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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">DnfBdGtP5XjjSjDQDntykJw</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000500974</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220137</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220137</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ventriculografia: Quando Escolher Realiz&#225;-la?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3764-0568</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriella Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina Nova Esperan&#231;a</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina Nova Esperan&#231;a, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia Intervencionista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia Intervencionista - Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Gabriella Cunha Lima &#8226; Departamento de Cardiologia Intervencionista - Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley - Av. Min. Jos&#233; Am&#233;rico de Almeida, 1450, CEP 58040-914, Torre, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brasil E-mail: <email>gabycunhalima@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>974</fpage>
      <lpage>975</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia de contraste</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplastia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>As diretrizes atuais abordam as indica&#231;&#245;es de cateterismo card&#237;aco esquerdo associado &#224; cinecoronariografia, por&#233;m a grande maioria dessas instru&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o cita a ventriculografia, ficando este exame, muitas vezes, a crit&#233;rio do operador. A ventriculografia foi utilizada, por anos, como m&#233;todo padr&#227;o-ouro para fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. O que este minieditorial relata s&#227;o algumas considera&#231;&#245;es que tentam preencher esse vazio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No que diz a respeito &#224; ventriculografia, podem ocorrer algumas complica&#231;&#245;es, como a nefropatia induzida por contraste (NIC), que ocorre em, aproximadamente, 1% dos pacientes sem fatores predisponentes e, em 10% a 30% daqueles com fatores de risco, emboliza&#231;&#227;o, arritmias e tamponamento card&#237;aco, e uma maior exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>&#201; necess&#225;rio que a ventriculografia seja feita com boa qualidade e, para isso, alguns pontos precisam ser elencados, como as inje&#231;&#245;es realizadas de forma manual, a quantidade de press&#227;o ou at&#233; mesmo inje&#231;&#245;es manuais que podem at&#233; ser perigosas se realizadas por meio de cateter com &#250;nico orif&#237;cio final. Al&#233;m disso, os volumes de contrastes devem ser suficientes para opacificar o ventr&#237;culo e o posicionamento adequado, permitindo a quantifica&#231;&#227;o automatizada e precisa dos volumes do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e dimens&#245;es da aorta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o determinada visualmente pela ventriculografia esquerda correlaciona-se de forma vari&#225;vel &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia. J&#225; em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ventriculografia esquerda biplano, esta se correlaciona melhor do que a ventriculografia esquerda monoplano quando comparada &#224; resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RM) para fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, volumes ventriculares e movimenta&#231;&#227;o da parede.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A decis&#227;o de realizar a ventriculografia quando h&#225; outros m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos tem sido individualizada, variando tamb&#233;m entre regi&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas e hospitais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No estudo realizado por Lima Santos et al., foram analisados prontu&#225;rios de 600 pacientes submetidos &#224; cineangiocoronariografia. Destes, 324 fizeram o exame de ventriculografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Ademais, foram selecionados pacientes com 18 anos ou mais, atendidos em car&#225;ter de urg&#234;ncia ou com suspeita de DAC, e que passaram pelo procedimento da angioplastia.</p>
    <p>No estudo, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis, 89.8% dos pacientes realizaram o exame no per&#237;odo diurno, 33,75% tinham fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular conhecida e 283 (47,2%) tinham s&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica. Outrossim, ao ser avaliado o uso do contraste, observou-se que foram utilizados apenas 3 ml a mais, quando comparado aos pacientes que n&#227;o utilizaram ventriculografia, o que chamou a aten&#231;&#227;o, visto que geralmente utiliza-se 30 ml a mais para realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame.</p>
    <p>O paciente com diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica tem, de maneira independente, maior chance de realizar ventriculografia. Por outro lado, ter a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda conhecida, ser hipertenso, ter sido submetido &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica previa e apresentar valores aumentados de creatinina associaram-se com maior chance de n&#227;o realizar a t&#233;cnica.</p>
    <p>Tais dados, at&#233; ent&#227;o, eram compat&#237;veis com a literatura, por&#233;m, um achado inesperado no estudo sobreveio: a ventriculografia foi mais utilizada em pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas cr&#244;nicas do que naqueles com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas, o que, na teoria, poderia exigir uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais imediata.</p>
    <p>M&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos, como as novas tecnologias desenvolvidas nos aparelhos de ecocardiografia, t&#234;m sido poss&#237;veis por meio da an&#225;lise do <italic>strain</italic> global longitudinal (SGL) das paredes do VE, pelo diagn&#243;stico precoce das altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas em pacientes com altera&#231;&#227;o de troponina, todavia, sem altera&#231;&#227;o do ECG ou ecocardiograma de repouso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nos pacientes com choque cardiog&#234;nico, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular pode ser prejudicada, pois o mioc&#225;rdio encontra-se atordoado,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> sendo importante ressaltar que, nesses casos agudos, a presen&#231;a de um defeito de enchimento apical sugestivo de trombo n&#227;o deve ser negligenciada, pois pode ser visualizado na ventriculografia, mas n&#227;o observado no eco trans tor&#225;cico sem contraste.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Outra necessidade no infarto com supra de ST seria avaliar complica&#231;&#245;es como ruptura aguda de parede livre, comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular, insufici&#234;ncia mitral e s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Na amostra, n&#227;o houve nenhum paciente com complica&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, portanto, essa situa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi avaliada no estudo.</p>
    <p>No caso de s&#237;ndrome coronariana sem supra de ST, com eletrocardiograma n&#227;o interpret&#225;vel e doen&#231;a em mais de um vaso, a ventriculografia pode ajudar na identifica&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria culpada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Cabe mencionar que neste estudo n&#227;o existe discrimina&#231;&#227;o se &#233; infarto com supra de ST ou infarto sem supra de ST.</p>
    <p>Por fim, fica vis&#237;vel que o papel da ventriculografia esquerda evoluiu radicalmente ao longo do &#250;ltimo meio s&#233;culo, mas recebeu pouca aten&#231;&#227;o na literatura acad&#234;mica. &#201; importante lembrar que a t&#233;cnica e a frequ&#234;ncia de uso da ventriculografia esquerda variam entre as regi&#245;es, institui&#231;&#245;es e a decis&#227;o do operador.</p>
    <p>Sugerimos, ent&#227;o, que sejam inclu&#237;dos nas diretrizes crit&#233;rios para utiliza&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo.</p>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Fatores que Impactam a Decis&#227;o de Realizar Ventriculografia Esquerda em Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ventriculography: When to Choose to Perform It?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3764-0568</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriella Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina Nova Esperan&#231;a, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia Intervencionista - Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Gabriella Cunha Lima &#8226; Departamento de Cardiologia Intervencionista - Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley - Av. Min. Jos&#233; Am&#233;rico de Almeida, 1450. Postal Code 58040-914, Torre, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brazil E-mail: gabycunhalima@hotmail.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Contrast echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplasty</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The current guidelines address the indications for left heart catheterization associated with coronary angiography, but most of these instructions do not mention ventriculography, as this test is often at the operator&#8217;s discretion. For many years, ventriculography was used as the gold standard method for ventricular function. This mini editorial presents some insights to fill this gap.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Some complications may occur concerning ventriculography, such as contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in approximately 1% of patients without predisposing factors and in 10% to 30% of those with risk factors, embolization, arrhythmia, cardiac tamponade, and increased radiation exposure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ventriculography must be performed with good quality, and, for that, some points of attention need to be considered, such as manual injections, the amount of pressure or even manual injections that can be dangerous if performed using a catheter with a single end hole. Furthermore, contrast volumes must be sufficient to opacify the ventricle and properly position, allowing accurate automated quantification of left ventricular volumes and aortic dimensions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The ejection fraction visually determined by left ventriculography is variably correlated with the ejection fraction of the echocardiography. Regarding biplane left ventriculography, it correlates better than monoplane left ventriculography compared to cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging for ejection fraction, ventricular volumes, and wall motion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The decision to perform ventriculography when there are other diagnostic methods has been individualized, also varying between geographic regions and hospitals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the study carried out by Lima Santos et al., medical records of 600 patients who underwent coronary angiography were analyzed, of which 324 underwent ventriculography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Besides, patients aged 18 years or older, treated urgently or with suspected CAD, who underwent angioplasty, were selected.</p>
      <p>In the study, regarding the variables, 89.8% of the patients underwent the examination during the day, 33.75% had known ventricular function, and 283 (47.2%) had a chronic coronary syndrome. Furthermore, regarding the use of contrast, it was found that only 3 ml more were used, compared to patients who did not use ventriculography, which drew attention since 30 ml more is usually used to perform the test.</p>
      <p>Patients diagnosed with chronic coronary syndrome are independently more likely to undergo ventriculography. On the other hand, having known left ventricular function, being hypertensive, having undergone coronary artery bypass grafting, and having increased creatinine levels were associated with greater chances of not having the technique performed.</p>
      <p>Such data, until then, were consistent with those found in the literature; however, an unexpected finding emerged: ventriculography was mostly used in patients with chronic coronary syndromes than in those with acute coronary syndromes, which, in theory, could require a more immediate assessment.</p>
      <p>Non-invasive methods, such as the new technologies developed in echocardiography devices, have been possible through global longitudinal strain (GLS) of the LV walls to diagnose early ischemic abnormalities in patients with abnormal troponin levels, however, without abnormal ECG or resting echocardiogram findings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In patients with cardiogenic shock, assessment of ventricular function may be impaired, as the myocardium is stunned.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> It is important to emphasize that, in these acute cases, the presence of an apical filling defect suggestive of thrombus should not be neglected, as it may be viewed on ventriculography but not on non-contrast transthoracic echo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Another requirement in ST-segment elevation infarction would be to assess complications such as acute free wall rupture, ventricular septal defect, mitral regurgitation and Takotsubo syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the sample, there were no patients with mechanical complications; therefore, this situation was not evaluated in the study.</p>
      <p>In the case of non-ST-segment elevation coronary syndrome, with uninterpretable electrocardiogram and disease in more than one vessel, ventriculography can help identify the culprit artery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>It is worth noting that there is no discrimination between ST-segment elevation infarction and non-ST-segment elevation infarction in this study.</p>
      <p>Finally, it is apparent that the role of left ventriculography has evolved dramatically over the past half-century, but it has received little attention in the academic literature. It is important not to forget that the technique and frequency of use of left ventriculography vary between regions, institutions and according to the operator&#8217;s decision.</p>
      <p>We, therefore, suggest that criteria for using the method be included in the guidelines.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Factors That Impact the Decision to Perform Left Ventriculography in Coronary Artery Disease</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
