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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">M6zrHRw5TZj4nZq4BV5jykL</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000500935</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220225</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220225</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Como a Presen&#231;a de Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares pode Impactar na Morbimortalidade em Pacientes com COVID-19?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3777-1947</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Soeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre de Matos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Alexandre de Matos So <bold>eiro</bold> &#8226; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-900, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>alexandre.soeiro@bol.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>935</fpage>
      <lpage>936</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Covid-19</kwd>
        <kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Cardiopulmonar/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade Hospitalar/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Troponina/efeitos adversos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="6"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Desde o in&#237;cio da pandemia, a doen&#231;a causada pelo v&#237;rus SARS-CoV-2 denominada COVID-19, mostrou-se como uma afec&#231;&#227;o de espectro amplo e imprevis&#237;vel, com pacientes apresentando-se praticamente assintom&#225;ticos, enquanto outros cursavam com comprometimento pulmonar grave, sendo essa a maior causa de morbidade e mortalidade agregada &#224; doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>J&#225; em momentos iniciais, a COVID-19 mostrou ter uma liga&#231;&#227;o com o sistema cardiovascular ampla e potencialmente alarmante. Os receptores da enzima conversora de angiotensina-2 mostraram ter uma interface direta com a patog&#234;nese viral, podendo ser a porta de entrada celular do mesmo nos pneum&#243;citos tipo 2, macr&#243;fagos e cardiomi&#243;citos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Sendo assim, pacientes com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares mostraram-se mais suscept&#237;veis &#224;s formas graves da doen&#231;a. Hipertens&#227;o, arritmias, miocardiopatias e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana estavam entre as principais comorbidades presentes em pacientes cr&#237;ticos com COVID-19. Pacientes com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (particularmente aqueles hipertensos) apresentam taxa de morbidade de at&#233; 10,5% ap&#243;s a infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No presente estudo, podemos observar uma rela&#231;&#227;o semelhante. Ficou n&#237;tido nessa casu&#237;stica brasileira como a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica e fatores de risco tradicionais isoladamente ou em conjunto foram capazes de impactar em mortalidade e progn&#243;stico. Apesar do estudo apresentar uma casu&#237;stica limitada, ele inclui somente pacientes de alto risco com &#237;ndice de desfechos elevado, permitindo avaliar resultados de maneira consistente e seguindo exatamente a mesma linha da literatura internacional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Da mesma forma, a inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica mostrou-se um potencial marcador de mortalidade na COVID-19. Mesmo ap&#243;s mais de dois anos da doen&#231;a, os mecanismos propostos de les&#227;o cardiovascular ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o completamente estabelecidos, mas sugere-se que seriam dano direto aos cardiomi&#243;citos, inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, fibrose intersticial do mioc&#225;rdio, resposta imune mediada ao interferon, resposta exagerada de citocinas por c&#233;lulas T, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, al&#233;m de desestabiliza&#231;&#227;o da placa coron&#225;ria e hip&#243;xia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Eleva&#231;&#245;es de troponina mostraram-se significativamente relacionadas &#224; maior mortalidade e arritmias card&#237;acas. O aumento do marcador ocorre mais frequentemente em pessoas com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares cr&#244;nicas do que em indiv&#237;duos previamente saud&#225;veis. O aumento da atividade protromb&#243;tica, inflamat&#243;ria e a hip&#243;xia, contribuem para a ocorr&#234;ncia da inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica. No entanto, presen&#231;a de miocardite, cardiomiopatia induzida por estresse, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda e les&#227;o direta do cardiomi&#243;cito tamb&#233;m contribuem para sua ocorr&#234;ncia. At&#233; mesmo condi&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o diretamente relacionadas ao cora&#231;&#227;o, mas comuns na COVID-19, levam ao aumento da troponina como embolia pulmonar, sepse e estado cr&#237;tico do paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m no estudo apresentado, a inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica talvez seja o principal marcador progn&#243;stico e o achado mais relevante nessa casu&#237;stica. Observando os resultados, &#233; poss&#237;vel constatar como a troponina impactou de maneira significativa e independente em mortalidade, mais do que qualquer outro escore, comorbidade ou fator de risco. Dessa forma, ela apresentou-se como o principal marcador progn&#243;stico de maneira independente, predizendo inclusive elevada mortalidade em pacientes sem doen&#231;as cardiovasculares pr&#233;vias ou fatores de risco acumulados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em pacientes que necessitam de interna&#231;&#227;o em unidades de terapia intensiva, a COVID-19 mostrou que a ocorr&#234;ncia de manifesta&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares &#233; ainda maior. Arritmias card&#237;acas foram observadas em 16,7% dos pacientes internados, sendo presente em 7% dos pacientes que n&#227;o necessitaram observa&#231;&#227;o em terapia intensiva e 44% naqueles internados na UTI. Disfun&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas, inflama&#231;&#227;o, ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico seriam os principais fatores predisponentes das altera&#231;&#245;es de ritmo card&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Tais achados s&#227;o condizentes com o estudo apresentado, no qual a mortalidade dos pacientes considerados cr&#237;ticos chegou a 24% e o desfecho combinado de morte, ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica em 38% da popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Sendo assim, hoje temos um entendimento melhor do COVID-19 e suas manifesta&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares. Fica claro o quanto a presen&#231;a de comorbidades cardiovasculares e as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cardiol&#243;gicas do COVID podem agravar o progn&#243;stico, principalmente em pacientes cr&#237;ticos. A troponina se fixa cada vez mais como um dos maiores marcadores independentes de progn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a. Diversas lacunas sobre a fisiopatologia e o tratamento ainda permanecem sem esclarecimento, sendo alvos de futuros estudos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Impacto do Alto Risco Cardiovascular na Mortalidade Hospitalar em Pacientes Internados em Terapia Intensiva por COVID-19</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>How Can the Presence of Cardiovascular Diseases Impact Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with COVID-19?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3777-1947</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Soeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre de Matos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Alexandre de Matos Soeiro &#8226; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-900, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: alexandre.soeiro@bol.com.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Covid-19</kwd>
        <kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Heart Disease/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospital Mortality/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Troponin/adverse effects</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Since the pandemic&#8217;s beginning, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, called COVID-19, has shown itself to be a wide-spectrum and unpredictable condition, with patients being practically asymptomatic. In contrast, others had severe pulmonary involvement, the major cause of morbidity and mortality associated with the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>At an early stage, COVID-19 was shown to have a broad and potentially alarming link to the cardiovascular system. Angiotensin-2-converting enzyme receptors have been shown to directly interface with viral pathogenesis and maybe the cellular gateway for type 2 pneumocytes, macrophages and cardiomyocytes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Thus, patients with cardiovascular diseases were more susceptible to severe forms of the disease. Hypertension, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathies and coronary artery disease were among the main comorbidities in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Patients with cardiovascular diseases (particularly those with hypertension) have a morbidity rate of up to 10.5% after infection with COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In the present study, we can observe a similar relationship. It was clear in this Brazilian series how the presence of atherosclerotic disease and traditional risk factors alone or together were capable of impacting mortality and prognosis. Although the study has a limited series, it includes only high-risk patients with a high rate of outcomes, allowing the evaluation of results to be consistent and following exactly the same line as the international literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Likewise, the myocardial injury proved to be a potential marker of mortality in COVID-19. Even after more than two years of illness, the proposed mechanisms of cardiovascular injury are not yet fully established. However, it is suggested that they would be direct damage to cardiomyocytes, systemic inflammation, myocardial interstitial fibrosis, interferon-mediated immune response, exaggerated</p>
      <p>cytokine response by T cells, endothelial dysfunction, in addition to coronary plaque destabilization and hypoxia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Troponin elevations were significantly related to increased mortality and cardiac arrhythmias. Marker enhancement occurs more often in people with chronic cardiovascular disease than previously healthy individuals. The increase in prothrombotic and inflammatory activity and hypoxia contribute to myocardial injury. However, myocarditis, stress-induced cardiomyopathy, acute heart failure, and direct cardiomyocyte injury also contribute to its occurrence. Even conditions not directly related to the heart but common in COVID-19, such as pulmonary embolism, sepsis, and critical condition of the patient, lead to increased troponin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Also, in the study presented, the myocardial injury may be the main prognostic marker and the most relevant finding in this series. Looking at the results, it is possible to see how troponin significantly and independently impacted mortality more than any other score, comorbidity or risk factor. Thus, it presented itself as the main prognostic marker independently, even predicting high mortality in patients without previous cardiovascular diseases or accumulated risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In patients who require admission to intensive care units, COVID-19 has shown that the occurrence of cardiovascular manifestations is even greater. Cardiac arrhythmias were observed in 16.7% of hospitalized patients, 7% of patients who did not require observation in intensive care and 44% of those admitted to the ICU. Metabolic dysfunctions, inflammation, and activation of the sympathetic nervous system would be the main predisposing factors for changes in heart rhythm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Such findings are consistent with the study presented, in which the mortality of patients considered critical reached 24%, and the combined outcome of death, mechanical ventilation and myocardial injury in 38% of the population evaluated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>We now have a better understanding of COVID-19 and its cardiovascular manifestations. It is clear how much cardiovascular comorbidities and the cardiological manifestations of COVID can worsen the prognosis, especially in critically ill patients. Troponin is increasingly established as one of the major independent prognostic markers of the disease. Several gaps in pathophysiology and treatment remain unclarified, being targets of future clinical studies.</p>
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            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Impact of High Cardiovascular Risk on Hospital Mortality in Intensive Care Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19</italic>
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