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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">bdQj4qHxfHDMwjKFh4ZfrGj</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005003202</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000500949</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210447</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210447</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Percep&#231;&#245;es dos Participantes de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca sobre seus Comportamentos em Sa&#250;de e Necessidades de Informa&#231;&#227;o durante a Pandemia COVID-19 no Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7946-3718</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ghisi</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela L.M</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Rafaella Z.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3398-650X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Korbes</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>C&#237;cero Augusto de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2476-7981</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Karsten</surname>
            <given-names>Marlus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oh</surname>
            <given-names>Paul</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benetti</surname>
            <given-names>Magnus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Program</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Toronto Rehabilitation Institute</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University Health Network</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Toronto</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CA">Canad&#225;</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Program, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto &#8211; Canad&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">N&#250;cleo de Cardioncologia e Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de e do Esporte</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">N&#250;cleo de Cardioncologia e Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio, Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de e do Esporte, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina, S&#227;o Jos&#233;, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Gabriela Lima de Melo Ghisi &#8226; 347 Rumsey Road, Toronto, Ontario - M4G 1R7 E-mail: <email>gabriela.meloghisi@uhn.ca</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Ghisi GLM, Santos RZ, Oh P, Benetti M; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Santos RZ, Korbes AS, Souza CA; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Ghisi GLM, Santos RZ, Karsten M; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Ghisi GLM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Santos RZ, Korbes AS, Souza CA, Karsten M, Oh P, Benetti M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>949</fpage>
      <lpage>960</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A COVID-19 afetou como as pessoas recebem atendimento de sa&#250;de para v&#225;rias doen&#231;as, inclusive doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Examinar as percep&#231;&#245;es dos participantes de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (RC) sobre seus comportamentos em sa&#250;de e necessidades de informa&#231;&#227;o durante a pandemia da COVID-19 no Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Neste estudo transversal, um question&#225;rio de 27 itens elaborado pelos investigadores foi administrado online a participantes de dois programas de RC. As perguntas inclu&#237;am letramento em sa&#250;de (LS; usando a <italic>Brief Health Literacy Screening Tool</italic> - Breve ferramenta de triagem de letramento em sa&#250;de), uso de tecnologia, percep&#231;&#245;es antes e durante a pandemia da COVID-19, e necessidades de informa&#231;&#245;es. Foram usados coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson, testes t pareados e ANOVA, conforme apropriado. Um p &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo para todos os testes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> No total, 159 (25,5%) participantes de RC responderam ao question&#225;rio. Desses, 89,9% tinham LS limitado ou marginal, e 96,2% relataram ter acesso &#224; internet de casa. Os pacientes se preocupam principalmente com a sa&#250;de de sua fam&#237;lia e pr&#243;pria, al&#233;m de como o coronav&#237;rus &#233; perigoso para sua sa&#250;de e como mudou seu estilo de vida. Os participantes perceberam que a qualidade de seus comportamentos em sa&#250;de diminuiu significativamente durante a pandemia. A pandemia tamb&#233;m mudou as necessidades de informa&#231;&#245;es dos participantes de RC, j&#225; que novas necessidades surgiram, tais como, controle de n&#237;veis de ansiedade, manter a motiva&#231;&#227;o para levar uma vida saud&#225;vel durante a pandemia, e como a COVID-19 pode afetar sua condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de. Participantes com LS adequado perceberam significativamente a gravidade da doen&#231;a e tinham significativamente mais acesso a informa&#231;&#245;es do que os pacientes com LS limitado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Nossos resultados destacaram o impacto da pandemia nas percep&#231;&#245;es dos participantes de RC em rela&#231;&#227;o a seus comportamentos em sa&#250;de e necessidades de informa&#231;&#227;o, que podem ser influenciados pelos n&#237;veis de LS.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Letramento em Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Determina&#231;&#227;o de Necessidades de Cuidados de Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Inqu&#233;ritos e Question&#225;rios</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="50"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O SARS-CoV-2 &#233; um novo coronav&#237;rus identificado como a causa da doen&#231;a por coronav&#237;rus 2019 (COVID-19) que come&#231;ou em Wuhan, na China no final de 2019 e se espalhou pelo mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Mais de um ano ap&#243;s ser classificada como pandemia, o n&#250;mero de casos de COVID-19 confirmados em todo o mundo chegou a 147.000.000, sendo que o Brasil ficou em terceiro lugar entre os pa&#237;ses com o n&#250;mero mais alto de casos confirmados e em segundo lugar no n&#250;mero de mortes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Por se tratar de um <italic>pat&#243;geno</italic> altamente contagioso, as pessoas no mundo todo est&#227;o tentando evitar infec&#231;&#227;o pela pr&#225;tica do distanciamento social,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> o que afetou a forma como trabalham, conectam-se com outros, e recebem assist&#234;ncia de sa&#250;de para v&#225;rias doen&#231;as, incluindo doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCVs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Doen&#231;as cardiovasculares est&#227;o entre os principais fardos de doen&#231;a e s&#227;o a principal causa de mortalidade em todo o mundo, com mais de 80% dessas mortes ocorrendo em pa&#237;ses de renda baixa e m&#233;dia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> incluindo o Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (RC) &#233; um modelo estabelecido de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria que n&#227;o s&#243; demonstrou ter efici&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica e financeira, como tamb&#233;m pode reduzir significativamente os &#237;ndices de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Em geral, a RC &#233; realizada em ambientes cl&#237;nicos, com os pacientes visitando hospitais ou centros de reabilita&#231;&#227;o para participar de sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio e educa&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Portanto, as medidas necess&#225;rias para controlar a transmiss&#227;o generalizada da COVID-19 afetaram a realiza&#231;&#227;o da RC, sendo estimado que aproximadamente 4400 programas se fecharam em todo o mundo devido &#224; COVID-19 e os servi&#231;os presenciais, cancelados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No Brasil, a COVID-19 afetou um sistema que j&#225; ficava abaixo do ideal,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> e os programas desenvolveram formas remotas e inovadoras para oferecer os componentes principais nesse momento t&#227;o delicado,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> seguindo diretrizes e recomenda&#231;&#245;es locais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A velocidade alta em que essas mudan&#231;as ocorreram, as amea&#231;as econ&#244;micas que os prestadores de servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de e seus programas sofreram, e a incapacidade de muitos pacientes de navegar no mundo virtual afetaram participantes de RC de maneira ainda n&#227;o exploradas. Embora existam muitas publica&#231;&#245;es sobre o impacto da COVID-19 nessa popula&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> at&#233; onde sabemos n&#227;o h&#225; estudos sobre como os participantes de RC percebem seus comportamentos em sa&#250;de e sobre as informa&#231;&#245;es de que eles precisam para continuar a adotar comportamentos que far&#227;o com que eles tenham uma sa&#250;de melhor. Isso &#233; especialmente importante, pois o distanciamento social, a quarentena e ordens de confinamento afetam nosso estilo de vida e, em pacientes card&#237;acos que j&#225; s&#227;o sedent&#225;rios e t&#234;m fatores de risco devido a comportamentos ruins,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> essas medidas podem aumentar o risco de eventos agudos. Al&#233;m disso, os efeitos indiretos da pandemia da COVID-19 na sa&#250;de mental em geral s&#227;o uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o constante,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> principalmente em indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, j&#225; que eles t&#234;m mais probabilidade de desenvolver problemas de sa&#250;de mental (tais como depress&#227;o),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> que est&#227;o associados a um risco duas vezes maior de mortalidade cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Portanto, h&#225; uma necessidade urgente de monitorar pacientes card&#237;acos virtualmente e personalizar o cuidado preventivo, ajudando a esses indiv&#237;duos em sua recupera&#231;&#227;o e na preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos recorrentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Para desenvolver um programa de RC ideal durante a pandemia da COVID-19 e ap&#243;s ela, &#233; importante entender as percep&#231;&#245;es e necessidades dos pacientes. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi examinar as percep&#231;&#245;es dos participantes de RC em rela&#231;&#227;o a seus comportamentos em sa&#250;de e necessidades de informa&#231;&#227;o durante a pandemia da COVID-19 no Brasil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho</title>
        <p>Este &#233; um estudo de desenho transversal. A aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica foi obtida do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa na Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC; Florian&#243;polis, Brasil: 4.341.132). Os dados foram coletados entre dezembro de 2020 e abril de 2021.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Configura&#231;&#245;es e Participantes</title>
        <p>Uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia de participantes de RC foi recrutada de dois programas p&#250;blicos na Grande Florian&#243;polis (Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina e N&#250;cleo de Cardio-oncologia e Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio). Antes da pandemia, os pacientes frequentavam esses centros 3 vezes por semana para sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio de 1 hora supervisionadas por uma equipe multidisciplinar. Alguns desses participantes tamb&#233;m estavam participando de sess&#245;es de educa&#231;&#227;o, como parte de um projeto de pesquisa. Devido &#224; COVID-19, ambos os programas foram fechados a partir de mar&#231;o de 2020 e as atividades n&#227;o foram retomadas durante esta pesquisa. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram os seguintes: ser analfabeto ou portador de qualquer problema visual ou cognitivo que impediria o participante de preencher a pesquisa.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimentos</title>
        <p>Havia 623 participantes de RC quando ambos os programas foram fechados devido &#224; COVID-19. Todos eles foram contactados por telefone e convidados a participar desta pesquisa. Para os interessados, foi agendada uma segunda liga&#231;&#227;o para que dessem o consentimento informado por v&#237;deo, que foi gravado conforme indicado pelo Comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa. Os participantes preencheram a pesquisa online usando Google Docs durante uma chamada de v&#237;deo com um integrante da equipe de pesquisa.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medidas</title>
        <p>Um question&#225;rio de 27 perguntas foi elaborado pelos investigadores para examinar os objetivos deste estudo (Ap&#234;ndice 1). O question&#225;rio foi dividido nas 5 seguintes se&#231;&#245;es: (1) caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas, (2) letramento em sa&#250;de e uso de tecnologia, (3) percep&#231;&#245;es sobre a pandemia da COVID-19, (4) percep&#231;&#245;es sobre comportamentos em sa&#250;de e sentimentos antes e durante a pandemia da COVID-19, e (5) necessidades de informa&#231;&#227;o durante a pandemia da COVID-19.</p>
        <p>Os itens tinham op&#231;&#245;es de resposta &#250;nica, m&#250;ltipla escolha e respostas abertas. As percep&#231;&#245;es sobre a pandemia foram relatadas usando uma escala Likert que variava entre 1 = discordo totalmente e 5 = concordo totalmente. As percep&#231;&#245;es sobre os comportamentos em sa&#250;de e sentimentos durante a pandemia da COVID-19 foram relatadas usando uma escala Likert que variava entre 1 = ruim e 5 = excelente. Necessidades de informa&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;ficas a t&#243;picos de educa&#231;&#227;o que poderiam ajudar pacientes a aderir a comportamentos saud&#225;veis foram relatadas em uma escala Likert que variava entre 1 = n&#227;o muito importante e 5 = muito importante. Uma pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia foi calculada e analisada por n&#237;veis de letramento, sendo que as pontua&#231;&#245;es mais altas indicavam necessidades de informa&#231;&#227;o mais altas. Foram solicitados inputs de especialistas em RC antes de a pesquisa ser administrada.</p>
        <p>Dados cl&#237;nicos (indica&#231;&#227;o de RC e fatores de risco card&#237;acos) foram extra&#237;dos de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos e caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas (n&#237;vel de escolaridade, renda familiar, mudan&#231;a na renda familiar devido &#224; COVID-19, estado civil, e n&#250;mero de pessoas que vivem na mesma resid&#234;ncia) foram autorrelatados pelos participantes. O letramento em sa&#250;de foi avaliado usando-se a <italic>Brief Health Literacy Screening Tool</italic> (Breve ferramenta de triagem de letramento em sa&#250;de),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> que foi traduzida para o portugu&#234;s pela equipe de pesquisa. Cada um dos 4 itens valia de 1 a 5 pontos, dependendo das respostas dos participantes, que poderiam variar entre 4 e 20. Pontua&#231;&#245;es de 4 a 12 pontos foram classificadas como letramento em sa&#250;de limitado, de 13 a 16, como letramento em sa&#250;de marginal, e de 17 a 20, como letramento em sa&#250;de adequado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de dados</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando-se o software SPSS Vers&#227;o 27.0 (IBM Inc 2020, NYC). Foram usadas estat&#237;sticas descritivas para descrever as caracter&#237;sticas socioecon&#244;micas e cl&#237;nicas dos participantes. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como n&#250;meros absolutos e porcentagens. A an&#225;lise de qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e os testes t para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram usados para comparar propor&#231;&#245;es de respondentes nas v&#225;rias caracter&#237;sticas. Todas as respostas abertas foram codificadas. Os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foram usados para determinar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre letramento em sa&#250;de e n&#237;vel de escolaridade, uso de tecnologia e caracter&#237;sticas socioecon&#244;micas, e letramento em sa&#250;de e percep&#231;&#245;es sobre a pandemia da COVID-19.</p>
        <p>A normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o de dados foi testada usando-se o teste de Kolmogorov Smirnov. Foram usados testes t pareados para investigar altera&#231;&#245;es nas percep&#231;&#245;es dos participantes sobre os comportamentos em sa&#250;de e sentimentos antes e durante a pandemia da COVID-19. O teste ANOVA de m&#227;o &#250;nica foi usado para testar as diferen&#231;as significativas entre necessidades de informa&#231;&#227;o e n&#237;veis de letramento em sa&#250;de. Um p &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo para todos os testes.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes</title>
        <p>No total, 159 (25,5%) pacientes assinaram o formul&#225;rio de consentimento informado e preencheram a pesquisa online. Os motivos para n&#227;o participar inclu&#237;am os seguintes: 288 (46,2%) pacientes n&#227;o atenderam a primeira liga&#231;&#227;o telef&#244;nica, 82 (13,2%) pacientes n&#227;o foram encontrados devido a mudan&#231;a no n&#250;mero de telefone, 64 (10,3%) pacientes n&#227;o quiseram participar, 19 (3,0%) pacientes n&#227;o se qualificaram, e 7 (1,8%) pacientes morreram. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas socioecon&#244;micas e cl&#237;nicas dos participantes.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Situa&#231;&#227;o socioecon&#244;mica, caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e letramento em sa&#250;de dos participantes (n=159)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Geral (n=159)</th>
                  <th>p*</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sociodemogr&#225;fica</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">62,7&#177;10,1</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Idade, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">Abaixo de 65 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (57,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">65 anos ou mais</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (42,8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">Sexo, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (60,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (39,0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o informado</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="5">Estado civil&#8224;, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">Casado</td>
                  <td align="center">106 (66,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Vi&#250;vo</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (13,20)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Divorciado</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (11,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Solteiro</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (8,2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o informado</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#250;mero de pessoas vivendo no mesmo domic&#237;lio, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">2,5&#177;1,2</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pessoas vivendo sozinhas, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (16,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">N&#237;vel de escolaridade, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensino fundamental ou menos</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (35,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Ensino m&#233;dio</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (40,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Ensino superior</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (23,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">Renda familiar&#8224;, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">At&#233; 4 sal&#225;rios-m&#237;nimos por m&#234;s</td>
                  <td align="center">106 (66,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Entre 5 e 10 sal&#225;rios-m&#237;nimos por m&#234;s</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (19,5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Acima de 10 sal&#225;rios-m&#237;nimos por m&#234;s</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (13,8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">Mudan&#231;a na renda familiar devido &#224; pandemia da COVID-19</td>
                  <td align="center">Sem mudan&#231;as</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (54,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Renda mais baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (39,0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Renda mais alta</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (3,8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o informado</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (2,5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Cl&#237;nica</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="7">Indica&#231;&#227;o de RC, n (% sim)</td>
                  <td align="center">Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (62,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (56,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (54,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (52,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,47</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Angioplastia coron&#225;ria transluminal percut&#226;nea</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (42,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Enxerto de bypass na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (28,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (6,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="7">Fatores de risco e comorbidades, n (% sim)</td>
                  <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">107 (67,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Ex-fumante</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (53,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (44,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Diabetes tipo II</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (23,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Obesidade</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (19,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Acidente vascular</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (9,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Diabetes tipo I</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (5,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2"> </td>
                  <td align="center">C&#226;ncer</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (3,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Marca-passo</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (3,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tomando os medicamentos prescritos, n (% sim)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">159 (100,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">Dura&#231;&#227;o da participa&#231;&#227;o na RC antes de o programa ser fechado devido &#224; COVID-19, n (% sim)</td>
                  <td align="center">Menos de 1 ano</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (22,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Mais de 1 ano</td>
                  <td align="center">121 (75,1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o informado</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>N&#237;veis de letramento</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Letramento em sa&#250;de, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">13,2&#177;2,5</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">Classifica&#231;&#227;o de letramento em sa&#250;de&#8225;, n (% sim)</td>
                  <td align="center">Letramento em sa&#250;de limitado</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (54,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Letramento em sa&#250;de marginal</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (35,2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Letramento em sa&#250;de adequado</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (9,4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o informado</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>RC: reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca; DP: desvio padr&#227;o. *An&#225;lises qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. &#8224;A renda familiar no Brasil &#233; caracterizada por sal&#225;rios-m&#237;nimos por m&#234;s. Um sal&#225;rio-m&#237;nimo corresponde a 1.100,00 reais ou 193,60 d&#243;lares americanos (abril/2021). &#8225; Classifica&#231;&#227;o do letramento em sa&#250;de: pontua&#231;&#245;es de 4 a 12 pontos indicam letramento em sa&#250;de limitado, de 13 a 16, letramento em sa&#250;de marginal, e de 17 a 20, letramento em sa&#250;de adequado.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Conforme demonstrado, nossa amostra era composta majoritariamente por indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino, casados, com uma renda familiar mensal de at&#233; 4 sal&#225;rios-m&#237;nimos (sendo que nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o de renda devido a COVID-19 foi relatada), com um diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e hipertens&#227;o. Todos os participantes estavam tomando medicamentos prescritos relacionados a sua doen&#231;a card&#237;aca. A maioria dos participantes (75,0%) frequentaram a RC por mais de um ano antes de os programas serem fechados por causa da pandemia. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao letramento em sa&#250;de ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ), os participantes tiveram uma pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 13,2&#177;2,5, com a maioria da amostra (89,9%) sendo classificada como tendo letramento em sa&#250;de limitado ou marginal. Os resultados demonstraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva significativa entre n&#237;vel de escolaridade e letramento em sa&#250;de (r=0,45; p=&lt;0,001).</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso de tecnologia, 153 (96,2%) participantes relataram que tinham acesso &#224; internet em casa. Para aqueles que n&#227;o tinham acesso &#224; internet em casa, os motivos para isso s&#227;o baixo conhecimento da tecnologia, pre&#231;o e a n&#227;o percep&#231;&#227;o da necessidade de t&#234;-la (n=2; 1,3% cada). A maioria dos usu&#225;rios de tecnologia (n=138; 86,8%) relataram que usam tecnologia m&#243;vel, sendo que os telefones celulares s&#227;o a tecnologia mais comum usada em casa (n=137; 86,2%). Por &#250;ltimo, 99 (62,3%) participantes indicaram que usam a internet para pesquisar informa&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a sua condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de. N&#227;o foram encontradas correla&#231;&#245;es significativas entre ter acesso &#224; internet em casa e caracter&#237;sticas socioecon&#244;micas.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ilustra como os participantes percebem sua sa&#250;de em geral. Como demonstrado, a maioria dos participantes (n=100; 62,9%) achava que sua sa&#250;de era boa.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Como os participantes percebem sua sa&#250;de.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0949-10447-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Percep&#231;&#245;es sobre a pandemia da covid-19</title>
        <p>Ao serem perguntados onde pesquisavam informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a COVID-19, 135 (84,9%) participantes identificaram a televis&#227;o como principal fonte para conhecimento sobre a pandemia. Outras fontes inclu&#237;am o seguinte: familiares e amigos (n=87; 54,7%), jornais (n=59; 37,1%), redes sociais (n=59; 37,1%), e seus m&#233;dicos (n=35; 22,0%). Al&#233;m disso, medidas de seguran&#231;a adotadas pelos participantes contra a COVID-19 inclu&#237;am o uso de m&#225;scara facial (n=155; 97,5%), distanciamento social (n=150; 94,3%), lavagem frequente das m&#227;os (n=144; 90,6%), e uso de &#225;lcool em gel (n=60; 37,7%).</p>
        <p>Ao serem perguntados sobre sua percep&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao impacto da COVID-19 em seu problema card&#237;aco, 42 (26,4%) participantes relataram que achavam que a pandemia havia agravado seus sintomas. Os sintomas descritos eram os seguintes: dor tor&#225;cica (n=13; 8,2%), falta de ar (n=13; 8,2%), cansa&#231;o (n=11; 6,9%), palpita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (n=5; 3,1%), e dor no corpo (n=5; 3,1%). Ansiedade e depress&#227;o foram relatadas por 6 (3,8%) participantes.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ilustra como os participantes de RC perceberam o impacto da COVID-19 em suas vidas, usando uma escala Likert que variava entre 1 = discordo totalmente e 5 = concordo totalmente. Os resultados mostram que os participantes estavam preocupados com a sa&#250;de de sua fam&#237;lia (n=119; 74,8%), acham que o coronav&#237;rus &#233; perigoso para sua sa&#250;de (n=110; 69,2%), mudaram o estilo de vida (n=107; 67,7%), e est&#227;o preocupados em contrair o coronav&#237;rus (n=101; 63,5%). Al&#233;m disso, 94 (59,1%) participantes relataram que t&#234;m todas as informa&#231;&#245;es de que precisam em rela&#231;&#227;o ao coronav&#237;rus. Ademais, 75 (48,1%) participantes identificaram que &#233; prov&#225;vel que eles (ou algu&#233;m que eles conhecem) v&#227;o contrair o coronav&#237;rus este ano, 68 (43,9%) acreditaram que, se contra&#237;ssem a doen&#231;a, morreriam, e 61 (38,4%) participantes est&#227;o prontos para um surto. Os resultados tamb&#233;m demonstraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre letramento em sa&#250;de e as percep&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; morte devido &#224; doen&#231;a (r=0,29; p=0,01) e ter todas as informa&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao coronav&#237;rus (r=0,27; p=0,01), sendo que os participantes com letramento em sa&#250;de adequado perceberam a gravidade da doen&#231;a e tinham acesso &#224; informa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Como os participantes da reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca perceberam o impacto do COVID-19 em suas vidas.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0949-10447-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Percep&#231;&#245;es sobre os comportamentos em sa&#250;de e sentimentos antes e durante a pandemia da covid-19</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta uma compara&#231;&#227;o das percep&#231;&#245;es dos participantes sobre os comportamentos em sa&#250;de e sentimentos antes e durante a pandemia da COVID-19. No geral, os participantes perceberam que a qualidade de seus comportamentos em sa&#250;de diminuiu significativamente durante a pandemia, incluindo levar uma vida ativa (p&lt;0,001), ter uma dieta saud&#225;vel (p=0,04), dormir bem (p=0,04) e controlar n&#237;veis de ansiedade (p=0,01). Al&#233;m disso, percebeu-se que a qualidade do n&#237;vel de energia e entusiasmo para fazer mudan&#231;as em prol de um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel diminuiu significativamente antes e durante a pandemia da COVID-19 (p&lt;0,001), bem como sua percep&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de em geral (p=0,02).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Percep&#231;&#245;es dos participantes sobre comportamentos em sa&#250;de e sentimentos antes e durante a pandemia da COVID-19 (n=159)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Comportamentos em sa&#250;de e sentimentos</th>
                  <th>Como voc&#234; classificaria este comportamento ou sentimento...</th>
                  <th>...antes da COVID-19?</th>
                  <th>... durante a COVID-19?</th>
                  <th>p*</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="6">Manter-se ativo, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">4,20&#177;0,77</td>
                  <td align="center">2,84&#177;1,20</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Ruim, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (15,7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Razo&#225;vel, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (27,0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Neutro, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (8,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (22,0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Bom, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (53,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (28,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Excelente, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (35,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (6,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="6">Ter alimenta&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">4,17&#177;0,61</td>
                  <td align="center">4,01&#177;0,94</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Ruim, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (2,5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Razo&#225;vel, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (7,5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Neutro, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (5,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (5,7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Bom, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">105 (66,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (54,7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Excelente, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (26,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (29,6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="6">Dormir bem, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">3,66&#177;0,95</td>
                  <td align="center">3,35&#177;1,19</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Ruim, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (2,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (10,1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Razo&#225;vel, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (13,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (16,4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Neutro, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (13,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (13,8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Bom, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (57,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (47,8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Excelente, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (13,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (11,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="6">Controle de n&#237;veis de ansiedade, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">3,76&#177;0,98</td>
                  <td align="center">3,00&#177;1,19</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Ruim, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (11,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Razo&#225;vel, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (13,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (25,2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Neutro, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (13,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (26,4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Bom, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (49,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (26,4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Excelente, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (21,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (10,7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="6">N&#237;vel de energia e entusiasmo para fazer mudan&#231;as em prol de estilo de vida saud&#225;vel, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">4,21&#177;0,71</td>
                  <td align="center">3,26&#177;1,08</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Ruim, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (5,7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Razo&#225;vel, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (18,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Neutro, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (9,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (32,1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Bom, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (53,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (30,8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Excelente, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (35,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (12,6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="6">Percep&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de geral, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">3,94&#177;0,71</td>
                  <td align="center">3,45&#177;1,08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Ruim, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (5,0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Razo&#225;vel, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (3,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (15,7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Neutro, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (17,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (20,8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Bom, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (60,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (42,8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Excelente, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (18,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (13,2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>DP: desvio padr&#227;o. *Testes t pareados usados como dados t&#234;m distribui&#231;&#227;o normal (p&lt;0,05). Pontua&#231;&#245;es em escala Likert variando entre 1 = ruim e 5 = excelente.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Especificamente sobre atividade f&#237;sica, os participantes relataram as seguintes dificuldades de se manterem ativos durante a pandemia: falta de equipamento de exerc&#237;cio e um local f&#237;sico para se exercitar (n=72; 45,3%), dificuldade de respirar usando m&#225;scara facial durante o exerc&#237;cio (n=63; 39,6), falta de motiva&#231;&#227;o para se exercitar durante a pandemia (n=60; 37,7%), n&#227;o ter o espa&#231;o f&#237;sico adequado para se exercitar em casa (n=43; 27,0%), o uso de m&#225;scara facial que dificulta o exerc&#237;cio (n=63; 39,6), e a falta de orienta&#231;&#227;o profissional para se exercitar com seguran&#231;a (n=23; 14,5%).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Necessidades de informa&#231;&#227;o durante a pandemia da covid-19</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ilustra as principais necessidades de informa&#231;&#227;o percebidas pelos participantes. As necessidades mais frequentes durante a pandemia estavam relacionadas &#224; sa&#250;de em geral, ao n&#237;vel de energia e o entusiasmo para fazer escolhas de estilo de vida saud&#225;veis, e manter-se ativo. Ao serem perguntados sobre como prefeririam receber essas informa&#231;&#245;es, 77 (48,4%) responderam que preferiam receber pelo WhatsApp, 26 (16,4%), por e-mail, e 7 (4,4%), pessoalmente; 49 (30,8%) participantes n&#227;o responderam a essa pergunta.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Principais necessidades de informa&#231;&#227;o percebidas pelos participantes durante a COVID-19.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0949-10447-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Quando se solicitou que identificassem necessidades de informa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas a t&#243;picos educativos que podem ajud&#225;-los a aderir a comportamentos saud&#225;veis, a pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia foi 4,53&#177;0,36, com os participantes fazendo pontua&#231;&#245;es acima de 4 (ou seja, importante) em todos os 12 t&#243;picos educativos. O t&#243;pico com necessidade mais alta era &#8220;Tomar rem&#233;dios&#8221;, e o mais baixo era &#8220;Iniciar um programa de treinamento de resist&#234;ncia&#8221; ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ). Al&#233;m disso, as necessidades de informa&#231;&#245;es dos participantes eram significativamente diferentes dependendo dos n&#237;veis gerais de letramento em sa&#250;de (p=0,01) e em rela&#231;&#227;o aos seguintes t&#243;picos educativos: &#8220;Iniciar um programa de treinamento de resist&#234;ncia&#8221; (p=0,03), &#8220;Desenvolver uma rela&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel com a comida&#8221; (p=0,007), e &#8220;Controlar depress&#227;o, stress e burnout&#8221; (p=0,03).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Necessidades de informa&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;ficas a t&#243;picos de educa&#231;&#227;o que poderiam ajudar pacientes a aderir a comportamentos saud&#225;veis (n=159)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">T&#243;pico educacional</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia geral (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia por n&#237;vel de letramento em sa&#250;de (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p*</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="3">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Limitado (n=87)</th>
                  <th>Marginal (n=56)</th>
                  <th>Adequado (n=15)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Criar um plano de mudan&#231;a Descri&#231;&#227;o: aprenda a se motivar a ter uma vida saud&#225;vel e como criar um plano de mudan&#231;a que o ajudar&#225; a alcan&#231;ar esse objetivo.</td>
                  <td align="center">4,49&#177;0,56</td>
                  <td align="center">4,48&#177;0,53</td>
                  <td align="center">4,59&#177;0,53</td>
                  <td align="center">4,25&#177;0,45</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Iniciar um programa de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos Descri&#231;&#227;o: aprenda o que &#233; exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico, como planejar para se exercitar, os benef&#237;cios do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico e como se exercitar com seguran&#231;a.</td>
                  <td align="center">4,64&#177;0,50</td>
                  <td align="center">4,60&#177;0,49</td>
                  <td align="center">4,71&#177;0,50</td>
                  <td align="center">4,64&#177;0,50</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Iniciar um programa de treinamento de resist&#234;ncia Descri&#231;&#227;o: aprenda o que &#233; treinamento de resist&#234;ncia e seus benef&#237;cios, e como fazer um treinamento de resist&#234;ncia com seguran&#231;a.</td>
                  <td align="center">4,12&#177;0,88</td>
                  <td align="center">4,12&#177;0,91</td>
                  <td align="center">4,27&#177;0,80</td>
                  <td align="center">3,57&#177;0,94</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ficar menos sentado e movimentar-se mais Descri&#231;&#227;o: aprenda como ficar muito tempo sentado afeta sua sa&#250;de e quais s&#227;o as formas para se sentar menos durante o dia.</td>
                  <td align="center">4,44&#177;0,61</td>
                  <td align="center">4,39&#177;0,65</td>
                  <td align="center">4,50&#177;0,57</td>
                  <td align="center">4,43&#177;0,51</td>
                  <td align="center">0,59</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escolher alimentos saud&#225;veis Descri&#231;&#227;o: aprenda que tipos de alimentos podem melhorar sua sa&#250;de card&#237;aca e como usar a tabela nutricional para escolher alimentos saud&#225;veis.</td>
                  <td align="center">4,65&#177;0,55</td>
                  <td align="center">4,61&#177;0,54</td>
                  <td align="center">4,76&#177;0,54</td>
                  <td align="center">4,60&#177;0,51</td>
                  <td align="center">0,22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Desenvolver uma rela&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel com a comida Descri&#231;&#227;o: aprenda a import&#226;ncia de se prestar aten&#231;&#227;o a sabor, textura e seu ambiente quando estiver comendo, e quais s&#227;o as maneiras de se comer com mais prazer e saber quando est&#225; satisfeito.</td>
                  <td align="center">4,57&#177;0,55</td>
                  <td align="center">4,57&#177;0,50</td>
                  <td align="center">4,69&#177;0,47</td>
                  <td align="center">4,20&#177;0,51</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Comer a dieta mediterr&#226;nea Descri&#231;&#227;o: Aprenda que alimentos incluir em um padr&#227;o de alimenta&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel para o cora&#231;&#227;o e como incluir mais alimentos integrais em sua dieta.</td>
                  <td align="center">4,56&#177;0,59</td>
                  <td align="center">4,54&#177;0,57</td>
                  <td align="center">4,60&#177;0,63</td>
                  <td align="center">4,64&#177;0,50</td>
                  <td align="center">0,73</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tomar rem&#233;dios Descri&#231;&#227;o: saiba quais s&#227;o as classes comuns de medicamentos para o cora&#231;&#227;o, como eles o ajudam e quem pode ajud&#225;-lo a controlar efeitos colaterais e responder &#224;s suas perguntas.</td>
                  <td align="center">4,77&#177;0,44</td>
                  <td align="center">4,74&#177;0,47</td>
                  <td align="center">4,85&#177;0,36</td>
                  <td align="center">4,67&#177;0,49</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Controlar depress&#227;o, stress e burnout Descri&#231;&#227;o: aprenda o que s&#227;o depress&#227;o, stress e burnout, e quais t&#233;cnicas voc&#234; pode tentar para ajud&#225;-lo a se sentir respons&#225;vel por sua sa&#250;de.</td>
                  <td align="center">4,52&#177;0,59</td>
                  <td align="center">4,54&#177;0,59</td>
                  <td align="center">4,57&#177;0,54</td>
                  <td align="center">4,13&#177;0,74</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dormir melhor Descri&#231;&#227;o: aprenda o que pode estar impedindo que voc&#234; durma bem, e quais s&#227;o os sinais de apneia do sono.</td>
                  <td align="center">4,57&#177;0,67</td>
                  <td align="center">4,53&#177;0,78</td>
                  <td align="center">4,65&#177;0,52</td>
                  <td align="center">4,40&#177;0,51</td>
                  <td align="center">0,35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fortalecer rela&#231;&#245;es sociais Descri&#231;&#227;o: aprenda como as rela&#231;&#245;es sociais podem melhorar sua sa&#250;de, como doen&#231;as card&#237;acas podem afetar sexo e intimidade, e que t&#233;cnicas est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis para criar rela&#231;&#245;es saud&#225;veis.</td>
                  <td align="center">4,30&#177;0,76</td>
                  <td align="center">4,31&#177;0,74</td>
                  <td align="center">4,36&#177;0,78</td>
                  <td align="center">4,14&#177;0,77</td>
                  <td align="center">0,62</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escolher ser saud&#225;vel todos os dias Descri&#231;&#227;o: aprenda como manter seus h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis e o que fazer se voc&#234; os interromper.</td>
                  <td align="center">4,62&#177;0,53</td>
                  <td align="center">4,61&#177;0,54</td>
                  <td align="center">4,70&#177;0,46</td>
                  <td align="center">4,47&#177;0,52</td>
                  <td align="center">0,25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total</td>
                  <td align="center">4,53&#177;0,36</td>
                  <td align="center">4,51&#177;0,37</td>
                  <td align="center">4,63&#177;0,31</td>
                  <td align="center">4,29&#177;0,36</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>DP: desvio padr&#227;o. *ANOVA de m&#227;o &#250;nica (p&lt;0,05). Pontua&#231;&#245;es em escala Likert variando entre 1 = ruim e 5 = excelente.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A pandemia da COVID-19 mudou significativamente os comportamentos em todo o mundo. At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo que examina as percep&#231;&#245;es dos participantes de RC em rela&#231;&#227;o a seus comportamentos em sa&#250;de e necessidades de informa&#231;&#227;o durante a pandemia da COVID-19 no Brasil, que foi feito em um dos pa&#237;ses mais afetados por essa doen&#231;a infecciosa no mundo. Os resultados confirmam que o impacto da COVID-19 vai al&#233;m de aqueles que est&#227;o sofrendo da doen&#231;a, e afeta n&#227;o s&#243; a presta&#231;&#227;o do atendimento a doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, como tamb&#233;m os comportamentos e a sa&#250;de mental dos pacientes. Os pacientes se preocupam principalmente com a sa&#250;de de sua fam&#237;lia e pr&#243;pria, al&#233;m de como o coronav&#237;rus &#233; perigoso para sua sa&#250;de e como mudou seu estilo de vida. No geral, os participantes perceberam que a qualidade de seus comportamentos em sa&#250;de diminuiu significativamente durante a pandemia. A pandemia tamb&#233;m mudou as necessidades de informa&#231;&#245;es dos participantes de RC; embora eles continuem interessados em aprender sobre como se manter ativo, dormir bem, e ter uma dieta saud&#225;vel, novas necessidades de informa&#231;&#227;o surgiram se comparadas a estudos anteriores com essa popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Este estudo identificou que os participantes de RC tamb&#233;m precisam aprender sobre controle de n&#237;veis de ansiedade, o que pode ser feito para manter a motiva&#231;&#227;o para levar uma vida saud&#225;vel durante a pandemia, e como a COVID-19 pode afetar sua condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de.</p>
      <p>O letramento em sa&#250;de &#8211; as habilidades e compet&#234;ncias das pessoas e das organiza&#231;&#245;es em atender &#224;s demandas complexas de sa&#250;de na sociedade moderna<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> &#8211; desempenha um papel central nesse cen&#225;rio. O letramento em sa&#250;de limitado foi associado independentemente a uma menor utiliza&#231;&#227;o de servi&#231;os preventivos, maior uso de atendimento de emerg&#234;ncia, interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares recorrentes, baixa qualidade de vida, alta ansiedade, apoio social mais baixo, condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de geral pior e &#237;ndices de mortalidade mais altos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Este estudo identificou que a maioria dos participantes tinha letramento em sa&#250;de limitado ou marginal, o que influenciou sua capacidade de lidar com as restri&#231;&#245;es da COVID-19. Participantes com letramento em sa&#250;de adequado perceberam significativamente a gravidade da doen&#231;a e tinham significativamente mais acesso a informa&#231;&#245;es do que os pacientes com letramento em sa&#250;de limitado. Al&#233;m disso, aqueles com n&#237;vel mais baixos de letramento em sa&#250;de tinham necessidades de informa&#231;&#227;o mais altas do que os participantes com n&#237;veis adequados, que deveriam ser usados para informar a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. H&#225; v&#225;rias interven&#231;&#245;es para mitigar o impacto do letramento em sa&#250;de inadequado;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> entretanto, as habilidades dos pacientes geralmente s&#227;o superestimadas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> e problemas, que raramente s&#227;o identificados, poderiam ser aumentados em um cen&#225;rio virtual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> S&#227;o necess&#225;rias maneiras eficientes de se incorporar a tecnologia da sa&#250;de a interven&#231;&#245;es para participantes de RC com letramento em sa&#250;de limitado.</p>
      <p>Os participantes deste estudo relataram que seu controle sobre n&#237;veis de ansiedade diminuiu significativamente durante a pandemia, e, al&#233;m disso, eles perceberam que a pandemia piorou seus sintomas de ansiedade e depress&#227;o. Os efeitos adversos das restri&#231;&#245;es da COVID-19 sobre o bem-estar mental de pacientes foram observados e outros estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Como a ansiedade e a depress&#227;o s&#227;o fatores conhecidamente associados a resultados de DCV piores,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> &#233; essencial que os participantes de RC tenham o apoio relacionado &#224; sa&#250;de psicol&#243;gica durante esse tempo sem precedentes. Um dos canais de comunica&#231;&#227;o pode ser a educa&#231;&#227;o, que pode tratar n&#227;o apenas do impacto dos fatores psicossociais sobre a sa&#250;de, mas das implica&#231;&#245;es dessa pandemia na sa&#250;de mental na era p&#243;s-COVID.</p>
      <p>A m&#237;dia tem um papel essencial em oferecer rotas de dissemina&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pidas e eficientes para informa&#231;&#245;es importantes durante a pandemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> Essa informa&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foi confirmada em nosso estudo, uma vez que a maioria dos participantes de RC identificaram a televis&#227;o, os jornais e as redes sociais como as principais fontes de conhecimento relacionado &#224; COVID-19. Embora as plataformas de m&#237;dia possam disseminar informa&#231;&#227;o e educar as pessoas para que tomem medidas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, elas tamb&#233;m podem levar &#224; desinforma&#231;&#227;o, falta de orienta&#231;&#227;o, e vazamento de informa&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> A necessidade das habilidades de julgar corretamente a precis&#227;o das informa&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de postadas em canais de m&#237;dia coloca indiv&#237;duos com letramento em sa&#250;de limitado em risco de desinforma&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> Embora poucos participantes deste estudo tenham relatado que procuram seus m&#233;dicos para obter informa&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; COVID-19, as equipes de assist&#234;ncia de sa&#250;de devem incluir esses t&#243;picos em suas sess&#245;es e, se poss&#237;vel, criar canais de redes sociais para se conectar a seus pacientes e compartilhar recomenda&#231;&#245;es para os tempos de COVID-19.</p>
      <p>A tecnologia &#233; considerada uma forma segura para garantir que pacientes card&#237;acos recebam o cuidado de que precisam durante a pandemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> As percep&#231;&#245;es dos pacientes e as maiores necessidades de informa&#231;&#227;o relatadas nesse estudo confirmam a urg&#234;ncia da assist&#234;ncia a esses pacientes. Estudos identificaram que a maioria dos componentes de RC poderiam ser oferecidos com seguran&#231;a por meios remotos, incluindo a educa&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> Dessa forma, um meio de educa&#231;&#227;o de pacientes virtual baseada em evid&#234;ncias e abrangente est&#225; dispon&#237;vel em 8 idiomas (incluindo o portugu&#234;s brasileiro) para os programas usarem livremente. &#201; necess&#225;rio avaliar novos formatos de RC em implementa&#231;&#227;o e resultados.</p>
      <p>Este estudo articulou como a pandemia da COVID afetou as percep&#231;&#245;es de participantes de RC em rela&#231;&#227;o a seus comportamentos em sa&#250;de e suas necessidades de informa&#231;&#227;o, e a influ&#234;ncia dos n&#237;veis de letramento em sa&#250;de nesse cen&#225;rio. Indiv&#237;duos com letramento em sa&#250;de limitado enfrentam desafios para acessar e navegar pela assist&#234;ncia em sa&#250;de, e tais obst&#225;culos podem ser exacerbados pelas restri&#231;&#245;es da pandemia. Entretanto, os resultados v&#227;o al&#233;m do n&#237;vel individual e s&#227;o direcionados a prestadores de assist&#234;ncia de sa&#250;de e programas de RC. Os prestadores de assist&#234;ncia de sa&#250;de devem come&#231;ar a adotar estrat&#233;gias que t&#234;m potencial de mitigar o impacto do letramento em sa&#250;de no cuidado de seus pacientes. Os programas devem trabalhar para se tornar institui&#231;&#245;es letradas em sa&#250;de e desenvolver uma abordagem de boas pr&#225;ticas para o letramento em sa&#250;de.</p>
      <p>&#201; necess&#225;rio ter cuidado ao se interpretar esses resultados. Primeiramente, essa era uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia; portanto os resultados podem ter vi&#233;s. A amostra era pequena, o que limita a possibilidade de generaliza&#231;&#227;o. Os resultados podem n&#227;o se aplicar a outros grupos de pacientes card&#237;acos. Segundo, a confiabilidade e a validade do question&#225;rio n&#227;o s&#227;o conhecidas. Terceiro, este foi um estudo transversal, e, portanto, os dados foram capturados em um &#250;nico momento no tempo em t&#243;picos espec&#237;ficos. Como o surto de COVID-19 muda constantemente, com v&#225;rias ondas e restri&#231;&#245;es, espera-se que as percep&#231;&#245;es e comportamentos autorrelatados possam mudar. Por &#250;ltimo, o desenho do estudo pode limitar a descri&#231;&#227;o das percep&#231;&#245;es. Estudos qualitativos subsequentes v&#227;o aumentar nosso entendimento desse t&#243;pico. Sugere-se tamb&#233;m que futuros estudos deveriam testar a validade deste estudo em outros grupos de pacientes e descrever a metodologia aplicada em detalhes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Concluindo, nossos resultados destacaram o impacto da pandemia nas percep&#231;&#245;es dos participantes de RC em rela&#231;&#227;o a seus comportamentos em sa&#250;de e necessidades de informa&#231;&#227;o, que podem ser influenciados pelos n&#237;veis de letramento em sa&#250;de. Achados deste estudo devem ser usados para informar programas de RC e estimular prestadores de atendimento de sa&#250;de a personalizar o cuidado preventivo, que pode acabar ajudando pacientes a passar por esse per&#237;odo dif&#237;cil, ajudando-os a se manter saud&#225;veis e evitar eventos recorrentes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <title>* Material suplementar</title>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor,<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11805/2021-0447_AO_Supplemental%20materials.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </app>
    </app-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Perceptions of Cardiac Rehabilitation Participants Regarding their Health Behaviors and Information Needs during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7946-3718</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ghisi</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela L.M</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Rafaella Z.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3398-650X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Korbes</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>C&#237;cero Augusto de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2476-7981</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Karsten</surname>
            <given-names>Marlus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oh</surname>
            <given-names>Paul</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benetti</surname>
            <given-names>Magnus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="CA">Canada</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Program, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto &#8211; Canada</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">N&#250;cleo de Cardioncologia e Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio, Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de e do Esporte, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina, S&#227;o Jos&#233;, SC &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Adress: Gabriela Lima de Melo Ghisi 347 Rumsey Road, Toronto, Ontario - M4G 1R7 E-mail: gabriela.meloghisi@uhn.ca</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Ghisi GLM, Santos RZ, Oh P, Benetti M; Acquisition of data: Santos RZ, Korbes AS, Souza CA; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Ghisi GLM, Santos RZ, Karsten M; Statistical analysis: Ghisi GLM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Santos RZ, Korbes AS, Souza CA, Karsten M, Oh P, Benetti M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>COVID-19 has impacted how people receive health care for many conditions, including cardiovascular diseases.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>To examine perceptions of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) participants regarding their health behaviors and information needs during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>In this cross-sectional study, a 27-item questionnaire, developed by the investigators, was administered online to participants from two CR programs. Questions included health literacy (HL; using the Brief Health Literacy Screening Tool), technology use, perceptions before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, and information needs. Pearson correlation coefficients, paired t-tests, and ANOVA were used as appropriate. P &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant for all tests.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Overall, 159 (25.5%) CR participants answered the questionnaire. Of these, 89.9% had limited or marginal HL and 96.2% reported having internet access at home. Patients are mainly concerned about their family&#8217;s health and their own, as well as how the coronavirus is dangerous to their health and how it has changed their lifestyle. Participants perceived that the quality of their health behaviors significantly decreased during the pandemic. The pandemic also changed information needs of CR participants as new needs emerged, such as the control of anxiety levels, staying motivated to live healthily during a pandemic, and how COVID-19 can impact their health condition. Participants with adequate HL significantly perceived the severity of the disease and having access to information significantly more than those with limited HL.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>Our results highlighted the impact of the pandemic on CR participants&#8217; perceptions regarding their health behaviors and information needs, which can be influenced by HL levels.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiac Rehabilitation</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Literacy</kwd>
        <kwd>Needs Assessment</kwd>
        <kwd>Surveys and Questionnaires</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus identified as the cause of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which began in Wuhan, China in late 2019 and spread worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> More than one year after being declared a pandemic, the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases worldwide reached 147,000,000, with Brazil ranking third among the countries with the highest number of confirmed cases and second in number of deaths.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Due to its <italic>highly contagious</italic> pathogenic, people worldwide are trying to prevent the spread of infection by practicing social distancing,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> which has impacted how they work, connect with others, and receive health care from many conditions, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Cardiovascular diseases are among the leading burdens of disease and the leading cause of death worldwide, with more than 80% of these deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> including Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is an established model of secondary prevention that has not only proven clinical and cost-effectiveness, but can significantly reduce hospitalizations and mortality rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In general, CR is delivered in clinical settings with patients visiting hospitals or rehabilitation centers for weekly in-person exercise and education sessions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Thus, the necessary measures to curb the widespread transmission of COVID-19 have affected the delivery of CR, with an estimation of approximately 4,400 programs worldwide closed due to COVID-19 and face-to-face services suspended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In Brazil, COVID-19 has affected an already suboptimal CR system,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> and programs have developed remote and innovative ways to deliver core components in such a delicate time,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> following local guidelines and recommendations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The rapid speed in which these changes occurred, the economic threats experienced by healthcare providers and their programs, and the inability to navigate the virtual world by many patients have affected CR participants in ways not yet explored. Although there are many publications on the COVID-19 impact on this population,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> to the best of our knowledge there are no studies on how CR participants perceive their health behaviors and what information they need to know in order to continue or adopt behaviors that will make them have a better health. This is particularly important as social distancing, quarantine, and stay-at-home orders impact our lifestyle and, in cardiac patients who are already sedentary and with risk factors due to poor behaviors,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> these measures can increase the risk of acute events. Furthermore, the indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on general mental health are of increasing concern,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> mainly in individuals with cardiovascular conditions, since they are more likely to experience mental health problems (such as depression),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> which is associated with a two-fold higher risk of cardiovascular mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Therefore, there is an urgent need to monitor cardiac patients virtually and personalize prevention care, helping these individuals in their recovery and in preventing recurrent events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> In order to design an optimum CR program during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond, it is important to understand patients&#8217; perceptions and needs. Thus, the objective of this study was to examine the perceptions of CR participants regarding their health behaviors and information needs during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec sec-type="methods">
          <title>Design</title>
          <p>This was a cross-sectional study in design. Ethics approval was obtained from the Human Research Ethics Committee of the State University of Santa Catarina (UDESC; Florianopolis, Brazil: 4.341.132). Data was collected between December/2020 and April/2021.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Setting and Participants</title>
          <p>A convenience sample of CR participants were recruited from two public programs in the Greater Florianopolis Area (Cardiology Institute of Santa Catarina and Cardio-Oncology and Exercise Medicine Program). Before the pandemic, patients used to go to these centers 3 times a week for 1-hour exercise sessions supervised by a multidisciplinary team. Some of these participants were also attending educational sessions as part of a research project. Due to COVID-19, both programs have been closed since March 2020, and activities were not resumed during this research. The exclusion criteria were the following: being illiterate, and any visual or cognitive condition that would preclude the participant from completing the survey.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedures</title>
          <p>There were 623 CR participants when both programs were closed due to COVID-19. All of them were contacted by phone and invited to participate in this research. Those interested were scheduled a second call to provide informed consent via video, which was recorded as indicated by the Research Ethics Board. Participants completed the survey online using <italic>Google Docs</italic> during a video chat with a research team member.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Measures</title>
          <p>A 27-item questionnaire was developed by the investigators to examine the objectives of this study (Appendix 1). The questionnaire was divided into 5 sections as follows: (1) sociodemographic characteristics, (2) health literacy and technology use, (3) perceptions about the COVID-19 pandemic, (4) perceptions about health behaviors and feelings before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, and (5) information needs during the COVID-19 pandemic.</p>
          <p>The items had single-, multiple-choice, and open-ended response options. Perceptions about the pandemic were reported using a Likert-type scale ranging from 1=totally disagree to 5=totally agree. Perceptions about health behaviors and feelings before and during the COVID-19 pandemic were reported using a Likert-type scale ranging from 1=poor to 5=excellent. Information needs specific to educational topics that can help patients adhere to healthy behaviors were reported using a Likert-type scale ranging from 1=really not important to 5=very important; a mean score was computed and analyzed by literacy levels, with higher scores indicating higher information needs. Input from CR experts was solicited before conducting the survey.</p>
          <p>Clinical data (CR referral indication and cardiac risk factors) was extracted from medical records and sociodemographic characteristics (level of education, family income, change in family income due to COVID-19, marital status, and number of people living in the same household) were self-reported by participants. Health literacy was assessed using the Brief Health Literacy Screening Tool,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> which was translated to Portuguese by the research team. Each one of the 4 items was worth 1 to 5 points, depending on participants&#8217; responses, which could range from 4 to 20. Total scores from 4 to 12 were classified as limited health literacy, 13 to 16 as marginal health literacy, and 17 to 20 as adequate health literacy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Version 27.0 (IBM Inc 2020, NYC). Descriptive statistics were used to describe participants&#8217; socioeconomic and clinical characteristics. Continuous variables were presented as mean and standard deviation and categorical variables by absolute numbers and percentages. Chi-square analysis for categorical variables and t-tests for continuous variables were used to compare proportions of respondents across different characteristics. All open-ended responses were coded. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to determine the association between health literacy and educational level, the use of technology and socioeconomic characteristics, and health literacy and perceptions about the COVID-19 pandemic.</p>
          <p>The normality of data distribution was tested using the <italic>Kolmogorov Smirnov</italic> test. Paired t-tests were used to investigate changes between participants&#8217; perceptions of health behaviors and feelings before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. ANOVA One-Way was used to test for significant differences between information needs and health literacy levels. P &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant for all tests.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Participants&#8217; characteristics</title>
          <p>Overall, 159 (25.5%) patients signed the consent form and completed the online survey. Reasons for non-participation included the following: 288 (46.2%) patients did not answer the first phone call, 82 (13.2%) patients were not reached due to a change in phone number, 64 (10.3%) patients did not want to participate, 19 (3.0%) patients were not eligible, and 7 (1.8%) patients died. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> presents the socioeconomic and clinical characteristics of participants.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Socioeconomic status, clinical characteristics, and health literacy of participants (n=159)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="2" scope="col">Characteristic</th>
                    <th scope="col">Overall (n=159)</th>
                    <th scope="col">p*</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Sociodemographic</td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age, mean&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">62.7&#177;10.1</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">Age, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Less than 65 years old</td>
                    <td align="center">91 (57.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.07</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">65 years old or older</td>
                    <td align="center">68 (42.8)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">Sex, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Male</td>
                    <td align="center">96 (60.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Female</td>
                    <td align="center">62 (39.0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Missing</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0.6)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="5">Marital status&#8224;, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Married</td>
                    <td align="center">106 (66.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Widower/widow</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (13.20</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Divorced</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (11.3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Single</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (8.2)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Missing</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0.6)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Number of people living in the same household, mean&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">2.5&#177;1.2</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>People living alone, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (16.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">Level of education, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Elementary school or less</td>
                    <td align="center">57 (35.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.07</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">High school</td>
                    <td align="center">65 (40.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">University degree</td>
                    <td align="center">37 (23.3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">Family income&#8224;, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Under or equal to 4 minimum wages per month</td>
                    <td align="center">106 (66.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Between 5 and 10 minimum wages per month</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (19.5)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Above 10 minimum wages per month</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (13.8)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="4">Change in family income due to the COVID-19 pandemic</td>
                    <td align="center">No change</td>
                    <td align="center">87 (54.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Lower income</td>
                    <td align="center">62 (39.0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Higher income</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (3.8)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Missing</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (2.5)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Clinical</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="7">CR referral indication, n (% yes)</td>
                    <td align="center">Coronary Artery Disease</td>
                    <td align="center">100 (62.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Heart Failure</td>
                    <td align="center">90 (56.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.10</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Myocardial Infarction</td>
                    <td align="center">87 (54.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.23</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</td>
                    <td align="center">84 (52.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.47</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty</td>
                    <td align="center">68 (42.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.07</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting</td>
                    <td align="center">46 (28.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Peripheral Arterial Disease</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (6.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="7">Risk factors and comorbidities, n (% yes)</td>
                    <td align="center">Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">107 (67.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Former smoker</td>
                    <td align="center">85 (53.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.05</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Dyslipidemia</td>
                    <td align="center">70 (44.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.13</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Diabetes Type II</td>
                    <td align="center">37 (23.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Obesity</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (19.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Stroke</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (9.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Diabetes Type I</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (5.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2"> </td>
                    <td align="center">Cancer</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (3.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Pacemaker</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (3.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Taking prescribed medications, n (% yes)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">159 (100.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">Duration of participation in CR before the program was closed due to COVID-19, n (% yes)</td>
                    <td align="center">Less than 1 year</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (22.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">More than 1 year</td>
                    <td align="center">121 (75.1)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Missing</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (1.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Literacy levels</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Health literacy, mean&#177;SD</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">13.2&#177;2.5</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="4">Health literacy classification&#8225;, n (% yes)</td>
                    <td align="center">Limited health literacy</td>
                    <td align="center">87 (54.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Marginal health literacy</td>
                    <td align="center">56 (35.2)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Adequate health literacy</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (9.4)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Missing</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0.6)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>CR: cardiac rehabilitation; SD: standard deviation. *Chi-square analyses for categorical variables. &#8224;Family income in Brazil is characterized by minimum wages per month. One minimum wage is 1,100.00 BRL or 193.60 USD (April/2021). &#8225; Health literacy classification: total scores from 4 to 12 indicate limited health literacy, 13 to 16 marginal health literacy, and 17 to 20 adequate health literacy.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>As shown, our sample was consisted mainly of male individuals, married, with a monthly family income of 4-times the Brazilian minimum wage or lower per month (with no reported changes of income due to COVID-19), with a diagnosis of coronary artery disease and hypertension. All participants were taking prescribed medications related to their cardiac condition. Most participants (75.0%) attended CR for more than one year before programs were closed due to the pandemic. As regards health literacy ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ), participants presented a mean score of 13.2&#177;2.5, with the majority of the sample (89.9%) classified as having limited or marginal health literacy. Results also showed a significant positive correlation between educational level and health literacy (r=0.45; P=&lt;0.001).</p>
          <p>Regarding technology use, 153 (96.2%) participants reported that they have internet access at home. For those who do not have internet access at home, their reasons for not having are low technological literacy, price, and not perceiving the need to have it (n=2; 1.3% each). Most technology users (n=138; 86.8%) reported using mobile technology, with mobile phones being the most common single technology used at home (n=137; 86.2%). Finally, 99 (62.3%) participants indicated they use the internet to search for information regarding their health condition. No significant correlations between having internet access at home and socioeconomic characteristics were found.</p>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> illustrates how participants perceive their overall health. As shown, most participants (n=100; 62.9%) felt their health was good.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; How participants perceive their overall health.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0949-10447-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Perceptions about the covid-19 pandemic</title>
          <p>When asked where they search for information about COVID-19, 135 (84.9%) participants identified the television as the main source for knowledge regarding the pandemic. Other sources include the following: family and friends (n=87; 54.7%), newspaper (n=59; 37.1%), social media (n=59; 37.1%), and their doctors (n=35; 22.0%). Furthermore, safety measures adopted by participants against COVID-19 included the use of facial masks (n=155; 97.5%), social distancing (n=150; 94.3%), frequent hand washing (n=144; 90.6%), and the use of hand sanitizer (n=60; 37.7%).</p>
          <p>When asked about their perception regarding the impact of COVID-19 on their cardiac condition, 42 (26.4%) participants reported they felt the pandemic has aggravated their symptoms. Described symptoms were the following: chest pain (n=13; 8.2%), shortness of breath (n=13; 8.2%), tiredness (n=11; 6.9%), heart palpitations (n=5; 3.1%), and body pain (n=5; 3.1%). Anxiety and depression were reported by 6 (3.8%) participants.</p>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> illustrates how CR participants perceived the impact of COVID-19 on their lives using a Likert-type scale ranging from 1=totally disagree to 5=totally agree. Results revealed that participants were worried about their family&#8217;s health (n=119; 74.8%), think that the coronavirus is dangerous to their health (n=110; 69.2%) and changed their lifestyle (n=107; 67.7%), and are worried about catching the coronavirus (n=101; 63.5%). In addition, 94 (59.1%) participants reported they have all the information they need regarding the coronavirus. Furthermore, 75 (48.1%) participants identified that it is likely they (or someone they know) will catch the coronavirus this year, 68 (43.9%) believed that if they get the disease they will die, and 61 (38.4%) participants are ready for an outbreak. Results also showed a significant positive correlation between health literacy and perceptions related to dying from this disease (r=0.29; p=0.01) and having all the information they need regarding the coronavirus (r=0.27; p=0.01), with participants with adequate health literacy perceiving the severity of the disease and having access to information.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; How CR participants perceived the impact of COVID-19 on their lives.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0949-10447-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Perceptions about health behaviors and feelings before and during the covid-19 pandemic</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> presents a comparison of participants&#8217; perceptions about health behaviors and feelings before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, participants perceived that the quality of health behaviors significantly decreased during the pandemic, including being active (p&lt;0.001), eating a healthy diet (p=0.04), sleeping well (p=0.04), and controlling anxiety levels (p=0.01). In addition, the quality of the energy level and enthusiasm to make healthy lifestyle changes was perceived to decrease significantly before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (p&lt;0.001), as was their perception about overall health (p=0.02).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Participants&#8217; perceptions of health behaviors and feelings before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (n=159)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Health behaviors and feelings</th>
                    <th>How would you classify this behavior or feeling&#8230;</th>
                    <th>&#8230;before COVID-19?</th>
                    <th>&#8230;during COVID-19?</th>
                    <th>p*</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="6">Being active, mean&#177;SD</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">4.20&#177;0.77</td>
                    <td align="center">2.84&#177;1.20</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Poor, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (1.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (15.7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Fair, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (1.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">43 (27.0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Neutral, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (8.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (22.0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Good, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">85 (53.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">45 (28.3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Excellent, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">56 (35.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (6.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="6">Eating a healthy diet, mean&#177;SD</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">4.17&#177;0.61</td>
                    <td align="center">4.01&#177;0.94</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Poor, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (2.5)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Fair, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (1.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (7.5)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Neutral, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (5.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (5.7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Good, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">105 (66.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">87 (54.7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Excellent, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (26.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">47 (29.6)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="6">Sleeping well, mean&#177;SD</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">3.66&#177;0.95</td>
                    <td align="center">3.35&#177;1.19</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Poor, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (2.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (10.1)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Fair, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (13.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (16.4)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Neutral, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (13.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (13.8)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Good, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">91 (57.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">76 (47.8)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Excellent, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (13.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (11.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="6">Controlling anxiety levels, mean&#177;SD</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">3.76&#177;0.98</td>
                    <td align="center">3.00&#177;1.19</td>
                    <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Poor, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (1.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (11.3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Fair, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (13.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (25.2)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Neutral, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (13.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (26.4)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Good, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">79 (49.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (26.4)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Excellent, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (21.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (10.7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="6">Energy level and enthusiasm to make healthy lifestyle changes, mean&#177;SD</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">4.21&#177;0.71</td>
                    <td align="center">3.26&#177;1.08</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Poor, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (5.7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Fair, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (1.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (18.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Neutral, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (9.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">51 (32.1)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Good, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">85 (53.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">49 (30.8)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Excellent, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">56 (35.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (12.6)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="6">Perception about overall health, mean&#177;SD</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">3.94&#177;0.71</td>
                    <td align="center">3.45&#177;1.08</td>
                    <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Poor, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (5.0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Fair, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (3.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (15.7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Neutral, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (17.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (20.8)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Good, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">96 (60.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">68 (42.8)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Excellent, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (18.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (13.2)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>SD: standard deviation. *Paired t-tests used as data is normally distributed (p&lt;0.05). Likert-type scores ranged from 1=poor to 5=excellent.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Specifically about physical activity, participants reported the following difficulties related to being active during the pandemic: lack of exercise equipment and a physical location to exercise (n=72; 45.3%), difficulty to breath while using the facial mask during training (n=63; 39.6), lack of motivation to exercise during a pandemic (n=60; 37.7%), not having the adequate physical space to exercise at home (n=43; 27.0%), use of facial mask which makes it difficult to exercise (n=63; 39.6), and lack of professional guidance to exercise safely (n=23; 14.5%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Information needs during the Covid-19 pandemic</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> illustrates the main information needs perceived by participants. The most frequent needs during the pandemic were related to overall health, energy level, and enthusiasm to make healthy lifestyle choices, as well as being active. When asked how they would prefer this information to be delivered to them, 77 (48.4%) responded by WhatsApp, 26 (16.4%) by email, and 7 (4.4%) in person; 49 (30.8%) participants did not answer this question.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Main information needs perceived by participants during COVID-19.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0949-10447-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>When asked to identify their information needs specific to educational topics that can help them adhere to healthy behaviors, the mean score was 4.53&#177;0.36, with participants rating scores higher than 4 (i.e. important) in all 12 educational topics. The topic with the highest need was &#8220;Take medicines&#8221; and the lowest was &#8220;Start a resistance training program&#8221; ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ). In addition, information needs of participants were significantly different between health literacy levels overall (p=0.01) and in regards to the following educational topics: &#8220;Start a resistance training program&#8221; (p=0.03); &#8220;Develop a healthy relationship with food&#8221; (p=0.007); and &#8220;Manage depression, stress, and burnout&#8221; (p=0.03).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Information needs specific to educational topics that can help patients adhere to healthy behaviors (n=159)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3">Educational topic</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">Mean score overall (mean&#177;SD)</th>
                    <th colspan="3">Mean score by health literacy level (mean&#177;SD)</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">p*</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="3">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Limited (n=87)</th>
                    <th>Marginal (n=56)</th>
                    <th>Adequate (n=15)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Create a plan for change Description: learn how to motivated oneself to live a healthy life and how to create a plan for change that will help you to reach this goal.</td>
                    <td align="center">4.49&#177;0.56</td>
                    <td align="center">4.48&#177;0.53</td>
                    <td align="center">4.59&#177;0.53</td>
                    <td align="center">4.25&#177;0.45</td>
                    <td align="center">0.10</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Start an aerobic exercise program Description: learn what aerobic exercise is, how to plan for exercise, the benefits of aerobic exercise and how to exercise safely.</td>
                    <td align="center">4.64&#177;0.50</td>
                    <td align="center">4.60&#177;0.49</td>
                    <td align="center">4.71&#177;0.50</td>
                    <td align="center">4.64&#177;0.50</td>
                    <td align="center">0.43</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Start a resistance training program Description: learn what resistance training is and its benefits and how to do resistance training safely.</td>
                    <td align="center">4.12&#177;0.88</td>
                    <td align="center">4.12&#177;0.91</td>
                    <td align="center">4.27&#177;0.80</td>
                    <td align="center">3.57&#177;0.94</td>
                    <td align="center">0.03</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sit less and move more Description: learn how sitting too much affects your health and what are the ways to sit less during the day.</td>
                    <td align="center">4.44&#177;0.61</td>
                    <td align="center">4.39&#177;0.65</td>
                    <td align="center">4.50&#177;0.57</td>
                    <td align="center">4.43&#177;0.51</td>
                    <td align="center">0.59</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Choose healthy foods Description: learn what types of foods can improve your heart health and how to use a nutrition facts table to choose healthy foods.</td>
                    <td align="center">4.65&#177;0.55</td>
                    <td align="center">4.61&#177;0.54</td>
                    <td align="center">4.76&#177;0.54</td>
                    <td align="center">4.60&#177;0.51</td>
                    <td align="center">0.22</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Develop a healthy relationship with food Description: learn the importance of paying attention to flavor, texture, and your surroundings when you eat and what are the ways to eat with more pleasure and know when you are full.</td>
                    <td align="center">4.57&#177;0.55</td>
                    <td align="center">4.57&#177;0.50</td>
                    <td align="center">4.69&#177;0.47</td>
                    <td align="center">4.20&#177;0.51</td>
                    <td align="center">0.007</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Eat the Mediterranean diet Description: Learn what foods to include in a heart healthy eating pattern and how to include more whole foods in your eating.</td>
                    <td align="center">4.56&#177;0.59</td>
                    <td align="center">4.54&#177;0.57</td>
                    <td align="center">4.60&#177;0.63</td>
                    <td align="center">4.64&#177;0.50</td>
                    <td align="center">0.73</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Take medicines Description: learn what are the common classes of heart medicines, how they help you and who can help you manage side effects and answer your questions.</td>
                    <td align="center">4.77&#177;0.44</td>
                    <td align="center">4.74&#177;0.47</td>
                    <td align="center">4.85&#177;0.36</td>
                    <td align="center">4.67&#177;0.49</td>
                    <td align="center">0.18</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Manage depression, stress, and burnout Description: learn what depression, stress, and burnout are, and what techniques you can try to help you feel in charge of your health.</td>
                    <td align="center">4.52&#177;0.59</td>
                    <td align="center">4.54&#177;0.59</td>
                    <td align="center">4.57&#177;0.54</td>
                    <td align="center">4.13&#177;0.74</td>
                    <td align="center">0.03</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sleep well Description: learn what might be stopping you from sleeping well and what are the signs of sleep apnea.</td>
                    <td align="center">4.57&#177;0.67</td>
                    <td align="center">4.53&#177;0.78</td>
                    <td align="center">4.65&#177;0.52</td>
                    <td align="center">4.40&#177;0.51</td>
                    <td align="center">0.35</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Strengthen social relationships Description: learn how social relationships can improve your health, how heart disease can affect sex and intimacy, and what techniques are available to create healthy relationships.</td>
                    <td align="center">4.30&#177;0.76</td>
                    <td align="center">4.31&#177;0.74</td>
                    <td align="center">4.36&#177;0.78</td>
                    <td align="center">4.14&#177;0.77</td>
                    <td align="center">0.62</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Choose health everyday Description: learn how to maintain your healthy habits and what to do if you stop your healthy habit.</td>
                    <td align="center">4.62&#177;0.53</td>
                    <td align="center">4.61&#177;0.54</td>
                    <td align="center">4.70&#177;0.46</td>
                    <td align="center">4.47&#177;0.52</td>
                    <td align="center">0.25</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total</td>
                    <td align="center">4.53&#177;0.36</td>
                    <td align="center">4.51&#177;0.37</td>
                    <td align="center">4.63&#177;0.31</td>
                    <td align="center">4.29&#177;0.36</td>
                    <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>SD: standard deviation. *ANOVA One-Way (p&lt;0.05). Likert-type scores ranged from 1=poor to 5=excellent.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The COVID-19 pandemic has substantially changed behaviors around the globe. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study examining perceptions of CR participants regarding their health behaviors and information needs during the COVID-19 pandemic, which was conducted in one of the countries most affected by this infectious disease in the world. Results confirm that the impact of COVID-19 goes well beyond those suffering from it, affecting not only the delivery of chronic disease care, but also patients&#8217; behaviors and mental health. Patients are mainly concerned about their family&#8217;s health and their own, as well as how the coronavirus is dangerous to their health and how it has changed their lifestyle. Overall, participants perceived that the quality of their health behaviors significantly decreased during the pandemic. The pandemic also changed information needs of CR participants; although they continue to be interested to learn about being active, sleeping well, and eating a healthy diet, new information needs emerged when compared to previous studies with this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> This study identified that CR participants are now also in need of learning about controlling their anxiety levels, what they can do to motivated themselves to live healthily during a pandemic, and how COVID-19 can impact their health condition.</p>
        <p>Health literacy &#8211; the skills and competences of people and organizations to meet the complex demands of health in modern society<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> &#8211; plays a key role in this scenario. Limited health literacy has been independently associated with lesser use of preventive services, a greater use of emergency care, more hospital readmissions, a low quality of life, higher anxiety, lower social support, poorer overall health status, and higher mortality rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> This study has identified that the majority of participants had limited or marginal health literacy, which has influenced their ability to deal with COVID-19 restrictions. Participants with adequate health literacy perceived the severity of the disease and having access to information significantly more than those with limited health literacy. In addition, those with lower levels of health literacy had higher information needs than participants with adequate levels, which should be used to inform clinical practice. There are multiple interventions to mitigate the impact of inadequate health literacy;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> however, patients&#8217; abilities are often overestimated,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> and problems, which are rarely identified, could be increased in the virtual setting.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Effective ways to incorporate health technology in interventions for CR participants with limited health literacy are needed.</p>
        <p>Participants of this study have reported that their control over anxiety levels has significantly decreased during the pandemic; in addition, they perceived that the pandemic has aggravated their symptoms of anxiety and depression. The adverse effects of COVID-19 restrictions on mental well-being in patients were noted by other studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Because anxiety and depression are well-known factors associated with poorer outcomes of CVD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> it is essential that CR participants receive support related to psychological health during this unprecedented time. One of the channels for communication can be education, which can address not only the impact of psychosocial factors on health, but the mental health implications of this pandemic into the post-COVID era.</p>
        <p>The media plays a critical role in providing rapid and effective dissemination routes for key information during the pandemic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> This information has also been confirmed in our study, as most CR participants identified television, newspaper, and social media as the main source for knowledge regarding COVID-19. Although media platforms can disseminate information and educate people to take public health measures, it can also lead to misinformation, a lack of guidance, and information leakage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> The need for skills to correctly judge the accuracy of health information posted on media channels makes it individuals with limited health literacy at risk of misinformation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> Although few participants of this study have reported they seek their doctors for information related to COVID-19, healthcare teams should include these topics to their sessions and, if possible, create social media channels to connect with their patients and share recommendations in times of COVID-19.</p>
        <p>Technology is considered a safe way to ensure cardiac patients receive the care they need during the pandemic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Patients perceptions and higher information needs reported by this study confirm the urge to care for these patients. Studies have identified that most CR components could be safely delivered through remote means, including patient education.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> Thus, a comprehensive, evidence-based virtual patient education is available in 8 languages (including Brazilian-Portuguese) for programs to use freely. The assessment of new formats of CR on implementation and outcomes is needed.</p>
        <p>This study has articulated how the COVID pandemic has impacted CR participants&#8217; perceptions regarding their health behaviors and information needs, and the influence of health literacy levels in this scenario. Individuals with limited health literacy face challenges in accessing and navigating health care, and such obstacles may be exacerbated by pandemic restrictions. However, results go beyond the individual level and are also targeted to healthcare providers and CR programs. Healthcare providers should start adopting strategies that can potentially mitigate the impact of health literacy in the care of their patients. CR programs should work towards becoming health-literate institutions and develop a best practices approach to health literacy.</p>
        <p>Caution is warranted when interpreting these results. First, this was a convenience sample; thus, results may be biased. This was a small sample size, which limits generalizability. Results may not be applicable to other groups of cardiac patients. Second, the reliability and validity of the questionnaire is unknown. Third, this was a cross-sectional study, so data was captured at a single moment in time on specific topics. Since the surge of COVID-19 has changed constantly with different waves and restrictions, it is expected that self-reported perceptions and behaviors could change. Third, the study design may limit the description of perceptions. Subsequent qualitative studies will increase our understanding of this topic. It is also suggested that future studies should test the validity of this study in other groups of patients and describe the methodology applied in detail.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In conclusion, our results highlighted the impact of the pandemic on CR participants&#8217; perceptions regarding their health behaviors and information needs, which can be influenced by health literacy levels. Findings from this study should be used to inform CR programs and encourage healthcare providers to personalize prevention care, which can ultimately help patients to navigate through such a difficult period, helping them to stay healthy and prevent recurrent events.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding:</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app01">
          <title>* Supplemental Materials</title>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11805/2021-0447_AO_Supplemental%20materials.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
