<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">VrTm8gZV7xWqsj3GmQV8D7Q</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000500961</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210452</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210452</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valor Progn&#243;stico de Rigidez A&#243;rtica usando Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Cardiovascular em Idosos com Suspeita ou Confirma&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1262-9212</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kaolawanich</surname>
            <given-names>Yodying</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9149-3407</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Boonyasirinant</surname>
            <given-names>Thananya</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Mahidol University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bangkok</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TH">Tail&#226;ndia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine &#8211; Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok &#8211; Tail&#226;ndia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Thananya Boonyasirinant &#8226; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand &#8211; 2 Wanglang Rd. Bangkoknoi Bangkok 10700 &#8211; Tail&#226;ndia E-mail: <email>DRTHANANYAA@YAHOO.COM</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Kaolawanich Y, Boonyasirinant T; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Kaolawanich Y.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>961</fpage>
      <lpage>971</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A rigidez a&#243;rtica &#233; considerada um marcador de doen&#231;a cardiovascular. A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular (RMC) permite realizar uma avalia&#231;&#227;o abrangente da rigidez a&#243;rtica e da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em um &#250;nico exame. Entretanto, dados progn&#243;sticos relacionados &#224; rigidez a&#243;rtica em pacientes idosos permanecem limitados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Determinar o valor progn&#243;stico da rigidez a&#243;rtica usando a velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP) baseada em RMC em pacientes idosos com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foram cadastrados pacientes consecutivos com idade &gt;70 com indica&#231;&#227;o para RMC com perfus&#227;o de estresse com adenosina incluindo VOP, entre 2010 e 2014. Os pacientes foram acompanhados para verificar a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores (MACE), incluindo mortalidade card&#237;aca, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o tardia (&gt;180 dias ap&#243;s a RMC), e acidente vascular isqu&#234;mico. Foram realizadas an&#225;lises univariadas e multivariadas para determinar os preditores de MACE. Um p-valor &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A VOP m&#233;dia foi 13,98&#177;9,00 m/s. Depois de um per&#237;odo mediano de acompanhamento de 59,6 meses em 263 pacientes (55% do sexo feminino, 77&#177;5 anos), ocorreram 61 MACE. Pacientes com VOP elevada (&gt;13,98 m/s) tiveram &#237;ndices de MACE significativamente mais altos (FC 1,75; IC 95% 1,05-2,94; p=0,03) que os dos pacientes com VOP n&#227;o elevada (&lt;13,98 m/s). A an&#225;lise multivariada demonstrou que press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FEVE), isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, e VOP elevada s&#227;o preditores independentes de MACE (p&lt;0,05 para todos). A VOP apresentou um valor progn&#243;stico incremental em rela&#231;&#227;o a dados cl&#237;nicos, FEVE e isquemia (qui-quadrado global aumentado = 7,25, p=0,01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A rigidez a&#243;rtica, usando-se a RMC, &#233; um preditor independente forte de eventos cardiovasculares em pacientes idosos com suspeita de DAC ou DAC confirmada.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Rigidez A&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Cardiovascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a arterial Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="2"/>
        <ref-count count="26"/>
        <page-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A rigidez arterial aumenta com a idade como preditor independente de eventos cardiovasculares, incluindo a mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> H&#225; v&#225;rias maneiras de se medir a rigidez arterial, tais como, ultrassonografia, ton&#244;metro car&#243;tido-femoral, e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular (RMC). A medi&#231;&#227;o da velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP) a&#243;rtica por tonometria j&#225; foi amplamente utilizada. Entretanto, a RMC &#233; geralmente o m&#233;todo preferido. Medi&#231;&#245;es de VOP baseadas em RMC j&#225; foram bastante validadas (comparadas com registros de press&#227;o invasivos) com grande reprodutibilidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Os benef&#237;cios da RMC incluem a obten&#231;&#227;o de imagens de cortes transversais cobrindo o comprimento a&#243;rtico desejado, alta resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial, e medi&#231;&#227;o direta do comprimento a&#243;rtico sem presumir a dist&#226;ncia (ao contr&#225;rio da tonometria), sem radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante.</p>
      <p>A idade avan&#231;ada &#233; um dos marcadores de doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) mais importantes, incluindo a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC). As DCV s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por mais de 80% das mortes de indiv&#237;duos com 65 anos de idade ou mais em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Portanto, &#233; fundamental fazer o diagn&#243;stico e a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de DAC em pacientes idosos. A RMC oferece uma avalia&#231;&#227;o abrangente de DAC com precis&#227;o muito alta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a RMC com estresse com adenosina apresenta fortes evid&#234;ncias para o progn&#243;stico de eventos cardiovasculares futuros em pacientes com suspeita de DAC ou DAC confirmada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Dados anteriores indicam que a RMC com estresse realizada em idosos deambulantes &#233; segura e bem tolerada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A RMC pode avaliar a VOP e realizar um teste de estresse em um &#250;nico exame. Recentemente demonstramos a associa&#231;&#227;o entre rigidez a&#243;rtica e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, bem como o valor progn&#243;stico da rigidez a&#243;rtica utilizando-se a RMC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Entretanto, h&#225; dados limitados em rela&#231;&#227;o ao progn&#243;stico de VOP pela RMC em pacientes idosos.</p>
      <p>O objetivo do estudo era determinar o valor progn&#243;stico da VOP em termos de eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores (MACE) em pacientes idosos com suspeita de DAC ou DAC confirmada.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo cadastrou pacientes consecutivos acima de 70 anos de idade com suspeita de DAC ou DAC confirmada que foram encaminhados para RMC com estresse por adenosina de outubro de 2010 a fevereiro de 2014 em nossa cl&#237;nica ambulatorial. Em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, a medi&#231;&#227;o da rigidez a&#243;rtica utilizando a VOP foi incorporada &#224; rotina do protocolo de RMC abrangente para avalia&#231;&#227;o de DAC. O hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico detalhado foi obtido no dia do estudo por RMC.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o inclu&#237;ram (1) exame de RMC incompleto, (2) contraindica&#231;&#245;es &#224; RMC (por exemplo, marca-passo) ou adenosina (por exemplo, bloqueio atrioventricular de alto grau), (3) condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica inst&#225;vel, (4) pacientes com doen&#231;as a&#243;rticas envolvendo medi&#231;&#245;es de VOP (por exemplo, um aneurisma a&#243;rtico<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> ), (5) m&#225; qualidade da imagem da RMC, e (6) pacientes sem dados de acompanhamento. Pacientes com taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular de &lt;30 ml/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup> no per&#237;odo de 30 dias antes da RMC tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
        <p>O comit&#234; de &#233;tica institucional aprovou este estudo retrospectivo e dispensou a necessidade de consentimento informado por escrito adicional.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Protocolo da RMC ( <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="">Materiais suplementares</inline-supplementary-material> )</title>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lises de imagens de RTG, perfus&#227;o e cine ( <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="">Materiais suplementares</inline-supplementary-material> )</title>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de VOP11</title>
          <p>Foi aplicado um software dedicado de imagem cardiovascular para a an&#225;lise de VOP, realizada independentemente do estudo de perfus&#227;o de RTG. Os contornos da por&#231;&#227;o ascendente e da por&#231;&#227;o descendente da aorta tor&#225;cica foram desenhados manualmente para obter o fluxo (m/s) nos dois locais durante todas as fases do ciclo card&#237;aco. A curva fluxo-tempo correspondente foi gerada. O tempo de chegada da onda de pulso foi medido como ponto de intercepta&#231;&#227;o da extrapola&#231;&#227;o linear da linha de base e do pico sist&#243;lico precoce, enquanto o comprimento do trajeto a&#243;rtico foi determinado pela reconstru&#231;&#227;o multiplanar da aquisi&#231;&#227;o de meia-Fourier axial a partir de imagem em equil&#237;brio est&#225;vel. A vista sagital reconstru&#237;da do comprimento do trajeto foi mostrada como a linha de centro dos n&#237;veis da por&#231;&#227;o ascendente &#224; por&#231;&#227;o descendente da aorta tor&#225;cica, correspondendo ao mesmo n&#237;vel obtido na RMCR-VP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A VOP entre a por&#231;&#227;o ascendente e a por&#231;&#227;o descendente da aorta tor&#225;cica foi calculada como:</p>
          <disp-formula id="e1">
            <mml:math>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">V</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">P</mml:mi>
              </mml:mrow>
              <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
              <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#916;</mml:mi>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi>
              </mml:mrow>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
              </mml:mrow>
              <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#916;</mml:mi>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">T</mml:mi>
              </mml:mrow>
              <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi>
              </mml:mrow>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
              </mml:mrow>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">s</mml:mi>
              </mml:mrow>
              <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
          <p>Em que &#916; x reflete o comprimento do trajeto a&#243;rtico entre a por&#231;&#227;o ascendente e a por&#231;&#227;o descendente da aorta tor&#225;cica, e &#916; T representa o intervalo de tempo entre a chegada do p&#233; da onda de pulso nesses dois n&#237;veis correspondentes ( <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="">Figura suplementar 1</inline-supplementary-material> ).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Variabilidade da medi&#231;&#227;o de VOP intraobservador e interobservador</title>
          <p>Aproximadamente 10% da coorte do estudo foram selecionados aleatoriamente, usando um gerador de n&#250;mero aleat&#243;rio no Microsoft Excel vers&#227;o 2016, para medir a variabilidade do primeiro observador 4 semanas ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise inicial, e a variabilidade do segundo observador independente, cego em rela&#231;&#227;o aos resultados iniciais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Acompanhamento cl&#237;nico</title>
          <p>Foram coletados dados de acompanhamento de consultas cl&#237;nicas e prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos. A adjudica&#231;&#227;o do evento foi cega em rela&#231;&#227;o a dados cl&#237;nicos e da RMC. Os pacientes foram acompanhados para verificar a ocorr&#234;ncia de MACE, definidos como resultados compostos de mortalidade card&#237;aca, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) n&#227;o fatal, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o tardia (&gt;180 dias ap&#243;s a RMC), e acidente vascular isqu&#234;mico. A necessidade de terapia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o em at&#233; 180 dias ap&#243;s a RMC foi considerada consequ&#234;ncia dos resultados da RMC, e, portanto, exclu&#237;da da an&#225;lise.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
      <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando-se o software IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows vers&#227;o 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, EUA). Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas como m&#233;dias &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP), e vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal foram apresentadas como mediana e faixa interquartil. A distribui&#231;&#227;o de normalidade das vari&#225;veis foi examinada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como n&#250;meros absolutos e porcentagens. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, com base em seus valores de VOP. Os grupos eram os de VOP elevada e de VOP n&#227;o elevada, usando-se o valor da m&#233;dia de VOP de todos os pacientes como n&#237;vel de corte. As variabilidades intraobservador e interobservador das medi&#231;&#245;es de VOP foram expressas como coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (ICC), intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% e vi&#233;s de &#177;2 DP (para limites de concord&#226;ncia) usando-se a an&#225;lise de Bland-Altman.</p>
      <p>Diferen&#231;as entre pacientes com VOP elevada e n&#227;o elevada, bem como entre pacientes com ou sem MACE, foram comparadas usando-se o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado, ou o teste U de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, e o teste qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, conforme apropriado.</p>
      <p>Resultados compostos entre os dois grupos foram estimados usando-se o m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier e comparados com o teste de Log-rank. Para analisar os preditores de MACE, uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox foi realizada para avaliar preditores univariados. Vari&#225;veis (caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base, medicamentos no momento da RMC, e par&#226;metros da RMC) com p-valor &lt;0,05 na an&#225;lise univariada foram inclu&#237;dos para an&#225;lise multivariada usando o m&#233;todo ENTER. Uma an&#225;lise de caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC) foi usada para determinar o melhor valor de VOP preditor de MACE.</p>
      <p>Para avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico incremental dos preditores significativos, valores globais de qui-quadrado foram calculados ap&#243;s somar preditores na seguinte ordem: cl&#237;nicos, FEVE, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e VOP.</p>
      <p>Todos os testes estat&#237;sticos foram bicaudais, enquanto todos os p-valores menores que 0,05 foram considerados indicativos de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas do paciente</title>
        <p>Foram cadastrados 269 pacientes, sendo que dois foram exclu&#237;dos por terem aneurisma a&#243;rtico, e quatro foram exclu&#237;dos devido a perda de dados de acompanhamento. Nenhum paciente foi exclu&#237;do devido &#224; m&#225; qualidade da imagem, e 263 foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise final. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 77,3&#177;5,2 anos. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> resume os dados cl&#237;nicos dos pacientes. Duzentos e oito pacientes foram encaminhados para o primeiro diagn&#243;stico de DAC. Cinquenta e cinco tinham sido diagnosticados com DAC, incluindo 4 com IM anterior documentado. Em geral, a coorte do estudo teve uma FEVE m&#233;dia de 68,1&#177;15,1%. Isquemia mioc&#225;rdica foi detectada em 95 (36,1%) pacientes. Trinta e nove (14,8%) tinham RTG, e todos apresentaram um padr&#227;o de DAC (RTG subendoc&#225;rdico ou transmural). Nenhum paciente apresentou frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca irregular (como fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial) durante a aquisi&#231;&#227;o da VOP. A VOP m&#233;dia foi 13,98&#177;9,00 m/s. Hist&#243;rico de hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus, e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica foram preditores independentes de VOP elevada (&gt;13,98 m/s) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de pacientes com e sem VOP elevada</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Total (n=263)</th>
                  <th>VOP elevada (n=83)</th>
                  <th>VOP n&#227;o elevada (n=180)</th>
                  <th>p-valor</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">77,3&#177;5,2</td>
                  <td align="center">77,9&#177;5,1</td>
                  <td align="center">77,1&#177;5,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">144 (54,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (60,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">94 (52,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;ndice de massa corporal (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">26,3&#177;4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">26&#177;4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">26,4&#177;4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PA sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">139,3&#177;19,7</td>
                  <td align="center">144,7&#177;18,1</td>
                  <td align="center">136,9&#177;19,9</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,003</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PA diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">70,5&#177;11,1</td>
                  <td align="center">71,4&#177;11,3</td>
                  <td align="center">70,2&#177;10,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (pulsos/minuto)</td>
                  <td align="center">76,6&#177;13,9</td>
                  <td align="center">76,6&#177;15,5</td>
                  <td align="center">76,6&#177;13,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hist&#243;rico cl&#237;nico</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">235 (89,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (97,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">154 (85,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,01</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">145 (55,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (69,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (48,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hiperlipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">197 (74,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (72,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">137 (76,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (20,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (24,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (19,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,39</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (4,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (4,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (4,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acidente vascular isqu&#234;mico</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (4,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (3,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (5,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fumante</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (10,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (8,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (11,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Medicamentos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IECA ou BRA</td>
                  <td align="center">130 (49,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (51,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (48,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aspirina</td>
                  <td align="center">134 (50,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (54,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">89 (49,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,47</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                  <td align="center">124 (47,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (45,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (47,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueador dos canais de c&#225;lcio</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (36,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (32,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (38,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Estatina</td>
                  <td align="center">147 (55,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (60,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (53,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RMC</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Massa de VE (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">84,3&#177;24,5</td>
                  <td align="center">83,6&#177;25,5</td>
                  <td align="center">84,7&#177;24,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o VE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">68,1&#177;15,1</td>
                  <td align="center">69,8&#177;14,1</td>
                  <td align="center">67,3&#177;15,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Isquemia mioc&#225;rdica</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (36,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (33,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (37,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (14,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (18,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (13,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VOP (m/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,98&#177;9,00</td>
                  <td align="center">22,09&#177;12,28</td>
                  <td align="center">10,24&#177;2,22</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>Os valores s&#227;o n&#250;meros (porcentagens) ou m&#233;dia &#177; DP. Os valores em <bold><italic>negrito</italic></bold> s&#227;o &lt;0,05. IECA: inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador de receptores da angiotensina II; PA: press&#227;o arterial; RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VOP: velocidade de onda de pulso; DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Preditores de VOP elevada (&gt;13,98 m/s)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise univariada</th>
                  <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise multivariada</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>RC (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>p-Valor</th>
                  <th>RC (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>p-Valor</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03 (0,98, 1,09)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19</td>
                  <td rowspan="3"> </td>
                  <td rowspan="3"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">1,39 (0,82, 2,35)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;ndice de massa corporal (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98 (0,92, 1,04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PA sist&#243;lica (por 10 mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,23 (1,07, 1,41)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,003</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1,23 (1,07, 1,42)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,01</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PA diast&#243;lica (por 10 mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,10 (0,87, 1,40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">6,84 (1,58, 29,54)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,01</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">6,06 (1,36, 26,97)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,02</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">2,48 (1,43, 4,31)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2,09 (1,18, 3,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,01</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hiperlipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82 (0,45, 1,48)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51</td>
                  <td rowspan="5"> </td>
                  <td rowspan="5"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
                  <td align="center">1,32 (0,71, 2,54)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,39</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">1,09 (0,32, 3,72)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acidente vascular isqu&#234;mico</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64 (0,17, 2,38)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fumante</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70 (0,28, 1,71)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IECA ou BRA</td>
                  <td align="center">1,15 (0,68, 1,93)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60</td>
                  <td rowspan="5"> </td>
                  <td rowspan="5"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aspirina</td>
                  <td align="center">1,21 (0,72, 2,04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,47</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                  <td align="center">0,92 (0,55, 1,56)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueador dos canais de c&#225;lcio</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78 (0,45, 1,34)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Estatina</td>
                  <td align="center">1,30 (0,76, 2,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Massa de VE (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99 (0,98, 1,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                  <td rowspan="4"> </td>
                  <td rowspan="4"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o VE (por 10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,13 (0,94, 1,35)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Isquemia mioc&#225;rdica</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86 (0,50, 1,48)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio</td>
                  <td align="center">1,43 (0,71, 2,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,32</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>Os valores em <bold><italic>negrito</italic></bold> s&#227;o &lt;0,05. IECA: inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador de receptores da angiotensina II; PA: press&#227;o arterial; RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VOP: velocidade de onda de pulso; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; RC: raz&#227;o de chance.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Variabilidade intraobservador e interobservador na medi&#231;&#227;o de VOP</title>
          <p>Houve menos variabilidade intraobservador e interobservador nas medi&#231;&#245;es de VOP por RMC-VP ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). Para os 30 pacientes selecionados aleatoriamente, os valores m&#233;dios de VOP&#177;DP foram 9,88&#177;2,73 m/s e 9,87&#177;2,59 m/s para o primeiro observador na an&#225;lise inicial e 4 semanas depois, respectivamente, e 9,94&#177;2,67 m/s para o segundo observador na an&#225;lise inicial. N&#227;o houve vi&#233;s significativo (diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia para intraobservador =0,01&#177;0,49 m/s, p=0,98 e para interobservador =-0,03&#177;0,35 m/s, p=0,93) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1B</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">1D</xref> , respectivamente).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Variabilidade intraobservador e interobservador de medi&#231;&#245;es de VOP. Correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (A para intraobservador e C para interobservador) e gr&#225;fico de Bland-Altman (B para intraobservador e D para interobservador). ICC: coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse; VOP: velocidade de onda de pulso.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0961-10452-gf01.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados principais: MACE</title>
          <p>Durante o per&#237;odo mediano de acompanhamento de 59,6 meses (faixa interquartil: 36,6, 68,2 meses), ocorreram 61 MACE. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas incluindo vari&#225;veis de RMC de pacientes com e sem MACE s&#227;o apresentadas na <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="">Tabela suplementar 1</inline-supplementary-material> . Os pacientes com MACE tinham press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica significativamente mais baixa, massa de VE mais alta, FEVE mais baixa, e maior preval&#234;ncia de isquemia e RTG.</p>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> demonstra os eventos cardiovasculares na coorte do estudo. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2A</xref> apresenta as curvas de Kaplan-Meier de pacientes com e sem VOP elevada. Pacientes com VOP elevada tiveram &#237;ndices de MACE significativamente mais altos que os dos pacientes com VOP n&#227;o elevada. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2B</xref> apresenta as curvas de Kaplan-Meier estratificadas pela presen&#231;a de isquemia e sem VOP elevada. Pacientes com VOP n&#227;o elevada e isquemia negativa tiveram os melhores resultados, enquanto pacientes com VOP elevada e isquemia positiva tiveram os piores resultados. Observe que pacientes com VOP n&#227;o elevada e isquemia positiva n&#227;o tiveram diferen&#231;a no &#237;ndice de MACE se comparados a pacientes com VOP elevada e isquemia negativa (FC 2,03, IC 95% 0,89-4,63, p=0,09).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3">
              <label>Tabela 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Eventos cardiovasculares</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Total (n=263)</th>
                    <th>VOP elevada (n=83)</th>
                    <th>VOP n&#227;o elevada (n=180)</th>
                    <th>RC (IC 95%)</th>
                    <th>p-valor</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MACE<sup>a</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">61 (23,2)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (28,9)</td>
                    <td align="center">37 (20,6)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,75 (1,05, 2,94)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0,03</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mortalidade card&#237;aca</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (1,9)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (2,4)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (1,7)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,68 (0,28, 10,07)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,57</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (9,1)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (10,8)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (8,3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,60 (0,70, 3,67)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,27</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (13,7)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (18,1)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (11,7)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,94 (0,99, 3,81)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,05</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria tardia</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (6,1)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (6,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (6,1)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,17 (0,41, 3,39)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,77</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Acidente vascular isqu&#234;mico</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (4,2)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (8,4)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (2,2)</td>
                    <td align="center">5,04 (1,47, 17,32)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0,01</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3">
                  <p>
                    <italic>MACE = resultados compostos de mortalidade card&#237;aca, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal, hospitalizados for insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria tardia, e acidente vascular isqu&#234;mico. <sup>a</sup> Dezenove pacientes tiveram mais de um evento. Os valores s&#227;o n&#250;meros (porcentagens). Os valores em <bold><italic>negrito</italic></bold> s&#227;o &lt;0,05. IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; RC: raz&#227;o de chance; MACE: eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores; VOP: velocidade de onda de pulso.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Curvas de Kaplan-Meier for MACE. Para toda a coorte, pacientes com VOP elevada tiveram &#237;ndices de MACE significativamente mais altos que os dos pacientes com VOP n&#227;o elevada (Figura 2A). A Figura 2B apresenta as curvas de Kaplan-Meier estratificadas pela presen&#231;a de isquemia e sem VOP elevada. MACE: eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores; VOP: velocidade de onda de pulso.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0961-10452-gf02.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Uma curva ROC ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ) demonstrou o melhor valor de VOP de 11,16 m/s para prever MACE com uma sensibilidade de 71% e especificidade de 50%.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Uma curva ROC demonstra o melhor valor de VOP para prever MACE. MACE: eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores; VOP: velocidade de onda de pulso; ROC: caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do recebedor.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0961-10452-gf03.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>An&#225;lises univariadas e multivariadas para previs&#227;o de MACE s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> . A an&#225;lise univariada demonstrou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, hist&#243;rico de DAC, massa no VE, FEVE, isquemia, RTG e VOP elevada como preditores. A an&#225;lise multivariada revelou que press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, FEVE, isquemia, e VOP elevada s&#227;o preditores independentes de MACE.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4">
              <label>Tabela 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Preditores de MACE</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>An&#225;lise univariada</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>An&#225;lise multivariada</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>RC (IC 95%)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">p-valor</th>
                    <th>RC (IC 95%)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">p-valor</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,03 (0,98, 1,08)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,29</td>
                    <td align="center">1,02 (0,97, 1,08)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,43</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Feminino</td>
                    <td align="center">1,01 (0,61, 1,67)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,98</td>
                    <td rowspan="3"> </td>
                    <td rowspan="3"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#205;ndice de massa corporal (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,95 (0,89, 1,01)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,08</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PA sist&#243;lica (por 10 mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,89 (0,78, 1,02)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,10</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PA diast&#243;lica (por 10 mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,75 (0,59, 0,96)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0,01</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0,76 (0,59, 0,97)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0,03</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                    <td align="center">1,49 (0,60, 3,71)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,40</td>
                    <td rowspan="3"> </td>
                    <td rowspan="3"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                    <td align="center">1,17 (0,70, 1,94)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,55</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hiperlipidemia</td>
                    <td align="center">1,37 (0,73, 2,58)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,33</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
                    <td align="center">1,80 (1,02, 3,17)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0,04</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1,25 (0,69, 2,26)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,47</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via</td>
                    <td align="center">1,56 (0,62, 3,89)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,35</td>
                    <td rowspan="3"> </td>
                    <td rowspan="3"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Acidente vascular isqu&#234;mico</td>
                    <td align="center">0,63 (0,15, 2,58)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,52</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fumante</td>
                    <td align="center">1,37 (0,65, 2,88)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,41</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IECA ou BRA</td>
                    <td align="center">1,39 (0,84, 2,31)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,20</td>
                    <td rowspan="5"> </td>
                    <td rowspan="5"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Aspirina</td>
                    <td align="center">1,35 (0,81, 2,25)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,25</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                    <td align="center">1,15 (0,69, 1,89)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,60</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Bloqueador dos canais de c&#225;lcio</td>
                    <td align="center">0,88 (0,52, 1,49)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,62</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Estatina</td>
                    <td align="center">0,99 (0,60, 1,64)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,97</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Massa de VE (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,02 (1,01, 1,03)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0,001</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1,01 (0,99, 1,02)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,41</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o VE (por 10%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,75 (0,65, 0,86)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0,84 (0,70, 0,99)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0,04</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Isquemia mioc&#225;rdica</td>
                    <td align="center">3,10 (1,86, 5,18)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">2,26 (1,23, 4,14)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0,01</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio</td>
                    <td align="center">2,30 (1,27, 4,19)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0,01</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1,08 (0,55, 2,12)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VOP elevada (&gt;13,98 m/s)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,75 (1,05, 2,94)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0,03</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1,99 (1,17, 3,40)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0,01</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Os valores em <bold><italic>negrito</italic></bold> s&#227;o &lt;0,05. IECA: inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador de receptores da angiotensina II; PA: press&#227;o arterial; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VOP: velocidade de onda de pulso; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; RC: raz&#227;o de chance; MACE: eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores; VOP: velocidade de onda de pulso.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Valor progn&#243;stico incremental da VOP</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref> mostra o valor progn&#243;stico incremental de dados cl&#237;nicos e de RMC para a previs&#227;o de MACE. Quando o progn&#243;stico foi avaliado de maneira hier&#225;rquica (somente dados cl&#237;nicos, cl&#237;nicos+FEVE, cl&#237;nicos+FEVE+isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, e cl&#237;nicos+FEVE+isquemia mioc&#225;rdica+VOP), FEVE e isquemia apresentaram um valor progn&#243;stico incremental sobre os dados cl&#237;nicos. A VOP acrescentou um valor progn&#243;stico incremental adicional sobre FEVE e isquemia.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5">
              <label>Tabela 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Valor progn&#243;stico incremental da VOP para MACE</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Global &#120536;<sup>2</sup></th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Aumento em &#120536;<sup>2</sup></th>
                    <th>p-valor</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cl&#237;nicos</td>
                    <td align="center">10,19</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cl&#237;nicos + FEVE</td>
                    <td align="center">27,11</td>
                    <td align="center">14,17</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cl&#237;nicos + FEVE + Isquemia mioc&#225;rdica</td>
                    <td align="center">38,55</td>
                    <td align="center">10,02</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0,01</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cl&#237;nicos + FEVE + Isquemia mioc&#225;rdica + VOP</td>
                    <td align="center">45,21</td>
                    <td align="center">7,25</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0,01</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN5">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Os valores em <bold><italic>negrito</italic></bold> s&#227;o &lt;0,05. Cl&#237;nicos=idade, sexo feminino, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, e hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. &#120536;<sup>2</sup> = qui-quadrado. FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; VOP: velocidade de onda de pulso.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os resultados mostram que a rigidez a&#243;rtica, avaliada por RMC-VP, &#233; um forte preditor de MACE, independentemente de fatores de risco tradicionais, fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, e RTG, em pacientes idosos com suspeita de DAC ou DAC confirmada. A VOP tamb&#233;m apresentou um valor progn&#243;stico incremental em rela&#231;&#227;o a dados cl&#237;nicos, FEVE, e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Envelhecimento e altera&#231;&#227;o vascular</title>
        <p>O envelhecimento vascular est&#225; associado com altera&#231;&#245;es nas propriedades mec&#226;nicas e estruturais da parede vascular, levando &#224; perda de elasticidade arterial e redu&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia arterial. A complac&#234;ncia arterial pode ser medida por v&#225;rios par&#226;metros, tais como, velocidade da onda de pulso, &#237;ndice de aumento, e complac&#234;ncia arterial sist&#234;mica.</p>
        <p>Muitos estudos investigaram os efeitos da idade na rigidez arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A maioria sugere um aumento de VOP linear, relacionado &#224; idade, e &#237;ndice de aumento. Kim et al. demonstraram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre idade e rigidez a&#243;rtica regional usando a RMC. Eles identificaram que a VOP regional era m ais alta na aorta tor&#225;cica descendente e aumentada com a idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> V&#225;rios outros fatores e doen&#231;as tamb&#233;m influenciaram a rigidez arterial, incluindo hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus, hiperlipidemia, e tabagismo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, pacientes com VOP elevada tamb&#233;m apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus, e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica mais alta, se comparados &#224;queles com VOP n&#227;o elevada, de forma consistente com relat&#243;rios anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o de rigidez a&#243;rtica</title>
        <p>A VOP car&#243;tido-femoral por tonometria &#233; geralmente o m&#233;todo de medi&#231;&#227;o aceito para rigidez a&#243;rtica. Essa t&#233;cnica &#233; usada na maioria dos estudos cl&#237;nicos como forte preditor de eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Entretanto, esse m&#233;todo exige a medi&#231;&#227;o presumida da dist&#226;ncia a&#243;rtica da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida at&#233; a art&#233;ria femoral. A maioria dos estudos mediu a dist&#226;ncia com fita sobre a superf&#237;cie do corpo, levando a uma superestimativa da dist&#226;ncia real percorrida pela onda de pulso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A medi&#231;&#227;o de VOP usando a RMC &#233; um dos m&#233;todos preferidos para se avaliar a rigidez a&#243;rtica, pois oferece alta resolu&#231;&#227;o sem radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante. Al&#233;m disso, a RMC pode medir a dist&#226;ncia a&#243;rtica sem premissas geom&#233;tricas, diferentemente da VOP car&#243;tido-femoral usando a tonometria. Os valores de VOP medidos por RMC em nossos estudos demonstraram imagens de alta qualidade com excelente reprodutibilidade, de forma consistente com um estudo anterior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Envelhecimento e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</title>
        <p>A idade &#233; um fator de risco forte e independente para o desenvolvimento de aterosclerose coron&#225;ria. Uma propor&#231;&#227;o significativa de pacientes idosos apresentou sintomas at&#237;picos tais como fadiga, dispneia, e desconforto epig&#225;strico. Testes ergom&#233;tricos tamb&#233;m s&#227;o menos vi&#225;veis em pacientes idosos devido &#224; capacidade de exerc&#237;cio mais baixa associada com a idade avan&#231;ada e comorbidades, bem como normalidades no ECG da linha de base que limitam a avali&#231;&#227;o isqu&#234;mica. A RMC com estresse vasodilatador &#233; uma modalidade n&#227;o invasiva preferida usada para detectar isquemia mioc&#225;rdica com viabilidade nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A isquemia mioc&#225;rdica foi detectada em 36,1% dos pacientes como o preditor mais forte de MACE de an&#225;lises multivariadas. Os achados ocorreram com relat&#243;rios anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Evid&#234;ncias recentes sugerem que o RTG &#233; um preditor poderoso de eventos cardiovasculares futuros em popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes abrangentes, incluindo adultos mais velhos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> O RTG foi detectado em 14,8% dos pacientes. Considerando a pequena propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com hist&#243;rico de IM (&lt;2%), nossos resultados demonstraram &#8216;IM n&#227;o reconhecido&#8217; em pacientes idosos, compat&#237;vel com dados anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>VOP como preditor forte e independente nos idosos</title>
        <p>A rigidez arterial &#233; um preditor conhecido de eventos cardiovasculares. V&#225;rios estudos investigaram o valor progn&#243;stico da rigidez arterial em adultos mais velhos aparentemente saud&#225;veis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> com certas inconsist&#234;ncias. Dois estudos encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre rigidez arterial e eventos cardiovasculares, mas essa associa&#231;&#227;o parecia ser limitada em outro estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Todos os estudos mediram a dist&#226;ncia arterial para calcular a VOP pelo m&#233;todo da fita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Considerando os resultados inconsistentes anteriores e limita&#231;&#245;es de medi&#231;&#227;o de VOP, nosso estudo buscou provar a hip&#243;tese e avaliar a VOP e a RMC-VP, que tem vantagens sobre a tonometria, conforme mencionado anteriormente.</p>
        <p>Lui et al. relataram uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre rigidez a&#243;rtica e biomarcadores de estresse mioc&#225;rdico (pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico) e dano mioc&#225;rdico (troponina card&#237;aca de alta sensibilidade) entre adultos mais velhos sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m relatamos recentemente a associa&#231;&#227;o da rigidez a&#243;rtica e a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, bem como o valor progn&#243;stico da rigidez a&#243;rtica usando a RMC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Nossos resultados mostraram um aumento de quase duas vezes mais MACE entre os idosos com VOP elevada que tamb&#233;m apresentou um valor progn&#243;stico incremental sobre dados cl&#237;nicos e vari&#225;veis de RMC, incluindo FEVE e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. O principal fator de MACE mais alto em nossos pacientes com VOP elevada foi um &#237;ndice mais alto de acidente vascular isqu&#234;mico. Isso era consistente com estudos anteriores que demonstraram que a rigidez a&#243;rtica aumentava o risco de acidente vascular isqu&#234;mico (FC variando entre 2 e 4, dependendo do valor de corte da VOP), e a VOP continuava sendo significativamente preditiva de acidente vascular ap&#243;s a padroniza&#231;&#227;o para fatores de risco cardiovascular cl&#225;ssicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, esses estudos inclu&#237;ram adultos mais velhos e os idosos, assim como nosso estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Utilidade da RMC para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o abrangente de DAC e rigidez a&#243;rtica</title>
        <p>A utilidade da RMC para avaliar DAC &#233; cada vez mais reconhecida, especialmente a RMC com perfus&#227;o por estresse vasodilatador, e avalia&#231;&#245;es de viabilidade pela t&#233;cnica de RTG. Em nosso estudo, VOP e testes de estresse foram incorporados a um protocolo abrangente como uma vantagem exclusiva da RMC. A VOP foi medida durante o per&#237;odo de espera entre estudos de viabilidade e estresse, e a t&#233;cnica sem prender a respira&#231;&#227;o se mostrou conveniente para os pacientes. As imagens de VOP foram adquiridas aproximadamente 10 minutos ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o de adenosina. A adenosina pode afetar a complac&#234;ncia arterial, mas isso n&#227;o alterou as medi&#231;&#245;es de VOP neste estudo, considerando sua meia vida muito r&#225;pida (&lt;10 segundos).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Terapia da rigidez a&#243;rtica</title>
        <p>Para melhor evitar a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares, a modifica&#231;&#227;o do estilo de vida bem como o tratamento anti-hipertensivo que reduza a rigidez a&#243;rtica devem ser considerados, ou seja, drogas que demonstraram sua efic&#225;cia na redu&#231;&#227;o da VOP independentemente da redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, incluindo os antagonistas do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona e relaxamento de c&#233;lulas do m&#250;sculo liso por doadores de &#243;xido n&#237;trico ou mol&#233;culas relacionadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Entretanto, grandes ensaios cl&#237;nicos ainda precisam ser realizados para demonstrar que a preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares por esses agentes est&#225; associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da rigidez a&#243;rtica, independentemente da redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
      <p>Primeiramente, nosso estudo tinha uma popula&#231;&#227;o limitada, e algum n&#237;vel de sobreajuste pode ter ocorrido durante as an&#225;lises multivariadas; entretanto, a signific&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica da VOP foi demonstrada. Segundo, o estudo foi realizado em sujeitos asi&#225;ticos idosos, e a possibilidade de generalizar os dados para indiv&#237;duos mais jovens ou de outra etnia ainda n&#227;o est&#225; certa. Terceiro, houve alguns valores de corte de VOP em adultos mais velhos/idosos sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular de estudos anteriores (variando entre 9,5-13,2 m/s).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Entretanto, nenhum n&#237;vel de corte padr&#227;o foi determinado para VOP usando RMC para essa popula&#231;&#227;o. Por &#250;ltimo, varia&#231;&#245;es em frequ&#234;ncias card&#237;acas poderiam ter resultado em formas de onda de velocidade ligeiramente diferentes entre ciclos card&#237;acos, resultando em erros de medi&#231;&#227;o de VOP. Entretanto, um estudo anterior de valida&#231;&#227;o de VOP medida por RMC determinou concord&#226;ncia entre medi&#231;&#245;es de press&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtica invasivas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>A rigidez a&#243;rtica avaliada por VOP baseada em RMC foi determinada como um marcador de risco forte e independente em pacientes idosos com suspeita de DAC ou DAC confirmada. Considerando o poder preditivo da VOP, a identifica&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias que possam evitar ou reduzir a rigidez pode ser importante na preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares. Esse aspecto exige investiga&#231;&#245;es adicionais.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Os autores gostariam de agradecer ao Sr. Dittapol Muntham, M.S. pela assist&#234;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <title>* Material suplementar</title>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11805/2021-0452_AO_Supplemental%20materials.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link> .</p>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prognostic Value of Aortic Stiffness using Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in The Elderly with Known or Suspected Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1262-9212</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kaolawanich</surname>
            <given-names>Yodying</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9149-3407</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Boonyasirinant</surname>
            <given-names>Thananya</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TH">Thailand</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine &#8211; Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok &#8211; Thailand</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Thananya Boonyasirinant &#8226; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand &#8211; 2 Wanglang Rd. Bangkoknoi Bangkok 10700 &#8211; Thailand E-mail: DRTHANANYAA@YAHOO.COM</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Kaolawanich Y, Boonyasirinant T; Acquisition of data and Statistical analysis: Kaolawanich Y.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Aortic stiffness is established as a marker of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) provides a comprehensive assessment of aortic stiffness and myocardial ischemia in a single examination. However, prognostic data concerning aortic stiffness in elderly patients remain limited.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To determine the prognostic value of aortic stiffness using CMR-based pulse wave velocity (PWV) in elderly patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease (CAD).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>This study enrolled consecutive patients aged &gt;70 referred for adenosine stress perfusion CMR including PWV between 2010 and 2014. Patients were followed up for occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), including cardiac mortality, nonfatal myocardial infarction, hospitalization for heart failure, late revascularization (&gt;180 days after CMR), and ischemic stroke. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to determine the predictors of MACE. A p-value of &lt;0.05 is considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Mean PWV was 13.98&#177;9.00 m/s. After a median follow-up period of 59.6 months in 263 patients (55% female, 77&#177;5 years), 61 MACE occurred. Patients with elevated PWV (&gt;13.98 m/s) had significantly higher rates of MACE (HR 1.75; 95% CI 1.05-2.94; p=0.03) than those with non-elevated PWV (&lt;13.98 m/s). Multivariate analysis demonstrated diastolic blood pressure, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), myocardial ischemia, and elevated PWV as independent predictors for MACE (p&lt;0.05 for all). PWV provided an incremental prognostic value over clinical data, LVEF, and ischemia (increased global chi-square=7.25, p=0.01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Aortic stiffness using CMR is a strong and independent predictor of cardiovascular events in elderly patients with known or suspected CAD.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Aortic Stiffness</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Elderly</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Arterial stiffness increases with aging as an independent predictor of cardiovascular events, including mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> There are several ways to measure arterial stiffness, including ultrasonography, carotid-femoral tonometer, and cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). Measurement of aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) by a tonometer has been extensively used. However, CMR is often the preferred method. CMR-based PWV measurements have been well validated (compared with invasive pressure recordings) with high reproducibility.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Benefits of CMR include the provision of cross-sectional images covering the desired aortic length, high spatial resolution, and direct measurement of aortic length without geometric assumptions of the distance (in contrast to a tonometer), with no ionizing radiation.</p>
        <p>Increased age is one of the most influential risk markers for cardiovascular disease (CVD), including coronary artery disease (CAD). CVD is responsible for over 80% of all deaths of individuals aged 65 or older in developed countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Therefore, diagnosis and risk stratification of CAD in elderly patients is crucial. CMR provides a comprehensive assessment of CAD with very high accuracy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Moreover, adenosine stress CMR offers strong evidence for the prognosis of future cardiovascular events in patients with known or suspected CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Previous data indicated that stress CMR performed in ambulatory elderly is safe and well tolerated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> CMR can assess PWV and perform a stress test in a single examination. We recently demonstrated the association of aortic stiffness and myocardial ischemia, as well as the prognostic value of aortic stiffness using CMR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Nevertheless, limited data exist concerning the prognosis of PWV by CMR in elderly patients.</p>
        <p>This study objective aimed to determine the prognostic value of PWV in terms of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in elderly patients with known or suspected CAD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>This study enrolled consecutive patients older than 70 years with known or suspected CAD who were referred for adenosine stress CMR from October 2010 to February 2014 to our outpatient center. In our institution, aortic stiffness using PWV has been routinely incorporated in comprehensive CMR protocol for CAD evaluation. Detailed medical history was collected on the day of the CMR study.</p>
          <p>Exclusion criteria included (1) incomplete CMR examination, (2) contraindications to CMR (e.g., pacemaker) or adenosine (e.g., high-grade atrioventricular block), (3) unstable clinical condition, (4) patients with aortic diseases involving PWV measurement (e.g., an aortic aneurysm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> ), (5) poor CMR image quality, and (6) patients lacking follow-up data. Patients with a glomerular filtration rate of &lt;30 ml/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>within 30 days before CMR were also excluded.</p>
          <p>The institutional ethics committee approved this retrospective study and waived the need for additional written informed consent.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>CMR protocol ( <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="">Supplemental Materials</inline-supplementary-material> )</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Cine, perfusion, and LGE image analyses ( <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="">Supplemental Materials</inline-supplementary-material> )</title>
          <sec>
            <title>PWV analysis11</title>
            <p>Dedicated cardiovascular imaging software was applied for PWV analysis and performed independently from the perfusion study and LGE. Contours of mid-ascending and mid-descending thoracic aorta were drawn manually to achieve the flow (m/s) at both locations throughout all phases of the cardiac cycle. The corresponding flow-time curve was generated. Pulse wave arrival time was measured as the interception point of the linear extrapolation of the baseline and the steep early systolic stage, while aortic path length was determined by a multiplanar reconstruction of the axial half-Fourier acquisition from the steady-stage image. The reconstructed sagittal view of the path length was depicted as the centerline from the levels of the mid-ascending to the mid-descending thoracic aorta, corresponding to the same level obtained in VE-CMR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
            <p>The PWV between the mid-ascending and mid-descending thoracic aorta was calculated as:</p>
            <disp-formula id="e1001">
              <mml:math>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">P</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">W</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">V</mml:mi>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#916;</mml:mi>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#916;</mml:mi>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">T</mml:mi>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">s</mml:mi>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
              </mml:math>
            </disp-formula>
            <p>Where &#916; x reflects the length of the aortic path between the mid-ascending and mid-descending thoracic aorta and &#916; T represents the time delay between the arrival of the foot of the pulse wave at these two corresponding levels ( <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="">Supplemental Figure 1</inline-supplementary-material> ).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Intraobserver and interobserver variability of PWV measurement</title>
            <p>Approximately 10% of the study cohort were randomly selected, using a Random Number Generator in Microsoft Excel, ver. 2016, to measure variability of the first observer 4 weeks after the initial analysis, and variability of the second independent observer, who was blinded to the initial results.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Clinical follow-up</title>
            <p>Follow-up data were collected from clinical visits and medical records. Event adjudication was blinded to clinical and CMR data. Patients were followed up for MACE defined as composite outcomes for cardiac mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), hospitalization for heart failure, late coronary revascularization (&gt;180 days after CMR), and ischemic stroke. Need for revascularization therapy within 180 days after the CMR was considered to be triggered by the CMR results and therefore censored from analysis.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Continuous variables with normal distribution were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD), and continuous variables with non-normal distribution were presented as median and interquartile range. Normality distribution of the variables was examined by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Categorical variables were presented as absolute numbers and percentages. Patients were divided into two groups based on their PWV values. Elevated PWV and non-elevated PWV groups used the mean PWV value of all patients as the cut-off level. Intraobserver and interobserver variability for PWV measurements were expressed as intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), 95% confidence interval (CI) and bias &#177;2 SDs (for limits of agreement) using the Bland-Altman analysis.</p>
        <p>Differences between patients with elevated and non-elevated PWV, as well as with and without MACE, were compared using the student&#8217;s unpaired t-test or Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables, and the chi-square test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test for categorical variables, as appropriate.</p>
        <p>Composite outcomes between both groups were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with the log-rank test. To analyze the predictors of MACE, a Cox-regression analysis was performed to assess univariable predictors. Variables (baseline characteristics, medications at the time of CMR, and CMR parameters) with a p-value &lt;0.05 in the univariable analysis were included for multivariable analysis using the ENTER method. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to determine the best value of PWV predicting MACE.</p>
        <p>To assess the incremental prognostic value of significant predictors, global chi-square values were calculated after adding predictors in the following order: clinical, LVEF, myocardial ischemia, and PWV.</p>
        <p>All statistical tests were two-tailed, while all p-values of less than 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient characteristics</title>
          <p>A total of 269 patients were enrolled, with two excluded due to having an aortic aneurysm and four excluded due to a loss of follow-up data. No patients were excluded because of poor image quality, and 263 were included in the final analysis. Mean age was 77.3&#177;5.2 years. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> summarizes patient clinical data. Two hundred and eight patients were referred for the first diagnosis of CAD. Fifty-five had been previously diagnosed with CAD, including 4 with previously documented MI. Overall, the study cohort had a mean LVEF of 68.1&#177;15.1%. Myocardial ischemia was detected in 95 (36.1%) patients. Thirty-nine (14.8%) had LGE, and all showed a CAD pattern (subendocardial or transmural LGE). No patient presented an irregular heart rate (such as atrial fibrillation) during the PWV acquisition. Mean PWV was 13.98&#177;9.00 m/s. History of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and systolic blood pressure were independent predictors of elevated PWV (&gt;13.98 m/s) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Clinical Characteristics of Patients with and without Elevated PWV</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Total (n=263)</th>
                    <th>Elevated PWV (n=83)</th>
                    <th>Non-elevated PWV (n=180)</th>
                    <th>p-Value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">77.3&#177;5.2</td>
                    <td align="center">77.9&#177;5.1</td>
                    <td align="center">77.1&#177;5.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.19</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">144 (54.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (60.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">94 (52.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.23</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">26.3&#177;4.1</td>
                    <td align="center">26&#177;4.1</td>
                    <td align="center">26.4&#177;4.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.49</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Systolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">139.3&#177;19.7</td>
                    <td align="center">144.7&#177;18.1</td>
                    <td align="center">136.9&#177;19.9</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.003</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diastolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">70.5&#177;11.1</td>
                    <td align="center">71.4&#177;11.3</td>
                    <td align="center">70.2&#177;10.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.42</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heart rate (beats/minute)</td>
                    <td align="center">76.6&#177;13.9</td>
                    <td align="center">76.6&#177;15.5</td>
                    <td align="center">76.6&#177;13.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Clinical history</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">235 (89.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">81 (97.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">154 (85.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.01</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                    <td align="center">145 (55.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">58 (69.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">87 (48.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hyperlipidemia</td>
                    <td align="center">197 (74.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">60 (72.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">137 (76.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.51</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Coronary artery disease</td>
                    <td align="center">55 (20.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (24.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (19.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.39</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prior revascularization</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (4.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (4.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (4.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.89</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ischemic stroke</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (4.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (3.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (5.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.50</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cigarette smoker</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (10.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (8.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (11.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.43</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Medications</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ACEI or ARB</td>
                    <td align="center">130 (49.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">43 (51.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">87 (48.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.60</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Aspirin</td>
                    <td align="center">134 (50.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">45 (54.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">89 (49.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.47</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Beta blocker</td>
                    <td align="center">124 (47.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (45.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">86 (47.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.76</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Calcium channel blocker</td>
                    <td align="center">96 (36.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (32.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">69 (38.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.36</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Statin</td>
                    <td align="center">147 (55.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (60.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">97 (53.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.34</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>CMR</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV mass (g)</td>
                    <td align="center">84.3&#177;24.5</td>
                    <td align="center">83.6&#177;25.5</td>
                    <td align="center">84.7&#177;24.0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.74</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV ejection fraction (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">68.1&#177;15.1</td>
                    <td align="center">69.8&#177;14.1</td>
                    <td align="center">67.3&#177;15.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.21</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Myocardial ischemia</td>
                    <td align="center">95 (36.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (33.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">67 (37.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.58</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Late gadolinium enhancement</td>
                    <td align="center">39 (14.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (18.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (13.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.32</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PWV (m/s)</td>
                    <td align="center">13.98&#177;9.00</td>
                    <td align="center">22.09&#177;12.28</td>
                    <td align="center">10.24&#177;2.22</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Values are number (percentages) or mean&#177;SD. <bold><italic>Bold</italic></bold> values are &lt;0.05. ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; BP: blood pressure; CMR: cardiovascular magnetic resonance; LV: left ventricular; PWV: pulse wave velocity; SD: standard deviation.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Predictors of Elevated PWV (&gt;13.98 m/s)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">Univariate Analysis</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Multivariate Analysis</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>HR (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>p-Value</th>
                    <th>HR (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>p-Value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.03 (0.98. 1.09)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.19</td>
                    <td rowspan="3"> </td>
                    <td rowspan="3"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">1.39 (0.82. 2.35)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.23</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.98 (0.92. 1.04)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.49</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Systolic BP (per 10 mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.23 (1.07. 1.41)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.003</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.23 (1.07. 1.42)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.01</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diastolic BP (per 10 mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.10 (0.87. 1.40)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.42</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">6.84 (1.58. 29.54)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.01</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">6.06 (1.36. 26.97)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.02</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                    <td align="center">2.48 (1.43. 4.31)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">2.09 (1.18. 3.70)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.01</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hyperlipidemia</td>
                    <td align="center">0.82 (0.45. 1.48)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.51</td>
                    <td rowspan="5"> </td>
                    <td rowspan="5"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Coronary artery disease</td>
                    <td align="center">1.32 (0.71. 2.54)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.39</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prior revascularization</td>
                    <td align="center">1.09 (0.32. 3.72)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.89</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ischemic stroke</td>
                    <td align="center">0.64 (0.17. 2.38)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.50</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cigarette smoker</td>
                    <td align="center">0.70 (0.28. 1.71)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.43</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ACEI or ARB</td>
                    <td align="center">1.15 (0.68. 1.93)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.60</td>
                    <td rowspan="5"> </td>
                    <td rowspan="5"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Aspirin</td>
                    <td align="center">1.21 (0.72. 2.04)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.47</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Beta blocker</td>
                    <td align="center">0.92 (0.55. 1.56)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.76</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Calcium channel blocker</td>
                    <td align="center">0.78 (0.45. 1.34)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.36</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Statin</td>
                    <td align="center">1.30 (0.76. 2.20)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.34</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV mass (g)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99 (0.98. 1.01)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.74</td>
                    <td rowspan="4"> </td>
                    <td rowspan="4"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV ejection fraction (per 10%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.13 (0.94. 1.35)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.21</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Myocardial ischemia</td>
                    <td align="center">0.86 (0.50. 1.48)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.58</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Late gadolinium enhancement</td>
                    <td align="center">1.43 (0.71. 2.90)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.32</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic><bold><italic>Bold</italic></bold> values are &lt;0.05. ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; BP: blood pressure; CMR: cardiovascular magnetic resonance; LV: left ventricular; PWV: pulse wave velocity; CI: confidence interval; HR: hazard ratio.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <sec>
            <title>Intraobserver and interobserver variability for PWV measurement</title>
            <p>There was less intraobserver and interobserver variability for PWV measurements by VE-CMR ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). For the 30 randomly selected patients, mean PWV&#177;SD values were 9.88&#177;2.73 m/s and 9.87&#177;2.59 m/s for the first observer in the initial analysis and 4 weeks later, respectively, and 9.94&#177;2.67 m/s for the second observer in the initial analysis. There was no significant bias (mean difference for intraobserver=0.01&#177;0.49 m/s, p=0.98 and for interobserver=-0.03&#177;0.35 m/s, p=0.93) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1B</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">1D</xref> , respectively).</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f01001">
                <label>Figure 1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Intraobserver and interobserver variability of PWV measurements. Intraclass correlation (A for intraobserver and C for interobserver) and Bland-Altman plot (B for intraobserver and D for interobserver). ICC: intraclass correlation coefficient; PWV: pulse wave velocity.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0961-10452-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Primary outcome: MACE</title>
            <p>During the median follow-up period of 59.6 months (interquartile range: 36.6, 68.2 months), 61 MACE occurred. Clinical characteristics including CMR variables of patients with and without MACE are shown in <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="">Supplemental Table 1</inline-supplementary-material> . Patients with MACE had significantly lower diastolic blood pressure, higher LV mass, lower LVEF, and a higher prevalence of ischemia and LGE.</p>
            <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> demonstrates cardiovascular events in the study cohort. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2A</xref> shows the Kaplan-Meier curves of patients with and without elevated PWV. Patients with elevated PWV had significantly higher rates of MACE than those with non-elevated PWV. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2B</xref> demonstrates the Kaplan-Meier curves stratified by the presence of ischemia with and without elevated PWV. Patients with non-elevated PWV and negative ischemia had the best outcome, while the patients with elevated PWV and positive ischemia had the worst outcome. Note that the patients with non-elevated PWV and positive ischemia had no difference in the rate of MACE compared to the patients with elevated PWV and negative ischemia (HR 2.03, 95% CI 0.89-4.63, p=0.09).</p>
            <p>
              <table-wrap id="t3001">
                <label>Table 3</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Cardiovascular Events</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                      <th>Total (n=263)</th>
                      <th>Elevated PWV (n=83)</th>
                      <th>Non-elevated PWV (n=180)</th>
                      <th>HR (95% CI)</th>
                      <th>p-Value</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>MACE<sup>a</sup></td>
                      <td align="center">61 (23.2)</td>
                      <td align="center">24 (28.9)</td>
                      <td align="center">37 (20.6)</td>
                      <td align="center">1.75 (1.05. 2.94)</td>
                      <td align="center">
                        <bold>0.03</bold>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Cardiac mortality</td>
                      <td align="center">5 (1.9)</td>
                      <td align="center">2 (2.4)</td>
                      <td align="center">3 (1.7)</td>
                      <td align="center">1.68 (0.28. 10.07)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.57</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Nonfatal myocardial infarction</td>
                      <td align="center">24 (9.1)</td>
                      <td align="center">9 (10.8)</td>
                      <td align="center">15 (8.3)</td>
                      <td align="center">1.60 (0.70. 3.67)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.27</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Hospitalization for heart failure</td>
                      <td align="center">36 (13.7)</td>
                      <td align="center">15 (18.1)</td>
                      <td align="center">21 (11.7)</td>
                      <td align="center">1.94 (0.99. 3.81)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.05</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Late coronary revascularization</td>
                      <td align="center">16 (6.1)</td>
                      <td align="center">5 (6.0)</td>
                      <td align="center">11 (6.1)</td>
                      <td align="center">1.17 (0.41. 3.39)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.77</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Ischemic stroke</td>
                      <td align="center">11 (4.2)</td>
                      <td align="center">7 (8.4)</td>
                      <td align="center">4 (2.2)</td>
                      <td align="center">5.04 (1.47. 17.32)</td>
                      <td align="center">
                        <bold>0.01</bold>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                  <fn id="TFN3001">
                    <p>
                      <italic>MACE = composite outcomes of cardiac mortality, nonfatal myocardial infarction, hospitalized for heart failure, late coronary revascularization, and ischemic stroke.<sup>a</sup>Nineteen patients had more than one event. Values are numbers (percentages). <bold><italic>Bold</italic></bold> values are &lt;0.05. CI: confidence interval; HR: hazard ratio; MACE: major adverse cardiovascular events; PWV: pulse wave velocity.</italic>
                    </p>
                  </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
              </table-wrap>
            </p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f02001">
                <label>Figure 2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Kaplan-Meier curves for MACE. For the whole cohort, patients with elevated PWV had significantly higher rates of MACE than those with non-elevated PWV (Figure 2A). Figure 2B demonstrates the Kaplan-Meier curves stratified by the presence of ischemia with and without elevated PWV. MACE: major cardiovascular events; PWV: pulse wave velocity.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0961-10452-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>A ROC curve ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ) demonstrated the best value of PWV of 11.16 m/s to predict MACE with a sensitivity of 71% and specificity of 50%.</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f03001">
                <label>Figure 3</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; A ROC curve demonstrates the best value of PWV to predict MACE. MACE: major cardiovascular events; PWV: pulse wave velocity; ROC: receiver operating characteristic.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0961-10452-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>Univariate and multivariate analyses for prediction of MACE are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> . Univariate analysis demonstrated diastolic blood pressure, history of CAD, LV mass, LVEF, ischemia, LGE, and elevated PWV as predictors. Multivariate analysis revealed diastolic blood pressure, LVEF, ischemia, and elevated PWV as independent predictors for MACE.</p>
            <p>
              <table-wrap id="t4001">
                <label>Table 4</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Predictors of MACE</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                      <th colspan="2">Univariate Analysis</th>
                      <th colspan="2">Multivariate Analysis</th>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                        <hr/>
                      </th>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <th>HR (95% CI)</th>
                      <th>p-Value</th>
                      <th>HR (95% CI)</th>
                      <th>p-Value</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Age (years)</td>
                      <td align="center">1.03 (0.98. 1.08)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.29</td>
                      <td align="center">1.02 (0.97. 1.08)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.43</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Female</td>
                      <td align="center">1.01 (0.61. 1.67)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.98</td>
                      <td rowspan="3"> </td>
                      <td rowspan="3"> </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.95 (0.89. 1.01)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.08</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Systolic BP (per 10 mmHg)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.89 (0.78. 1.02)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.10</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Diastolic BP (per 10 mmHg)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.75 (0.59. 0.96)</td>
                      <td align="center">
                        <bold>0.01</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td align="center">0.76 (0.59. 0.97)</td>
                      <td align="center">
                        <bold>0.03</bold>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Hypertension</td>
                      <td align="center">1.49 (0.60. 3.71)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.40</td>
                      <td rowspan="3"> </td>
                      <td rowspan="3"> </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                      <td align="center">1.17 (0.70. 1.94)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.55</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Hyperlipidemia</td>
                      <td align="center">1.37 (0.73. 2.58)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.33</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Coronary artery disease</td>
                      <td align="center">1.80 (1.02. 3.17)</td>
                      <td align="center">
                        <bold>0.04</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td align="center">1.25 (0.69. 2.26)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.47</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Prior revascularization</td>
                      <td align="center">1.56 (0.62. 3.89)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.35</td>
                      <td rowspan="3"> </td>
                      <td rowspan="3"> </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Ischemic stroke</td>
                      <td align="center">0.63 (0.15. 2.58)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.52</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Cigarette smoker</td>
                      <td align="center">1.37 (0.65. 2.88)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.41</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>ACEI or ARB</td>
                      <td align="center">1.39 (0.84. 2.31)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.20</td>
                      <td rowspan="5"> </td>
                      <td rowspan="5"> </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Aspirin</td>
                      <td align="center">1.35 (0.81. 2.25)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.25</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Beta blocker</td>
                      <td align="center">1.15 (0.69. 1.89)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.60</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Calcium channel blocker</td>
                      <td align="center">0.88 (0.52. 1.49)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.62</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Statin</td>
                      <td align="center">0.99 (0.60. 1.64)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.97</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>LV mass (g)</td>
                      <td align="center">1.02 (1.01. 1.03)</td>
                      <td align="center">
                        <bold>0.001</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td align="center">1.01 (0.99. 1.02)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.41</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>LV ejection fraction (per 10%)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.75 (0.65. 0.86)</td>
                      <td align="center">
                        <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td align="center">0.84 (0.70. 0.99)</td>
                      <td align="center">
                        <bold>0.04</bold>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Myocardial ischemia</td>
                      <td align="center">3.10 (1.86. 5.18)</td>
                      <td align="center">
                        <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td align="center">2.26 (1.23. 4.14)</td>
                      <td align="center">
                        <bold>0.01</bold>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Late gadolinium enhancement</td>
                      <td align="center">2.30 (1.27. 4.19)</td>
                      <td align="center">
                        <bold>0.01</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td align="center">1.08 (0.55. 2.12)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.8</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Elevated PWV (&gt;13.98 m/s)</td>
                      <td align="center">1.75 (1.05. 2.94)</td>
                      <td align="center">
                        <bold>0.03</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td align="center">1.99 (1.17. 3.40)</td>
                      <td align="center">
                        <bold>0.01</bold>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                  <fn id="TFN4001">
                    <p>
                      <italic><bold><italic>Bold</italic></bold> values are &lt;0.05. ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; BP: blood pressure; CMR: cardiovascular magnetic resonance; LV: left ventricular; PWV: pulse wave velocity; CI: confidence interval; HR: hazard ratio; MACE: major adverse cardiovascular events; PWV: pulse wave velocity.</italic>
                    </p>
                  </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
              </table-wrap>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Incremental prognostic value of PWV</title>
            <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref> shows an incremental prognostic value of clinical and CMR data for the prediction of MACE. When the prognosis was assessed in a hierarchical manner (clinical only, clinical+LVEF, clinical+LVEF+myocardial ischemia, and clinical+LVEF+myocardial ischemia+PWV), LVEF and ischemia provided an incremental prognostic value over clinical data. PWV added a further incremental prognostic value over LVEF, and ischemia.</p>
            <p>
              <table-wrap id="t5001">
                <label>Table 5</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Incremental Prognostic Value of PWV for MACE</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                      <th style="font-weight:normal">Global &#120536;<sup>2</sup></th>
                      <th style="font-weight:normal">Increase in &#120536;<sup>2</sup></th>
                      <th>p-value</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Clinical</td>
                      <td align="center">10.19</td>
                      <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
                      <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Clinical + LVEF</td>
                      <td align="center">27.11</td>
                      <td align="center">14.17</td>
                      <td align="center">
                        <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Clinical + LVEF + Myocardial ischemia</td>
                      <td align="center">38.55</td>
                      <td align="center">10.02</td>
                      <td align="center">
                        <bold>0.01</bold>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Clinical + LVEF + Myocardial ischemia + PWV</td>
                      <td align="center">45.21</td>
                      <td align="center">7.25</td>
                      <td align="center">
                        <bold>0.01</bold>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                  <fn id="TFN5001">
                    <p>
                      <italic><bold><italic>Bold</italic></bold> values are &lt;0.05. Clinical=age, female gender, diastolic blood pressure, and history of coronary artery disease. &#120536;<sup>2</sup>= chi-square. LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; PWV: pulse wave velocity.</italic>
                    </p>
                  </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
              </table-wrap>
            </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Results demonstrated aortic stiffness, assessed by VE-CMR, as a strong predictor of MACE, regardless of traditional risk factors, cardiac function, myocardial ischemia, and LGE in elderly patients with known or suspected CAD. PWV also provided an incremental prognostic value over clinical data, LVEF, and myocardial ischemia.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Aging and vascular change</title>
          <p>Vascular aging is associated with changes in the mechanical and structural properties of the vascular wall, leading to a loss of arterial elasticity and reduced arterial compliance. Arterial compliance can be measured by different parameters, such as pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, and systemic arterial compliance.</p>
          <p>Many studies have investigated the effects of age on arterial stiffness,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> with most suggesting a linear, age-related increase in PWV and augmentation index. Kim et al. demonstrated the relationship between age and regional aortic stiffness using CMR. They found that the regional PWV was highest in the descending thoracic aorta and increased with age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Several other factors and diseases also influence arterial stiffness, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and smoking<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> In our study, patients with elevated PWV also showed an increased prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and higher systolic blood pressure when compared to those with non-elevated PWV, which is consistent with previous reports.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Measurement of aortic stiffness</title>
          <p>Carotid-femoral PWV using a tonometer is the generally accepted measurement method for aortic stiffness. This technique is used in most clinical studies as a strong predictor of cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, this method requires the assumed measurement of the aortic distance from the carotid to femoral arteries. Most studies measured this distance with tape over the surface of the body, leading to an overestimation of the real distance traveled by the pulse wave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
          <p>PWV measurement using CMR is one of the preferred methods to evaluate aortic stiffness, providing high resolution without ionizing radiation. Moreover, CMR can measure aortic distance without geometrical assumptions, unlike carotid-femoral PWV using tonometry. PWV values measured by CMR in our study demonstrated high-quality images with excellent reproducibility, which is consistent with a previous study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aging and coronary artery disease</title>
          <p>Age is a strong and independent risk factor for the development of coronary atherosclerosis. A significant proportion of elderly patients presented atypical symptoms, such as fatigue, dyspnea, and epigastric discomfort. Exercise testing is also less feasible in elderly patients due to the lower exercise capacity associated with advanced age and co-morbidities, as well as baseline ECG abnormalities that limit ischemic assessments. Vasodilatory stress CMR is a preferred non-invasive modality used to detect myocardial ischemia with viability in this population.</p>
          <p>Myocardial ischemia was detected in 36.1% of the patients as the strongest predictor of MACE from a multivariate analysis. Findings concurred with previous reports.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Recent evidence suggests that LGE is a powerful predictor of future cardiovascular events in wide-ranging patient populations, including older adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> LGE was detected in 14.8% of the patients. Given the very small proportion of patients with a history of MI (&lt;2%), our results demonstrated &#8216;unrecognized MI&#8217; in elderly patients, which is compatible with previous data.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>PWV as a strong and independent prognosticator in the elderly</title>
          <p>Arterial stiffness is a well-known predictor of cardiovascular events. Several studies investigated the prognostic value of arterial stiffness in apparently healthy older adults,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> with certain inconsistencies. Two studies found an association between arterial stiffness and cardiovascular events, but this association appeared to be limited in another study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> All studies measured arterial distance to calculate PWV by the tape method.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Given previous inconsistent results and limitations of PWV measurement, our study sought to prove the hypothesis and assess PWV by VE-CMR, which has advantages over tonometry, as previously mentioned.</p>
          <p>Lui et al. reported a strong association between aortic stiffness and biomarkers of both myocardial stress (natriuretic peptide) and damage (high-sensitivity cardiac troponin-T) among older adults without cardiac disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Our research team also recently reported the association of aortic stiffness and myocardial ischemia as well as the prognostic value of aortic stiffness using CMR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Our results showed an almost 2-fold increase in MACE among the elderly with elevated PWV, which also provided an incremental prognostic value over clinical data and CMR variables, including LVEF and myocardial ischemia. The main driver of higher MACE in our patients with elevated PWV was a higher rate of ischemic stroke. This was consistent with previous studies that aortic stiffness increased the risk of ischemic stroke (HR ranged from<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> , depending on the cutoff of PWV), while PWV remained significantly predictive of stroke after adjustment for classical cardiovascular risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Additionally, these studies included older adults and the elderly, similar to our study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Usefulness of CMR for a comprehensive assessment of CAD and aortic stiffness</title>
          <p>The use of CMR to evaluate CAD is being increasingly recognized, particularly as vasodilator stress perfusion CMR and viability assessments by LGE technique. In our study, PWV and stress tests were incorporated into a comprehensive protocol as the unique advantage of CMR. PWV was measured during the waiting period between the stress and viability studies, and the non-breath-hold technique proved convenient for patients. PWV images were acquired approximately 10 minutes after adenosine injection. Adenosine may affect arterial compliance, but this did not alter PWV measurements in this study, given its very rapid half-life (&lt;10 seconds).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Therapy of aortic stiffness</title>
          <p>To better prevent the occurrence of cardiovascular events, lifestyle modification, as well as antihypertensive treatment that reduce aortic stiffness should be considered, i.e., drugs that have demonstrated their efficacy in reducing PWV regardless of the reduction in blood pressure, including the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system antagonists and smooth muscle cell relaxation by nitric oxide donors or related molecules.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> However, large clinical trials have yet to be performed to demonstrate that the prevention of cardiovascular events by these agents is associated with the reduction in aortic stiffness, regardless of blood pressure reduction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>First, our study had a limited population, and some degree of overfitting may have occurred during the multivariate analyses; however, the prognostic significance of PWV was demonstrated. Second, the study was conducted on elderly Asian subjects, and data generalizability to younger individuals or other ethnicities remains uncertain. Third, there were some PWV cutoff values in older adults/elderly without cardiovascular disease from prior studies (ranged 9.5-13.2 m/s).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> However, no standard cutoff level was determined for PWV using CMR for this population. Finally, variations in heart rates could have resulted in slightly different velocity waveforms between cardiac cycles, resulting in PWV measurement errors. However, a previous validation study of PWV measured by CMR determined agreement between invasive intra-aortic pressure measurements.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Aortic stiffness assessed by CMR-based PWV was determined as a strong and independent risk marker in elderly patients with known or suspected CAD. Given the predictive power of PWV, identifying strategies that can prevent or reduce stiffening may be important in the prevention of cardiovascular events. This aspect requires further investigation.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>The authors would like to thank Mr. Dittapol Muntham, M.S. for his statistical assistance.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Siriraj Institutional Review Board under the protocol number 782/2016. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app01">
          <title>* Supplemental Materials</title>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11805/2021-0452_AO_Supplemental%20materials.pdf">click here</ext-link> .</p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
