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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">hcZnSMFVvF5WGCGrhRMgJrS</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000500989</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210533</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210533</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mexiletina em um Rec&#233;m-Nascido com S&#237;ndrome do QT Longo Tipo 3: Quando o Acesso se Imp&#245;e &#224; Urg&#234;ncia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3344-6626</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Nolla Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3679-5349</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sacilotto</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9831-3392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pessente</surname>
            <given-names>Gabrielle D&#8217;Arezzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guirao</surname>
            <given-names>Cinthya</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4769-8031</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Lombardi Peres de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5818-5958</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Carlos da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio Ibrahim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#8211; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Eduardo Nolla <bold>Silva Pereira</bold> &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Arritmia &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>eduardonolla@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>989</fpage>
      <lpage>991</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Rec&#233;m-nascido</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome do QT longo</kwd>
        <kwd>Taquicardia Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Mexiletina/uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Torsades de Pointes</kwd>
        <kwd>Reanima&#231;&#227;o Cardiopulmonar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A s&#237;ndrome do QT longo tipo 3 (SQTL3) &#233; uma canalopatia de alta letalidade. Est&#225; associada ao d&#233;ficit de fechamento dos canais tardios de s&#243;dio, decorrentes de muta&#231;&#245;es no gene <italic>SCN5A</italic> , de padr&#227;o autoss&#244;mico dominante, respons&#225;vel por 7-10% de todas as s&#237;ndromes do QT longo (SQTL).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A apresenta&#231;&#227;o inicial pode ter amplo espectro, desde assintom&#225;ticos, at&#233; morte s&#250;bita no primeiro ano de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A adi&#231;&#227;o do bloqueador do canal de s&#243;dio classe IB (mexiletina) ao propranolol ou nadolol &#233; considerada um tratamento gene-guiado, j&#225; que seu benef&#237;cio est&#225; comprovado na SQTL3.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Em alguns pa&#237;ses, como o Brasil, &#233; invi&#225;vel tratar pacientes com SQTL3, pela indisponibilidade da mexiletina.</p>
      <p>A seguir, apresentaremos um caso grave de uma crian&#231;a com SQTL3, que evoluiu com m&#250;ltiplas terapias pelo cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI), pela dificuldade de acesso &#224; mexiletina no Brasil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de caso</title>
      <p>Trata-se de uma crian&#231;a, do sexo feminino, filha de pais saud&#225;veis, sem consanguinidade. Nasceu de parto ces&#225;reo, devido a arritmia intrauterina (taquicardia alternada com bradicardia). Quando rec&#233;m-nascida, apresentou m&#250;ltiplos epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada polim&#243;rfica (TVNSp). O eletrocardiograma (ECG) basal mostrava bloqueio atrioventricular (BAV) 2:1 e intervalo QT prolongado ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). Foi iniciado tratamento com propranolol 1mg/kg/dia, e, devido &#224; piora da bradicardia, optou-se pelo implante de marca-passo endovenoso unicameral ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Primeiro eletrocardiograma, realizado um dia ap&#243;s o nascimento da paciente. Ritmo sinusal com bloqueio atrioventricular 2:1 e prolongamento do QT.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0989-10533-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Eletrocardiograma mostrando ritmo ventricular estimulado pelo marca-passo e prolongamento do QT.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0989-10533-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Aos tr&#234;s meses de idade, a paciente apresentou fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular, sendo prontamente reanimada, com retorno &#224; circula&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea. Pela suspeita de SQTL,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> mesmo na aus&#234;ncia do teste gen&#233;tico para guiar tratamento e na indisponibilidade de mexiletina para teste terap&#234;utico, optou-se por aumentar a dose de propranolol para 4,5mg/kg e acrescentar fenito&#237;na. Houve melhora transit&#243;ria da recorr&#234;ncia de TVNSp, e decidiu-se realizar simpatectomia cervicotor&#225;cica.</p>
      <p>Aos sete meses, ap&#243;s novos epis&#243;dios de cianose durante o sono, a crian&#231;a foi levada ao hospital, onde apresentou tr&#234;s epis&#243;dios de <italic>torsades de pointes</italic> (TdP), necessitando reanima&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar e desfibrila&#231;&#227;o. Nessa interna&#231;&#227;o, implantou-se um CDI. Realizou-se genotipagem pela t&#233;cnica de <italic>next generation sequencing</italic> (NGS), com um painel de 15 genes associado &#224; s&#237;ndrome do QT longo. Foi identificada uma variante <italic>missense</italic> no gene <italic>SCN5A</italic> , c.5287G&gt;A, que determinou a troca de valina por metionina na posi&#231;&#227;o 1763 (p.Val1763Met), localizada no dom&#237;nio S6 transmembrana do canal de s&#243;dio. Essa variante &#233; classificada como patog&#234;nica, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios do American College of Medical Genetic and Genomic (ACMG). O rastreamento gen&#233;tico dos pais, por meio da t&#233;cnica de Sanger, n&#227;o revelou a variante do caso &#237;ndice, confirmando uma variante <italic>de novo</italic> .</p>
      <p>Aos 14 meses de idade, a paciente apresentou m&#250;ltiplos choques do CDI, especialmente durante o sono, e a mexiletina ainda n&#227;o havia sido comprada, pelo alto custo da medica&#231;&#227;o importada. N&#227;o foi iniciado tratamento com propafenona, devido ao conhecimento pr&#233;vio de pacientes com a mesma muta&#231;&#227;o nos quais esse medicamento desmascarou o padr&#227;o de Brugada. A equipe assistencial importou o medicamento, sendo a dose atingida de 8mg/kg/dia, em associa&#231;&#227;o ao propranolol. A crian&#231;a apresentou melhora cl&#237;nica importante, sem novos eventos arr&#237;tmicos. No momento, aos 3 anos de idade, a paciente experimentou recorr&#234;ncia de arritmia ap&#243;s 1 ano de falta de mexiletina, e possui o desenvolvimento neurol&#243;gico apropriado.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Apresentamos o caso de uma crian&#231;a com SQTL3, com manifesta&#231;&#245;es arr&#237;tmicas graves e raras desde o nascimento. A bradicardia por BAV 2:1 e os epis&#243;dios recorrentes de TdP neonatal s&#227;o observados, com mais frequ&#234;ncia, em pacientes com SQTL3, especialmente em muta&#231;&#245;es <italic>de novo</italic> no gene <italic>SCN5A.</italic> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A bradicardia fetal &#233; um fen&#244;meno conhecido em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome do QT longo. A bradicardia sinusal &#233; mais observada em pacientes com SQTL tipo 1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Considera-se que BAV 2:1 com SQTL resulte da rela&#231;&#227;o entre a curta dura&#231;&#227;o do ciclo sinoatrial e o per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio ventricular muito longo dos pacientes com SQTL. A presen&#231;a de BAV 2:1 &#233; indicador de alto risco de arritmias potencialmente fatais, como observada em nossa paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Okuwakiet al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> descreveram uma crian&#231;a com fen&#243;tipo muito semelhante ao observado em nosso atendimento, inclusive portadora da mesma variante <italic>de novo</italic> Val1763Met, que apresentou controle do intervalo QT e das arritmias ventriculares com mexiletina endovenosa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Yao et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> descreveram um caso de SQTL com fen&#243;tipo arritmog&#234;nico grave, que apresentou melhora importante ap&#243;s propranolol e mexiletina emp&#237;rica, sem diagn&#243;stico molecular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Schulze-Bahr et al. descreveram um caso similar de s&#237;ndrome do QT longo com BAV 2:1 e arritmias ventriculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os bloqueadores dos canais de s&#243;dio, incluindo flecainida, ranolazina e mexiletina, compartilham locais de liga&#231;&#227;o na regi&#227;o do poro interno do canal de s&#243;dio Nav1.5, e t&#234;m efic&#225;cia documentada em portadores de SQTL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A propafenona, &#250;nico bloqueador dos canais de s&#243;dio dispon&#237;vel no Brasil, foi evitada devido ao risco de exacerba&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o de Brugada e pr&#243;-arritmias como fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular. H&#225; diversos relatos na literatura alertando quanto ao risco de pr&#243;-arritmia em pacientes com SQTL3 e muta&#231;&#245;es nas regi&#245;es pr&#243;ximas ao res&#237;duo 1763.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A ranolazina, embora liberada para uso como antianginoso no Brasil, apresenta complexo perfil metab&#243;lico em crian&#231;as. Tan et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> descreveram um relato de caso em crian&#231;a, comprovando uma meia-vida muito curta e diversas intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas nessa faixa et&#225;ria, que poderiam gerar efeitos colaterais pr&#243;-arr&#237;tmicos significativos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dessa maneira, a falta de escolhas alternativas e a indisponibilidade da mexiletina levou a um atraso importante e potencialmente fatal no tratamento do caso apresentado. Ap&#243;s introdu&#231;&#227;o da mexiletina, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o importante no numero de terapias pelo CDI.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Esse caso ilustra a complexidade e responsabilidade assumida pela equipe m&#233;dica no tratamento dessa crian&#231;a no Brasil, com manifesta&#231;&#227;o precoce da doen&#231;a. O dif&#237;cil acesso &#224; mexiletina, necess&#225;ria para terapia gene-guiada em pacientes de alto risco com SQTL3 gerou importante repercuss&#227;o em sua qualidade de vida e risco de morte s&#250;bita.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mexiletine in a Newborn with Type 3 Long QT Syndrome: When Access is Difficult</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3344-6626</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Nolla Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3679-5349</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sacilotto</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9831-3392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pessente</surname>
            <given-names>Gabrielle D&#8217;Arezzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guirao</surname>
            <given-names>Cinthya</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4769-8031</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Lombardi Peres de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5818-5958</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Carlos da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio Ibrahim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#8211; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Eduardo Nolla Silva Pereira &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Arritmia &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: eduardonolla@hotmail.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Infant, Newborn</kwd>
        <kwd>Long QT syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Tachycardia, Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Mexiletine/therapeutic</kwd>
        <kwd>Torsades de Pointes</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Long QT syndrome type 3 (LQT3) is a highly lethal channelopathy. It is associated with delayed closing of sodium channels, resulting from mutations in the <italic>SCN5A</italic> gene, with an autosomal dominant pattern, responsible for 7-10% of all long QT syndromes (LQTSs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The initial presentation can have a wide spectrum, from asymptomatic to sudden death in the first year of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The addition of class IB sodium channel blocker (mexiletine) to propranolol or nadolol is considered a gene-guided treatment, as its benefit is proven in LQT3.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In some countries, such as Brazil, it is not feasible to treat patients with LQT3, because of the unavailability of mexiletine.</p>
        <p>We present here a severe case of a child with LQT3, who underwent multiple implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapies because of difficult access to mexiletine in Brazil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>The patient was a girl of healthy parents without consanguinity. She was born by cesarean section because of intrauterine arrhythmia (tachycardia alternating with bradycardia). As a newborn, she had multiple episodes of polymorphic non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (pNSVT). Baseline electrocardiogram (ECG) showed a 2:1 atrioventricular block (AVB) and prolonged QT interval ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). Treatment with propranolol 1 mg/kg/day was started. and because of worsening of bradycardia, we decided on implantation of a single-chamber intravenous pacemaker ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; First electrocardiogram, performed one day after the patient&#8217;s birth. Sinus rhythm with 2:1 atrioventricular block and QT prolongation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0989-10533-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Electrocardiogram showing pacemaker-stimulated ventricular rhythm and QT prolongation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0989-10533-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>At three months of age, the patient developed ventricular fibrillation and was promptly resuscitated, with return to spontaneous circulation. Because of suspicion of LQT,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> even in the absence of genetic testing to guide treatment and the unavailability of mexiletine for therapeutic testing, we chose to increase the dose of propranolol to 4.5 mg/kg and add phenytoin. There was a transient improvement in the recurrence of pNSVT, and we decided to perform cervicothoracic sympathectomy.</p>
        <p>At seven months, after new episodes of cyanosis during sleep, the child was taken to the hospital, where she had three episodes of torsades de pointes (TdP), requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation and defibrillation. During this hospitalization, an ICD was implanted. Genotyping was performed using next-generation sequencing, with a panel of 15 genes associated with long QT syndrome. A missense variant was identified in the <italic>SCN5A</italic> gene, c.5287G&gt;A, which determined the substitution of valine by methionine at position 1763 (p.Val1763Met), located in the S6 transmembrane domain of the sodium channel. This variant is classified as pathogenic according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) criteria. Genetic screening of the parents, using the Sanger technique, did not reveal the index case variant, confirming a <italic>de novo</italic> variant.</p>
        <p>At 14 months of age, the patient had multiple ICD shocks, especially during sleep, and mexiletine had not yet been purchased because of the high cost of imported drugs. Treatment with propafenone was not started, because of previous knowledge of patients with the same mutation in whom this drug unmasked the Brugada pattern. The care team imported the drug, and the dose reached 8 mg/kg/day, in combination with propranolol. The child showed substantial clinical improvement, without new arrhythmic events. At 3 years of age, the patient has experienced recurrence of arrhythmia after 1 year of lack of mexiletine and has appropriate neurological development.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>We present the case of a child with LQT3, with severe and rare arrhythmic manifestations since birth. 2:1 AVB bradycardia and recurrent episodes of neonatal TdP are seen more frequently in patients with LQT3, especially in <italic>de novo</italic> mutations in the <italic>SCN5A</italic> gene.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Fetal bradycardia is a known phenomenon in patients with LQTS. Sinus bradycardia is more commonly observed in patients with LQTS type 1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> It is considered that 2:1 AVB with LQTS results from the relationship between the short duration of the sinoatrial cycle and the very long ventricular refractory period of patients with LQTS. The presence of 2:1 AVB is an indicator of a high risk of potentially fatal arrhythmias, as observed in our patient.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Okuwaki et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> described a child with a phenotype very similar to that observed in our care, including a carrier of the same <italic>de novo</italic> Val1763Met variant, who showed control of the QT interval and ventricular arrhythmias with intravenous mexiletine.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Yao et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> described a case of LQTS with severe arrhythmogenic phenotype, which showed significant improvement after empirical propranolol and mexiletine, without molecular diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Schulze-Bahr et al. described a similar case of LQTS with 2:1 AVB and ventricular arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Sodium channel blockers, including flecainide, ranolazine and mexiletine, share binding sites in the inner pore region of the Nav1.5 sodium channel, and have documented efficacy in LQTS carriers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Propafenone, the only sodium channel blocker available in Brazil, was avoided because of the risk of exacerbation of the Brugada pattern and ventricular fibrillation as proarrhythmias. There are several reports in the literature warning about the risk of proarrhythmia in patients with LQTS3 and mutations in the regions close to residue 1763.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Ranolazine, although approved for use as an antianginal agent in Brazil, has a complex metabolic profile in children. Tan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> described a case report in a child, demonstrating a very short half-life and several drug interactions in this age group, which could generate significant proarrhythmic side effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Thus, the lack of alternative choices and the unavailability of mexiletine led to an important and potentially fatal delay in the treatment of the case presented. After the introduction of mexiletine, there was a significant reduction in the number of ICD therapies.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This case illustrates the complexity and responsibility assumed by the medical team in the treatment of this child with early manifestation of the disease, in Brazil. Difficult access to mexiletine, which is necessary for gene-guided therapy in high-risk patients with LQT3, has had a critical impact on their quality of life and risk of sudden death.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
