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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">bhgd3HBN5y9r3McqbfgfgWd</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000500992</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210370</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210370</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Calcifica&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica Padr&#227;o Helicoidal de Torrent Guasp</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4805-6882</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abraham-Foscolo</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Marta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5806-2755</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Blanco</surname>
            <given-names>Roc&#237;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2128-8280</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chiabrando</surname>
            <given-names>Juan Guido</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3022-995X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Llamedo</surname>
            <given-names>Mar&#237;a Clara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arenaza</surname>
            <given-names>Diego P&#233;rez de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9624-6424</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Falconi</surname>
            <given-names>Mariano L</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Buenos Aires</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="AR">Argentina</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia &#8211; Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires &#8211; Argentina</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Farmacologia e Toxicologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Buenos Aires</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Buenos Aires</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="AR">Argentina</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio Aplicado de Estat&#237;stica em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de (LEACS), Departamento de Farmacologia e Toxicologia &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Universidade de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires &#8211; Argentina</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Maria Marta Abraham-Foscolo &#8226; Cardiology service, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, 4190 Peron St, Buenos Aires, Argentina E-mail: <email>mariamarta.abraham@hospitalitaliano.org.ar</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Abraham-Foscolo MM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Abraham-Foscolo MM, Blanco R, Chiabrando JG, Llamedo MC, Arenaza DP, Falconi ML.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>992</fpage>
      <lpage>995</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Calcifica&#231;&#227;o Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>T&#233;cnicas de Imagem Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="8"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Caso cl&#237;nico</title>
      <p>Paciente do sexo masculino, 72 anos, com hist&#243;ria pregressa de hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes n&#227;o insulino-dependente, tabagismo ativo e angina cr&#244;nica est&#225;vel (angiocoronariografia mostrou estenose grave em ramo marginal obtuso de pequeno porte). Apresentava tamb&#233;m hist&#243;ria de etilismo, calcifica&#231;&#227;o pancre&#225;tica e lit&#237;ase renal, sem hist&#243;ria de C&#226;ncer, Sepse ou Tuberculose que justificassem essas calcifica&#231;&#245;es difusas.</p>
      <p>Apresentou-se no ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia com queixa de angina e dispneia classe II da New York Heart Association (NYHA). O eletrocardiograma (ECG) mostrava ritmo sinusal e sugeria hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) sem sinais de isquemia.</p>
      <p>As imagens do ecocardiograma foram sub&#243;timas devido &#224; janela ac&#250;stica ruim, mas mostraram disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda leve com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica grave (enchimento mitral restritivo n&#227;o revers&#237;vel foi observado), HVE e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar grave (press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar 78 mmHg) com di&#226;metros de ventr&#237;culo direito normais e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. Al&#233;m disso, m&#250;ltiplas imagens hiperecog&#234;nicas com sombras ac&#250;sticas foram observadas dentro do mioc&#225;rdio, infiltrando predominantemente o septo interventricular.</p>
      <p>Foi admitido no Hospital por sinais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda, com ortopneia, estertores pulmonares bilaterais e edema perif&#233;rico bilateral, sem necessidade de oxig&#234;nio suplementar. O laborat&#243;rio de soro demonstrou depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina normal (&gt;60 mg/ml), alto N terminal pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral (NT-pro-BNP) e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de troponina (6740 pg/ml e 32 pg/ml, respectivamente). Os par&#226;metros s&#233;ricos fosfoc&#225;lcicos estavam dentro da faixa normal. Notavelmente, uma equipe multidisciplinar avaliou o paciente, incluindo nefrologista, endocrinologista e cardiologistas cl&#237;nicos.</p>
      <p>Devido aos achados anormais e sub&#243;timos no ecocardiograma, foi realizada uma angiotomografia computadorizada (ATC), que foi positiva para extensos dep&#243;sitos de c&#225;lcio intramioc&#225;rdico (escore de Agatston mioc&#225;rdico de 112.929) com distribui&#231;&#227;o helicoidal que se assemelhava ao padr&#227;o das fibras mioc&#225;rdicas de Torrent Guasp ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). O escore de c&#225;lcio da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria n&#227;o foi t&#227;o alto quanto o escore de Agatston do mioc&#225;rdio (escore de Agatston de 670).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Angiotomografia computadorizada (ATC) mostra extensa calcifica&#231;&#227;o intramioc&#225;rdica (A e B). Reconstru&#231;&#227;o volum&#233;trica na ATC mostra extensa calcifica&#231;&#227;o com padr&#227;o Torrent Guasp (C e D). Os marcadores amarelos destacam a distribui&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio. AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0992-10370-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Uma Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca (RMC) com contraste foi realizada para identificar melhor as caracter&#237;sticas do tecido. Mostrou fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo normal (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 54%), com aumento da massa mioc&#225;rdica e hipocinesia basal e septal ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ). O ventr&#237;culo direito tinha fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica normal. As imagens ponderadas em T1 e T2 mostraram &#225;reas de nulidade intramioc&#225;rdicas focais sugerindo dep&#243;sitos de c&#225;lcio no mioc&#225;rdio. O realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio (LGE) foi positivo para realce intramioc&#225;rdico nos segmentos basal, medial e &#226;ntero-apical, compat&#237;vel com fibrose n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica. O comprometimento peric&#225;rdico estava ausente ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ). Al&#233;m disso, &#225;reas de calcifica&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica na ATC correlacionaram-se com LGE ao redor dos dep&#243;sitos de c&#225;lcio na RMC.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca (RMC). Sequ&#234;ncia cine mostra massa aumentada. O marcador amarelo mostra a maior largura da hipertrofia septal do VE em cinco c&#226;maras (A). O marcador azul mostra a maior largura do VE no eixo curto (B). VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0992-10370-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca (RMC). Sequ&#234;ncia ponderada em T1 mostra sinais de hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com baixo sinal intramioc&#225;rdico compat&#237;vel com c&#225;lcio (A), sequ&#234;ncia ponderada em T2 sem edema e baixo sinal intramioc&#225;rdico (B). Intramioc&#225;rdico difuso em Realce tardio por gadol&#237;nio (LGE), sem padr&#227;o caracter&#237;stico (C e D). Os marcadores amarelos mostram a distribui&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lcio mioc&#225;rdico. Os marcadores azuis mostram LGE mioc&#225;rdico. VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0992-10370-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O paciente foi tratado com diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a endovenosos e recebeu alta com melhora dos sintomas. A cintilografia com pirofosfato de 99m-tecn&#233;cio foi realizada durante o seguimento, negativa para amiloidose card&#237;aca. Al&#233;m disso, para obten&#231;&#227;o de material para amostragem histol&#243;gica, foi realizada bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica, mostrando achados histol&#243;gicos normais.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os dep&#243;sitos de calcifica&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas podem estar presentes em m&#250;ltiplos cen&#225;rios fisiopatol&#243;gicos, como calcifica&#231;&#245;es distr&#243;ficas por doen&#231;a card&#237;aca de base e doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas idiop&#225;ticas ou metast&#225;ticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, as calcifica&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas geralmente representam as sequelas de dano tecidual local e necrose celular e est&#227;o associadas a um risco aumentado de eventos cardiovasculares (arritmias ventriculares e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica/diast&#243;lica levando &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O paciente apresentava hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Frequentemente, a hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; suficiente para explicar completamente a calcifica&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, sendo comumente associada &#224; doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC), onde a calcifica&#231;&#227;o est&#225; associada a um dist&#250;rbio fosfoc&#225;lcico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o diabetes produz um dist&#250;rbio inflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico que pode contribuir para um aumento da calcifica&#231;&#227;o coronariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana &#233; uma causa muito comum de calcifica&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica distr&#243;fica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A cardiomiopatia hipertensiva ou infiltrativa n&#227;o pode ser totalmente exclu&#237;da, apesar dos achados de TC e RMC.</p>
      <p>Esses padr&#245;es de calcifica&#231;&#227;o podem ser diagnosticados com m&#250;ltiplas modalidades de imagem, sendo a ATC a modalidade padr&#227;o-ouro para identifica&#231;&#227;o e caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de calcifica&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas. De fato, diferentemente do padr&#227;o de calcifica&#231;&#227;o bem definido nas patologias intr&#237;nsecas do mioc&#225;rdio, a infiltra&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio por doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas geralmente tem um padr&#227;o difuso. Al&#233;m disso, a RMC pode fornecer mais caracteriza&#231;&#227;o tecidual, sugerindo calcifica&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em &#225;reas intramioc&#225;rdicas de baixo sinal e mioc&#225;rdio cicatrizado ao redor de calcifica&#231;&#245;es por imagens de LGE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A Teoria de Torrent Guasp foi originalmente descrita macroscopicamente em pacientes post mortem, em que as fibras mioc&#225;rdicas se estruturavam como uma faixa estendida desde a raiz da art&#233;ria pulmonar at&#233; a raiz da aorta circunscrevendo os dois ventr&#237;culos em uma fibra com padr&#227;o de dupla h&#233;lice. Esse padr&#227;o &#233; respons&#225;vel pelo funcionamento normal e efetivo do cora&#231;&#227;o, explicando a varia&#231;&#227;o do volume intraventricular dentro de cada batimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A pesquisa mostrou que essa distribui&#231;&#227;o de dupla h&#233;lice raramente &#233; encontrada em modalidades de imagem n&#227;o invasivas, tornando este caso uma representa&#231;&#227;o viva do padr&#227;o Torrent Guasp.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Apresenta-se um caso de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada com calcifica&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica difusa e at&#237;pica seguindo a distribui&#231;&#227;o Torrent Guasp. M&#250;ltiplas causas (isto &#233;, isqu&#234;mica, hipertensiva ou infiltrativa) podem contribuir para a origem da calcifica&#231;&#227;o, a que em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise est&#225; associada a um pior desfecho cl&#237;nico. Diversas modalidades de imagem s&#227;o fundamentais para alcan&#231;ar um diagn&#243;stico espec&#237;fico e, eventualmente, um tratamento espec&#237;fico.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Torrent Guasp&#8217;s Helicoid Pattern Myocardial Calcification</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4805-6882</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abraham-Foscolo</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Marta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5806-2755</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Blanco</surname>
            <given-names>Roc&#237;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2128-8280</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chiabrando</surname>
            <given-names>Juan Guido</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3022-995X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Llamedo</surname>
            <given-names>Mar&#237;a Clara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arenaza</surname>
            <given-names>Diego P&#233;rez de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9624-6424</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Falconi</surname>
            <given-names>Mariano L</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="AR">Argentina</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia &#8211; Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires &#8211; Argentina</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="AR">Argentina</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio Aplicado de Estat&#237;stica em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de (LEACS), Departamento de Farmacologia e Toxicologia &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Universidade de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires &#8211; Argentina</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Maria Marta Abraham-Foscolo &#8226; Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires - Department of Cardiology - Av corrientes 4271 Buenos Aires C1199ABD &#8211; Argentina E-mail: mariamarta.abraham@hospitalitaliano.org.ar</corresp>
        <fn id="fn1001">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data: Abraham-Foscolo MM; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Abraham-Foscolo MM, Blanco R, Chiabrando JG, Llamedo MC, Arenaza DP, Falconi ML.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn>
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Vascular Calcification</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Imaging Techniques</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Clinical case</title>
        <p>72-year-old male patient with a past medical history of arterial hypertension, non-insulin-dependent diabetes, active tobacco consumption and chronic stable angina (coronary angiography showed severe stenosis in small size obtuse marginal branch). He also had a history of alcohol consumption, pancreatic calcification and renal lithiasis, without a history of Cancer, Sepsis or Tuberculosis to justify these diffuse calcifications.</p>
        <p>He presented to the outpatient cardiology clinic complaining of angina and dyspnea New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II. His electrocardiogram (ECG) showed sinus rhythm and suggested left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) without signs of ischemia.</p>
        <p>The echocardiogram images were suboptimal due to poor acoustic window but showed mild left ventricular systolic dysfunction with severe diastolic dysfunction (non-reversible restrictive mitral filling was seen), LVH and severe pulmonary hypertension (systolic pulmonary artery pressure 78 mmHg) with normal right ventricle diameters and systolic function. Furthermore, multiple hyperechogenic images with acoustic shadows were seen within the myocardium, predominantly infiltrating the interventricular septum.</p>
        <p>He was admitted to the Hospital due to signs of acute heart failure, with orthopnea, bilateral pulmonary rales, and bilateral peripheral edema, without the need for supplementary oxygen. The serum laboratory demonstrated normal creatinine clearance (&gt;60 mg/ml), high N terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP) and troponin serum levels (6740 pg/ml and 32 pg/ml, respectively). Serum phospho-calcic parameters were within the normal range. Notably, a multidisciplinary team evaluated the patient, including a nephrologist, endocrinologist, and clinical cardiologists.</p>
        <p>Due to the abnormal and suboptimal findings in the echocardiogram, a computed tomography angiography (CTA) was performed, which was positive for extensive intramyocardial calcium deposits (myocardial Agatston Score of 112929) with a helicoid distribution that resembled Torrent Guasp&#8217;s myocardial fibers pattern ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). The Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring was not as high as the myocardial Agatston score (Agatston score of 670).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Computed tomography angiography (CTA) shows extensive intramyocardial calcification (A and B). CTA volumetric reconstruction shows extensive calcification with Torrent Guasp pattern (C and D). The yellow markers highlight calcium distribution. LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0992-10370-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR) with contrast was performed to identify the tissue characteristics further. It showed normal left ventricular systolic function (left ventricular ejection fraction of 54%), with an enlarged myocardial mass and basal and septal hypokinesis ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ). The right ventricle had a normal systolic function. T1 and T2 weighted images showed focal intramyocardial nulling areas suggesting myocardial calcium deposits. Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) was positive for intramyocardial enhancement in the basal, medial, and antero-apical segments, compatible with non-ischemic fibrosis. The pericardial compromise was absent ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ). In addition, myocardial calcification areas in CTA correlated to LGE around calcium deposits on CMR.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CMR). Cine sequence show enlarged mass. The yellow marker shows the largest width of the LV septal hypertrophy in five chambers (A). The blue marker shows the largest width of LV in the short axis (B). LV: left ventricle.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0992-10370-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CMR). T1 weighted sequence show signs of left ventricle hypertrophy with intramyocardial low signals compatible with calcium (A), T2 weighted sequence without edema and intramyocardial low signal (B). Diffuse intramyocardial Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), without a characteristic pattern (C and D). The yellow markers show myocardial calcium distribution. The blue markers show myocardial LGE. LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle; LA: left atrium.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0992-10370-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The patient was treated with intravenous loop diuretics and was ultimately discharged with symptom improvement. 99m-technetium pyrophosphate scintigraphy was performed during the follow-up, negative for cardiac amyloidosis. Also, to obtain material for histologic sampling, an endomyocardial biopsy was performed, showing normal histology findings.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Myocardial calcifications deposits may be present in multiple pathophysiological scenarios, such as dystrophic calcifications due to underlying cardiac disease and idiopathic or metastatic systemic diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Moreover, myocardial calcifications generally represent the sequelae of local tissue damage and cellular necrosis and are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events (ventricular arrhythmias and systolic/diastolic dysfunction leading to heart failure).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The patient presented with a history of hypertension, diabetes, and coronary artery disease. Frequently, hypertension is not enough to fully explain myocardial calcification, and it is commonly associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD), where calcification is associated with a phospho-calcic disorder.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Furthermore, diabetes produces a systemic inflammatory disorder which may contribute to an increased coronary calcification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In addition, coronary artery disease is a very common cause of dystrophic myocardial calcification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Hypertensive or infiltrative cardiomyopathy cannot be fully excluded despite the CT and CMR findings.</p>
        <p>These calcification patterns may be diagnosed with multiple imaging modalities, being the CTA the gold standard modality for identifying and characterizing myocardial calcifications. Indeed, unlike the well-defined calcification pattern in intrinsic myocardial pathologies, calcium infiltration due to systemic diseases generally has a diffuse pattern. Moreover, CMR might provide further tissue characterization by suggesting myocardial calcification in low signal intramyocardial areas and scarred myocardium surrounding calcifications by LGE images.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The Torrent Guasp Theory was originally described macroscopically in post mortem patients, in which myocardial fibers were structured as an extended band from the root of the pulmonary artery to the root of the aorta circumscribing the two ventricles in a double helix pattern fiber. This pattern is responsible for the normal and effective function of the heart, explaining the variation of intraventricular volume within each beat.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Research has shown that this double helix distribution is rarely found in non-invasive imaging modalities, making this case a living representation of the Torrent Guasp pattern.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>A case of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction with a diffuse and atypical myocardial calcification following the Torrent Guasp distribution is presented. Multiple causes (i.e., ischemic, hypertensive, or infiltrative) may contribute to the origin of the calcification, which is ultimately associated with a worse clinical outcome. Diverse imaging modalities are fundamental to achieving a specific diagnosis and eventually a specific treatment.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
