;rdio e no endot&#233;lio, prejudicando significativamente a sa&#250;de cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A CTX afeta o sistema cardiovascular primeiramente pela inibi&#231;&#227;o da topoisomerase II e forma&#231;&#227;o de EROs, que desencadeiam as vias apopt&#243;ticas dependente de mitoc&#244;ndria (intr&#237;nseca) e dos receptores de morte celular. (extr&#237;nseca). A cascata continua com a ativa&#231;&#227;o da caspase 3, express&#227;o da fosfatidilserina, fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do DNA, condensa&#231;&#227;o da cromatina, e metaboliza&#231;&#227;o da membrana fosfolip&#237;dica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> O est&#225;gio final &#233; caracterizado pela forma&#231;&#227;o de bolhas (&#8220; <italic>blebbing</italic> &#8221;) na membrana e encolhimento das c&#233;lulas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Esse &#233; o mecanismo subjacente da CTX subcl&#237;nica que oferece v&#225;rias oportunidades para avaliar sinais precoces dessa entidade.</p>
      <p>As recomenda&#231;&#245;es e diretrizes atuais baseiam-se em t&#233;cnicas de imagens focadas em par&#226;metros anat&#244;micos, tais como a ecocardiografia, angiografia radioisot&#243;pica (MUGA, <italic>multigated radionuclide angiography)</italic> , e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Contudo, essas abordagens detectam manifesta&#231;&#245;es tardias da CTX com baixa sensibilidade para altera&#231;&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As t&#233;cnicas de medicina nuclear podem ser uma ferramenta para avaliar pontos espec&#237;ficos da via de CTX. O <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT, comumente utilizado para detectar metabolismo glicol&#237;tico tumoral, tem se mostrado como um marcador &#250;til na detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de CTX. Inicialmente, v&#225;rios estudos indicaram que a doxorrubicina (DXR), uma das antraciclinas, pode afetar especificamente o metabolismo do mioc&#225;rdio, como mostrado em estudo experimental.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>V&#225;rios estudos cl&#237;nicos e experimentais t&#234;m mostrado que medica&#231;&#245;es cardiot&#243;xicas, tais como sunitinibe e antraciclinas, aumenta a capta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG ao longo do tempo, e est&#225; relacionada a altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar de a capta&#231;&#227;o de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG ser comumente associada ao consumo de glicose, dados mais recentes mostram resultados diferentes. O estresse redox e sua resposta antioxidante t&#234;m sido caracterizadas como um poss&#237;vel mecanismo por tr&#225;s da progress&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca na CTX e na capta&#231;&#227;o de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG, independentemente do metabolismo glicol&#237;tico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O estresse redox a n&#237;vel do RE pode ativar a via fosfato pentose local desencadeada por H6PD para alimentar os n&#237;veis de NADPH necess&#225;rios para a resposta antioxidante, e est&#225; relacionada &#224; capta&#231;&#227;o aumentada de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em situa&#231;&#245;es de estresse oxidativo, o NADPH &#233; uma fonte importante de el&#233;trons para rea&#231;&#245;es de redu&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> O NADPH &#233; gerado no meio intraluminal pela H6PD, uma enzima bifuncional que catalisa as duas primeiras etapas da via fosfato pentose, convertendo glicose-6-fosfato em 6-fosfogluconato com produ&#231;&#227;o concomitante de NADPH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> H6PD tem como substrato v&#225;rias hexoses como 2-desoxiglicose e <sup>18</sup>F-FDG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No cora&#231;&#227;o, existe uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre o estresse oxidativo no RE e a capta&#231;&#227;o de 2 - desoxiglicose,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> que pode ser considerada como uma fase metab&#243;lica inicial da disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til causada pela sobrecarga de press&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, Hrelia et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> mostraram que a capta&#231;&#227;o aumentada de 2 - desoxiglicose, induzida por doxorrubicina nos cardiomi&#243;citos pode ser revertida por um efeito antioxidante do alfa-tocoferol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em 2019, Bauckneht et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> analisaram o efeito do dano oxidativo induzido por DXR sobre a correla&#231;&#227;o entre capta&#231;&#227;o de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG, consumo de glicose, e a resposta metab&#243;lica induzida por H6PD em camundongos. O estudo mostrou que o estresse redox no mioc&#225;rdio persistiu e se correlacionou diretamente com o aumento na capta&#231;&#227;o de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG (aumento da SUV), bem como na ativa&#231;&#227;o de vias antioxidantes fisiol&#243;gicas, tais como a fun&#231;&#227;o catal&#237;tica da H6PD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> O estudo tamb&#233;m mostrou que a altera&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica persistiu ap&#243;s o desaparecimento do DXR, e precedeu a manifesta&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Estudos anteriores mostraram uma rela&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a gera&#231;&#227;o de EROs e a capta&#231;&#227;o de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG no c&#226;ncer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em conformidade com esses achados, estudos recentes mostraram um aumento na capta&#231;&#227;o de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG no PET/CT independente do metabolismo glicol&#237;tico, e associado &#224; atividade enzim&#225;tica de H6PD no c&#233;rebro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> Outra an&#225;lise mostrou a liga&#231;&#227;o entre capta&#231;&#227;o de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG e gera&#231;&#227;o de EROs no estresse de redox induzido por hiperglicemia envolvendo ativa&#231;&#227;o de H6PD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar de seus resultados e fundamentos interessantes do presente estudo, sua natureza retrospectiva dificulta a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos mecanismos subjacentes &#224; capta&#231;&#227;o aumentada de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG no mioc&#225;rdio. Contudo, n&#227;o foram identificados outros fatores cardiot&#243;xicos, al&#233;m da CTX, entre o exame basal e exame de controle na maior amostra de pacientes com linfoma avaliados durante e ap&#243;s a quimioterapia. Ainda, diferentemente de outros estudos, n&#243;s medimos n&#227;o somente a SUV m&#225;xima no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, como tamb&#233;m os valores de capta&#231;&#227;o no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo corrigidos pela capta&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica e pelo &#8220;pool&#8221; sangu&#237;neo no interior da aorta, ressaltando assim o aumento da capta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca do marcador durante e ap&#243;s quimioterapia. Ainda, o protocolo de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT e os poss&#237;veis fatores de variabilidade da SUV foram os mesmos em todos os exames basais e de controle.</p>
      <p>Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para correlacionar a capta&#231;&#227;o aumentada de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG com desfechos cl&#237;nicos, classe e dose de quimioterapia, n&#237;veis de troponina e NT-proBNP, e com outros m&#233;todos de imagem, tais como ecocardiografia e RMC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo mostrou um aumento evidente na capta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca de<sup>18</sup>F-FDG em pacientes com linfoma, evidenciado por <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT durante e/ou ap&#243;s quimioterapia. A literatura corrobora esses achados e sugere que a capta&#231;&#227;o aumentada de <sup>18</sup>F-FDG possa ser um sinal precoce importante de CTX facilmente avaliado por um m&#233;todo amplamente dispon&#237;vel. Com o desenvolvimento das terapias antic&#226;ncer, a CTX ainda &#233; uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o que requer mais investiga&#231;&#227;o e novas abordagens diagn&#243;sticas.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Agradecemos o apoio de todos os t&#233;cnicos e m&#233;dicos nucleares da Real Nuclear e do Real Hospital Portugu&#234;s onde o estudo foi conduzido.</p>
    </ack>
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    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Mayara L. C. Dourado pela Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Chemotherapy-induced Cardiac<sup>18</sup>F-FDG Uptake in Patients with Lymphoma: An Early Metabolic Index of Cardiotoxicity?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dourado</surname>
            <given-names>Mayara L. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9893-4343</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dompieri</surname>
            <given-names>Luca T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leit&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Glauber M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mourato</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Renata G. G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3584-5316</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo J</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3068-0540</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Markman</surname>
            <given-names>Brivaldo</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8809-8783</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo D. T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9899-1612</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Simone C. S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Oncologia, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas/Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Real Nuclear, Real Hospital Portugu&#234;s, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Simone Cristina Soares Brand&#227;o</bold> &#8226; Departamento de Medicina Nuclear &#8211; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#8211; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco &#8211; Rua Professor Moraes Rego, 1235. Postal Code 50670-901, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil E-mail: sbrandaonuclearufpe@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Dourado MLC, Leit&#227;o GM, Mourato FA, Almeida Filho PJ, Markman Filho B, Melo MDT, Brand&#227;o SCS; Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Dourado MLC, Dompieri LT, Leit&#227;o GM, Mourato FA, Santos RGG, Almeida Filho PJ, Markman Filho B, Melo MDT, Brand&#227;o SCS; Statistical analysis: Dourado MLC, Brand&#227;o SCS; Obtaining financing: Dourado MLC; Writing of the manuscript: Dourado MLC, Dompieri LT, Brand&#227;o SCS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>It is uncertain whether myocardial fluorodeoxyglucose uptake occurs solely due to physiological features or if it represents a metabolic disarrangement under chemotherapy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To investigate the chemotherapy effects on the heart of patients with lymphoma by positron emission tomography associated with computed tomography scans (PET/CT) with 2-deoxy-2[18F] fluoro-D-glucose (<sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT) before, during and/or after chemotherapy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Seventy patients with lymphoma submitted to<sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT were retrospectively analyzed. The level of significance was 5%.<sup>18</sup>F-FDG cardiac uptake was assessed by three measurements: left ventricular maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), heart to blood pool (aorta) ratio, and heart to liver ratio in all the exams. Body weight, fasting blood sugar, post-injection time, and the injected dose of<sup>18</sup>F-FDG between the scans were also compared.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Mean age was 50.4 &#177; 20.1 years and 50% was female. The analysis was carried out in two groups: baseline vs. interim PET/CT, and baseline vs. post-therapy PET/CT. There was no significant difference in clinical variables or protocol scans variables. We observed an increase in left ventricular (LV) SUVmax from 3.5&#177;1.9 (baseline) to 5.6&#177;4.0 (interim), p=0.01, and from 4.0&#177;2.2 (baseline) to 6.1&#177;4.2 (post-therapy), p&lt;0.001. A percentage increase &#8805;30% of LV SUVmax occurred in more than half of the sample. The rise of cardiac SUV was accompanied by an increase in LV SUVmax/Aorta SUVmax and LV SUVmean/Liver SUVmean ratios.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>This study showed a clear increase in cardiac<sup>18</sup>F-FDG uptake in patients with lymphoma during and/or after chemotherapy. The literature corroborates with these findings and suggests that<sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT is a sensitive and reliable imaging exam to detect early metabolic signs of cardiotoxicity.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiotoxicity</kwd>
        <kwd>Chemotherapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Lymphoma</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Chemotherapy and radiotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity (CTX) encompasses various forms of injury to the cardiovascular system, that trigger an increased production of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species, lipid peroxidation and inflammation. This leads to cardiomyocyte apoptosis and interstitial fibrosis, increasing the risk for impaired coronary endothelial function, left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Today, CTX is monitored by periodic imaging with echocardiography for assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) reduction and/or decreased global longitudinal strain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, the diagnosis of CTX based on these cardiac function parameters is late, and can be an indication of a significant and irreversible myocardial injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate myocardial abnormalities at subcellular level for an early and sensitive assessment of drug-induced CTX.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Cardiac imaging techniques of nuclear medicine have proved extremely useful to identify subclinical disease in the context of cancer therapy-induced organ damage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Positron emission tomography associated with computed tomography scans (PET/CT) with 2-deoxy-2[18F] fluoro-D-glucose (<sup>18</sup>F-FDG) is widely used in oncology, especially in patients with lymphoma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Tissue<sup>18</sup>F-FDG uptake and tissue distribution is variable and depend on several factors such as glucose level, fasting period and drugs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Furthermore, recent data suggest that myocardial<sup>18</sup>F-FDG accumulation is not entirely due to glucose consumption.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The tracer retention was found to be dependent upon the enzymatic activity of hexose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (H6PD) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> This enzyme can process many hexoses, including FDG,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> to trigger a pentose phosphate pathway and preserve NADPH levels in response to oxidative stress conditions, such as CTX.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study aimed to identify potential early signs of metabolic cardiac injury by assessing changes in cardiac<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> F-FDG uptake by PET/CT in patients with lymphoma before, during and/or after chemotherapy.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Material and Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients</title>
          <p>Seventy patients diagnosed with lymphoma and submitted to<sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT in the Division of Nuclear Medicine of Real Hospital Portugu&#234;s in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, between January 1, 2012 and August 28, 2017 were retrospectively analyzed in this study. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Board of the Federal University of Pernambuco Health Sciences Center, which granted a waiver of written consent due to the retrospective nature of the study.</p>
          <p>Inclusion criteria were primary diagnosis of lymphoma, aged 10 years or older and, at least two<sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT scans before, during and/or after chemotherapy. Exclusion criteria were no baseline or control tests, unavailability and/or inability to assess clinical data and imaging tests, and insulin therapy on the day of the scan.</p>
          <p>Patients&#8217; clinical features, medical history and variables related to the<sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT protocol recorded in their medical records were collected, such as, weight, injected dose of<sup>18</sup>F-FDG, fasting blood sugar (FBS) and time after injection. For imaging exams,<sup>18</sup>F-FDG uptake was quantified by measuring the mean and the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmean and SUVmax, respectively).</p>
          <p>Four patients had only baseline and interim PET/CT scans, 40 had only baseline and post-therapy and 26 had all three. For analysis, the patients were then divided into two groups, group 1, patients with baseline and interim PET/CT scan data (n = 30); and group 2, patients with baseline and post-therapy PET/CT data (n = 66). Thus, some patients participated in both analyses.</p>
          <p>Each group was then divided in two subgroups according to the change in the LV<sup>18</sup>F-FDG SUVmax between baseline and control tests: a percentage increase above or equal to 30% (Group &#8805; 30%), and a less than 30%<sup>18</sup>F-FDG uptake change (Group &lt;30%). The choice of a 30% cutoff was based on PERCIST<sup>18</sup>(PET Response Criteria in Solid Tumors), which is a set of criteria for assessment of tumor response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, through metabolic changes verified by<sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT scans.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>18F-FDG PET/CT Protocol</title>
          <p>For the<sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT, patients were instructed to fast at least six hours prior to the test, not to discontinue any medication or exercise for 24 hours before the scan. On the day of the scan, body weight (kg) and FBS were measured and, venous puncture was used to administer<sup>18</sup>F-FDG. Blood sugar levels should be below 180 mg/dL. The<sup>18</sup>F-FDG was administered at an activity dose of 3.7 to 4.8MBq/kg and after 60 minutes, the images were obtained by the PET/CT (Biograph 16, Siemens Healthcare, USA), extending from the base of the skull to the proximal-middle third of the femur, three minutes per bed position. The acquisition parameters of the CT scan included: 5mm slices, 120kV voltage, and no intravenous contrast administration.</p>
          <p>Imaging processing was done with iterative reconstruction (two iteractions, eight subsets with Gaussian filter) by a nuclear physician, who performed a quantitative analysis with SUVmax and SUVmean. Both SUVs were measured at the left ventricle on fused PET/CT images and determined semi-automatically with the aid of the syngo via software version 5.1 (Siemens Healthcare) through the demarcation of a volume of interest (VOI) including the entire left ventricle. SUVmax and SUVmean for blood pool were measured by reconstruction of a region of interest (ROI) in the descendent aorta just after the aortic arch. SUVmax and SUVmean for liver were measured by reconstruction of a ROI of 4.0 cm diameter in the VI segment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data was analyzed with Stata 12.1 statistical software. Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD); and categorical variables were summarized by frequency and percentage. Percentage comparisons between two independent groups were performed using the Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test or, when it was not applicable, the Fisher&#8217;s exact test. The Student&#8217;s t-test was used to compare two means for both independent and paired samples. In all tests, a significance level of 5% was used to reject the null hypothesis.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The mean age of the 70 patients studied was 50.4 &#177; 20.1 years (16-88 years) and 50% were female. Twenty patients (28.6%) had hypertension and 10 (14.3%) had diabetes. About 67% (n= 47) had non-Hodgkin&#8217;s lymphoma (nHL) and the remainder (n=23) had Hodgkin&#8217;s lymphoma (HL). Only three patients (4.3%) underwent mediastinal radiotherapy between the end of chemotherapy and the control<sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT scan. It was possible to define the chemotherapy regimen in 33 patients (47.1%) and all regimens included known cardiotoxic drugs ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical and therapeutic characteristics of the patients (n=70)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>N (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Female sex</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">35 (50.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hypertension</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">20 (28.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">10 (14.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dyslipidemia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">14 (20.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Smoking</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Non-smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (70.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Former smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (28.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Alcoholism</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Coronary artery disease</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5 (7.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hemodialysis</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Medication</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (14.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Non-cardioprotective medication<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">40 (57.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardioprotective medication<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">20 (28.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Cancer</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hodgkin&#8217;s Lymphoma</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (32.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Non-Hodgkin&#8217;s Lymphoma</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (67.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Chemotherapy</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>b</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RCHOP</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (33.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RCHOP + alternative</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (18.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ABVD</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (33.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ABVD + alternative</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (6.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DA-EPOCH-R</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BEACOPP</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RCOP</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mediastinal Radiotherapy After Baseline Pet</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>3 (4.3)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic><sup>a</sup>Cardioprotective medication: angiotensin II receptor blocker, beta-blocker, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor.<sup>b</sup>Available for 33 patients. ABVD: Adriamycin or Doxorubicin + Bleomycin + Vinblastine + Dacarbazine; BEACOPP: Bleomycin + Etoposide + Adriamycin or Doxorubicin + Cyclophosphamide + Vincristine + Procarbazine + Prednisolone; DA-EPOCH-R: Dose-Adjusted Etoposide + Prednisolone + Vincristine + Cyclophosphamide + Doxorubicin or Hydroxydaunorubicin + Rituximab, RCHOP: Rituximab + Cyclophosphamide + Doxorubicin or Hydroxydaunorubicin + Vincristine + Prednisolone, RCOP: Rituximab + Cyclophosphamide + Vincristine + Prednisolone.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Group 1: baseline and interim 18F-FDG PET/CT</title>
          <p>There was standardization of the<sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT protocol between the baseline and interim scans. There was no difference in the injected dose of<sup>18</sup>F-FDG, FBS and time post-injection between baseline and interim exams. Mean body weight of patients also did not change significantly, making it possible to compare the<sup>18</sup>F-FDG uptake in the target organs ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison of body weight, fasting blood sugar, injected dose of 18F-fluorodeoxy glucose (18FDG), and mean post-injection time of patients between baseline and interim positron emission tomography associated with computed tomography (PET/CT) scans</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variable (N=30)</th>
                    <th>Baseline</th>
                    <th>Interim</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">p*</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Mean &#177; SD</th>
                    <th>Mean &#177; SD</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Weight</bold> (Kg)</td>
                    <td align="center">75.3 &#177; 14.3</td>
                    <td align="center">74.7 &#177; 13.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.551</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>FBS</bold> (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">92.6 &#177; 19.5</td>
                    <td align="center">93.4 &#177; 19.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.816</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Dose of</bold><sup>18</sup>FDG mCi</td>
                    <td align="center">9.1 &#177; 2.7</td>
                    <td align="center">9.1 &#177; 2.0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.971</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Post-injection time</bold> (min)</td>
                    <td align="center">68.8 &#177; 10.0</td>
                    <td align="center">65.9 &#177; 9.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.308</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>*Student&#8217;s t-test. FBS: Fasting Blood Sugar</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>On the other hand,<sup>18</sup>F-FDG LV SUVmax increased at the interim scan compared to baseline. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the LV SUVmax/aorta SUVmax and LV SUVmean/liver SUVmean ratios from baseline to interim scans ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1A</xref> ). The mean time interval between baseline and interim scans was 95.4 &#177; 32.2 days.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Group 01 &#8211; A) Comparison of maximum left ventricular (LV) standardized uptake value (SUVmax), LV SUVmax/aorta SUVmax and mean LV SUV (SUV mean)/liver SUVmean ratios, between baseline and interim positron emission tomography (PET). B) Comparison of LV SUVmax/aorta SUVmax and LV SUVmean/liver SUVmean ratios between baseline and interim PET in the Group with increase of LV SUVmax &#8805; 30%. C) Comparison of LV SUVmax/Aorta SUVmax and LV SUVmean/Liver SUVmean ratios, between Baseline and Interim PET in the Group with increase of LV SUVmax &lt; 30%; LVmaxAOmax: LV SUVmax/Aorta SUVmax, LVmean LIVER mean: LV SUVmean/Liver SUVmean.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1049-10463-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Of the 30 patients who underwent baseline and interim<sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT scans,16 (53.3%) presented an increase &#8805;30% (Group &#8805; 30%) in<sup>18</sup>F-FDG LV SUVmax. Regarding clinical variables, such as cardiovascular risk factors and drugs in use, no differences were observed.</p>
          <p>The values of the LV SUVmax/aorta SUVmax and LV SUVmean/liver SUVmean ratios also increased significantly at the interim evaluation compared to the baseline in the group &#8805;30% ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1B</xref> ). In the group&lt;30% (n=14), there was no statistically significant increase in these ratios from baseline to interim scans ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1C</xref> ).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Group 2: baseline and post-therapy 18F-FDG PET/CT</title>
          <p>Sixty-six patients underwent baseline and post-therapy<sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT scans. No statistically significant differences were seen in FBS,<sup>18</sup>F-FDG injected activity and time post-injection were found between the two evaluations. Patients&#8217; mean body weight was slightly higher in the post-therapy scan compared with baseline ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison of body weight, fasting blood sugar, injected dose of 18F-fluorodeoxy-glucose (18FDG), and mean post-injection timel of patients between baseline and post-therapy positron emission tomography associated with computed tomography scans (PET/CT)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variable (N=66)</th>
                    <th>Baseline Pet</th>
                    <th>Post-Therapy Pet</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">p*</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Mean &#177; SD</th>
                    <th>Mean &#177; SD</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Weight</bold> (Kg)</td>
                    <td align="center">72.7 &#177; 14.8</td>
                    <td align="center">75.2 &#177; 15.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.014</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>FBS</bold> (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">91.6 &#177; 15.6</td>
                    <td align="center">91.6 &#177; 16.7</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt;0.99</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Dose of</bold><sup>18</sup>FDG mCi</td>
                    <td align="center">9.2 &#177; 2.3</td>
                    <td align="center">9.5 &#177; 2.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.308</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Post-injection time</bold> (min)</td>
                    <td align="center">68.6 &#177; 9.1</td>
                    <td align="center">70.4 &#177; 5.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.606</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>*Student&#8217;s t-test. FBS: Fasting Blood Sugar</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The mean value of the LV SUVmax was significantly higher in the post-therapy PET. We observed an absolute increase in the<sup>18</sup>F-FDG cardiac uptake value of 2.1 (95% CI:1.3 to 3.0), which represents a percentage increase of 66.5% (95%CI:43.3% to 89.7%) over the baseline scan.</p>
          <p>The values of the LV SUV max/aorta SUV max and the LV SUV mean/liver SUV mean ratios also increased significantly in the post-therapy PET as compared with baseline, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2A</xref> . The mean time between baseline and post-therapy exams was 231.8&#177;125.7 days.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Group 02 &#8211; A) Comparison of LV SUVmax, LV SUVmax/Aorta SUVmax and LV SUVmean/Liver SUVmean ratios, between Baseline and Post-therapy PET. B) Comparison of LV SUVmax/Aorta SUVmax and LV SUVmean/Liver SUVmean ratios, between Baseline and Post-therapy PET in the Group with increase of LV SUVmax &#8805; 30%. C) Comparison of LV SUVmax/Aorta SUVmax and LV SUVmean/Liver SUVmean ratios, between Baseline and Post-therapy PET in the Group with increase of LV SUVmax &lt; 30%; LVmaxAOmax: LV SUVmax/Aorta SUVmax, LVmean LIVER mean: LV SUVmean/Liver SUVmean.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1049-10463-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Of the 66 patients, 38 (57.6%) presented &#8805;30% increase in<sup>18</sup>F-FDG cardiac uptake (Group &#8805; 30%). There were no differences between the groups regarding the clinical variables, such as cardiovascular risk factors and medications in use.</p>
          <p>The values of the LV SUVmax/aorta SUVmax and LV SUVmean/liver SUVmean ratios increased significantly in the post-therapy evaluation compared to the baseline in the &#8805;30% group ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2B</xref> ). In the Group&lt;30% (n=28), there was no statistically significant increase in the ratios ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2C</xref> ).</p>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> illustrates a case example of the<sup>18</sup>F-FDG LV SUV max behavior before, during and after chemotherapy.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Case example - LV SUVmax in Baseline (5.86), Interim (8.95 / 52.73% percentage increase from baseline) and Post-therapy PET/CT (9.67 / 65.02% percentage increase from baseline). LV: Left Ventricle; PET/CT: Positron emission tomography associated with computed tomography scans; SUV: Standard Uptake Value; SUVmax: Maximum SUV.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1049-10463-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present study showed that chemotherapy in patients with lymphoma caused an unbalance in cardiac metabolism, evidenced by a higher myocardial<sup>18</sup>F-FDG uptake. These results are supported by recent evidence suggesting that it may be an early sign of CTX in response to the redox stress. The cardiac<sup>18</sup>F-FDG increase occurred in more than 50% of the patients and was observed in the interim PET and in the post-therapy scan. These results suffered no interference regarding the<sup>18</sup>F-FDG injected activity or any possible differences in exam preparation and timing.</p>
        <p>The<sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT is a well-established method in the diagnosis and staging of oncologic patients, especially with lymphoma, with a potential capacity to assess early manifestations of CTX in a way analogue to the ischemic cascade, as postulated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Cardiotoxicity cascade &#8211; Cardiotoxic injury triggers series of metabolic alterations in response to the oxidative stress, it is detectable by 18F-FDG PET/CT. The sustained injury and the failure of the myocyte self-healing contribute to cell dysfunction and mechanic alterations detected by strain rate imaging. Furthermore, the process continues with a decrease in the cardiac overall performance assessed by the LVEF. Signs of heart failure are then noticeable, suggesting that the heart no longer meet the body&#8217;s demands, or do it at the expense of high ventricular filling pressures (ROS: reactive oxygen species; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; PPP: pentose phosphate pathway; H6PD: hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; FDG: 18F-fluorodeoxy-glucose; LVEF: Left Ventricle Ejection Fraction).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1049-10463-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Antineoplastic therapies have improved overall survival rates in oncologic patients. However, their cytotoxic effects have shown a wide spectrum of acute and chronic alterations to the cardiovascular system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> The cellular and molecular mechanisms of CTX are known to disrupt the redox homeostasis mostly in the myocardium and endothelium, significantly impairing cardiovascular health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>CTX affects the cardiovascular system first by the inhibition of topoisomerase II and the formation of ROS. The intrinsic mitochondria-dependent and extrinsic death receptor pathways of apoptosis are then triggered. The cascade continues with the activation of caspase<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> , phosphatidylserine expression, DNA fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and phospholipid membrane metabolization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The final stage is characterized by membrane blebbing and cell shrinkage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> This is the mechanism underlying subclinical CTX and it provides various opportunities to assess early signs of this entity.</p>
        <p>The current recommendations and guidelines rely on imaging techniques focused on anatomy-based parameters, such as echocardiography, multigated radionuclide angiography (MUGA), and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> However, these approaches detect late manifestations of CTX with low sensitivity for subclinical alterations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Nuclear medicine techniques may be a tool to assess specific points of the CTX pathway. The<sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT, commonly used to detect tumoral glycolytic metabolism, has presented itself as an early marker of CTX. Initially, several studies pointed out that doxorubicin (DXR), one of the most utilized anthracyclines, can specifically affect myocardial metabolism, as showed by experimental study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Several experimental and clinical studies have shown that cardiotoxic therapy, such as sunitinib and anthracyclines, increases the cardiac<sup>18</sup>F-FDG uptake over time and is related to echocardiographic alterations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although<sup>18</sup>F-FDG uptake has been commonly associated with glucose consumption, more recent data have shown otherwise. The redox stress and its antioxidant response have been characterized as a possible mechanism behind the progression of cardiac contractile impairment in CTX and in the<sup>18</sup>F-FDG uptake independently of the glycolytic metabolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Redox stress to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) environment might activate the local H6PD-triggered pentose phosphate pathway to fuel the NADPH levels needed for the antioxidant response, and is related to an increased<sup>18</sup>F-FDG uptake.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In situations of oxidative stress, NADPH is a major source of electrons for reductive reactions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> It is generated intraluminally by H6PD, a bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the first two steps of the pentose phosphate pathway, converting glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconate with the concomitant production of NADPH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> H6PD has as substrate several hexoses such as 2-deoxyglucose and FDG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the heart, there is a direct link between ER oxidative stress and myocardial uptake of 2-deoxyglucose,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> that may be considered an early metabolic phase of contractile dysfunction by pressure overload.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Furthermore, Hrelia et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> showed that the increase of 2-deoxyglucose uptake induced by DXR in cardiomyocytes can be reverted by the antioxidant effect of alpha-tocopherol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Bauckneht et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> in 2019, analyzed the effect of DXR -induced oxidative damage on the correlation between myocardial<sup>18</sup>F-FDG uptake, overall glucose consumption and the H6PD-triggered metabolic response in mice. The study showed that myocardial redox stress persisted and directly correlated with the enhancement in<sup>18</sup>F-FDG uptake (SUV increase), and the activation of physiological antioxidant pathways such as the catalytic function of H6PD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> The study also showed that the metabolic alteration persisted after the disappearance of DXR, and it preceded the manifestation of contractile impairment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Previous reports also showed a positive loop connecting ROS generation and<sup>18</sup>F-FDG uptake in cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In agreement with these findings, recent studies showed an increased<sup>18</sup>F-FDG uptake on PET/CT independent of glycolytic metabolism and linked to the enzymatic activity of H6PD in the brain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> Another analysis showed the link between<sup>18</sup>F-FDG uptake and ROS generation in hyperglycemia-induced redox stress involving H6PD activation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite its interesting results and background of the present study, its retrospective nature makes the assessment of the mechanisms underlying the increased myocardial<sup>18</sup>F-FDG uptake difficult. However, no other cardiotoxic factors, besides CTX, were identified between baseline and control exams in the largest sample of patients with lymphoma evaluated during and after chemotherapy. In addition, unlike the other studies, we measured not only the LV SUVmax, but also the LV uptake values corrected for liver and blood pool, as control, confirming the increase of the cardiac uptake. Furthermore, the<sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT protocol and the possible factors of SUV variability were the same in all baseline and control scans.</p>
        <p>More studies are necessary to correlate increased cardiac<sup>18</sup>F-FDG uptake with clinical outcomes, the class and dose of chemotherapy, troponin and NT-proBNP levels, and with other imaging methods such as echocardiography and CMRI.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The present study showed a clear increase in cardiac<sup>18</sup>F-FDG uptake in patients with lymphoma, verified by<sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT during and/or after chemotherapy. The literature corroborates with these findings and suggests that it may be an important and early sign of CTX that can be easily assessed by a widely available method. With the progressive improvement in anticancer therapies, CTX is still a concern that requires further investigation and new diagnostic approaches.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>We are pleased to acknowledge the support provided by all technicians and nuclear physicians of the Real Nuclear at the Real Hospital Portugu&#234;s in hosting our study.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Mayara L. C. Dourado, from Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding:</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
