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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">6rbB54gHtCXM8cLnmKCc3gL</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005005201</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000601006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210191</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210191</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Troponina I por Percentil 99 da Defini&#231;&#227;o Universal de Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio versus Ponto de Corte de Melhor Acur&#225;cia em S&#237;ndromes Coron&#225;rias Agudas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9963-1608</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tapias</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Haddad</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1815-6498</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Bernardes de Figueiredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5606-5960</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fran&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Italo Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Rui Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Antonio Haddad Tapias Filho &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Avenida Doutor Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP 04012-909, Vila Mariana, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>ahtfilho@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Tapias Filho AH, Oliveira G; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Tapias Filho AH, Oliveira G, Ramos RF; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Fran&#231;a JID.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1006</fpage>
      <lpage>1015</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda (SCA) e a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco contempor&#226;neos s&#227;o fundamentais para o manejo apropriado e redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade e eventos isqu&#234;micos recorrentes, tanto na fase aguda quanto ap&#243;s hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. A Defini&#231;&#227;o Universal de Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio recomenda a detec&#231;&#227;o de curva de troponina acima do limite superior do percentil 99.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar a ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) na fase precoce em pacientes sem eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina (&lt;0,034 ng/mL), pacientes com m&#237;nima eleva&#231;&#227;o [acima do percentil 99 (&gt;0,034 ng/mL e &lt;0,12 ng/mL)], e pacientes com maiores eleva&#231;&#245;es [acima do ponto de corte para IAM pelo kit utilizado (&#8805;0,12 ng/mL)]; e avaliar o impacto dos n&#237;veis de troponina na indica&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gia invasiva e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo de corte transversal de pacientes com SCA com avalia&#231;&#227;o do pico da troponina I, escores de risco, an&#225;lise prospectiva de desfechos cl&#237;nicos at&#233; 30 dias e testes bilaterais de signific&#226;ncia, com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado sendo &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram avaliados 494 pacientes com SCA. Troponina &gt; percentil 99 e abaixo do ponto de corte, assim como valores maiores (acima do ponto de corte), foram associados &#224; maior incid&#234;ncia do desfecho composto (p&lt;0,01) e de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica (p&lt;0,01), sem diferen&#231;a significante em mortalidade at&#233; 30 dias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Valores de troponina elevados acima do percentil 99 pela Defini&#231;&#227;o Universal de IAM apresentam papel progn&#243;stico e agregam informa&#231;&#227;o &#250;til ao diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico e escores de risco na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com maior probabilidade de benef&#237;cio com estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva e procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Troponin I</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="35"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares representam as principais causas de morte na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira acima de 60 anos<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> e, no contexto mundial, s&#227;o importantes causas de invalidez, hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es e &#243;bito, principalmente em pa&#237;ses com menor renda <italic>per capita.</italic><sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>,<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas (SCA), o eletrocardiograma (ECG) e a dosagem da troponina, realizados de forma seriada e associada ao exame cl&#237;nico, s&#227;o elementos essenciais para o diagn&#243;stico e o manejo apropriados.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Al&#233;m de estabelecer o diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) no contexto de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica aguda, a dosagem da troponina &#233; &#250;til na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para estrat&#233;gia invasiva.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o valor pico da troponina apresenta correla&#231;&#227;o com a extens&#227;o da necrose e com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE), importantes determinantes da mortalidade ap&#243;s IAM.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Valores elevados de troponina tamb&#233;m mostraram correla&#231;&#227;o com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) multiarterial e maior gravidade de estenose em pacientes com SCA sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (SCASSST),<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> al&#233;m de rela&#231;&#227;o diretamente proporcional com taxa de desfechos cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>-<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> Entretanto, o n&#237;vel pico de troponina parece ter menor import&#226;ncia relativa em pacientes submetidos a procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o precoce.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Fatores como a gravidade e a complexidade da DAC, o uso pr&#233;vio de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico e a precocidade da angiografia coron&#225;ria est&#227;o associados ao pico da troponina na SCASSST.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> Na fase de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ap&#243;s SCA, troponina elevada est&#225; associada &#224; maior mortalidade cardiovascular e por todas as causas, independente de covari&#225;veis.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> Pacientes com troponina muito elevada apresentam DAC mais complexa e, por plausibilidade fisiopatol&#243;gica, podem receber indica&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o com maior frequ&#234;ncia em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes sem eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina. Por outro lado, alguns estudos n&#227;o encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis altos de troponina e piores desfechos cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>N&#237;veis de troponina propostos para diagn&#243;stico em SCA</title>
        <p>Conforme recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>International Federation of Clinical Chemistry</italic> e da <italic>National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry</italic>, troponina elevada &#233; definida acima do percentil 99 para uma popula&#231;&#227;o considerada saud&#225;vel e com coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o (CV) intraensaio &lt; 10%,<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> embora muitos kits de troponina apresentem imprecis&#227;o anal&#237;tica com base nesse percentil.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>-<xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> Portanto, para o uso da troponina no diagn&#243;stico de IAM, &#233; necess&#225;ria uma curva ascendente e/ou descendente do biomarcardor, com pelo menos um valor acima do percentil 99, baseado na popula&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia e conforme sexo, etnia, e outros fatores.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>,<xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup> Alguns estudos ressaltam a import&#226;ncia de uniformizar o n&#237;vel de troponina para diagn&#243;stico de IAM em laborat&#243;rios hospitalares para aprimorar a decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica, individualizar o valor para popula&#231;&#227;o atendida naquele hospital, al&#233;m de facilitar relat&#243;rios em estudos cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>,<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Desse modo, os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a ocorr&#234;ncia de desfechos clinicamente relevantes (&#243;bito, IAM, e desfecho composto) em pacientes com SCASSST na fase precoce; comparar tr&#234;s grupos divididos de acordo com respectivas faixas de mensura&#231;&#245;es de troponina I: sem eleva&#231;&#227;o (&lt;0,034 ng/mL, ou seja, abaixo do percentil 99), com m&#237;nima eleva&#231;&#227;o [&#8220;Defini&#231;&#227;o Universal de IAM&#8221;, acima do percentil 99 (&gt;0,034 ng/mL e &lt;0,12 ng/mL)], e com maior eleva&#231;&#227;o [&#8220;Ponto de corte de maior acur&#225;cia&#8221; estipulado no kit local (&#8805;0,12 ng/mL); e avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os tr&#234;s grupos e a indica&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gia invasiva e de procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica na fase hospitalar. A hip&#243;tese &#233; de que o n&#237;vel do percentil 99, mesmo abaixo do valor de corte do kit de troponina I esteja associado a impacto cl&#237;nico e maior indica&#231;&#227;o de estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, em compara&#231;&#227;o com n&#237;veis negativos, corroborando a proposta da defini&#231;&#227;o universal para diagn&#243;stico de IAM.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas do estudo e aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
        <p>Estudo observacional, transversal, com seguimento at&#233; 30 dias para avalia&#231;&#227;o prospectiva de &#243;bito, infarto, e desfecho composto em pacientes com SCASSST admitidos em Unidade Coron&#225;ria (UCO), separados em grupos conforme n&#237;vel de troponina. Todos os eventos cl&#237;nicos foram pr&#233;-especificados e avaliados ap&#243;s coleta sistem&#225;tica de informa&#231;&#245;es em banco de dados, al&#233;m das indica&#231;&#245;es de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco invasivo ou n&#227;o invasivo, tratamentos intra-hospitalares, e testes laboratoriais de rotina. Consentimento informado foi obtido por meio de termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Este estudo recebeu aprova&#231;&#227;o pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa local em abril de 2019. O recrutamento dos pacientes ocorreu entre maio de 2019 e janeiro de 2020.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>&#8226; Idade &#8805; 18 anos</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>&#8226; Hospitalizados na UCO</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>&#8226; Diagn&#243;stico de SCASSST</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>&#8226; O diagn&#243;stico de IAMSSST obedeceu a dois dos seguintes crit&#233;rios:</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>- Quadro cl&#237;nico sugestivo de SCA;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>- ECG demonstrando depress&#227;o do segmento ST, invers&#227;o de ondas T ou achados inespec&#237;ficos.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>- Curva de troponina, ascendente e/ou descendente, com pelo menos um valor acima de 0,12 ng/mL (valor para diagn&#243;stico de IAM no kit de troponina utilizado no Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>O reinfarto foi definido conforme recomenda&#231;&#245;es da 4&#170; defini&#231;&#227;o universal de IAM, sendo suspeito na presen&#231;a de sinais ou sintomas de infarto, necessitando de nova dosagem de troponina. Um aumento de 20% nos n&#237;veis de troponina em pacientes j&#225; com eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina, ou um novo aumento de troponina em pacientes com exame previamente normal, confirmam o diagn&#243;stico.</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p> &#8226; O diagn&#243;stico de angina inst&#225;vel obedeceu a dois dos seguintes crit&#233;rios:</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>- Quadro cl&#237;nico sugestivo de SCA;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>- ECG demonstrando depress&#227;o do segmento ST, invers&#227;o de ondas T ou achados inespec&#237;ficos.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>- Aus&#234;ncia de troponina com valores acima de 0,034 ng/mL (refer&#234;ncias para diagn&#243;stico de IAM foram a Defini&#231;&#227;o Universal de IAM<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup>e Diretriz da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup>).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>N&#227;o consentimento para participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Pacientes transferidos para realiza&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gia invasiva ap&#243;s 48h de manejo do epis&#243;dio inicial de SCA em outro hospital.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis analisadas</title>
        <p>Foram avaliados dados demogr&#225;ficos, fatores de risco cardiovascular e comorbidades, medica&#231;&#245;es de uso pr&#233;vio, par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos simples n&#227;o invasivos, caracter&#237;sticas da angiografia coron&#225;ria (nos casos indicados para estrat&#233;gia invasiva) e escores de risco GRACE e CRUSADE. Os testes laboratoriais, procedimentos e tratamentos na fase hospitalar seguiram protocolos da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Teste de troponina card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>O kit usado para dosagem de troponina I foi o kit de reagente imunodiagn&#243;stico VITROS&#174; da <italic>Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, </italic>com valor de percentil 99 de 0,034 ng/mL, e ponto de corte para diagn&#243;stico de IAM de 0,12 ng/mL, para sensibilidade de 95% e especificidade de 93% (<xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref>). O CV deste kit no percentil 99 foi &lt;10%, respeitando as recomenda&#231;&#245;es vigentes.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>-<xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> As coletas de sangue foram realizadas na admiss&#227;o no setor de emerg&#234;ncia e posteriormente na UCO.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Especifica&#231;&#245;es do kit de troponina I.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Fonte:TropIES_GEM1309_WW_PT_I_10.pdf. Acessado em http://www.OrthoClinicalDiagnostics.com.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1006-10191-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento do estudo e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Utilizamos os dados de mortalidade e IAM descritos na disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado (https://doi.org/10.11606/D.98.2020.tde-27122019-080250) de estudo conduzido na mesma UCO e estimamos uma diferen&#231;a relativa de 50% na taxa de eventos entre os grupos com troponina negativa e troponina positiva. Adotando um poder de 90%, alfa de 5%, estimamos 273 casos como tamanho amostral m&#237;nimo para os objetivos, com testes de signific&#226;ncia bilaterais. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi bilateral &lt; 0,05. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana com intervalo interquartil, conforme normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis, a qual foi verificada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As an&#225;lises de compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foram efetuadas por o<italic>ne-way</italic> ANOVA ou por m&#233;todo n&#227;o param&#233;trico (teste de Kruskal-Wallis). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens, e comparadas por teste do qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher. A an&#225;lise dos desfechos foi conduzida conforme o tempo para ocorr&#234;ncia do primeiro evento a partir do in&#237;cio da SCASSST pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier com teste de <italic>log-rank</italic> para signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre as curvas de distribui&#231;&#227;o de sobrevida para os eventos (&#243;bito, infarto, e desfecho composto). Os programas estat&#237;sticos utilizados foram o sistema R e o SPSS Statistics vers&#227;o 19.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes e evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</title>
        <p>Avaliamos 494 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de SCASSST. A <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">tabela 1</xref> apresenta resultados da an&#225;lise descritiva dos grupos de pacientes. Pacientes com maiores n&#237;veis de troponina apresentaram maiores propor&#231;&#245;es de idosos, maior dura&#231;&#227;o da dor tor&#225;cica, escores de risco GRACE e CRUSADE mais elevados, menores valores de <italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina e de FEVE, e maior taxa de ocorr&#234;ncia de les&#227;o renal aguda na fase hospitalar (<xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, testes diagn&#243;sticos e eventos cl&#237;nicos dos pacientes divididos em tr&#234;s grupos segundo n&#237;veis de troponina</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" scope="col">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th colspan="4" scope="col">Troponina</th>
                  <th rowspan="3" scope="col">p-valor</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4" scope="col">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2" scope="col">&lt; 0,034 ng/mL</th>
                  <th scope="col">0,034-0,12 ng/mL</th>
                  <th scope="col">&gt; 0,12 ng/mL</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Popula&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">122 (24,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (12,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">309 (62,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">81 (66,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (74,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">215 (69,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,47</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">63,5 (55-70)</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (59-71)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (59-74)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peso</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">78,5 (69-87,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (68-87)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (66-85)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de sintomas</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">60 (10-292)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (15-741)</td>
                  <td align="center">134 (30-489)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,019</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">GRACE na admiss&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">99 (83-111)</td>
                  <td align="center">102 (86-122)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (103-140)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">GRACE na alta</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">84 (70-97)</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (70-108)</td>
                  <td align="center">103 (88-120)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CRUSADE</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">26 (19-34)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (19-35)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (19-40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,033</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Clear. Creat. (mL/min)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">77,5 (69-87)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (62-91)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (58-87)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,024</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">59 (50-62)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (45-63)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (41-60)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Antecedentes pessoais</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVCi</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">2 (1,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (1,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVCh</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">1 (0,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CRM</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">14 (11,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (14,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (21,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">84 (68,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (77,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">194 (62,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DAP</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">3 (2,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (6,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (6,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HAS</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">97 (79,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (87,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">258 (83,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IRC</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">11 (9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (19%)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (22,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IAM</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">60 (49,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (44,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">172 (55,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IC</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">14 (11,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (15,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (14,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICP</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">43 (35,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (31,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">103 (33,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">35 (28,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (23,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (24,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,65</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">63 (51,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (34,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">142 (46%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagista</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">19 (15,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (22,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (17,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ex-tabagista</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">44 (36%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (38,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">119 (38,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atividade f&#237;sica</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">16 (13,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (6,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (9,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Medica&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">AAS</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (78,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (80,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">218 (70,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Clopidogrel</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (31,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (19%)</td>
                  <td align="center">89 (28,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Amiodarona</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (6,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (2,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">BCC</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (25,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (23,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (24,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">BRA</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (40,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (44,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">109 (35,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">BB oral</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (65,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (63,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">208 (67,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,77</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Diur&#233;tico</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (31,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (41,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">112 (36,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Estatina</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (75,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (76,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">218 (70,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">IECA</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (27%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (28,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">111 (35,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Nitrato</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (36%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (27%)</td>
                  <td align="center">101 (32,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Varfarina</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (3,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">ADO</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (43,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (25,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (38,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Insulina</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (18%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (9,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (15,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Medica&#231;&#245;es de uso hospitalar</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">AAS</td>
                  <td align="center">122 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">309 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,37</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Clopidogrel</td>
                  <td align="center">94 (77%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (79,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">272 (88%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">IECA</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (44,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">177 (57,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">BRA</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (40,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (38,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">89 (28,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">BB oral</td>
                  <td align="center">112 (91,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (87,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">290 (93,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Estatina</td>
                  <td align="center">122 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">309 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Classe de Killip-Kimball</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,08</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">117 (95,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (95,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">265 (85,7%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>II</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">5 (4,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (10,3%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (1,6%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IV</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">1 (0,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (1,9%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Testes diagn&#243;sticos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RNM Mioc&#225;rdica</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">4 (3,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (2,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angio TC coron&#225;rias</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">2 (1,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ecocardiograma</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">102 (83,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (81%)</td>
                  <td align="center">262 (84,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Complica&#231;&#245;es</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BAV 2&#176; grau</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Marcapasso</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (1,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BIA</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">2 (1,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (1,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Choque cardiog&#234;nico</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">2 (1,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (3,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LRA</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">9 (7,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (9,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (16,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemodi&#225;lise</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">1 (0,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (7,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EAP</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">1 (0,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (2,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FA</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">6 (4,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (6,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCR</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">3 (2,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (4,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Reabordagem cir&#250;rgica</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sepse</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">2 (1,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (5,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TVS</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">1 (0,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (2,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FV</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">3 (2,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (1,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sangramento no s&#237;tio de pun&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">7 (5,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (11,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>GRACE: Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events; Clear. Creat: clearance de creatinina; FEVE: Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AVCi: acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico; AVCh: acidente vascular cerebral hemorr&#225;gico; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; DAP: doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; IRC: insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; ICP: Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea; DM: diabetes mellitus; AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; BCC: bloqueador de canais de c&#225;lcio; BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina II; BB: betabloqueador; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; ADO: antidiab&#233;ticos orais; RNM: resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica; AngioTC: angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias; BAV: bloqueio atrioventricular; BIA: bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico; LRA: les&#227;o renal aguda; EAP: edema agudo pulmonar; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; PCR: parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria; TVS: taquicardia ventricular sustentada; FV: fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das estrat&#233;gias de manejo, desfechos cl&#237;nicos e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de acordo com os n&#237;veis de troponina</title>
        <p>Os grupos referentes &#224; troponina elevada tiveram menores propor&#231;&#245;es de realiza&#231;&#227;o de provas funcionais, estrat&#233;gia invasiva e procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Todos os pacientes foram tratados com f&#225;rmacos de benef&#237;cio comprovado e recomenda&#231;&#245;es por diretrizes (100% dos pacientes receberam &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico e estatinas) (<xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>A mortalidade global foi 3,4%, sem diferen&#231;as entre os grupos, mas a incid&#234;ncia de IAM (ou reinfarto) foi 2-4 vezes maior no grupo de maior eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina (<xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref>). Curvas de Kaplan-Meier para sobrevida global, IAM e desfecho composto est&#227;o plotadas, respectivamente, nas <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figuras 2</xref>, <xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">3</xref> e <xref rid="f04" ref-type="fig">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco adotada, procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e desfechos cl&#237;nicos entre os grupos de pacientes segundo n&#237;veis de troponina</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Troponina</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p-valor</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="3">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>&lt; 0,034ng/mL</th>
                  <th>0,034-0,12ng/mL</th>
                  <th>&gt; 0,12ng/mL</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Popula&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">122 (24,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (12,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">309 (62,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (22,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (12,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (2,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angiografia coron&#225;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">105 (86%)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (92,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">298 (96,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICP</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (28,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (46%)</td>
                  <td align="center">180 (58,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CRM</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (29,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (31,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (17,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#186; de enxertos coron&#225;rios:</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (8,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (9,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (5,8%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (17,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (22,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (8,1%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (6,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (2,6%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#186; de stents:</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1 stent</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (20,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (39,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">118 (38,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mais de 1 stent</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (8,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (6,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (19,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#211;bito</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (3,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IAM (ou Reinfarto)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (5,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (16,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curvas de Kaplan-Meier para sobrevida conforme os n&#237;veis de troponina (teste de log-rank, p=0,407).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1006-10191-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curvas de Kaplan-Meier para sobrevida livre de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (ou reinfarto) conforme os n&#237;veis de troponina (teste de log-rank, p=0,002).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1006-10191-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curvas de Kaplan-Meier para desfecho composto (&#243;bito ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio/reinfarto) conforme os n&#237;veis de troponina (teste de log-rank, p&lt;0,001).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1006-10191-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A DAC &#233; uma das principais causas de &#243;bito, principalmente quando analisamos o cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico de SCA.<sup><xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>,<xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref></sup> Apesar do avan&#231;o terap&#234;utico, h&#225; elevada morbimortalidade na fase precoce e ap&#243;s alta hospitalar, variando de 5-10% em 30 dias ap&#243;s o evento agudo at&#233; 20% em seis meses.<sup><xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, diretrizes recomendam a troponina como biomarcador ideal para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco.<sup><xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>,<xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref></sup> Pacientes com maiores valores de troponina podem apresentar taxas de 20% de IAM e &#243;bito em 30 dias, e de 25% em seis meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>,<xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref></sup> Entretanto, diagn&#243;stico diferencial de troponina elevada &#233; essencial e deve ser analisada em conjunto com dados cl&#237;nicos e exames complementares.<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Neste estudo verificamos uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre troponina minimamente elevada e maiores taxas de angiografia coron&#225;ria e de procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Isto pode ser justificado por esses pacientes apresentarem escores de risco mais elevados, o que aumenta a probabilidade de serem encaminhados para estrat&#233;gia invasiva durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, maiores taxas de IAM foram observadas entre os pacientes com n&#237;veis de troponina mais elevados. Este achado apresenta concord&#226;ncia com outros estudos nos quais foi demonstrada a associa&#231;&#227;o do pico da troponina com maiores taxas de eventos adversos.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>-<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> Vale ressaltar a diferen&#231;a consider&#225;vel, em n&#250;mero absoluto, de IAM nos pacientes com troponina &#8805;0,12 ng/mL, mesmo em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com troponina &gt;0,034 ng/mL.</p>
      <p>Em termos de mortalidade, apesar de n&#227;o detectarmos diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa, houve maior n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos nos grupos com troponina elevada, corroborando dados de estudos que evidenciam a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o valor pico da troponina e mortalidade em SCA.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> Algumas observa&#231;&#245;es podem explicar este achado. Primeiro, apesar do maior risco de &#243;bito estimado pelo maior escore GRACE, eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina, gravidade anat&#244;mica coron&#225;ria, e menor FEVE, a maioria dos pacientes dos tr&#234;s grupos foram encaminhados para estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva. Assim, n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o linear isolada entre maior risco e maior n&#237;vel de troponina, embora um maior n&#250;mero de pacientes com troponina elevada receberam tratamento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Aliada aos f&#225;rmacos de benef&#237;cio comprovado na redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos isqu&#234;micos e &#243;bito, essa abordagem mais &#8220;invasiva&#8221;, baseada n&#227;o apenas em grandes eleva&#231;&#245;es, mas tamb&#233;m em pequenas eleva&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis de troponina, pode ter mitigado o desfecho composto que seria esperado pelo maior escore de risco na admiss&#227;o hospitalar. Portanto, a estrat&#233;gia invasiva foi relevante para a redu&#231;&#227;o dos eventos cardiovasculares apesar do maior risco inicial. Isso &#233; claramente corroborado pela redu&#231;&#227;o da pontua&#231;&#227;o obtida no escore de risco GRACE entre a admiss&#227;o e a alta hospitalar.</p>
      <p>Outro dado relevante &#233; a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os dois grupos de troponina elevada, em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com teste negativo quanto &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. De fato, maiores valores de troponina foram associados ao implante de m&#250;ltiplos <italic>stents</italic> ou maior n&#250;mero de vasos tratados cirurgicamente, o que salienta a plausibilidade biol&#243;gica entre o pico da troponina e a complexidade anat&#244;mica coron&#225;ria.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Por outro lado, embora a Defini&#231;&#227;o Universal de IAM recomende a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do percentil 99 para diagn&#243;stico de IAM, ainda h&#225; restri&#231;&#245;es &#224; implementa&#231;&#227;o desse crit&#233;rio pela variabilidade de kits e de valores de refer&#234;ncia de troponina I entre os hospitais, podendo interferir na comparabilidade entre estudos cl&#237;nicos e padroniza&#231;&#227;o de protocolos.<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos, embora o n&#250;mero de pacientes submetidos &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria n&#227;o ter sido diferente, a propor&#231;&#227;o foi significativamente maior conforme o n&#237;vel de troponina detectado (86% vs 92% vs 96%, respectivamente; p&lt;0,01). Como salientamos acima, a elevada propor&#231;&#227;o de diagn&#243;stico anat&#244;mico realizado por angiografia pode ter influenciado na decis&#227;o de proceder &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica, mesmo no grupo com m&#237;nima eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina, sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade, apesar da diferen&#231;a num&#233;rica de sobrevida.</p>
      <p>Este estudo enfatiza a relev&#226;ncia da utiliza&#231;&#227;o do crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico de IAM como proposto pela Defini&#231;&#227;o Universal de IAM, especificamente em rela&#231;&#227;o a tr&#234;s aspectos: predi&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cardiovasculares maiores, indica&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gia invasiva e realiza&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, ao compararmos pacientes com diferentes faixas de detec&#231;&#227;o de troponina I.</p>
      <p>O racional da an&#225;lise de pontos de corte de troponina ocorre devido &#224; grande variabilidade entre hospitais com rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#237;vel de troponina considerado para o diagn&#243;stico de IAM, com cerca de 30% de laborat&#243;rios hospitalares seguindo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Defini&#231;&#227;o Universal de IAM.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Neste estudo, n&#227;o avaliamos o uso da troponina de alta sensibilidade, pois o objetivo n&#227;o foi a avalia&#231;&#227;o da utilidade do biomarcador em protocolos de <italic>rule-in</italic> ou <italic>rule-out</italic> para IAM em sala de emerg&#234;ncia, em casos de dor tor&#225;cica, em pacientes com apresenta&#231;&#227;o muito precoce. De modo oposto, por&#233;m complementar &#224; utilidade cl&#237;nica da troponina, avaliamos o papel progn&#243;stico e a poss&#237;vel influ&#234;ncia do ponto de corte na tomada de decis&#227;o quanto &#224;s estrat&#233;gias de manejo de SCASSST em unidade de terapia intensiva e o potencial efeito de atenua&#231;&#227;o do risco precoce estimado por escores, mesmo em casos sem eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com &#8220;m&#237;nima&#8221; eleva&#231;&#227;o, em decorr&#234;ncia de estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva &#8220;agressiva&#8221; e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o apropriada. De fato, nossos dados refor&#231;am a proposi&#231;&#227;o da defini&#231;&#227;o universal de IAM para utilizar o percentil 99 da troponina, minimizando libera&#231;&#245;es inadvertidas de casos considerados sem eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina compat&#237;vel com IAM ao utilizar o ponto de maior acur&#225;cia em vez do percentil 99.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>O n&#250;mero de eventos observados pode ter reduzido o poder estat&#237;stico para detectar diferen&#231;as significantes em termos de mortalidade. Entretanto, o elevado &#237;ndice de angiografia coron&#225;ria, mesmo nos pacientes sem eleva&#231;&#227;o ou com m&#237;nima eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina, e de subsequente revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria precoce pode ter reduzido o risco agudo estimado. Por isso, n&#227;o se pode descartar a hip&#243;tese de que n&#227;o tenha existido diferen&#231;a na mortalidade pelo fato n&#227;o ter sido ao acaso. Al&#233;m disso, os dados foram derivados de &#250;nico centro, refletindo a pr&#225;tica de uma institui&#231;&#227;o de ensino e pesquisa, com experi&#234;ncia hist&#243;rica, alta disponibilidade de exames invasivos e n&#227;o invasivos, indicadores de desempenho como prescri&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos, <italic>stents</italic> coron&#225;rios implantados (100% farmacol&#243;gicos) e uso da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda, e volume expressivo de procedimentos de interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. Tais aspectos poderiam explicar o baixo n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos e IAM mesmo ap&#243;s procedimentos invasivos mais complexos, o que pode n&#227;o ser aplic&#225;vel a outros centros com caracter&#237;sticas e infraestruturas diferentes. Ainda, esses fatores podem ter interferido na indica&#231;&#227;o de angiografia coron&#225;ria na maioria dos pacientes, sem associa&#231;&#227;o isolada e linear com os n&#237;veis de troponina e n&#227;o necessariamente dependentes de escores de risco mais elevados. Portanto, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre troponina e os desfechos, a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e a indica&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pode ser diferente em institui&#231;&#245;es sem disponibilidade de laborat&#243;rios de hemodin&#226;mica ou cirurgia card&#237;aca. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao escopo do estudo, a grande variedade de kits de troponina I pode influenciar a tomada de decis&#227;o local e n&#227;o ser concordante com nossos achados. Por fim, pela caracter&#237;stica explorat&#243;ria dos estudos observacionais, a variabilidade inerente &#224; sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes, e fatores de confus&#227;o n&#227;o mensurados, salientamos que os resultados e conclus&#245;es devem ser considerados como indicativos, dando suporte &#224; aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica em coorte brasileira.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Valores de troponina I acima do percentil 99 pela Defini&#231;&#227;o Universal de IAM ou acima do ponto de corte de maior acur&#225;cia para o diagn&#243;stico de IAM definido para o kit espec&#237;fico apresentam papel progn&#243;stico em termos da ocorr&#234;ncia do desfecho composto de &#243;bito e IAM at&#233; 30 dias da SCASSST. De modo mais relevante, n&#237;veis de troponina minimamente elevados agregam informa&#231;&#227;o &#250;til ao diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico e escores de risco na tomada de decis&#227;o, pela identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com maior probabilidade de benef&#237;cio com estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva e procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria, o que poderia explicar a atenua&#231;&#227;o do risco precoce de &#243;bito associado &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o desse biomarcador.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Antonio Haddad Tapias Filho pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo e Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 3287541. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction 99<sup>th</sup> Percentile versus Diagnostic Cut-off Value of Troponin I for Acute Coronary Syndromes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9963-1608</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tapias</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Haddad</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1815-6498</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Bernardes de Figueiredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5606-5960</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fran&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Italo Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Rui Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Antonio Haddad Tapias Filho &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Avenida Doutor Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal Code 04012-909, Vila Mariana, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: ahtfilho@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript: Tapias Filho AH, Oliveira G; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Tapias Filho AH, Oliveira G, Ramos RF; Statistical analysis: Fran&#231;a JID.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Contemporary diagnosis of ACS and risk stratification are essential for appropriate management and reduction of mortality and recurrent ischemic events, in the acute phase of disease and after hospitalization. The Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction recommends the detection of troponin levels above the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To evaluate the occurrence of early death and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in patients without elevation of troponin (&lt;0.034 ng/mL), patients with mild elevation (above the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile [&gt;0.034 ng/mL and &lt;0.12 ng/mL)], and patients with significant elevation of troponin (above the diagnostic cutoff for AMI defined by the troponin kit (&#8805;0.12 ng/mL)]; and to analyze the impact of troponin on the indication for invasive strategy and myocardial revascularization.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Cross-sectional cohort study of patients with ACS with assessment of peak troponin I, risk score, prospective analysis of 30-day clinical outcomes and two-sided statistical tests, with statistical significance set at p&lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> A total of 494 patients with ACS were evaluated. Troponin &gt; 99<sup>th</sup> percentile and below the cutoff point, as well as values above the cutoff, were associated with higher incidence of composite endpoint (p&lt;0.01) and higher rates of percutaneous or surgical revascularization procedures (p&lt;0.01), without significative difference in 30-day mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> Troponin levels above the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile defined by the universal definition of AMI play a prognostic role and add useful information to the clinical diagnosis and risk scores by identifying those patients who would most benefit from invasive risk stratification and coronary revascularization procedures.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Troponin I</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death among people older than 60 years in Brazil,<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> and important causes of disability, hospitalizations and death, mainly in low per capita income countries.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>,<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In acute coronary syndromes (ACS), serial electrocardiography (ECG) and troponin measurements, associated with clinical examination, are essential for the correct diagnosis and appropriate management of disease.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> In the context of acute myocardial ischemia, in addition to establishing the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), the measurement of troponin is useful for risk stratification in invasive strategies.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Besides, peak troponin levels are correlated with the extension of necrosis and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), which are important determinants of post-AMI mortality.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> In addition, elevated troponin levels have been correlated with multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD) and greater severity of stenosis in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS),<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> in addition to a directly proportional relationship with rates of clinical outcomes<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>-<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> in patients undergoing early revascularization procedures.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Factors including severity and complexity of CAD, previous use of acetylsalicylic acid and early coronary angiography are associated with peak troponin in NSTE-ACS.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> Among patients stabilized after an ACS, increased troponin is associated with higher all-cause cardiovascular mortality, regardless of covariables.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> Individuals with very high levels of troponin have more complex CAD and, based on pathophysiological plausibility, revascularization may be more often indicated in this group as compared with patients without troponin elevation. On the other hand, some authors have not found an association between high troponin levels and worse clinical outcomes.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Troponin levels proposed for the diagnosis of ACS</title>
          <p>According to the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and the National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry, increased troponin levels are defined as those above the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile of a healthy population, and an intra-assay coefficient of variation (CV) &lt;10%,<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> although many troponin test kits have poor accuracy based on this percentile.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>-<xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> Therefore, for the use of troponin in the diagnosis of AMI, it is necessary an ascending or descending curve of the biomarker, including at least one value above the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile of the reference population, according to sex, ethnics and other factors.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>,<xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup> Some studies have pointed out the importance of using standard levels for the diagnosis of AMI in hospital laboratories to improve clinical decisions, to tailor diagnostic thresholds to the population seen in each institution, and facilitate reporting in clinical trials.<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>,<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of clinically relevant outcomes (death, AMI, and composite endpoint) in patients at the early stage of NSTE-ACS; to compare three groups formed according to the ranges of troponin I values &#8211; without elevation (&lt;0.034 ng/mL, i.e., below the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile), mild increase (Universal Definition of AMI, above the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile [&gt;0.034 ng/mL and &lt;0.12 ng/mL]), and significant increase (the most accurate diagnostic cut-off defined by local troponin kit [&#8805;0.12 ng/mL]; and to assess the association between these groups and requirement of an invasive strategy or myocardial revascularization procedures during hospital stay. The hypothesis is that the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile value of troponin, even if lower than the cut-off point for troponin I defined by the commercial kit, is associated with clinical impact and indication for invasive stratification and myocardial revascularization, in comparison with negative levels, corroborating the values proposed by the Universal Definition of AMI.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Characteristics of the study and ethical aspects</title>
          <p>Observational, cross-sectional study, with follow-up of up to 30 days for evaluation of death and infarction rates, and composite endpoint in patients with NSTE-ACS admitted to a coronary care unit (CCU), divided into groups according to troponin levels. All clinical events were pre-defined and assessed following a systematic collection of data from databases. Indication for invasive or non-invasive risk stratification, in-hospital treatments, and routine laboratory tests were also evaluated. All participants signed an informed consent form. The study was approved by local ethics committee in April 2019. Recruitment of patients was carried out from May 2019 to January 2020.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Inclusion criteria</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>&#8226; Age &#8805; 18 years</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>&#8226; Admission to a CCU</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>&#8226; Diagnosis of NSTE-ACS</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>&#8226; The diagnosis of NSTE-ACS was made based on two of the following criteria:</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Clinical presentation suggestive of ACS;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- ECG showing depression of the ST segment, T-wave inversion or non-specific findings;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Ascending or descending troponin curves, including at least one value above 0.12 ng/mL (diagnostic value for AMI in the troponin I kit used at Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Reinfarction was defined following the recommendations of the fourth universal definition of AMI, and considered suspected in the presence of signs or symptoms of infarction, requiring another troponin measurement in this case. Diagnosis is confirmed by a 20% increase in troponin levels in patients with already elevated values, or a new increase in those with previously normal levels.</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>&#8226; The diagnosis of unstable angina was made based on two of the following criteria:</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Clinical presentation suggestive of ACS;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- ECG showing depression of the ST segment, T-wave inversion or non-specific findings;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Absence of troponin levels above 0.034 ng/mL (according to troponin levels for the diagnosis of AMI proposed by the universal definition of AMI<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup> and the European Society of Cardiology guidelines<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup>).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exclusion criteria</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Absence of consent to participate in the study</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Patients referred for invasive management 48 hours after the first episode of ACS.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Variables analyzed</title>
          <p>Demographic data, cardiovascular risk factors, comorbidities, previous use of medications, non-invasive hemodynamic parameters, coronary angiographic findings (of patients referred for invasive strategy), GRACE and CRUSADE scores were analyzed. Laboratory tests, therapeutic procedures and approaches during hospital stay were performed according to institutional protocols.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiac troponin test</title>
          <p>The VITROS&#174; high-sensitivity troponin I assay (Ortho Clinical Diagnostics) was used for measurements of cardiac troponin I, with a 99<sup>th</sup> percentile value of 0.034 ng/mL, diagnostic cut off point of 0.12 ng/mL for AMI, sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 93% (<xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref>). The CV of the kit at the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile was &lt;10%, according to current recommendations.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>-<xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> Blood collection was performed at admission to the emergency department and at the CCU.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Specifications of the VITROS&#174; high-sensitivity troponin I assay.</title>
              </caption>
              <attrib>Fonte:TropIES_GEM1309_WW_PT_I_10.pdf. Acessado em http://www.OrthoClinicalDiagnostics.com.</attrib>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1006-10191-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and statistical analysis</title>
          <p>We used the mortality and AMI data described on a Masters thesis of a study conducted at the same CCU (available at: https://doi.org/10.11606/D.98.2020.tde-27122019-080250), and estimated a relative difference of 50% in the rate of events between the groups with negative and positive troponin. Using a power of 90% and alpha of 5%, we estimated a minimum sample size of 273 patients for the objectives of the study. Two-sided significance tests were used, with significance level at 0.05. Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range, according to normality of distributions, which was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Between-group comparisons were assessed by the one-way ANOVA or by the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. Categorical variables were expressed as frequency and percentages and compared by the chi-square test or Fisher exact test. Analysis of outcomes was conducted according to the time to the first event since the onset of NSTE-ACS by the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test for statistical significance between survival curves for the events (death, infarction, and composite endpoint). Statistical analysis was performed using the R system and the SPSS statistics, version 19.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients&#8217; characteristics and clinical course</title>
          <p>A total of 494 patients with diagnosis of NSTE-ACS were evaluated. <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> presents the results of the descriptive analysis of the groups. The group of patients with significant increase in troponin levels had a higher proportion of older people, longer duration of chest pain, higher GRACE and CRUSADE scores, lower creatinine clearance levels, lower LVEF, and higher rates of acute kidney injury during hospitalization (<xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Clinical characteristics, diagnostic tests and clinical events of the study population divided into three groups by troponin levels</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3" scope="col">Variable</th>
                    <th colspan="4" scope="col">Troponin</th>
                    <th rowspan="3" scope="col">p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="4" scope="col">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="2" scope="col">&lt; 0.034 ng/mL</th>
                    <th scope="col">0.034-0.12 ng/mL</th>
                    <th scope="col">&gt; 0.12 ng/mL</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Population</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">122 (24.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">63 (12.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">309 (62.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Male sex</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">81 (66.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">47 (74.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">215 (69.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.47</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Age</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">63.5 (55-70)</td>
                    <td align="center">64 (59-71)</td>
                    <td align="center">66 (59-74)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Weight</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">78.5 (69-87.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">78 (68-87)</td>
                    <td align="center">75 (66-85)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.19</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Duration of symptoms</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">60 (10-292)</td>
                    <td align="center">80 (15-741)</td>
                    <td align="center">134 (30-489)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.019</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">GRACE at admission</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">99 (83-111)</td>
                    <td align="center">102 (86-122)</td>
                    <td align="center">120 (103-140)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">GRACE at discharge</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">84 (70-97)</td>
                    <td align="center">85 (70-108)</td>
                    <td align="center">103 (88-120)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CRUSADE</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">26 (19-34)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (19-35)</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (19-40)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.033</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creat. Clear. (mL/min)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">77.5 (69-87)</td>
                    <td align="center">77 (62-91)</td>
                    <td align="center">72 (58-87)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.024</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">59 (50-62)</td>
                    <td align="center">56 (45-63)</td>
                    <td align="center">55 (41-60)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.006</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Clinical history</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ischemic stroke</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">2 (1.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (1.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.42</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hemorrhagic stroke</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">1 (0.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.42</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CABG</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">14 (11.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (14.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">66 (21.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.03</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">84 (68.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">49 (77.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">194 (62.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.05</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PAD</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">3 (2.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (6.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (6.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.20</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">97 (79.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">55 (87.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">258 (83.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.33</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CRF</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">11 (9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (19%)</td>
                    <td align="center">69 (22.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AMI</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">60 (49.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (44.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">172 (55.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.16</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HF</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">14 (11.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (15.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">45 (14.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.61</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PCI</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">43 (35.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (31.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">103 (33.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.91</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Obesity</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">35 (28.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (23.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">75 (24.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.65</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DM</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">63 (51.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (34.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">142 (46%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.10</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoker</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">19 (15.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (22.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">53 (17.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.71</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Former smoker</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">44 (36%)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (38.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">119 (38.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.71</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Physical activity</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">16 (13.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (6.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (9.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.34</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Previous medications </bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">ASA</td>
                    <td align="center">96 (78.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">51 (80.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">218 (70.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.10</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">Clopidogrel</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (31.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (19%)</td>
                    <td align="center">89 (28.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.20</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">Amiodarone</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (6.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (2.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.07</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">CCB</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (25.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (23.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">76 (24.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.98</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">ARB</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (40.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (44.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">109 (35.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.29</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">Oral BB</td>
                    <td align="center">80 (65.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (63.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">208 (67.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.77</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">Diuretics</td>
                    <td align="center">39 (31.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (41.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">112 (36.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.40</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">Statin</td>
                    <td align="center">92 (75.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">48 (76.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">218 (70.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.55</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">ACEi</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (27%)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (28.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">111 (35.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.14</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">Nitrates</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (36%)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (27%)</td>
                    <td align="center">101 (32.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.49</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">Warfarin</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (1.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (3.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.36</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">OADs</td>
                    <td align="center">53 (43.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (25.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">120 (38.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.05</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">Insulin</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (18%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (9.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">49 (15.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.33</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">
                      <bold>Medications during hospitalization </bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">ASA</td>
                    <td align="center">122 (100%)</td>
                    <td align="center">63 (100%)</td>
                    <td align="center">309 (100%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.37</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">Clopidogrel</td>
                    <td align="center">94 (77%)</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (79.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">272 (88%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">ACEi</td>
                    <td align="center">61 (50%)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (44.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">177 (57.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.09</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">ARB</td>
                    <td align="center">49 (40.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (38.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">89 (28.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.05</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">Oral BB</td>
                    <td align="center">112 (91.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">55 (87.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">290 (93.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.15</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">Statin</td>
                    <td align="center">122 (100%)</td>
                    <td align="center">63 (100%)</td>
                    <td align="center">309 (100%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.19</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Killip class</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.08</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>I</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">117 (95.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">60 (95.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">265 (85.7%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>II</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">5 (4.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (3.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (10.3%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>III</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (1.6%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IV</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">1 (0.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (1.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (1.9%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Diagnostic tests</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiac MRI</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">4 (3.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (3.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (2.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.70</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CCTA</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">2 (1.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (3.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.25</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Echocardiography</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">102 (83.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">51 (81%)</td>
                    <td align="center">262 (84.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.61</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="6">
                      <bold>Complications</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Second degree-AVB</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (1.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (0.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.46</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pacemaker</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">0</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (3.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (1.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.14</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IAB</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">2 (1.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (1.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (1.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiogenic shock</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">2 (1.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (3.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (3.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.71</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AKI</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">9 (7.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (9.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">52 (16.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hemodialysis</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">1 (0.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (3.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (7.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.10</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>APE</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">1 (0.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (2.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.40</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AF</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">6 (4.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (4.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (6.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.82</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CRA</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">3 (2.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (1.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (4.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.51</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Second surgical approach</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (0.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sepsis</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">2 (1.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (4.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (5.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.18</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SVT</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">1 (0.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (1.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (2.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.78</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VF</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">3 (2.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (1.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (1.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.66</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Punction-site bleeding</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">7 (5.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (11.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (13%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.08</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>GRACE: Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events; CC: creatinine clearance; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; PAD: peripheral arterial disease; CRF: chronic renal failure; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; HF: heart failure; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; DM: diabetes mellitus; ASA: acetylsalicylic acid; CCB: calcium channel blockers; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; BB: beta-blocker; ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; OAD: oral antidiabetics; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; CCTA: coronary computed tomography angiography; AVB: atrioventricular block; IAB: intra-aortic balloon; AKI: acute kidney injury; APE: acute pulmonary edema; AF: atrial fibrillation; CRA: cardiorespiratory arrest; SVT: sustained ventricular tachycardia; VF: ventricular fibrillation.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Comparison of management strategies, clinical outcomes, and revascularization according to troponin levels</title>
          <p>A greater number of patients with significant increase in troponin levels underwent functional studies, invasive approach, and myocardial revascularization procedures. All patients were treated with benefit-proven medications recommended by guidelines (100% of patients received acetylsalicylic acid and statins) (<xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>Overall mortality was 3.4%, with no statistically significant difference between the groups, although the incidence of AMI (or reinfarction) was 2-4 times higher in the group with troponin elevation (<xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>). Kaplan&#8211;Meier plots depicting overall survival, AMI and composite endpoint are illustrated in <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figures 2</xref>, <xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">3</xref> and <xref rid="f04001" ref-type="fig">4</xref>, respectively.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison of risk stratification, revascularization procedures and clinical outcomes between the groups of patients by troponin levels</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variables</th>
                    <th colspan="3">Troponin</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="3">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>&lt; 0.034</th>
                    <th>0.034-0.12</th>
                    <th>&gt; 0.12</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Population</td>
                    <td align="center">122 (24.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">63 (12.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">309 (62.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Myocardial scintigraphy</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (22.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (12.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (2.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Coronary angiography</td>
                    <td align="center">105 (86%)</td>
                    <td align="center">58 (92.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">298 (96.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (28.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (46%)</td>
                    <td align="center">180 (58.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CABG</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (29.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (31.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">54 (17.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Number of coronary grafts:</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>1</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (1%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>2</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (8.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (9.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (5.8%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>3</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (17.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (22.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (8.1%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>4</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (6.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (2.6%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Number of stents:</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>1 stent</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (20.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (39.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">118 (38.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.06</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&gt; 1 stent</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (8.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (6.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">61 (19.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.07</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Death</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (2.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (3.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (3.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.87</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AMI (or reinfarction)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (5.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (4.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (16.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; AMI: acute myocardial infarction</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Kaplan Meier curves illustrating event-free survival after acute myocardial infarction (or reinfarction) by troponin range groups (log-rank test, p=0.002).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1006-10191-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Kaplan Meier curves illustrating event-free survival after acute myocardial infarction (or reinfarction) by troponin range groups (log-rank test, p=0.002).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1006-10191-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Kaplan-Meier curves of composite endpoint (death or acute myocardial infarction/reinfarction) by troponin range groups (log-rank test p&lt;0.001).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-06-1006-10191-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>CAD is one of the main causes of death, especially in the context of ACS.<sup><xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>,<xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref></sup> Despite therapeutic advances, morbidity and mortality of CAD in the early stages of disease and after hospital discharge are high, varying from 5-10% within 30 days to 20% in six months after the acute event.<sup><xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup> In this context, guidelines have recommended the use of troponin as a biomarker for risk stratification.<sup><xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>,<xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref></sup> Patients with increased troponin may have a 20% rate of AMI and death in 30 days, and a 25% rate in six months of follow-up.<sup><xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>,<xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref></sup> However, differential diagnosis by increased troponin is crucial and should be analyzed together with clinical data and complementary tests.<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the present study, we observed an association between mild elevations of troponin and higher rates of coronary angiography and revascularization procedures. This may be explained by the fact that these patients had higher risk scores, which increases the likelihood of referral for invasive procedures during hospitalization. Also, higher rates of AMI were found in patients with increased troponin. This is in agreement with previous studies showing that peak troponin values are associated with higher rates of adverse events.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>-<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> It is worth mentioning the considerably higher number of cases of AMI among patients with troponin levels &#8805;0.12 ng/mL, even as compared with those with troponin &gt; 0.034 ng/mL.</p>
        <p>Regarding mortality rates, although we have not detected statistically significant difference, a higher number of deaths was found among patients with elevated troponin, corroborating other studies that showed a relationship between peak troponin values and mortality in ACS.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> These data may be explained by some factors. First, despite the higher risk of death estimated by higher GRACE score, troponin elevation, severity of CAD, and lower LVEF, most patients of the three groups were referred for invasive risk stratification. Therefore, there was not a linear association between increased risk and elevated troponin, although a larger number of patients with a marked increase in troponin levels underwent revascularization. Combined with the use of medications with proven benefits in reducing ischemic events and death, this &#8220;more invasive&#8221; approach, based not only on significant elevations but also on mild elevations in troponin levels, may have mitigated the occurrence of composite events that would be expected due to high risk score at admission. Therefore, the invasive strategy was important to reduce cardiovascular events despite increased initial risk. This is clearly corroborated by the reduction in GRACE score from hospital admission to discharge.</p>
        <p>Another important finding is the association between the two groups of patients with elevated troponin in comparison with patients with normal levels regarding myocardial revascularization. Higher troponin levels were associated with multiple stent implantation and higher number of surgically treated vessels, which reinforces the biological plausibility linking increased troponin levels with complexity of coronary anatomy.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>On the other hand, although the universal definition of AMI recommends the use of the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile for the diagnosis of AMI, its widespread implementation is still hampered by between-kit variability and variation of troponin I reference values between hospitals, which may influence the comparability between clinical trials and standardization of protocols.<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the comparison between the groups, although the number of patients who underwent coronary angiography was not different, the proportion of patients was significantly higher in those with greater elevation of troponin (86% vs 92% vs 96%, respectively; p&lt;0.01). As we pointed out, the high proportion of anatomic diagnosis made by angiography may have influenced the decision to perform percutaneous or surgical myocardial revascularization, even in patients with mild increase of troponin, with no statistical difference regarding mortality, despite numerical difference in survival.</p>
        <p>This study emphasizes the importance of using the diagnostic criteria of AMI proposed by the universal definition of AMI, particularly with respect to three aspects &#8211; prediction of major cardiovascular outcomes, indication of invasive strategy, and performance of myocardial revascularization procedures in the comparison of groups of patients with different troponin levels.</p>
        <p>The rationale of the analysis of troponin cutoff points is the high variability of the diagnostic value between the hospitals, with nearly 30% of hospital laboratories following the recommendations by the universal definition of AMI.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the present study, we did not evaluate the use of high-sensitivity troponin since our objective was not to analyze the usefulness of this biomarker in rule-in or rule-out protocols for AMI in the emergency room in cases of chest pain, in patients with very early presentation. However, we did analyze the prognostic role and the possible influence of troponin cutoff values on the decision making in the management of NSTE-ACS in intensive care unit as well as the potential effect of attenuating the early risk (estimated by scores), even in patients without troponin elevation, as compared with patients with slight elevation, by an &#8220;aggressive&#8221; invasive risk stratification and appropriate revascularization. Indeed, our data reinforce the use of the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile concentration of cardiac troponin proposed by the universal definition of AMI, avoiding unnecessary dismissal of patients without troponin elevations compatible with AMI when adopting a more accurate cutoff instead of the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The number of events observed may have reduced the statistical power to detect significant differences in terms of mortality. However, the high rate of coronary angiography, even among patients with no or minimal elevation of troponin, and subsequent early coronary revascularization may have reduced the estimated acute risk. Therefore, the hypothesis of a difference in mortality cannot be excluded, as this was not a random situation. Second, our data derived from a single center and reflected the reality of a research and education institution, with historical experience, and where invasive and non-invasive tests, indicators of performance such as drug prescription, coronary stent implantation (100% drug-eluting stents) with use of the left internal thoracic artery are highly available, and a large volume of percutaneous intervention and surgical revascularization has been performed. These factors could probably explain the low number of deaths and AMI even after highly complex invasive procedures, which may not be applied to other centers with different characteristics and infrastructures. Also, these aspects may have influenced the indication for coronary angiography in the majority of patients, without an isolated and linear association with troponin levels, and not necessarily dependent on more elevated risk scores. Thus, the association of troponin with outcomes, risk stratification and indication of revascularization may be different in institutions where hemodynamic laboratories and cardiac surgery are not available. Considering the scope of the study, the high variability of troponin I kits may influence local decisions and produce divergent results. Finally, due to the exploratory nature of observational studies, variability inherent to the selection of patients, and unmeasured confounding factors, we emphasize that the results and conclusions obtained in this study should be considered just an indication and be used as a support to their applicability in Brazilian populations.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Cardiac troponin values above the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile, proposed by the universal definition of AMI, or above the most accurate diagnostic cut-off point for AMI, defined by specific kit, have prognostic value in terms of the occurrence of composite endpoint of death and AMI within 30 days after NSTE-ACS. More importantly, mild elevations of troponin add useful information to the clinical diagnosis and risk scores in the decision-making process, by identifying those patients who would most benefit from invasive risk stratification and coronary revascularization procedures, which could explain the attenuation of early mortality risk associated with the increase in this biomarker.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the Masters thesis submitted by Antonio Haddad Tapias Filho, from Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo and Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia under the protocol number 3287541. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
