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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">4MNGT4nWh85sKwrsctSvQZt</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000500996</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210671</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210671</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Uma Manifesta&#231;&#227;o Pouco Comum de Rejei&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6069-6976</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Resende</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Xavier Correia de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1028-4890</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Diogo</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Grilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0738-2876</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Amorim</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4585-1998</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pestana</surname>
            <given-names>Gon&#231;alo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Torres</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Pinheiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3829-9426</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio de S&#227;o Joao</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio de S&#227;o Joao, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Carlos Xavier Correia de Resende &#8226; Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio de S&#227;o Joao - Rua Vista Alegre, 104, 3 esq frente, 4445-669, Porto &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>cxresende@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Amorim S; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Resende CXC, Pestana G; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Amorim S, Torres JP; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Resende CXC, Diogo PG; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Resende CXC, Diogo PG, Amorim S, Pestana G, Torres JP, Macedo F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>996</fpage>
      <lpage>999</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Transplante Card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>Pesquisa</kwd>
        <kwd>Rejei&#231;&#227;o de Enxertos</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Tratamento Farmacol&#243;gico</kwd>
        <kwd>Bloqueio Card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasoespasmo Coron&#225;rio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="19"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O transplante card&#237;aco ortot&#243;pico &#233; o tratamento atual de escolha para pacientes selecionados com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em est&#225;gio terminal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Com o aprimoramento das t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas e a efici&#234;ncia dos novos tratamentos imunossupressores, a sobrevida em curto prazo melhorou acentuadamente ao longo dos anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No entanto, esses pacientes ainda sofrem comorbidades importantes causadas por complica&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas do transplante, como rejei&#231;&#227;o, doen&#231;a vascular do enxerto (DVE) e malignidade. Dist&#250;rbios do ritmo s&#227;o comuns em pacientes transplantados card&#237;acos e, em algumas circunst&#226;ncias, podem ser a primeira manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de rejei&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O vasoespasmo coronariano foi recentemente associado &#224; rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda e DVE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> mas os mecanismos subjacentes a esse fen&#244;meno ainda s&#227;o especulativos.</p>
      <p>Apresentamos um caso cl&#237;nico de rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda a transplante card&#237;aco, manifestada por vasoespasmo coronariano e dist&#250;rbio de ritmo avan&#231;ado.</p>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o do caso</title>
        <p>Um homem de 55 anos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica em est&#225;gio final foi submetido a transplante card&#237;aco ortot&#243;pico em mar&#231;o de 2019. A bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica (BEM) realizada no primeiro ano de seguimento mostrou rejei&#231;&#227;o celular leve grau 1R (ISHLT) em tr&#234;s amostras e rejei&#231;&#227;o moderada (2R) em duas amostras, tratadas com umas doses aumentadas de corticosteroides orais. Na &#250;ltima consulta ambulatorial, o paciente apresentava fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda normal, sem rejei&#231;&#227;o humoral ou celular identificada na &#250;ltima BEM (realizada 4 meses antes da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o). Suas amostras de sangue mostraram n&#237;veis infraterap&#234;uticos de ciclosporina (94,2 ng/mL), levando a um aumento da dose ambulatorial. Ele tamb&#233;m foi medicado com micofenolato de mofetil (MMF) (2g/dia), prednisolona (5mg), atorvastatina, aspirina, cotrimoxazol e antidiab&#233;ticos orais.</p>
        <p>Um ano e cinco meses ap&#243;s o transplante, foi atendido em nosso servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia com altera&#231;&#227;o s&#250;bita do estado de consci&#234;ncia. Ele tinha um escore de 11 na Escala de Coma de Glasgow e estava hemodinamicamente est&#225;vel. O exame f&#237;sico, eletrocardiograma, tomografia computadorizada do cr&#226;nio e ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) foram normais. As amostras de sangue revelaram anemia leve (10 g/dL) e n&#237;veis infraterap&#234;uticos de ciclosporina (92 ng/mL), mas sem eleva&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios; a toxicologia negativa para &#225;lcool ou drogas de abuso. O paciente n&#227;o colaborou durante o eletroencefalograma e devido &#224; sua acentuada agita&#231;&#227;o psicomotora e confus&#227;o foi sedado e intubado. A pun&#231;&#227;o lombar foi realizada e n&#227;o mostrou sinais de infec&#231;&#227;o no l&#237;quido cefalorraquidiano. A ciclosporina foi substitu&#237;da por tacrolimus, considerando a possibilidade de s&#237;ndrome de encefalopatia posterior revers&#237;vel.</p>
        <p>O paciente foi hospitalizado na unidade de terapia intensiva e, no segundo dia de interna&#231;&#227;o, apresentou parada card&#237;aca s&#250;bita com retorno da circula&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea (RCE) ap&#243;s dois ciclos de suporte avan&#231;ado de vida. O eletrocardiograma ap&#243;s RCE ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1B</xref> ) registrou supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em V2-V5. Um segundo ECG 10 minutos ap&#243;s o evento foi normal ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1C</xref> ). Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise do monitoramento por telemetria, foi poss&#237;vel identificar bloqueio card&#237;aco completo antes da parada card&#237;aca ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1A</xref> ). No mesmo dia, um segundo epis&#243;dio de bloqueio card&#237;aco completo foi documentado, com deteriora&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica e um marcapasso tempor&#225;rio foi implantado.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A) Bloqueio atrioventricular de terceiro grau antes da parada card&#237;aca; B) ECG ap&#243;s RCE mostrando supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em V2-V5, extrass&#237;stole isolada; C) ECG normal 10 minutos ap&#243;s o evento.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0996-10671-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A cineangiocoronariografia foi realizada no dia seguinte, mostrando vasoespasmo acentuadamente difuso das art&#233;rias descendente anterior e circunflexa, que se resolveu com a administra&#231;&#227;o de nitrato intracoron&#225;rio ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2 A e B</xref> ). Uma estenose moderada foi identificada nas art&#233;rias descendente anterior esquerda proximal e primeira diagonal. Uma bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica tamb&#233;m foi realizada.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A) Coronariografia mostrando vasoespasmo acentuadamente difuso das art&#233;rias descendente anterior e circunflexa. B) Resolu&#231;&#227;o completa do vasoespasmo ap&#243;s ingest&#227;o de nitrato.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0996-10671-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Nos dias subsequentes, um novo epis&#243;dio de parada card&#237;aca foi precedido por taquicardia ventricular, novamente com registro de altera&#231;&#245;es transit&#243;rias de supradesnivelamento do segmento ST ap&#243;s RCE ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3A</xref> ). A estimula&#231;&#227;o espor&#225;dica do marcapasso tempor&#225;rio tamb&#233;m foi documentada ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3B</xref> ). Diante da suspeita de epis&#243;dios de vasoespasmo coronariano, foi iniciada a administra&#231;&#227;o de bloqueadores de canais de c&#225;lcio (BCC) e nitrato.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A) Altera&#231;&#245;es transit&#243;rias de ST-T; B) Estimula&#231;&#227;o espor&#225;dica de marcapasso tempor&#225;rio.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0996-10671-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Os resultados da bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica mostraram rejei&#231;&#227;o celular moderada 2R (ISHLT) e rejei&#231;&#227;o humoral positiva para C4d, com posterior identifica&#231;&#227;o de anticorpos anti-HLA classe II espec&#237;ficos do doador (HLA-DR53). O paciente foi, portanto, tratado com pulsos de metilprednisolona intravenosa e permaneceu clinicamente est&#225;vel. Com a intensifica&#231;&#227;o do tratamento imunossupressor, BCC e nitrato, o paciente ficou hemodinamicamente est&#225;vel, sem novas altera&#231;&#245;es s&#250;bitas de ritmo ou no ECG. O diagn&#243;stico de rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda do enxerto causando vasoespasmo coronariano e dist&#250;rbios avan&#231;ados do ritmo foi considerado.</p>
        <p>Duas semanas ap&#243;s o tratamento, a bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica foi repetida mostrando rejei&#231;&#227;o celular leve 1R (ISHLT) e sem sinais de rejei&#231;&#227;o humoral. Devido &#224; resposta cl&#237;nica e histol&#243;gica, nenhum tratamento farmacol&#243;gico adicional foi iniciado. Um cardioversor desfibrilador foi implantado sem intercorr&#234;ncias.</p>
        <p>Durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, o paciente sofreu m&#250;ltiplas infec&#231;&#245;es nosocomiais, necessitando de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica em duas ocasi&#245;es diferentes devido a pneumonia grave. Por causa da miopatia grave causada por hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o prolongada, ele recebeu alta para um centro de reabilita&#231;&#227;o e permanece est&#225;vel.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Desde o primeiro transplante de cora&#231;&#227;o humano realizado pelo Dr. Christian Barnard em dezembro de 1967,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> v&#225;rias melhorias foram observadas ao longo dos anos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao procedimento e principalmente ao manejo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. A introdu&#231;&#227;o da terapia de imunossupress&#227;o em 1980 foi um marco, permitindo uma melhora significativa nas taxas de sobrevida precoce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> No entanto, a rejei&#231;&#227;o continua sendo uma das principais causas de morte ap&#243;s o transplante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Como os sintomas de rejei&#231;&#227;o geralmente s&#227;o inespec&#237;ficos, uma alta suspeita cl&#237;nica &#233; fundamental para a detec&#231;&#227;o e tratamento imediatos. Nesse contexto, as BEMs seriadas continuam sendo a pedra angular para o diagn&#243;stico de rejei&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Os dist&#250;rbios do ritmo s&#227;o comuns em pacientes transplantados card&#237;acos. No entanto, com a implementa&#231;&#227;o mundial da abordagem bicaval que preserva o &#225;trio direito e o n&#243; sinusal, o n&#250;mero de eventos p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios de bradiarritmia com necessidade de marcapasso definitivo foi significativamente reduzido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A bradicardia tardia ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco tem sido associada a epis&#243;dios de rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e DVE, e esta &#250;ltima possivelmente pode levar &#224; isquemia do n&#243; sinusal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Isso ressalta a import&#226;ncia de lembrar que, em pacientes que apresentam bradicardia ou bloqueio card&#237;aco tardio ap&#243;s o transplante, a possibilidade de rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda e DVE deve ser investigada atrav&#233;s de ecocardiografia, BE e cinecoronariografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Nessas circunst&#226;ncias, o implante de marcapasso &#233; insuficiente para um tratamento eficaz at&#233; que a causa subjacente da bradiarritmia possa ser tratada.</p>
      <p>O espasmo de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (EAC) &#233; uma doen&#231;a subdiagnosticada, principalmente em pacientes transplantados card&#237;acos. Essa condi&#231;&#227;o era considerada rara; por&#233;m, evid&#234;ncias recentes mostram uma preval&#234;ncia significativa de EAC na cineangiocoronariografia de rotina nesses pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Boffa et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> documentaram vasoespasmo coronariano em 12 pacientes (5% da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada) ap&#243;s transplante card&#237;aco em um seguimento de 5 anos. Durante o seguimento, 80% dos pacientes desenvolveram estenose org&#226;nica e 50% dos pacientes com m&#250;ltiplos vasoespasmos morreram. Esses dados refor&#231;am a hip&#243;tese de que o EAC ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco pode ser um marcador de mau progn&#243;stico e manifesta&#231;&#227;o precoce da DVE.</p>
      <p>A etiologia e fisiopatologia do EAC em pacientes transplantados card&#237;acos permanece especulativa, mas v&#225;rios mecanismos t&#234;m sido relatados: sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo anormal, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, hiperatividade da musculatura lisa coronariana e inflama&#231;&#227;o do componente perivascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Uma das causas presumidas do EAC &#233; o consumo de coca&#237;na, devido &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica direta das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Particularmente no contexto de epis&#243;dios de EAC que se apresentam precocemente ap&#243;s o transplante, um hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico cuidadoso do doador e receptor do cora&#231;&#227;o pode ajudar a excluir EAC induzido por coca&#237;na.</p>
      <p>Em nosso caso cl&#237;nico, evid&#234;ncia de EAC foi observada na cinecoronariografia, supradesnivelamento transit&#243;rio do segmento ST e bloqueio card&#237;aco parox&#237;stico. Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; que mecanismos subjacentes &#224; rejei&#231;&#227;o mediada por anticorpos podem causar EAC: anticorpos espec&#237;ficos do doador podem iniciar a cascata do complemento no endot&#233;lio do aloenxerto e causar les&#227;o tecidual atrav&#233;s de vias inflamat&#243;rias. As fra&#231;&#245;es do complemento s&#227;o depositadas na microvasculatura do aloenxerto resultando em um processo inflamat&#243;rio caracterizado por ativa&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas endoteliais, infiltra&#231;&#227;o de macr&#243;fagos, upregula&#231;&#227;o de citocinas, aumento da permeabilidade vascular e trombose microvascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Esse estado de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, inflama&#231;&#227;o e hiperreatividade poderia precipitar epis&#243;dios de EAC no contexto de rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda.</p>
      <p>Casos cl&#237;nicos de EAC apresentando arritmias malignas em pacientes transplantados card&#237;acos j&#225; foram relatados por Pistono et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> e recentemente por M. Pagnoni et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> entretanto, nesses dois casos n&#227;o foram identificadas rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda celular ou humoral. Por&#233;m, a poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o de EAC com rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda j&#225; foi considerada anteriormente em outros relatos de caso,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> os quais s&#227;o consistentes com nosso caso cl&#237;nico.</p>
      <p>Conforme descrito anteriormente, o EAC pode ser uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o precoce de DVE, o que n&#227;o foi completamente exclu&#237;do em nosso paciente, devido &#224; baixa sensibilidade da cinecoronariografia para detec&#231;&#227;o de DVE em est&#225;gio inicial. Avan&#231;os recentes em imagens coronarianas invasivas, como ultrassonografia intravascular (USIV) e tomografia de coer&#234;ncia &#243;ptica (OCT, do ingl&#234;s <italic>optical coherence tomography</italic> ), t&#234;m mostrado resultados promissores na detec&#231;&#227;o de DVE subangiogr&#225;fica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, a imagem intracoron&#225;ria pode ter um papel significativo em pacientes card&#237;acos com EAC, ao excluir sinais precoces de DVE e, consequentemente, melhorar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e a aten&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes.</p>
      <p>Em nosso relato cl&#237;nico, a rejei&#231;&#227;o celular e humoral se manifestou com EAC e arritmias malignas. Essas manifesta&#231;&#245;es incomuns de rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda enfatizam que uma alta suspeita cl&#237;nica precisa estar presente para sua pronta detec&#231;&#227;o e tratamento. Embora a etiologia do EAC ainda seja especulativa e provavelmente multifatorial, nosso caso cl&#237;nico destaca a hip&#243;tese de que a hiperreatividade do endot&#233;lio e a inflama&#231;&#227;o causada pela rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda precipitaram o espasmo coronariano. Nosso caso cl&#237;nico tamb&#233;m mostra que a isquemia transit&#243;ria causada pelo EAC pode precipitar dist&#250;rbios letais do ritmo. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para entender completamente os mecanismos subjacentes ao EAC, sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a rejei&#231;&#227;o do aloenxerto e o significado progn&#243;stico.</p>
    </sec>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An Unusual Manifestation of Rejection</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6069-6976</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Resende</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Xavier Correia de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1028-4890</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Diogo</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Grilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0738-2876</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Amorim</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4585-1998</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pestana</surname>
            <given-names>Gon&#231;alo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Torres</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Pinheiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3829-9426</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio de S&#227;o Joao, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Carlos Xavier Correia de Resende &#8226; Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio de S&#227;o Joao - Rua Vista Alegre, 104, 3 esq frente, 4445-669, Porto &#8211; Portugal E-mail: cxresende@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Amorim S; Acquisition of data: Resende CXC, Pestana G; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Amorim S, Torres JP; Writing of the manuscript: Resende CXC, Diogo PG; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Resende CXC, Diogo PG, Amorim S, Pestana G, Torres JP, Macedo F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure, Heart Transplantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Research</kwd>
        <kwd>Graft Rejection</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Drug Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Block</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Vasospasm</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Orthotopic heart transplantation is the current treatment of choice for selected patients with end-stage heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> With the improvement of surgical techniques and the efficiency of new immunosuppressive treatments, short-term survival has markedly improved throughout the years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, these patients still suffer from important comorbidities caused by chronic transplant complications such as rejection, coronary allograft vasculopathy (CAV) and malignancy. Rhythm disorders are common in heart transplant patients and in some circumstances, they can be the first clinical manifestation of rejection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Coronary vasospasm has been recently associated with acute rejection and CAV,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> but the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are still speculative.</p>
        <p>We present a clinical case of acute heart transplant rejection, manifested by coronary vasospasm and advanced rhythm disorder.</p>
        <sec sec-type="cases">
          <title>Case presentation</title>
          <p>A 55-year-old male patient with end-stage ischemic heart failure underwent orthotopic heart transplantation in March 2019. The first-year follow-up endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) showed mild 1R cellular rejection (ISHLT) in 3 samples and moderate rejection (2R) in two samples, treated with increased doses of oral corticosteroids. At his last ambulatory appointment, the patient showed normal left ventricular function, with no humoral or cellular rejection identified in the last EMB (performed 4 months before admission). His blood samples showed infra-therapeutic levels of cyclosporine (94.2 ng/mL), leading to an increase in the ambulatory dose. He was also medicated with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) (2g/day), prednisolone (5mg), atorvastatin, aspirin, cotrimoxazol and oral anti-diabetic drugs.</p>
          <p>One year and five months after the transplantation, he was admitted to our emergency department with sudden altered state of consciousness. He showed a Glasgow Coma Score of 11 and was hemodynamically stable. On physical examination, the EKG, brain computed tomography and TTE were unremarkable. Blood samples revealed mild anemia (10 g/dL) and infra-therapeutic levels of cyclosporine (92 ng/mL), but no elevation of inflammatory markers; the toxicology was negative for alcohol or drugs of abuse. The patient did not collaborate during the electroencephalogram and due to his marked psychomotor agitation and confusion he was sedated and intubated. A lumbar puncture was performed, with no signs of infection in the cerebrospinal fluid. Cyclosporine was replaced by tacrolimus, considering the possibility of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome.</p>
          <p>The patient was admitted to the intensive care unit, and suffered sudden cardiac arrest on the second day of hospitalization, with return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after two advanced life support cycles. The electrocardiogram after the ROSC ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1B</xref> ) documented ST-segment elevation in V2-V5. A second EKG 10 minutes after the event was normal ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1C</xref> ). After analysis of telemetry monitoring, complete heart block was identified before cardiac arrest ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1A</xref> ). On the same day, a second episode of complete heart block was documented with hemodynamic deterioration and a temporary pacemaker was implanted.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; A) Third-degree atrioventricular block before cardiac arrest; B) EKG after ROSC showing supra ST-elevation in V2-V5, isolated extra systole; C) Normal EKG 10 minutes after the event.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0996-10671-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Coronary angiography was performed on the following day, showing markedly diffuse vasospasm in the left anterior descending and circumflex arteries, which resolved with intracoronary nitrate administration ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2A and B</xref> ). Moderate stenosis was identified in the proximal left anterior descending and first diagonal arteries. An endomyocardial biopsy was also performed.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; A) Coronary angiography showing markedly diffuse vasospasm of left anterior descending and circumflex arteries. B) Complete vasospasm resolution after nitrate intake.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0996-10671-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>On the subsequent days, a new episode of cardiac arrest was preceded by ventricular tachycardia, again with documentation of transient ST-segment elevation changes after ROSC ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3A</xref> ). Sporadic temporary pacemaker stimulation was also documented ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3B</xref> ). Given the suspicion of coronary vasospasm episodes, calcium channel blockers (CCB) and nitrate administration was initiated.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; A) Transient ST-T changes; B) Sporadic temporary pacemaker stimulation.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0996-10671-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The endomyocardial biopsy results showed moderate 2R cellular rejection (ISHLT) and C4d positive humoral rejection with subsequent identification of donor specific anti-HLA class II antibodies (HLA-DR53). The patient was therefore treated with intravenous methylprednisolone pulses and remained clinically stable. With immunosuppressive treatment intensification, CCB and nitrate administration, the patient was hemodynamically stable with no new rhythm or EKG sudden changes. The diagnosis of acute allograft rejection causing coronary vasospasm and advanced rhythm disorders was presumed.</p>
          <p>Two weeks after treatment, the endomyocardial biopsy was repeated, showing mild 1R cellular rejection (ISHLT) and no signs of humoral rejection. Due to the clinical and histological response, no additional pharmacological treatment was initiated. A cardioverter defibrillator was implanted, without complications.</p>
          <p>During hospitalization, the patient suffered multiple nosocomial infections, requiring mechanical ventilation in two different occasions due to severe pneumonia. Because of the severe myopathy caused by prolonged hospitalization, he was discharged to a rehabilitation center and remains stable.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Since the first human heart transplantation performed by Dr. Christian Barnard in December 1967,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> several improvements have been observed throughout the years in relation to procedural and particularly postoperative management. The introduction of immunosuppression therapy in 1980 was a landmark, allowing a significant improvement in early survival rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> However, rejection remains one of the major causes of death after transplantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Because the symptoms of rejection are often nonspecific, high clinical suspicious is paramount for prompt detection and treatment. In this context, serial EMBs remain the cornerstone for rejection diagnosis.</p>
        <p>Rhythm disorders are common in heart transplant patients. However, with the worldwide implementation of the bicaval approach, which preserves the right atrium and the sinus node, the number of postoperative bradyarrhythmia events requiring permanent pacemaker implantation were significantly reduced.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Bradycardia presenting late after heart transplantation has been associated with episodes of acute rejection<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and CAV, with the latter possibly leading to sinus node ischemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> This highlights the importance of recalling that in patients presenting with late-onset bradycardia or heart block after transplantation, the possibility of acute rejection and CAV must be investigated through echocardiography, EMB and coronary angiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In these circumstances, pacemaker implantation is insufficient for an effective treatment until the underlying bradyarrhythmia cause can be treated.</p>
        <p>Coronary artery spasm (CAS) is an underdiagnosed disease, particularly in heart transplant patients. This condition was considered to be rare; however, recent evidence shows a significant prevalence of CAS in routine coronary angiography in these patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Boffa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> documented coronary vasospasm in 12 patients (5% of the study population) after heart transplantation over a 5-year follow-up. During the follow-up, 80% of the patients developed organic stenosis and 50% of those with multiple vasospasms died. These data highlights the hypothesis that CAS after heart transplantation could be a marker of poor prognosis and early manifestation of CAV.</p>
        <p>The etiology and pathophysiology of CAS in heart transplant patients remains speculative, but several mechanisms have been reported: abnormal autonomic nervous system, endothelial dysfunction, coronary smooth muscle hyperactivity, and perivascular component inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> One of the presumed causes of CAS is cocaine consumption, due to the direct adrenergic stimulation of coronary arteries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Particularly in the context of CAS episodes that present early after transplantation, a thorough medical history of the heart donor and recipient could help to exclude cocaine-induced CAS.</p>
        <p>In our clinical case, evidence of CAS was seen in the coronary angiography, transient ST-segment elevation and paroxysmal heart block. We hypothesize that mechanisms underlying antibody-mediated rejection can cause CAS: donor-specific antibodies may initiate the complement cascade in the allograft endothelium and cause tissue injury via inflammatory pathways. Complement fractions are deposited in the allograft microvasculature, resulting in an inflammatory process characterized by endothelial cell activation, macrophage infiltration, cytokine upregulation, increased vascular permeability and microvascular thrombosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> This state of endothelial dysfunction, inflammation and hyperreactivity could precipitate CAS episodes in the context of acute rejection.</p>
        <p>Clinical cases of CAS presenting with malignant arrhythmias in heart transplantation patients have been reported by M. Pistono et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> and recently by M. Pagnoni et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> ; however, in these two cases no cellular or humoral acute rejection were identified. Nevertheless, the possible association of CAS with acute rejection has been previously considered in other case reports,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> which are consistent with our clinical case.</p>
        <p>As previously described, CAS could be an early manifestation of CAV, which was not completely ruled out in our patient, due the low sensitivity of coronary angiography for detecting early-stage CAV. Recent advances in invasive coronary imaging, such as intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) have shown promising results in detecting subangiographic CAV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In this context, intracoronary imaging could have a significant role in the diagnosis of CAS in heart patients by excluding early signs of CAV and, consequently, improving risk stratification and patient surveillance.</p>
        <p>In our clinical report, cellular and humoral rejection manifested as CAS and malignant arrythmias. These unusual manifestations of acute rejection emphasizes that high clinical suspicion needs to be present for its prompt detection and treatment. Although the etiology of CAS is still speculative and probably multifactorial, our clinical case highlights the hypothesis that endothelium hyperreactivity and inflammation caused by acute rejection precipitated the coronary spasm. Our clinical case also shows that transient ischemia caused by CAS can precipitate deadly rhythm disorders. Further studies are needed to fully understand the mechanisms underlying CAS, their relationship with allograft rejection and prognostic significance.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
