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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">HSrjSYZYDbCcMskVJWhsbrH</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000500972</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220231</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220231</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rigidez A&#243;rtica por Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca: Ferramenta Progn&#243;stica ou Mero Espectador?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>C&#226;mara</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Figueiredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1273-1823</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Samaritano Paulista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Samaritano Paulista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Henrique Barbosa Ribeiro &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-900, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>henrique.ribeiro@hc.fm.usp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>972</fpage>
      <lpage>973</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>An&#225;lise de Onda de Pulso/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Rigidez A&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem por Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Rigidez Vascular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A rigidez arterial aumenta com a idade e pode estar relacionada a taxas mais altas de eventos cardiovasculares, incluindo mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Essa capacidade preditiva foi demonstrada em v&#225;rias coortes longitudinais, incluindo estudos populacionais de comunidades &#8216;saud&#225;veis&#8217; e pessoas com diabetes, hipertens&#227;o, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana estabelecida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Existem v&#225;rias maneiras de medir a rigidez arterial, como ultrassom-doppler, tonometria car&#243;tida-femoral e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC). A RMC fornece informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, perfus&#227;o e cicatriza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em um &#250;nico exame e tamb&#233;m pode ser o m&#233;todo preferido para avaliar a rigidez arterial usando a velocidade da onda de pulso a&#243;rtica (VOP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Embora tenha sido demonstrada a associa&#231;&#227;o entre rigidez a&#243;rtica e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, bem como o valor progn&#243;stico da rigidez a&#243;rtica pela RMC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> h&#225; dados limitados sobre o valor progn&#243;stico da VOP por RMC em pacientes idosos nos quais as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pela grande maioria das causas de mortalidade.</p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o da revista, Kaolawanich e Boonyasirinant<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> avaliaram a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos e cerebrovasculares adversos maiores (ECCAM), incluindo mortalidade card&#237;aca, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o tardia (&gt;180 dias ap&#243;s RMC) e acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico em pacientes idosos (&gt; 70 anos) com suspeita ou DAC confirmada, submetidos a RMC de estresse com adenosina, incluindo a VOP. O objetivo principal foi determinar o valor progn&#243;stico da rigidez a&#243;rtica usando VOP baseada em RMC em pacientes idosos com DAC. Duzentos e sessenta e tr&#234;s pacientes consecutivos (55% do sexo feminino; 77&#177;5 anos) entre 2010 e 2014 foram inclu&#237;dos com acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 59,6 meses e VOP m&#233;dia de 13,98 &#177; 9,00 m/s. Uma VOP maior (&gt;13,98 m/s) foi associada a maiores taxas de ECCAM (FC 1,75; IC 95% 1,05 - 2,94; p=0,03), em compara&#231;&#227;o com VOP n&#227;o elevada (&lt;13,98 m/s). Por an&#225;lise multivariada, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE), isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e VOP elevada foram preditores independentes de ECCAM no seguimento de longo prazo (p&lt;0,05 para todos). A VOP teve valor progn&#243;stico incremental em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, FEVE e isquemia (aumento do qui-quadrado global = 7,25; p=0,01). Nesta avalia&#231;&#227;o, pacientes idosos com VOP elevada tamb&#233;m apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica mais elevada do que aqueles com VOP n&#227;o elevada, consistente com estudos pr&#233;vios em popula&#231;&#245;es mais jovens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Alguns aspectos do trabalho de Kaolawanich e Boonyasirinant e a avalia&#231;&#227;o por RMC da VOP, merecem uma discuss&#227;o mais aprofundada. Primeiro, a medida da VOP por RMC pode ser um dos m&#233;todos preferidos para avaliar a rigidez a&#243;rtica, pois oferece alta resolu&#231;&#227;o, sem radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> e ao contr&#225;rio da VOP carot&#237;deo-femoral usando tonometria, a RMC pode medir a dist&#226;ncia a&#243;rtica sem suposi&#231;&#245;es geom&#233;tricas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, consistente com estudos anteriores, a VOP medida pela RMC teve excelente reprodutibilidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A VOP foi mensurada durante o per&#237;odo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da viabilidade e estresse, e a t&#233;cnica de n&#227;o apneia se mostrou conveniente para esses pacientes. Notadamente, as imagens de VOP foram adquiridas aproximadamente 10 minutos ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o de adenosina. No presente estudo, o valor m&#233;dio de 13,98 m/s foi utilizado como ponto de corte para determinar pacientes com maior rigidez arterial. Estudos anteriores usaram v&#225;rios valores de corte para VOP em pessoas mais velhas/idosas sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular, variando de 9,5 a 13,2 m/s. No entanto, nenhum ponto de corte padronizado foi determinado para VOP usando RMC para as diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es. Al&#233;m disso, como este estudo foi realizado em idosos asi&#225;ticos, a possibilidade de generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos dados para pacientes mais jovens e de outra etnia tamb&#233;m &#233; incerta.</p>
    <p>Outro aspecto importante do presente estudo &#233; que a VOP mais alta resultou em taxas ~2 vezes maiores de ECCAM, com valor progn&#243;stico incremental sobre vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e RMC, incluindo FEVE e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Os principais fatores que aumentaram as taxas de ECCAM foram acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico (8,4% vs. 2,2%; p=0,01), consistente com dados anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Ressaltam-se tamb&#233;m as taxas de mortalidade semelhantes de acordo com as diferentes taxas de VOP. V&#225;rios estudos investigaram o valor progn&#243;stico da rigidez arterial em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es com certas inconsist&#234;ncias. Enquanto estudos anteriores encontraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre rigidez arterial e eventos cardiovasculares,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> essa associa&#231;&#227;o apareceu limitada em outro estudo, especialmente para a popula&#231;&#227;o mais idosa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Portanto, o real impacto da rigidez arterial nas taxas de ECCAM em popula&#231;&#245;es mais velhas, principalmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade (global e cardiovascular), merecer&#225; confirma&#231;&#227;o adicional de estudos maiores.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, a rigidez a&#243;rtica pela RMC pode ser um marcador progn&#243;stico adicional de eventos cardiovasculares em pacientes idosos com DAC suspeita ou confirmada. No entanto, estudos maiores com uma popula&#231;&#227;o mais heterog&#234;nea incluindo v&#225;rias etnias devem confirmar tais achados e determinar o ponto de corte da VOP mais adequado relacionado a um pior progn&#243;stico. O trabalho de Kaolawanich e Boonyasirinant certamente esclareceu sobre a import&#226;ncia da rigidez a&#243;rtica no arsenal das j&#225; vastas possibilidades diagn&#243;sticas e progn&#243;sticas da RMC em pacientes com suspeita de DAC. Resta saber se a rigidez a&#243;rtica ser&#225; uma ferramenta progn&#243;stica adicional ou um mero espectador na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, bem como se o manejo cl&#237;nico desses pacientes com maior rigidez a&#243;rtica deva ser modificado.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Valor Progn&#243;stico de Rigidez A&#243;rtica usando Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Cardiovascular em Idosos com Suspeita ou Confirma&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</italic>
        </p>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aortic Stiffness by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance: Prognostic tool or Bystander?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>C&#226;mara</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Figueiredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1273-1823</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Samaritano Paulista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Henrique Barbosa Ribeiro &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-900, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: henrique.ribeiro@hc.fm.usp.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Pulse Wave Analysis/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Stiffness</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Stiffness</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Arterial stiffness increases with age and may relate to higher rates of cardiovascular events, including mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> This predictive capacity has been demonstrated in various longitudinal cohorts, including &#8216;healthy&#8217; community population studies and those with diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and established coronary artery disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> There are several ways to measure arterial stiffness, such as doppler-ultrasound, carotid-femoral tonometer, and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). CMR provides information regarding cardiac function, perfusion, and myocardial scarring in a single exam and may also be the preferred method for assessing arterial stiffness using aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> While the association between aortic stiffness and myocardial ischemia has been demonstrated, as well as the prognostic value of aortic stiffness using CMR,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> there is limited data regarding the prognostic value of PWV by CMR in elderly patients in whom cardiovascular diseases (CVD) account for the vast majority of mortality causes.</p>
      <p>In this issue of the journal, Kaolawanich and Boonyasirinant<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> evaluated the occurrence of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), including cardiac mortality, nonfatal myocardial infarction, hospitalization for heart failure, late revascularization (&gt;180 days after CMR) and ischemic stroke in elderly patients (&gt; 70 years) with suspected or confirmed CAD undergoing adenosine stress CMR including PWV. The main objective was to determine the prognostic value of aortic stiffness using CMR-based PWV in elderly patients with CAD. Two hundred sixty-three consecutive patients (55% female; 77&#177;5 years) between 2010 and 2014 were included with a median follow-up of 59.6 months and a mean PWV of 13.98 &#177; 9.00 m/s. A higher PWV (&gt;13.98 m/s) was associated with greater MACCE rates (HR 1.75; 95% CI 1.05 - 2.94; p=0.03), as compared to non-elevated PWV (&lt;13.98 m/s). By multivariable analysis, diastolic blood pressure, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), myocardial ischemia and elevated PWV were independent predictors of MACCE at long-term follow-up (p&lt;0.05 for all). PWV had an incremental prognostic value concerning clinical history, LVEF and ischemia (increased global chi-square = 7.25; p=0.01). In this evaluation, elderly patients with elevated PWV also had a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus and higher systolic blood pressure than those with non-elevated PWV, consistent with prior studies in younger populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Some aspects of Kaolawanich and Boonyasirinant&#8217;s work and CMR evaluation of PWV merit further discussion. First, measurement of PWV using CMR might be one of the preferred methods for assessing aortic stiffness as it offers high resolution, without ionizing radiation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> and unlike carotid-femoral PWV using tonometry, CMR can measure aortic distance without geometric assumptions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Likewise, consistent with previous studies, PWV measured by CMR had excellent reproducibility.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> PWV was measured during the period of viability and stress studies, and the non-breath holding technique proved to be convenient for such patients. Notably, PWV images were acquired approximately 10 minutes after adenosine injection. In the present study, the mean value of 13.98 m/s was used as the cut-off to determine patients with higher arterial stiffness. Prior studies have used various cut-off values for PWV in older/elderly adults without cardiovascular disease, ranging from 9.5-13.2 m/sec. Nevertheless, no standard cut-off level has been well determined for PWV using CMR for the different populations. Furthermore, as this study has been conducted among elderly Asian patients, the possibility of generalizing the data to younger patients and those from another ethnicity is also uncertain.</p>
      <p>Another important aspect of the present study is that higher PWV resulted in ~2-fold higher rates of MACCE, with an incremental prognostic value over clinical and CMR variables, including LVEF and myocardial ischemia. The main factors increasing MACCE rates were ischemic stroke (8.4% vs. 2.2%; p=0.01), consistent with previous data.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> It should also be underlined the similar mortality rates according to the different PWV rates. Several studies have investigated the prognostic value of arterial stiffness in different populations with certain inconsistencies. While prior studies found an association between arterial stiffness and cardiovascular events,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> this association appeared limited in another study, especially for the older population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Therefore, the real impact of arterial stiffness on MACCE rates in older populations, especially regarding mortality (global and cardiovascular), will merit further confirmation from larger studies.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, aortic stiffness using CMR could be an additional prognostic marker of cardiovascular events in elderly patients with suspected or confirmed CAD. However, larger studies with a more heterogeneous population with various ethnicities should confirm such finding and further determine the more appropriate cut-off point of PWV related to a worse prognosis. The work by Kaolawanich and Boonyasirinant has certainly shed some light on the importance of aortic stiffness in the armamentarium of the already vast diagnostic and prognostic possibilities of CMR among patients with suspected CAD. Whether aortic stiffness will be an additional prognostic tool or a mere bystander in clinical practice remains to be determined, as well as by what matters the clinical management of such patients with a higher aortic stiffness should be further modified.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Prognostic Value of Aortic Stiffness using Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in The Elderly with Known or Suspected Coronary Artery Disease</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
