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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">3FGGRtKNfRQNkjFhdftmv4B</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000500937</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210200</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210200</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sinais de Inj&#250;ria Card&#237;aca em Pacientes Pedi&#225;tricos com COVID-19 Gravemente Enfermos: Uma Experi&#234;ncia de Centro &#218;nico no Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8946-2492</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kozak</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pessoa</surname>
            <given-names>Yuri Caldas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Oliveira Castro e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cabral</surname>
            <given-names>Manuela Baima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Barbara Costalonga Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Diniz</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Duarte</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saliba</surname>
            <given-names>Aline</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kawahara</surname>
            <given-names>Selma Harue</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital da Crian&#231;a de Bras&#237;lia, Jos&#233; de Alencar</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Crian&#231;a de Bras&#237;lia, Jos&#233; de Alencar, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Marcelo Felipe Kozak &#8226; Hospital da Crian&#231;a de Bras&#237;lia, Jos&#233; de Alencar &#8211; AENW 3, Lote A &#8211; Setor Noroeste. CEP 70684-831, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>marcelo.f.kozak@icloud.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Kozak MF; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Kozak MF, Cabral MB, Diniz JD, Saliba A, Kawahara SH; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Kozak MF, Pessoa YC, Silva LOC, Leite BCP, Saliba A; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Kozak MF, Pessoa YC, Silva LOC, Leite BCP, Diniz JD, Saliba A, Kawahara SH.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>937</fpage>
      <lpage>945</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Alguns pacientes com COVID-19 apresentam inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Detectar a inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes criticamente doentes, e comparar o envolvimento card&#237;aco entre crian&#231;as com s&#237;ndrome respirat&#243;ria aguda grave (SARS) e crian&#231;as com s&#237;ndrome inflamat&#243;ria multissist&#234;mica (MIS-C).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Todas as crian&#231;as acometidas da COVID-19 admitidas em uma unidade de terapia intensiva de refer&#234;ncia foram cadastradas de forma prospectiva e fizeram uma ecografia transtor&#225;cica bidimensional (ETT-2D) e um teste de troponina I card&#237;aca (cTnI) nas primeiras 72 horas. Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, um p &lt;0,05 bilateral foi considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> 33 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos, dos quais 51,5% apresentaram cTnI elevada e/ou ETT-2D anormal e 36,4% precisaram de suporte cardiovascular, que foi mais frequente em pacientes com cTnI elevada e anormalidades em ETT-2D do que em pacientes com exames normais (83,3% e 33,3%, respectivamente; p 0,006, 95% IC = 0,15-0,73). Os achados de ETT-2D mais comuns foram efus&#227;o peric&#225;rdica (15,2%) e regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide/mitral (15,2%). Sinais de envolvimento card&#237;aco foram mais comuns na MIS-C que na SARS. Pacientes com MIS-C tamb&#233;m apresentaram um &#237;ndice mais alto de necessidade de suporte cardiovascular (66,7% X 25%, p 0,03, 95% IC = -0,7 a -0,04) e um &#237;ndice mais frequente de cTnI elevada (77,8% X 20,8%; p 0,002, 95% IC = 0,19 a 0,79). Os valores preditivos negativos de cTnI para detec&#231;&#227;o de anormalidades de ETT-2D foram 100% para pacientes com MIS-C, e 73,7% para pacientes com SARS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Sinais de inj&#250;ria card&#237;aca foram comuns, especialmente em pacientes com MIS-C. As anormalidades na ETT-2D foram sutis. A realiza&#231;&#227;o de um teste de cTnI na admiss&#227;o pode ajudar os prestadores de assist&#234;ncia de sa&#250;de a discriminar os pacientes com uma necessidade mais urgente de uma ETT-2D.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="34"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>At&#233; o in&#237;cio de fevereiro de 2021, o n&#250;mero de casos da COVID-19 no mundo j&#225; havia alcan&#231;ado mais de 105 milh&#245;es de pessoas, incluindo quase 9,5 milh&#245;es no Brasil, dos quais 231 mil morreram.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tropismo viral, os pulm&#245;es n&#227;o s&#227;o o &#250;nico alvo da COVID-19. O comprometimento cardiovascular em pacientes infectados pela COVID-19 j&#225; foi bem descrito mundialmente. A infec&#231;&#227;o SARS-COV2 j&#225; foi associada a inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica aguda, miocardite, arritmias e tromboembolismo venoso. Essas doen&#231;as predisp&#245;em os pacientes a doen&#231;as graves e morte, especialmente aqueles com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares pr&#233;-existentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Crian&#231;as t&#234;m sido relatadas como uma pequena fra&#231;&#227;o dos casos confirmados de COVID-19, representando cerca de 2% do n&#250;mero de pacientes hospitalizados com SARS (s&#237;ndrome respirat&#243;ria aguda grave), e cerca de 0,5% do n&#250;mero de mortes no Brasil e em outros pa&#237;ses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No in&#237;cio da pandemia, a maioria das crian&#231;as infectadas pelo novo coronav&#237;rus SARS-COV2 era assintom&#225;tica ou apresentava sintomas leves. Posteriormente, observou-se um aumento no n&#250;mero de crian&#231;as internadas em unidades de terapia intensiva pedi&#225;tricas (UTIP) em todo o mundo com choque na presen&#231;a da infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Eles apresentaram uma s&#237;ndrome hiperinflamat&#243;ria com manifesta&#231;&#245;es semelhantes &#224;s da doen&#231;a de Kawasaki, s&#237;ndrome do choque t&#243;xico, ou linfohistiocitose hemofagoc&#237;tica secund&#225;ria. Essa condi&#231;&#227;o foi chamada de &#8220;s&#237;ndrome inflamat&#243;ria multissist&#234;mica em crian&#231;as&#8221; (MIS-C), e foi comumente associada a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, hipotens&#227;o, arritmias e dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os principais objetivos deste estudo foram detectar sinais de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos criticamente doentes com COVID-19 internados em uma UTIP de refer&#234;ncia no Brasil, por meio de teste de troponina I card&#237;aca (cTnI) e de ecografia transtor&#225;cica bidimensional (ETT-2D), e comparar o envolvimento card&#237;aco entre crian&#231;as com SARS e crian&#231;as com MIS.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este foi um estudo coorte de centro &#250;nico observacional realizado em um hospital pedi&#225;trico terci&#225;rio, escolhido como o &#250;nico centro de refer&#234;ncia para pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com COVID-19 criticamente doentes no Distrito Federal, Brasil, uma &#225;rea com uma popula&#231;&#227;o aproximada de 3,5 milh&#245;es. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#201;tica local, que dispensou a necessidade de consentimento (protocolo CAAE 34511120.0.0000.8927). O projeto foi desenhado em maio de 2020, antes da primeira admiss&#227;o de um paciente pedi&#225;trico em nossa UTIP. Todas as crian&#231;as com COVID-19 confirmada admitidos na UTIP entre 28 de maio e 27 de agosto de 2020, que apresentavam SARS ou MIS-C, eram inclu&#237;das no estudo de forma prospectiva. A confirma&#231;&#227;o da COVID-19 era feita por RT-PCR (rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real) de amostras de swabs nasofar&#237;ngeos ou orofar&#237;ngeos, ou por testes imunol&#243;gicos para imunoglobulina M ou imunoglobulina G para glicoprote&#237;na spike viral usando um ensaio de imunoabsor&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica (ELISA).</p>
      <p>O protocolo do estudo determinou que todos os pacientes da COVID-19 admitidos na UTIP fossem submetidos a uma ETT-2D e um teste cTnI nas primeiras 72 horas de interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Os exames de ETT-2D eram realizados no leito por tr&#234;s cardiologistas pedi&#225;tricos experientes, de acordo com as diretrizes da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia, usando um Toshiba Xario SSA 660-A (Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation, Jap&#227;o).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Os seguintes par&#226;metros e estruturas de ETT-2D foram avaliados: fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) (usando o m&#233;todo de Teichholz), fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) (usando observa&#231;&#227;o visual e excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano anular tric&#250;spide), movimento da parede, fun&#231;&#227;o valvar (usando Doppler a cores), peric&#225;rdio, art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias (seus di&#226;metros foram indexados &#224; superf&#237;cie corporal e diagramados em rela&#231;&#227;o a escores z), e sinais de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (press&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD &gt; 40 mmHg ou press&#227;o arterial pulmonar m&#233;dia &gt; 25 mmHg).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Uma FEVE &lt;55% foi considerada disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD. A disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD era considerada quando o escore z da TAPSE era &lt;-2 ou por an&#225;lise qualitativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Alguns pacientes foram submetidos a mais de um ETT-2D durante sua interna&#231;&#227;o, de acordo com sua evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico assistente, mas apenas o ETT-2D realizado na admiss&#227;o foi considerado para a an&#225;lise.</p>
      <p>A medi&#231;&#227;o da cTnI foi realizada usando o kit Elecsys Troponin I STAT (Roche Diagnostics), que tinha um valor de corte de 0,1 ng/ml.</p>
      <p>Foram descritos os dados demogr&#225;ficos do paciente, o tipo de apresenta&#231;&#227;o da COVID-19, doen&#231;as pr&#233;-existentes, dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o na UTI, dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, tipo de suporte respirat&#243;rio, dura&#231;&#227;o do uso do suporte respirat&#243;rio, necessidade de suporte vasoinotr&#243;pico, escore vasoinotr&#243;pico m&#225;ximo (VIS), cTnI inicial e de pico, e anormalidades de ETT-2D no dia da admiss&#227;o. Em alguns casos, testes pr&#243;-BNP (pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral) e CKMB (creatinofosfoquinase MB) foram pedidos pelos m&#233;dicos assistentes, para avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Os resultados tamb&#233;m foram apresentados.</p>
      <p>A defini&#231;&#227;o de SARS esteve de acordo com a do Centro para controle e preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as ( <italic>Center for Disease Control and Prevention</italic> - CDC), que a define como uma s&#237;ndrome respirat&#243;ria aguda grave associada ao diagn&#243;stico da infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2. A defini&#231;&#227;o de MIS-C tamb&#233;m esteve de acordo com a do CDC, que a define como uma doen&#231;a grave que leva &#224; hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o pacientes com menos de 21 anos de idade, com febre por pelo menos 24 horas, apresentando evid&#234;ncia laboratorial de inflama&#231;&#227;o, com envolvimento multissist&#234;mico de &#243;rg&#227;os (&#8805; 2), infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2 confirmada ou presumida, e nenhum diagn&#243;stico alternativo plaus&#237;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da normalidade dos dados, foi realizado o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para calcular a &#225;rea abaixo da curva normal, presumido como sendo quando aproximadamente 95% da &#225;rea estava dentro de 1,96 de desvio padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) ou mediana e faixa interquartil, de acordo com a exist&#234;ncia de dados normais. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas como porcentagens. O teste Mann-Whitney foi usado para comparar vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas a distribui&#231;&#245;es distorcidas. Para comparar vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, foi usado o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado. O teste de Kruskal-Wallis, com o m&#233;todo de Conover-Iman, foi usado para comparar vari&#226;ncias de VIS entre pacientes com combina&#231;&#245;es diferentes de achados em exames. Os valores preditivos positivos e negativos de cTnI para a detec&#231;&#227;o de anormalidades de ETT-2D foram calculados. Um p &lt;0,05 bilateral foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando o programa StatsDirect, v. 3.3.4 2020 (Merseyside, Reino Unido).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Trinta e tr&#234;s pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo, com idade que variou de 31 dias a 17 anos de idade. Quando o &#250;ltimo paciente foi inclu&#237;do, a popula&#231;&#227;o de nosso estudo representava 3% de todas as crian&#231;as diagnosticadas com COVID-19 em nossa regi&#227;o, o que significa que praticamente todas as crian&#231;as criticamente doentes em nossa &#225;rea devem ter sido inclu&#237;das no estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A maioria (72,7%) apresentava diagn&#243;stico de SARS. Havia tr&#234;s pacientes com doen&#231;as card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas: um em p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de Senning (deriva&#231;&#227;o atrial para transposi&#231;&#227;o corrigida das grandes art&#233;rias), outro com um defeito do septo atrioventricular total, e um terceiro com comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial, diagnosticado durante o estudo. Houve uma morte devido a uma complica&#231;&#227;o por celulite periorbit&#225;ria em um paciente com aplasia de medula &#243;ssea. Esse paciente havia apresentado um diagn&#243;stico de SARS. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> resume os achados gerais de nosso estudo.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e gerais de pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com COVID-19</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th>Todos os pacientes (33)</th>
                <th>SARS (24)</th>
                <th>MIS-C (9)</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>95% IC</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">19 (57,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (62,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (44,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,35</td>
                <td rowspan="3"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">6,4 &#177; 5,6</td>
                <td align="center">5,7 &#177; 5,6</td>
                <td align="center">8,2 &#177; 5,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">18,2 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">17,9 &#177; 5,8</td>
                <td align="center">18,9 &#177; 6,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>18 (54,5%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>16 (66,7%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>2 (22,2%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,02</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,06 a 0,69</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hematol&#243;gicas</td>
                <td align="center">6 (18,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (25%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td rowspan="7"> </td>
                <td rowspan="7"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Card&#237;acas</td>
                <td align="center">3 (9,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (8,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (11,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Neurol&#243;gicas</td>
                <td align="center">3 (9,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (8,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">3 (9,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (8,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (11,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nefrol&#243;gicas</td>
                <td align="center">2 (6,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (8,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pulmonares</td>
                <td align="center">2 (6,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (8,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (4,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dura&#231;&#227;o na interna&#231;&#227;o na UTI (dias)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>6 (3-12)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>7 (3-12)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>5 (3-7)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,32</bold>
                </td>
                <td rowspan="2"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar (dias)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (10-19)</td>
                <td align="center">15,5 (12-21.2)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (7-14)</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Suporte respirat&#243;rio</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>27 (81,8%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>22 (91,7%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>5 (55,6%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,008</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,05 a 0,67</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Apenas oxig&#234;nio</td>
                <td align="center">14 (42,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (54,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (11,1%)</td>
                <td rowspan="3"> </td>
                <td rowspan="3"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CPAP</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (4,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica</td>
                <td align="center">12 (36,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (33,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (44,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dura&#231;&#227;o do suporte respirat&#243;rio (dias)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>5 (1-9)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>6 (2,5-10,5)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>2 (0-5)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,14</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; UTI: unidade de terapia intensiva; CPAP: press&#227;o positiva cont&#237;nua nas vias a&#233;reas.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Inj&#250;ria card&#237;aca e comprometimento cardiovascular</title>
        <p>Dezessete dos 33 pacientes (51,5%) apresentaram cTnI elevada e/ou ETT-2D anormal. Cinco pacientes apresentaram cTnI elevada e ETT-2D anormal (15,2%); cTnI elevada isolada foi identificada em sete pacientes (21,2%); e ETT-2D anormal isolada foi identificada em cinco pacientes (15,2%).</p>
        <p>Doze pacientes (36,4) necessitaram de suporte cardiovascular com drogas inotr&#243;picas ou vasoativas, selecionadas e tituladas de acordo com os achados hemodin&#226;micos e a crit&#233;rio da equipe da UTIP. Dez desses 12 pacientes (83,3%) tinham cTnI e/ou ETT-2D anormal, enquanto entre os 21 pacientes que n&#227;o precisaram de suporte cardiovascular, sete (33,3%) apresentaram exames anormais. Essa diferen&#231;a foi estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,006, 95% IC = 0,15-0,73).</p>
        <p>Entre os 5 pacientes com cTnI elevada e ETT-2D anormal (a), 80% precisaram de drogas inotr&#243;picas ou vasoativas (VIS 26 &#177; 24,8); entre os pacientes com ETT-2D anormal isolada (b), 60% precisaram dessas drogas (VIS 5 &#177; 5), entre os pacientes com cTnI elevada isolada (c), 42,8% precisaram de drogas inotr&#243;picas ou vasoativas (VIS 8,4 &#177; 13,4), enquanto o uso dessas drogas foi identificado em 12,5% dos pacientes com exames normais (d) (VIS 1,2 &#177; 3,6). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao VIS, detectou-se uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa apenas entre pacientes &#8220;a&#8221; e &#8220;d&#8221; (p= 0,006); as diferen&#231;as entre outros pares comparados n&#227;o eram significativas (a X b, p= 0,23; a X c, p= 0,14; b X c, p= 0,83; b X d, p= 0,15; c X d, p= 0,18). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> resume os achados cardiovasculares de nossa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Suporte cardiovascular e achados card&#237;acos de pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com COVID-19</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th>Todos os pacientes (33)</th>
                  <th>SARS (24)</th>
                  <th>MIS-C (9)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>95% IC</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Suporte cardiovascular</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (36,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (24%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (66,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,69 a -0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VIS m&#225;ximo *</td>
                  <td align="center">19 &#177; 17</td>
                  <td align="center">11 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">28 &#177; 21</td>
                  <td align="center">0,051</td>
                  <td align="center">-37,6 a 2,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>cTnI anormal</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>12 (36,4%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>5 (20,8%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>7 (77,8%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,002</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>-0,79 a -0,19</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>cTnI de pico</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,41 &#177; 0,48</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61 &#177; 0,61</td>
                  <td align="center">0,56</td>
                  <td rowspan="4"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eco e cTnI anormais</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1/5 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4/7 (57,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pr&#243;-BNP alto</td>
                  <td align="center">22/25 (88%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15/17 (88,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7/8 (87,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CKMB alto</td>
                  <td align="center">10/19 (52,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5/11 (45,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5/8 (62,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ETT-2D anormal</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>8 (24,2%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>4 (16%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>4 (44,4%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,08</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (6,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (22,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1</td>
                  <td rowspan="3"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RT/RM</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (15,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (33,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,47</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Efus&#227;o peric&#225;rdica</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (15,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (16,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (11,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04 a 0,96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AMP</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (11,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,28</td>
                  <td rowspan="4"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anormalidades coron&#225;rias</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore z de ACEP</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,23 &#177; 0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,23 &#177; 0,88</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,23 &#177; 0,57</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore z de ACD</td>
                  <td align="center">0,16 &#177; 0,87</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14 &#177; 0,88</td>
                  <td align="center">0,22 &#177; 0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>ETT-2D: ecografia transtor&#225;cica bidimensional; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral; CKMB: creatinofosfoquinase MB; cTnI: troponina I card&#237;aca; VIS: escore vasoinotr&#243;pico; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ACEP: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda principal; RM: regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral; ACD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; RT: regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide; AMP: anormalidade no movimento da parede. *Entre os que precisaram de suporte cardiovascular</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Anormalidades em ETT-2D foram encontradas em 10 pacientes (30,3%). Os achados mais comuns foram efus&#227;o peric&#225;rdica leve (5 pacientes) e regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide/mitral n&#227;o trivial (5 pacientes). Apenas dois pacientes apresentaram disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE, totalmente recuperada ao receber alta hospitalar. Um dos pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE tamb&#233;m apresentou anormalidade de contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar e efus&#227;o peric&#225;rdica leve. Esse paciente fez uma resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) 7 meses mais tarde, e a efus&#227;o peric&#225;rdica ainda estava presente, sem outros sinais de miocardite. N&#227;o foi detectado nenhum caso de dilata&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria ou hipertens&#227;o pulmonar. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> descreve as principais caracter&#237;sticas dos 10 pacientes que apresentaram ETT-2D anormal. O paciente n&#250;mero 3, um menino em p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de Senning, apresentou SARS e flutter atrial. Esse paciente havia realizado uma ETT-2D em outra institui&#231;&#227;o 50 dias antes do diagn&#243;stico de COVID-19. Naquele momento, tanto a regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide quanto a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD foram consideradas leves, diferente do que se observou na admiss&#227;o.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Achados cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos dos oito pacientes que apresentaram ETT-2D anormal na admiss&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">N&#250;mero do paciente</th>
                  <th>1</th>
                  <th>2</th>
                  <th>3</th>
                  <th>4</th>
                  <th>5</th>
                  <th>6</th>
                  <th>7</th>
                  <th>8</th>
                  <th>9</th>
                  <th>10</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">F</td>
                  <td align="center">F</td>
                  <td align="center">F</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">F</td>
                  <td align="center">F</td>
                  <td align="center">F</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">14 a</td>
                  <td align="center">12 a</td>
                  <td align="center">7 a</td>
                  <td align="center">13 a</td>
                  <td align="center">3 a</td>
                  <td align="center">11 a</td>
                  <td align="center">20 m</td>
                  <td align="center">10 m</td>
                  <td align="center">2 a</td>
                  <td align="center">13 a</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ASC</td>
                  <td align="center">1,21</td>
                  <td align="center">1,39</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02</td>
                  <td align="center">1,55</td>
                  <td align="center">0,54</td>
                  <td align="center">1,15</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58</td>
                  <td align="center">0,41</td>
                  <td align="center">0,35</td>
                  <td align="center">1,58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC</td>
                  <td align="center">13,1</td>
                  <td align="center">17,2</td>
                  <td align="center">17,7</td>
                  <td align="center">22,6</td>
                  <td align="center">12,3</td>
                  <td align="center">15,5</td>
                  <td align="center">14,7</td>
                  <td align="center">16,7</td>
                  <td align="center">16,6</td>
                  <td align="center">17,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Comorbidade</td>
                  <td align="center">MSC</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">DCC</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">BMA</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">DPOC e DP</td>
                  <td align="center">Diabetes</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">SARS</td>
                  <td align="center">MIS-C</td>
                  <td align="center">SARS</td>
                  <td align="center">MIS-C</td>
                  <td align="center">SARS</td>
                  <td align="center">MIS-C</td>
                  <td align="center">MIS-C</td>
                  <td align="center">SARS</td>
                  <td align="center">SARS</td>
                  <td align="center">SARS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o na interna&#231;&#227;o na UTI (dias)</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o na interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar (dias)</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Suporte respirat&#243;rio (dias)</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica (dias)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CTnI de pico (corte 0,1 ng/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,27</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">1,91</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58</td>
                  <td align="center">0,22</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normaliza&#231;&#227;o de cTnI</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">3 dias</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">4 dias</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">5 dias</td>
                  <td align="center">1 dia</td>
                  <td align="center">1 dia</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VIS m&#225;ximo</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">55</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pr&#243;-BNP (corte 125 pg/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">27183</td>
                  <td align="center">5546</td>
                  <td align="center">5341</td>
                  <td align="center">988</td>
                  <td align="center">22985</td>
                  <td align="center">31188</td>
                  <td align="center">1133</td>
                  <td align="center">2445</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CKMB (corte 25 ng/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">19,4</td>
                  <td align="center">17,9</td>
                  <td align="center">28,4</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">41</td>
                  <td align="center">23,6</td>
                  <td align="center">24,4</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ETT inicial</td>
                  <td align="center">EP m&#237;nima</td>
                  <td align="center">RM leve</td>
                  <td align="center">Disfun&#231;&#227;o grave do VD, disfun&#231;&#227;o leve/moderada do VE, RT grave</td>
                  <td align="center">Disfun&#231;&#227;o leve do VE, anormalidade no movimento da parede, EP leve</td>
                  <td align="center">EP leve</td>
                  <td align="center">RM moderada, disfun&#231;&#227;o leve do VE</td>
                  <td align="center">RT leve</td>
                  <td align="center">EP moderada</td>
                  <td align="center">EP leve</td>
                  <td align="center">RM leve</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ETT na alta</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">normal</td>
                  <td align="center">Disfun&#231;&#227;o grave do VD, disfun&#231;&#227;o leve do VE, RT moderada</td>
                  <td align="center">Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">EP leve</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">RT leve</td>
                  <td align="center">RM leve, EP m&#237;nima</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>BMA: aplasia de medula &#243;ssea; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral; DCC: doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita; CKMB: creatinofosfoquinase MB; PC: paralisia cerebral; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; RM: regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral; NA: n&#227;o dispon&#237;vel; EP: efus&#227;o peric&#225;rdica; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; MSC: anemia falciforme; VIS: escore vasoativo inotr&#243;pico.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>MIS-C X SARS</title>
        <p>A necessidade do suporte cardiovascular foi mais frequente em pacientes que apresentaram MIS-C do que nos que apresentaram SARS (66,7% e 25%, respectivamente, p= 0,03, 95% IC = -0,7 a -0,04). Entre os que precisaram de suporte cardiovascular, o escore VIS era mais alto nos pacientes com MIS-C do que nos pacientes com SARS, mas esse achado n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativo (28,2 &#177; 21,3 para MIS-C e 10,7 &#177; 5,7 para SARS, p= 0,1).</p>
        <p>A cTnI elevada foi observada com mais frequ&#234;ncia em pacientes com MIS-C do que em pacientes com SARS (77,8% e 20,8%, respectivamente; p= 0,002, 95% IC = 0,19 a 0,79); entretanto, a diferen&#231;a na cTnI de pico n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativa (p= 0,19). Foram encontradas anormalidades de ETT-2D em 44,4% dos pacientes com MIS-C e em 25% dos pacientes com SARS (p= 0,28). A &#250;nica diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa na frequ&#234;ncia de anormalidades de ETT-2D foi a taxa de de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE, que era mais comum nos pacientes com MIS-C do que nos pacientes com SARS (22,2% X zero; p= 0,02, 95% IC = -0,06 a 0,55). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o na UTI (p= 0,58), dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar (p= 0,86), e dura&#231;&#227;o do suporte respirat&#243;rio (p= 0,61).</p>
        <p>Os valores preditivos positivos de cTnI para detec&#231;&#227;o de anormalidades de ETT-2D foram de 70% para pacientes com MIS-C, e de 20% para pacientes com SARS. Os valores preditivos negativos foram, respectivamente, 100% e 73,7%. A dosagem de pr&#243;-BNP n&#227;o foi realizada em todos os pacientes, j&#225; que n&#227;o fazia parte do protocolo, mas pr&#243;-BNP elevado foi um achado comum quando realizado (91,7%), independentemente do tipo de COVID apresentado pelo paciente. A dosagem de CKMB n&#227;o foi realizada em todos os pacientes, j&#225; que n&#227;o fazia parte do protocolo, mas esteve elevada em 52,6% dos pacientes, sem diferen&#231;a significativa de acordo com a apresenta&#231;&#227;o da COVID-19.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de detectar sinais de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos criticamente doentes, e comparar o envolvimento card&#237;aco entre crian&#231;as com SARS e crian&#231;as com MIS-C. Os m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos escolhidos para essa avalia&#231;&#227;o foram a ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica e a dosagem de troponina I card&#237;aca. Nossa UTIP era a &#250;nica unidade de refer&#234;ncia para casos pedi&#225;tricos atendidos pelo SUS em nossa regi&#227;o. Como esse estudo foi desenhado antes da admiss&#227;o do primeiro caso, foi poss&#237;vel incluir todas as crian&#231;as criticamente doentes com COVID-19 em nossa &#225;rea geogr&#225;fica durante a primeira onda da COVID-19 no Brasil em 2020. Esse &#233;, possivelmente, o ponto mais importante de nosso estudo.</p>
      <p>O envolvimento mioc&#225;rdico na COVID-19 &#233; comum e se manifesta histologicamente de formas diferentes: miocardite-like, inflama&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, doen&#231;a tromboemb&#243;lica e infarto. Esses achados t&#234;m sido corroborados por estudos de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca em pacientes adultos e pedi&#225;tricos e por evid&#234;ncias patol&#243;gicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Entretanto, esses m&#233;todos para se diagnosticar miocardite, edema mioc&#225;rdico ou inj&#250;ria card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica n&#227;o s&#227;o vi&#225;veis na maioria das crian&#231;as, devido ao car&#225;ter invasivo da bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica e &#224;s dificuldades em se realizar RMC em crian&#231;as gravemente doentes, especialmente quando havia restri&#231;&#245;es quanto ao uso de t&#233;cnicas de imagem avan&#231;adas durante a pandemia da COVID-19.</p>
      <p>A cTnI &#233; uma prote&#237;na contr&#225;til card&#237;aca espec&#237;fica, encontrada em cardiomi&#243;citos, que tem alta sensibilidade (95%) para o diagn&#243;stico de miocardite viral em crian&#231;as.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Entretanto, ela tamb&#233;m pode ser liberada em casos de stress excessivo da parede, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica ou aumento da demanda de oxig&#234;nio do mioc&#225;rdio, situa&#231;&#245;es frequentemente encontradas em pacientes com COVID-19, especialmente naqueles com problemas m&#233;dicos cr&#244;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Uma das ressalvas sobre a medi&#231;&#227;o de cTnI em crian&#231;as &#233; que os valores de corte t&#234;m o objetivo de diagnosticar infartos em adultos, sendo que esses valores podem estar relacionados &#224; quantidade de tecido lesionado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Portanto, &#233; razo&#225;vel argumentar que, se estamos usando valores de corte de adultos, a detec&#231;&#227;o de troponina card&#237;aca elevada em crian&#231;as pode revelar uma les&#227;o maior ao cora&#231;&#227;o. Mesmo em adultos com COVID-19, exames de RMC anormais t&#234;m sido encontrados sem uma eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina card&#237;aca simult&#226;nea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Apesar disso, alguns autores t&#234;m relatado sua experi&#234;ncia com pacientes com MIS-C, demonstrando que a eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina &#233; um achado comum, ocorrendo em mais de 70% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, aproximadamente</p>
      <p>50% dos pacientes apresentaram cTnI elevada e/ou anormalidades ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, confirmando o alto &#237;ndice de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica nesse subgrupo de pacientes.</p>
      <p>Um achado muito relevante em nosso trabalho &#233; o fato de que pacientes que tiveram tanto cTnI elevada quanto ETT-2D anormal precisaram de mais suporte cardiovascular do que os que apresentaram exames normais, o que est&#225; de acordo com alguns estudos na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta com COVID-19 e SARS. Esses estudos descrevem que a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica &#233; pior nos casos em que h&#225; extravasamento de troponina e ETT-2D anormal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo coorte, isso foi representado por um &#237;ndice mais alto de pacientes que necessitaram de drogas inotr&#243;picas ou vasoativas, como tamb&#233;m em doses mais altas.</p>
      <p>Anormalidades em ETT-2D foram encontradas em 30,3% de nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. Os achados mais comuns foram efus&#227;o peric&#225;rdica leve e regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide/mitral leve. Apenas dois pacientes apresentaram disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE, totalmente recuperada no momento da alta hospitalar. As anormalidades da ETT-2D encontradas em nosso estudo foram majoritariamente transit&#243;rias e seguidas da normaliza&#231;&#227;o da cTnI, revelando a evolu&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica da doen&#231;a e, possivelmente, um processo de cura.</p>
      <p>Os dois pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE representaram apenas 16,7% dos pacientes que precisaram inotr&#243;picos e vasopressores em nosso estudo, sugerindo que essa doen&#231;a tem um car&#225;ter bastante vasopl&#233;gico ou inflamat&#243;rio, ao contr&#225;rio de um estado de s&#237;ndrome de d&#233;bito card&#237;aco baixo. Um desses pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE teve o pico mais alto de cTnI durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o deste estudo. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE, v&#225;rios achados j&#225; foram descritos por outros autores: Grimaud e Ramcharam identificaram uma queda na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE em mais de 80% de seus pacientes com MIS-C admitidos em suas UTIP em choque.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Essas diferen&#231;as podem estar relacionadas a pol&#237;ticas locais de admiss&#227;o na UTI, tempos diferentes de diagn&#243;sticos, caracter&#237;sticas diferentes dos pacientes (caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, presen&#231;a de comorbidades); estrutura gen&#233;tica diferente dos pacientes com intera&#231;&#245;es diferentes com o SARS-COV2, causando respostas imunes distintas; cepas diferentes do v&#237;rus causando graus diferentes de comprometimento cardiovascular; metodologias de estudo diferentes (momento dos exames por imagem, escolha do m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, etc.).</p>
      <p>A cTnI elevada foi encontrada em aproximadamente 80% dos pacientes com MIS-C e em aproximadamente 20% dos pacientes com SARS; entretanto, a cTnI elevada n&#227;o foi associada nem &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE, nem ao choque circulat&#243;rio. Cinco dos sete pacientes (71,4%) com cTnI elevada no subgrupo com MIS-C apresentaram alguma anormalidade em ETT-2D, enquanto, no subgrupo com SARS, esse &#237;ndice foi de 20% (1/5). &#201; importante notar que, na popula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo, um teste de cTnI normal na admiss&#227;o tinha um valor preditivo negativo</p>
      <p>alto, sugerindo que esse teste poderia ser usado para descartar a inj&#250;ria card&#237;aca, evitando exames de imagem cardiovascular em pacientes selecionados. Embora o n&#250;mero de pacientes com cTnI elevada seja pequeno, ainda assim parece haver um poss&#237;vel benef&#237;cio em se realizar o teste de cTnI como teste de triagem para anormalidades na ETT-2D. Al&#233;m disso, foi identificado que a eleva&#231;&#227;o da cTnI e a presen&#231;a de achados anormais na ETT-2D foram transit&#243;rios, com um comportamento cl&#237;nico de uma miocardite aguda comum n&#227;o fulminante. Nesse contexto, o tempo para o diagn&#243;stico &#233; essencial, embora o impacto cl&#237;nico desse diagn&#243;stico ainda seja desconhecido. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; miocardite t&#237;pica, a incid&#234;ncia de cardiomiopatia cr&#244;nica no futuro dessas crian&#231;as ainda n&#227;o &#233; conhecida.</p>
      <p>Nenhum dos pacientes apresentou anormalidades coron&#225;rias, o que est&#225; de acordo com os achados de Grimaud et al., na Fran&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Outros estudos tamb&#233;m identificaram um baixo &#237;ndice de anormalidades coron&#225;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Outros achados de imagem da COVID-19 em crian&#231;as tamb&#233;m foram descritos. No estudo de Ramcharan et al., 67% dos pacientes apresentaram regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar tempor&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> No estudo de Grimaud et al., 65% dos pacientes apresentaram regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide ou mitral n&#227;o trivial, e a efus&#227;o peric&#225;rdica foi observada em 40% de sua casu&#237;stica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Encontramos regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide ou mitral n&#227;o trivial em 15% dos pacientes de nosso estudo coorte, o mesmo &#237;ndice de efus&#227;o peric&#225;rdica, sem diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre SARS e MIS-C.</p>
      <p>Alguns estudos tamb&#233;m relataram mudan&#231;as no ritmo card&#237;aco em pacientes com manifesta&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas da infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-COV2. Em um estudo coorte realizado em Nova Iorque com 393 pacientes, observou-se que 17,7% dos pacientes hospitalizados com SARS-COV2 e em uso de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica tinham arritmias, em compara&#231;&#227;o com 1,9% daqueles que n&#227;o precisaram de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Em outro estudo coorte na China, com 187 pacientes, observou-se que 5,9% dos pacientes tinham taquiarritmias enquanto estavam hospitalizados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> O &#250;nico caso de arritmia observado neste estudo foi o de uma crian&#231;a em p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de Senning, uma situa&#231;&#227;o em que as arritmias atriais s&#227;o conhecidas como complica&#231;&#245;es tardias da cirurgia. Nesse caso, n&#227;o se tem certeza se a arritmia foi causada pela COVID-19. Esse paciente apresentou uma piora na fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD, com cTnI normal.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo foi desenhado em maio, quase simultaneamente com o an&#250;ncio do fen&#243;tipo da MIS-C da COVID-19. Portanto, n&#227;o t&#237;nhamos informa&#231;&#245;es suficientes sobre a MIS-C naquele momento, e o desenho do estudo n&#227;o incluiu a avalia&#231;&#227;o de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios ou de coagulopatia, embora alguns pacientes tenham sido submetidos a esses exames. N&#227;o analisamos o quadro cl&#237;nico hemodin&#226;mico (press&#227;o arterial, tempo de enchimento capilar, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, lactato sangu&#237;neo) dos pacientes, e o uso de</p>
        <p>drogas vasoativas ou inotr&#243;picas ficou a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico assistente. Optamos por usar o escore VIS para representar a gravidade do comprometimento cardiovascular de maneira padr&#227;o. N&#227;o avaliamos par&#226;metros de deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e admitimos que mudan&#231;as na deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica podem estar presentes antes da queda da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia de sinais de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica em crian&#231;as infectadas pela COVID-19 que necessitaram de cuidado intensivo foi alta (50%), e isso n&#227;o foi exclusividade dos pacientes com MIS-C. Pacientes com MIS-C com troponina I card&#237;aca elevada e achados anormais em ETT-2D muito frequentemente apresentam sinais de choque. Os marcadores de inj&#250;ria card&#237;aca foram tempor&#225;rios e os resultados iniciais, em geral, foram favor&#225;veis. Por &#250;ltimo, considerando o alto n&#250;mero de pacientes infectados admitidos em UTIP em todo o mundo e que os recursos de atendimento de sa&#250;de podem ser limitados, a realiza&#231;&#227;o de um teste de cTnI pode ajudar os prestadores de assist&#234;ncia de sa&#250;de a discriminar os pacientes com uma necessidade mais urgente de uma ETT-2D.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Gostar&#237;amos de agradecer &#224; equipe do Laborat&#243;rio de pesquisa translacional de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o pelo diagn&#243;stico molecular de pacientes com COVID em tempo h&#225;bil.</p>
    </ack>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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    </fn-group>
  </back>
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          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Signs of Cardiac Injury in Critically Ill Paediatric Patients with COVID-19: a Single-Center Experience in Brazil</article-title>
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          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8946-2492</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kozak</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pessoa</surname>
            <given-names>Yuri Caldas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Oliveira Castro e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cabral</surname>
            <given-names>Manuela Baima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Barbara Costalonga Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Diniz</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Duarte</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saliba</surname>
            <given-names>Aline</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kawahara</surname>
            <given-names>Selma Harue</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Crian&#231;a de Bras&#237;lia, Jos&#233; de Alencar, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Marcelo Felipe Kozak &#8226; Hospital da Crian&#231;a de Bras&#237;lia, Jos&#233; de Alencar &#8211; AENW 3, Lote A &#8211; Setor Noroeste. Postal Code 70684-831, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil E-mail: marcelo.f.kozak@icloud.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Statistical analysis and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Kozak MF; Acquisition of data: Kozak MF, Cabral MB, Diniz JD, Saliba A, Kawahara SH; Writing of the manuscript: Kozak MF, Pessoa YC, Silva LOC, Leite BCP, Saliba A; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Kozak MF, Pessoa YC, Silva LOC, Leite BCP, Diniz JD, Saliba A, Kawahara SH.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Some patients with COVID-19 present myocardial injury.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To detect myocardial injury in critically ill paediatric patients, and to compare cardiac involvement between children with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and children with multisystemic inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>All COVID-19 children admitted to a referral intensive care unit were prospectively enrolled and had a two-dimensional echocardiogram (2D-TTE) and a cardiac troponin I (cTnI) assay within the first 72 hours. For statistical analysis, two-sided p &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Thirty-three patients were included, of which 51.5% presented elevated cTnI and/or abnormal 2D-TTE and 36.4% needed cardiovascular support, which was more frequent in patients with both raised cTnI and 2D-TTE abnormalities than in patients with normal exams (83.3% and 33.3%, respectively; p 0.006, 95% CI = 0.15-0.73). The most common 2D-TTE findings were pericardial effusion (15.2%) and mitral/tricuspid regurgitation (15.2%). Signs of cardiac involvement were more common in MIS-C than in SARS. MIS-C patients also presented a higher rate of the need for cardiovascular support (66.7% vs 25%, p 0.03, 95% CI = -0.7 to -0.04) and a more frequent rate of raised cTnI (77.8% vs 20.8%; p 0.002, 95% CI = 0.19 to 0.79). The negative predictive values of cTnI for the detection of 2D-TTE abnormalities were 100% for MIS-C patients and 73.7% for SARS patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>signs of cardiac injury were common, mainly in MIS-C patients. 2D-TTE abnormalities were subtle. To perform a cTnI assay upon admission might help providers to discriminate those patients with a more urgent need for a 2D-TTE.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart</kwd>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Until early February 2021, the number of cases of COVID-19 in the world had already reached more than 105 million people, including nearly 9.5 million in Brazil, of whom 231,000 died.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As for viral tropism, lungs are not the only COVID-19 target. Cardiovascular compromise in COVID-19 infected patients has been well described worldwide. SARS-COV2 infection has been linked to acute myocardial injury, myocarditis, arrhythmias, and venous thromboembolism. These conditions predispose patients to severe disease and death, mainly those with pre-existing cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Children have been reported as a small fraction of confirmed COVID-19 patients, representing around 2% of the number of hospitalized patients with SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) and around 0.5% of the number of deaths in Brazil and other countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> At the beginning of the pandemic, most of the children infected by the new coronavirus SARS-COV2 were asymptomatic or presented mild symptoms. Later, an increasing number of children admitted to paediatric intensive care units (PICU&#180;s) was observed worldwide, with shock in the presence of SARS-CoV-2 infection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> They presented with a hyperinflammatory syndrome with manifestations similar to Kawasaki&#8217;s disease, toxic shock syndrome or secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. This condition was named &#8220;Multisystemic Inflammatory Syndrome in Children&#8221; (MIS-C), and has been commonly associated with cardiac dysfunction, hypotension, arrhythmias and coronary artery dilatation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The main objectives of this study were to detect signs of myocardial injury in critically ill paediatric patients with COVID-19 admitted to a referral PICU in Brazil, through cardiac troponin I (cTnI) assay and two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiogram (2D-TTE), and to compare cardiac involvement between children with SARS and children with MIS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This was an observational single-center cohort study performed at a tertiary children&#180;s hospital, elected as the only referral center for critically ill paediatric COVID-19 patients in Distrito Federal, Brazil, an area with an estimated population of 3.5 million. This study was approved by the local Research Ethic Committee, which waived the need for consent (protocol CAAE 34511120.0.0000.8927). The project was designed in May 2020, before the first admission of a paediatric patient at our PICU. All children with confirmed COVID-19 admitted in the PICU between May 28<sup>th</sup>and August 27<sup>th</sup>, 2020, presenting either with SARS or MIS-C, were prospectively included in the study. The confirmation of COVID-19 was made either by using real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from samples of nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swabs, or by immunological testing for Immunoglobulin M or Immunoglobulin G to viral spike glycoprotein using an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).</p>
        <p>The study protocol determined that all COVID-19 patients admitted to the PICU underwent a 2D-TTE and a cTnI assay within 72 hours of hospital admission.</p>
        <p>The 2D-TTE exams were carried out at bedside by three experienced paediatric cardiologists, following the guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography, using a Toshiba Xario SSA 660-A (Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation, Japan).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The following 2D-TTE parameters and structures were assessed: left ventricular (LV) systolic function (using the Teichholz method), right ventricular (RV) systolic function (using eye-ball and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion), wall motion, valvular function (using color Doppler), pericardium, coronary arteries (their diameters were indexed to body surface and plotted against Z-scores), and signs of pulmonary hypertension (RV systolic pressure &gt; 40 mmHg or mean pulmonary artery pressure &gt; 25 mmHg).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A LVEF &lt; 55% was considered to be an LV systolic dysfunction. RV systolic dysfunction was considered when TAPSE Z-score was &lt; -2 or by qualitative analysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Some patients underwent more than one 2D-TTE during their hospitalization, according to their clinical course and at the discretion of the assistant physician, but only the 2D-TTE performed upon admission was considered for analysis.</p>
        <p>The measurement of cTnI was performed using the Elecsys Troponin I STAT kit (Roche Diagnostics), which had a cut-off value of 0.1 ng/ml.</p>
        <p>The present study described the patient&#8217;s demographic data, type of COVID-19 presentation, pre-existing conditions, length of ICU stay, length of hospital stay, type of respiratory support, length of respiratory support, need for vasoinotropic support, maximum vasoinotropic score (VIS), initial and peak cTnI and 2D-TTE abnormalities on the admission day. In some cases, pro-BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) and CKMB (creatine phosphokinase-MB) assays were ordered by the assistant physicians, for clinical judgment. These results were presented as well.</p>
        <p>The definition of SARS was in accordance with the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which defines it as a severe acute respiratory syndrome associated with the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The definition of MIS-C was also in accordance with the CDC, which defines it as a severe illness leading to hospitalization in patients under 21 years of age, with a fever for at least 24 hours, showing laboratory evidence of inflammation, with multisystemic (&#8805; 2) organ involvement, confirmed or presumed SARS-CoV-2 infection, and no alternative plausible diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>For the assessment of data normality, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was performed to calculate the area under a normal curve, presumed as being when approximately 95% of the area was within 1.96 standard deviations of the mean. Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) or median and interquartile range, according to the existence of normal data. Categorical variables were described as percentages. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare continuous variables with skewed distribution. For the comparison of continuous variables with normal distribution, the unpaired student&#180;s t test was used. The Kruskal-Wallis test, with the Conover-Iman method was used to compare VIS variances among patients with distinct combinations of findings on exams. The positive and negative predictive values of cTnI for the detection of 2D-TTE abnormalities were calculated. Two-sided p &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All analyses were performed using StatsDirect, v. 3.3.4 2020 (Merseyside, UK).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Thirty-three patients were included in the study, with an age range of 31 days to 17 years. When the last patient was included, our study population represented 3% of all children diagnosed with COVID-19 in our region, meaning that nearly all critically ill children in our area must have been included in the study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> The great majority (72.7%) presented a diagnosis of SARS. Three patients presented congenital heart diseases: one in status post-Senning operation (atrial baffle for D-transposition of the great arteries), another with a complete atrioventricular septal defect, and another one with an atrial septal defect, diagnosed during the study. There was one death due to a periorbital cellulitis complication in a patient with bone marrow aplasia. This patient had presented a diagnosis of SARS. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> summarizes the general findings of our study.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Demographic and general features of paediatric patients with COVID-19</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                  <th>All patients (33)</th>
                  <th>SARS (24)</th>
                  <th>MIS-C (9)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (57.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (62.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (44.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.35</td>
                  <td rowspan="3"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.4 &#177; 5.6</td>
                  <td align="center">5.7 &#177; 5.6</td>
                  <td align="center">8.2 &#177; 5.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (Kg/m2)</td>
                  <td align="center">18.2 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">17.9 &#177; 5.8</td>
                  <td align="center">18.9 &#177; 6.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Chronic disorders</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>18 (54.5%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>16 (66.7%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>2 (22.2%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.02</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.06 to 0.69</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Haematologic</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (18.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (25%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td rowspan="7"> </td>
                  <td rowspan="7"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiac</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (9.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (11.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neurologic</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (9.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesity</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (9.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (11.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nephrologic</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (6.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pulmonary</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (6.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Length of ICU stay (days)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>6 (3-12)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>7 (3-12)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>5 (3-7)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.32</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td rowspan="2"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Length of hospital stay (days)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (10-19)</td>
                  <td align="center">15.5 (12-21.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (7-14)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Respiratory support</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>27 (81.8%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>22 (91.7%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>5 (55.6%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.008</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.05 to 0.67</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Oxygen Only</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (42.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (54.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (11.1%)</td>
                  <td rowspan="3"> </td>
                  <td rowspan="3"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CPAP</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mechanical ventilation</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (36.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (33.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (44.4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Duration of respiratory support (days)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>5 (1-9)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>6(2.5-10.5)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>2 (0-5)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.14</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>BMI: body mass index; ICU: intensive care unit; CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiac injury and cardiovascular compromise</title>
          <p>Seventeen out of 33 patients (51.5%) presented with elevated cTnI and/or abnormal 2D-TTE. Five patients presented raised cTnI and abnormal 2D-TTE (15.2%); isolated raised cTnI was found in seven patients (21.2%); and an isolated abnormal 2D-TTE was found in five patients (15.2%).</p>
          <p>Twelve patients (36.4%) needed cardiovascular support with inotropic or vasoactive drugs, chosen and titrated according to their clinical hemodynamic findings and at the discretion of the PICU team. Ten out of these 12 patients (83.3%) had abnormal cTnI and/or 2D-TTE, while among the 21 patients that did not need cardiovascular support, seven (33.3%) presented abnormal exams; this difference was statistically significant (p = 0.006, 95% CI = 0.15-0.73).</p>
          <p>Among the five patients with both raised cTnI and abnormal 2D-TTE (a), 80% needed inotropic or vasoactive drugs (VIS 26 &#177; 24.8); among the patients with and isolated abnormal 2D-TTE (b), 60% needed these drugs (VIS 5 &#177; 5); among those with an isolated raised cTnI (c), 42.8% needed inotropic or vasoactive drugs (VIS 8.4 &#177; 13.4), whereas the use of these drugs was found in 12.5% of those patients with normal exams (d) (VIS 1.2 &#177; 3.6). Concerning VIS, a statistically significant difference was found only between patients &#8220;a&#8221; and &#8220;d&#8221; (p= 0.006); the difference between other pairwise comparisons were not significant (a vs b, p= 0.23; a vs c, p= 0.14; b vs c, p= 0.83; b vs d, p= 0.15; c vs d, p= 0.18). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> summarizes the cardiovascular-related findings of our population.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Cardiovascular support and cardiac findings of paediatric patients with COVID-19</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                    <th>All patients (33)</th>
                    <th>SARS (24)</th>
                    <th>MIS-C (9)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>95% CI</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiovascular support</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (36.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (24%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (66.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.03</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.69 to -0.04</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Maximum VIS *</td>
                    <td align="center">19 &#177; 17</td>
                    <td align="center">11 &#177; 6</td>
                    <td align="center">28 &#177; 21</td>
                    <td align="center">0.051</td>
                    <td align="center">-37.6 to 2.6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Abnormal cTnI</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>12 (36.4%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>5 (20.8%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>7 (77.8%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.002</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>-0.79 to -0.19</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak cTnI</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.41 &#177; 0.48</td>
                    <td align="center">0.61 &#177; 0.61</td>
                    <td align="center">0.56</td>
                    <td rowspan="4"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Abnormal Echo and cTnI</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1/5 (20%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4/7 (57.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>High pro-BNP</td>
                    <td align="center">22/25 (88%)</td>
                    <td align="center">15/17 (88.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7/8 (87.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>High CKMB</td>
                    <td align="center">10/19 (52.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5/11 (45.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5/8 (62.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.46</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Abnormal 2D-TTE</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>8 (24.2%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>4 (16%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>4 (44.4%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.08</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV systolic dysfunction</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (6.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (22.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1</td>
                    <td rowspan="3"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RV systolic dysfunction</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (4.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.28</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TR/MR</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (15.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (8.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (33.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.47</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pericardial effusion</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (15.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (16.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (11.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.03</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04 to 0.96</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>WMA</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (11.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.28</td>
                    <td rowspan="4"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Coronary abnormality</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MLCA Z-score</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.23 &#177; 0.8</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.23 &#177; 0.88</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.23 &#177; 0.57</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RCA Z-score</td>
                    <td align="center">0.16 &#177; 0.87</td>
                    <td align="center">0.14 &#177; 0.88</td>
                    <td align="center">0.22 &#177; 0.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.81</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>2D-TTE: two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiogram.; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; CKMB: creatine phosphokinase-MB; cTnI: cardiac troponin I; VIS: vasoinotropic score; LV: left ventricular; MLCA: main left coronary artery; MR: mitral regurgitation; RCA: right coronary artery; RV: right ventricular; TR: tricuspid regurgitation; WMA: wall motion abnormality. *Of those who needed cardiovascular support.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>2D-TTE abnormalities were found in 10 patients (30.3%). The most common findings were mild pericardial effusion (5 patients) and non-trivial mitral/tricuspid regurgitation (5 patients). Only two patients presented LV systolic dysfunction, who had fully recovered upon hospital discharge. One of the patients with LV systolic dysfunction also presented wall motion abnormality and a mild pericardial effusion. This patient had a cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) performed 7 months later, and the pericardial effusion was still present, with no other CMR signs of myocarditis. No cases of coronary dilatation or pulmonary hypertension were found. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> describes the main characteristics of the 10 patients that presented an abnormal 2D-TTE. Patient number 3, a boy in post-Senning operation status, presented SARS and atrial flutter. This patient had undergone a 2D-TTE at another institution 50 days ahead of the diagnosis of COVID-19. On that occasion, both tricuspid regurgitation and RV systolic dysfunction were considered mild, different from what was seen in this admission.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic findings of the eight patients who presented an abnormal 2D-TTE upon admission</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Patient number</th>
                    <th>1</th>
                    <th>2</th>
                    <th>3</th>
                    <th>4</th>
                    <th>5</th>
                    <th>6</th>
                    <th>7</th>
                    <th>8</th>
                    <th>9</th>
                    <th>10</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gender</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">F</td>
                    <td align="center">F</td>
                    <td align="center">F</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">F</td>
                    <td align="center">F</td>
                    <td align="center">F</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age</td>
                    <td align="center">14 y</td>
                    <td align="center">12 y</td>
                    <td align="center">7 y</td>
                    <td align="center">13 y</td>
                    <td align="center">3 y</td>
                    <td align="center">11 y</td>
                    <td align="center">20 m</td>
                    <td align="center">10 m</td>
                    <td align="center">2 y</td>
                    <td align="center">13 y</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BSA</td>
                    <td align="center">1.21</td>
                    <td align="center">1.39</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02</td>
                    <td align="center">1.55</td>
                    <td align="center">0.54</td>
                    <td align="center">1.15</td>
                    <td align="center">0.58</td>
                    <td align="center">0.41</td>
                    <td align="center">0.35</td>
                    <td align="center">1.58</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI</td>
                    <td align="center">13.1</td>
                    <td align="center">17.2</td>
                    <td align="center">17.7</td>
                    <td align="center">22.6</td>
                    <td align="center">12.3</td>
                    <td align="center">15.5</td>
                    <td align="center">14.7</td>
                    <td align="center">16.7</td>
                    <td align="center">16.6</td>
                    <td align="center">17.7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Comorbidity</td>
                    <td align="center">SCD</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">CHD</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">BMA</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">CPD and CP</td>
                    <td align="center">Diabetes</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Presentation</td>
                    <td align="center">SARS</td>
                    <td align="center">MIS-C</td>
                    <td align="center">SARS</td>
                    <td align="center">MIS-C</td>
                    <td align="center">SARS</td>
                    <td align="center">MIS-C</td>
                    <td align="center">MIS-C</td>
                    <td align="center">SARS</td>
                    <td align="center">SARS</td>
                    <td align="center">SARS</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Length of ICU stay W(days)</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                    <td align="center">5</td>
                    <td align="center">22</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                    <td align="center">5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Length of hospital stay (days)</td>
                    <td align="center">16</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                    <td align="center">34</td>
                    <td align="center">9</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                    <td align="center">15</td>
                    <td align="center">18</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Respiratory support (days)</td>
                    <td align="center">4</td>
                    <td align="center">5</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">17</td>
                    <td align="center">5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mechanical ventilation (days)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak cTnI (cut-off 0.1 ng/ml)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.27</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.1</td>
                    <td align="center">1.91</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.58</td>
                    <td align="center">0.22</td>
                    <td align="center">0.13</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.1</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>cTnI normalization</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">3 days</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">4 days</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">5 days</td>
                    <td align="center">1 day</td>
                    <td align="center">1 day</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Maximum VIS</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">50</td>
                    <td align="center">5</td>
                    <td align="center">15</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                    <td align="center">55</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pro-BNP (cut-off 125 pg/ml)</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">27183</td>
                    <td align="center">5546</td>
                    <td align="center">5341</td>
                    <td align="center">988</td>
                    <td align="center">22985</td>
                    <td align="center">31188</td>
                    <td align="center">1133</td>
                    <td align="center">2445</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CKMB (cut-off 25 ng/ml)</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">19.4</td>
                    <td align="center">17.9</td>
                    <td align="center">28.4</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">41</td>
                    <td align="center">23.6</td>
                    <td align="center">24.4</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Initial TTE</td>
                    <td align="center">Minimum PE</td>
                    <td align="center">Mild MR</td>
                    <td align="center">Severe RV dysfunction, mild/moderate LV dysfunction, severe TR</td>
                    <td align="center">Mild LV dysfunction, wall motion abnormality, mild PE</td>
                    <td align="center">Mild PE</td>
                    <td align="center">Moderate MR, mild LV dysfunction</td>
                    <td align="center">Mild TR</td>
                    <td align="center">Moderate PE</td>
                    <td align="center">Mild PE</td>
                    <td align="center">Mild MR</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Discharge TTE</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">normal</td>
                    <td align="center">Severe RV dysfunction, mild LV dysfunction, moderate TR</td>
                    <td align="center">Normal</td>
                    <td align="center">Mild PE</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Mild TR</td>
                    <td align="center">Mild MR, minimum PE</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>BMA: bone marrow aplasia; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; CHD: congenital heart disease; CKMB: creatine phosphokinase-MB; CP: cerebral palsy; CPD: chronic pulmonary disease; LV: left ventricular; MR: mitral regurgitation; NA: not available; PE: pericardial effusion; RV: right ventricular; SCD: sickle cell disease; VIS: vasoactive inotropic score.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>MIS-C vs SARS</title>
          <p>The need for cardiovascular support was more frequent in patients presenting MIS-C than in those presenting SARS (66.7% and 25%, respectively, p 0.03, 95% CI = -0.7 to -0.04). Among those that needed cardiovascular support, the VIS score was higher in MIS-C patients than in SARS patients, but this finding was not statistically significant (28.2 &#177; 21.3 for MIS-C and 10.7 &#177; 5.7 for SARS, p= 0.1).</p>
          <p>A raised cTnI was more frequently observed in patients with MIS-C than in patients with SARS (77.8% and 20.8%, respectively; p= 0.002, 95% CI = 0.19 to 0.79); however, the difference in peak cTnI was not statistically significant (p= 0.19). 2D-TTE abnormalities were found in 44.4% of the patients with MIS-C and in 25% of the patients with SARS (p= 0.28). The only statistically significant difference in the rate of 2D-TTE abnormalities were in the rate of LV systolic dysfunction, which was more common in MIS-C patients than in SARS patients (22.2% vs zero; p= 0.02, 95% CI = -0.06 to 0.55). No differences were found concerning length of ICU stay (p= 0.58), length of hospital stay (p= 0.86) and length of respiratory support (p= 0.61).</p>
          <p>The positive predictive values of cTnI for the detection of 2D-TTE abnormalities were 70% for MIS-C patients and 20% for SARS patients. The negative predictive values were, respectively, 100% and 73.7%. Pro-BNP assay was not performed in all patients, since it was not part of the protocol, but an elevated pro-BNP was a common finding when performed (91.7%), regardless of the type of COVID presented by the patient. CKMB assay was not performed in all patients, since it was not part of the protocol, but it was elevated in 52.6% of the patients, with no significant difference according to COVID-19 presentation.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study was developed with the aim of detecting signs of myocardial injury in critically ill paediatric patients, and to compare cardiac involvement between children presenting SARS and children presenting MIS-C. The diagnostic methods chosen for this assessment were transthoracic echocardiography and cardiac troponin I assay. Our PICU was the only referral unit for paediatric cases offered by the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS, in Portuguese), in our region. Since the study was designed before the admission of the first case, it was possible to include all critically ill children with COVID-19 in our geographic area during the first COVID-19 wave in Brazil in 2020. This is possibly the most important strength of our study.</p>
        <p>Myocardial involvement in COVID-19 is common and appears histologically in different forms: myocarditis-like disease, myocardial inflammation, thromboembolic disease and infarction. These findings have been supported by CMR imaging studies of adult and paediatric patients and by pathological evidence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> However, these methods to diagnose myocarditis, myocardial edema or ischemic heart injury are not feasible in most of the children, due to the invasive nature of endomyocardial biopsy and to the difficulties in performing CMR imaging in acutely ill children, especially when there are constraints in using advanced imaging techniques during the COVID-19 pandemic.</p>
        <p>cTnI is a cardiac-specific contractile protein found in cardiomyocytes and has a high sensitivity (95%) for the diagnosis of viral myocarditis in children.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> However, it can also be released in cases of excessive wall stress, myocardial ischemia or increased myocardial oxygen demand, situations often found in patients with COVID-19, especially in those with chronic medical conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> One of the caveats about measuring cTnI in children is that the cut-off values are designed to diagnose infarctions in adults and these cut-offs may well be related to the amount of damaged tissue.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Therefore, it is reasonable to argue that, if we are using adult cut-off values, the detection of raised cardiac troponin in children might be revealing a more extensive damage to the heart. Even in adults with COVID-19, abnormal CMR studies have been found without a simultaneous elevation in cardiac troponin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Nevertheless, some authors have reported their experience with MIS-C patients and have shown that troponin elevation is a common finding, and that it occurs in more than 70% of the cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> In our study, approximately 50% of the patients presented raised cTnI and/or echocardiographic abnormalities, confirming the high rate of myocardial injury in this subset of patients.</p>
        <p>A very relevant finding in our work was the fact that patients who had both raised cTnI and abnormal 2D-TTE needed more cardiovascular support than those with normal exams, which is in agreement with some studies in the adult population with COVID-19 and SARS. These studies describe that the clinical course is worse when there is a troponin leak and an abnormal 2D-TTE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> In our cohort, this was represented by a higher rate of patients in need of inotropic or vasoactive drugs, as well as in higher doses.</p>
        <p>2D-TTE abnormalities were found in 30.3% of our population. The most common findings were mild pericardial effusion and mild mitral/tricuspid regurgitation. Only two patients presented LV systolic dysfunction, who fully recovered upon hospital discharge. The 2D-TTE abnormalities found in our study were mostly transitory and followed by a normalization of cTnI, revealing the dynamic course of the disease and, possibly, a healing process.</p>
        <p>The two patients with LV systolic dysfunction represented only 16.7% of the patients who needed inotropes or vasopressors in our cohort, suggesting a major vasoplegic or inflammatory nature of this disease, as opposed to a state of low cardiac output syndrome. One of these patients with LV systolic dysfunction had the highest peak of cTnI in our cohort. Concerning LV systolic function, different findings have been described elsewhere: Grimaud and Ramcharam found a fall in LV ejection fraction in more than 80% of their MIS-C patients admitted to their PICUs presenting a shock.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> These differences might be related to local policies of ICU admission; different timing of diagnosis; different patient characteristics (demographics, presence of comorbidities); different patient genetic backgrounds with different interactions with SARS-COV2 causing distinct immune responses; different virus strains causing varying degrees of cardiovascular compromise; and different study methodologies (timing of imaging assessment, choice of method to assess cardiac function, etc.).</p>
        <p>Raised cTnI was found in approximately 80% of the MIS-C patients and approximately 20% of the SARS patients; however, a raised cTnI was neither associated with LV systolic dysfunction, nor with circulatory shock. Five of the seven patients (71.4%) with raised cTnI in the MIS-C subgroup had some 2D-TTE abnormality, while in the subgroup with SARS, this rate was 20% (1/5). It is important to note that, in our study population, a normal cTnI assay upon admission had a very high negative predictive value, suggesting that this assay could be used to rule-out cardiac injury, avoiding unnecessary cardiovascular imaging in selected patients. While the number of patients with elevated cTnI is small, it still seems that there is a potential benefit of the cTnI assay as a screening test for 2D-TTE abnormalities. Furthermore, it was found that cTnI elevation and abnormal findings in 2D-TTE were transitory, behaving clinically as a usual non-fulminant acute myocarditis. In this context, timing for diagnosis is crucial, although the clinical impact of this diagnosis remains unknown. As for typical myocarditis, the incidence of chronic cardiomyopathy in the future of these children is unknown.</p>
        <p>None of our patients presented coronary abnormalities, which is in agreement with findings from Grimaud et al, in France.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Other studies also found a low rate of coronary abnormalities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Other imaging findings of COVID-19 in children have also been described. In the study by Ramcharan et al., 67% of the patients presented transient valve regurgitation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In the study by Grimaud et al., 65% of the patients presented non-trivial mitral or tricuspid regurgitation, and pericardial effusion was observed in 40% of their population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Non-trivial mitral or tricuspid regurgitation was found in 15% of our cohort, the same rate of pericardial effusion, with no difference between SARS and MIS-C.</p>
        <p>Some cohorts have also reported changes in the heart rhythm in patients with systemic manifestations of SARS-CoV2 infection. In a New York cohort, with 393 patients, it was observed that 17.7% of patients hospitalized with SARS-COV2 and under mechanical ventilation, had atrial arrhythmias, versus 1.9% of those who did not need mechanical ventilation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> In another cohort in China, with 187 patients, it was observed that 5.9% of the patients had tachyarrhythmias while they were hospitalized.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> The only case of arrhythmia seen in our study was in a child in post Senning operation status, a situation where atrial arrhythmias are known as a late complication of the surgery. In this case, it is unclear if the arrhythmia was triggered by COVID-19. This patient presented a worsening in his RV systolic function, with a normal cTnI.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>This study was designed in May, almost simultaneously with the announcement of the MIS-C phenotype of COVID-19. Therefore, we did not have enough information about MIS-C at that moment, and the design of the study did not include the assessment of inflammatory or coagulopathy markers, although some patients had done this type of blood work. The clinical haemodynamics (blood pressure, capillary refill time, heart rate, blood lactate) of the patients was not reviewed and the use of vasoactive or inotropic drugs was performed at the discretion of the assistant physicians. The present study opted to use the VIS score to represent the severity of the cardiovascular compromise in a standard fashion. Parameters of myocardial deformation were not evaluated, and we recognize that changes in strain may be present before the drop in the ejection fraction.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The prevalence of signs of myocardial injury in COVID-19 infected children in need of intensive care was high (50%), and this was not exclusive of MIS-C patients. MIS-C patients with both elevated cardiac troponin I and abnormal findings in the 2D-TTE very often present signs of shock. Markers of cardiac injury were transitory and early outcomes, in general, were favorable. Finally, considering the high number of infected patients recently admitted to PICUs around the world and that health resources may be limited, performing a cTnI assay might help healthcare providers to discriminate those patients with a more urgent need for 2D-TTE.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>We would like to thank the team of the Translational Research Laboratory of our institution for the molecular diagnosis of COVID patients in a timely manner.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
