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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">cjBKkps9qT3X7bxwcs8Y8nb</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000500927</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210349</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210349</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impacto do Alto Risco Cardiovascular na Mortalidade Hospitalar em Pacientes Internados em Terapia Intensiva por COVID-19</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7443-7270</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Ferraz de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4598-5512</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Petriz</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Luiz Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Menezes</surname>
            <given-names>Iliana Regina Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Anny de Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6799-7111</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Moreira Bastos da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Valdilene Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Peres</surname>
            <given-names>Leticia de Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>David Fernandes Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7668-4224</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dutra</surname>
            <given-names>Giovanni Possamai</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paula</surname>
            <given-names>Suzanna Andressa Morais de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>B&#225;rbara Ferreira da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carmo</surname>
            <given-names>Plinio Resende do</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Basilio de Bragan&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Barra D&#8217;Or Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Barra D&#8217;Or Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; ICES Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Bruno Ferraz de Oliveira Gomes &#8226; Hospital Barra D&#8217;Or - Rede D&#8217;Or S&#227;o Luiz - Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Ayrton Senna, 3079. CEP 22775-002, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>drbrunoferraz@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Gomes BFO, Petriz JLF, Carmo Junior PR, Pereira BB, Oliveira GMM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Gomes BFO, Menezes IRR, Azevedo AS, Silva TMB, Silva VL, Peres LS, Pereira DFP, Dutra GP, Paula SAM, Mendes BFS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Gomes BFO, Petriz JLF, Dutra GP, Carmo Junior PR, Pereira BB, Oliveira GMM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Gomes BFO, Pereira BB, Oliveira GMM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Gomes BFO, Petriz JLF, Menezes IRR, Azevedo AS, Silva TMB, Silva VL, Peres LS, Pereira DFP, Dutra GP, Paula SAM, Mendes BFS, Carmo Junior PR, Pereira BB, Oliveira GMM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>927</fpage>
      <lpage>934</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Alguns estudos demonstraram uma maior preval&#234;ncia de &#243;bitos em portadores de fatores de risco cardiovascular (FRC) durante interna&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar o impacto do alto risco cardiovascular em pacientes internados em terapia intensiva por COVID-19</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo retrospectivo com pacientes admitidos em terapia intensiva, com diagn&#243;stico confirmado de COVID-19 por RT-PCR e com pelo menos uma dosagem de troponina durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. Os crit&#233;rios para defini&#231;&#227;o de paciente de alto risco cardiovascular (ARC) foram: hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a cardiovascular estabelecida (infarto, AVC ou doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica), diabetes, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica com clearance &lt; 60ml/min ou presen&#231;a de 3 FRC (hipertens&#227;o, tabagismo, dislipidemia ou idade &gt; 65 anos). O desfecho prim&#225;rio deste estudo &#233; mortalidade hospitalar por todas as causas. P&lt;0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos 236 pacientes, m&#233;dia de idade= 61,14&#177;16,2 anos, com 63,1% homens, 55,5% hipertensos e 33,1% diab&#233;ticos. Um total de 47,4% dos pacientes apresentavam ARC. Observou-se um aumento significativo da mortalidade conforme aumento do n&#250;mero de fatores de risco (0 FRC: 5,9%; 1 FRC: 17,5%; 2 FRC: 32,2% e &#8805;3 FRC: 41,2%; p=0,001). Na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica ajustada para gravidade (escore SAPS3), o grupo de alto risco cardiovascular e troponina elevada apresentou maior ocorr&#234;ncia de mortalidade hospitalar (OR 40,38; IC95% 11,78-138,39). Pacientes sem alto risco cardiovascular, mas com troponina elevada, tamb&#233;m exibiram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com o desfecho prim&#225;rio (OR 16,7; IC95% 4,45-62,74).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Em pacientes internados em terapia intensiva por COVID-19, a presen&#231;a de alto risco cardiovascular afeta a mortalidade hospitalar somente em pacientes que apresentaram eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia Intensiva</kwd>
        <kwd>Troponina Ultrassens&#237;vel</kwd>
        <kwd>Les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Risco Cardiovascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Pacientes Internados</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Desde dezembro de 2019, observamos um crescimento expressivo do n&#250;mero de casos da doen&#231;a causada pelo novo coronav&#237;rus (COVID-19) que motivou a declara&#231;&#227;o de pandemia em mar&#231;o de 2020. At&#233; o presente momento, mais de 100 milh&#245;es de pessoas j&#225; foram infectadas, provocando mais de 2 milh&#245;es de mortes em todo o mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos iniciais que avaliaram pacientes internados por COVID-19 identificaram maior vulnerabilidade dos pacientes portadores de fatores de risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, a eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina, que se mostrou marcador independente de morte, &#233; mais prevalente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Em pacientes admitidos em unidade de terapia intensiva, essa mortalidade &#233; ainda maior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Por outro lado, a maioria dos estudos publicados sobre essa tem&#225;tica foram realizados em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, onde encontramos uma maior preval&#234;ncia desses fatores de risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Dessa forma, dados sobre o desfecho desses pacientes em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento s&#227;o necess&#225;rios.</p>
      <p>O objetivo deste estudo &#233; avaliar a mortalidade hospitalar em pacientes internados em terapia intensiva por COVID-19 conforme o risco cardiovascular.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo</title>
        <p>Estudo retrospectivo em que foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes admitidos em unidade de terapia intensiva de hospital terci&#225;rio, com quadro cl&#237;nico compat&#237;vel de COVID-19 e confirma&#231;&#227;o sorol&#243;gica por meio de RT-PCR, e com pelo menos uma dosagem de troponina durante a interna&#231;&#227;o (amostra de conveni&#234;ncia). O per&#237;odo de estudo foi de mar&#231;o/2020 a maio/2020. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes portadores de dem&#234;ncia, doen&#231;as avan&#231;adas/terminais, pacientes em tratamento paliativo e com perman&#234;ncia hospitalar inferior a 2 dias.</p>
        <p>Os dados foram obtidos por meio de consulta a prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico, em que todas as evolu&#231;&#245;es foram checadas em busca das informa&#231;&#245;es pertinentes. Os dados coletados foram: idade, g&#234;nero, troponina de admiss&#227;o e pico, d-d&#237;mero de admiss&#227;o e pico, obesidade (IMC &#8805; 30kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via (relato de quadro cl&#237;nico compat&#237;vel, ecocardiograma com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de reduzida, ou uso de medicamentos para tratamento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca), insufici&#234;ncia renal (clearance de creatinina &lt; 60ml/min), infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) pr&#233;vio, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVC) pr&#233;vio, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, tabagismo e dislipidemia.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios para defini&#231;&#227;o de paciente de alto risco cardiovascular (ARC) foram: hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a cardiovascular estabelecida (infarto, AVC ou doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica), diabetes, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica com clearance &lt; 60ml/min ou presen&#231;a de 3 fatores de risco (hipertens&#227;o, tabagismo, dislipidemia ou idade &gt; 65 anos).</p>
        <p>O kit de troponina utilizado &#233; comercializado pela VITROS&#174; Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, com ponto de corte de 9ng/L (percentil 99). Acima desse valor, considera-se que troponina est&#225; elevada.</p>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio deste estudo &#233; mortalidade hospitalar por todas as causas enquanto o desfecho secund&#225;rio deste estudo &#233; composto por morte hospitalar, ocorr&#234;ncia de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica e necessidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas por m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o (quando houve distribui&#231;&#227;o normal) ou mediana e intervalo interquartil (quando n&#227;o houve distribui&#231;&#227;o normal). O teste de normalidade utilizado foi o Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em percentual. As vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais foram comparadas conforme desfecho prim&#225;rio e secund&#225;rio em an&#225;lise univariada por meio do teste de qui-quadrado (vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas) e teste t de Student n&#227;o-pareado ou teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico Mann-Whitney (vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas). Os desfechos tamb&#233;m foram avaliados conforme o n&#250;mero de fatores de risco cardiovascular e em 4 subgrupos: (ARC com troponina elevada, ARC com troponina normal, n&#227;o-ARC com troponina elevada e n&#227;o-ARC com troponina normal). Esses subgrupos tamb&#233;m foram avaliados por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica binomial ajustada para gravidade (escore SAPS3) para o desfecho prim&#225;rio. Por fim, todas vari&#225;veis estudadas foram inclu&#237;das na &#225;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> um m&#233;todo de aprendizado de m&#225;quina, visando identificar vari&#225;veis preditivas do desfecho prim&#225;rio. P&lt;0,05 foi considerado significativo. Para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, foi utilizado o programa SPSS vers&#227;o 26.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica do Instituto D&#8217;Or de Ensino e Pesquisa e est&#225; registrado na plataforma Brasil sob o n&#250;mero 33206620.0.0000.5249. Por ser um estudo retrospectivo, o termo de consentimento informado foi dispensado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>O fluxo de inclus&#227;o dos pacientes no estudo est&#225; exposto na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">figura 1</xref> . Ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o de 271 admiss&#245;es, foram inclu&#237;dos 236 pacientes para an&#225;lise.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxo de inclus&#227;o de pacientes no estudo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0927-10349-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas dessa popula&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o expostas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas da amostra estudada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th>N=236</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos) - m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">61,14 &#177; 16,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade &#8805; 65 anos (%)</td>
                <td align="center">45,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                <td align="center">63,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade (%)</td>
                <td align="center">20,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IC pr&#233;via (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DRC (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">55,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes (%)</td>
                <td align="center">33,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAM pr&#233;vio (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVE pr&#233;vio (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de vasopressores (%)</td>
                <td align="center">25,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Terapia de substitui&#231;&#227;o renal (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina (%)</td>
                <td align="center">29,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SAPS3 &#8211; mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">42,0 (34,5 &#8211; 50,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o (dias) &#8211; mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (4 - 14)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Desfecho prim&#225;rio (%)</td>
                <td align="center">24,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Desfecho secund&#225;rio (%)</td>
                <td align="center">38,6</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; IIQ: intervalo interquartil.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Foi observada alta preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial (55,5%) e diabetes (33,1%). Os demais fatores de risco foram menos prevalentes. Na an&#225;lise da mortalidade conforme o n&#250;mero de fatores de risco, encontramos maior ocorr&#234;ncia do desfecho prim&#225;rio e secund&#225;rio em pacientes com mais fatores de risco cardiovascular ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">figura 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Evolu&#231;&#227;o do desfecho prim&#225;rio e secund&#225;rio conforme o n&#250;mero de fatores de risco, realizada pelo teste qui-quadrado.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0927-10349-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref> , est&#225; exposta a an&#225;lise univariada das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e fatores de risco conforme ocorr&#234;ncia de desfecho prim&#225;rio.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise univariada das caracter&#237;sticas conforme desfecho prim&#225;rio</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="2">Desfecho prim&#225;rio</th>
                <th rowspan="3">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Sim (n=57)</th>
                <th>N&#227;o (n=179)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos) - m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">71,3&#177;13,5</td>
                <td align="center">59,2&#177;15,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade &#8805; 65 anos (%)</td>
                <td align="center">75,4</td>
                <td align="center">35,8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade (%)</td>
                <td align="center">28,1</td>
                <td align="center">17,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,072</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IC pr&#233;via (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10,5</td>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DRC (%)</td>
                <td align="center">12,3</td>
                <td align="center">2,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">68,4</td>
                <td align="center">51,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes (%)</td>
                <td align="center">49,1</td>
                <td align="center">27,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAM pr&#233;vio (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7,0</td>
                <td align="center">5,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,450</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10,5</td>
                <td align="center">8,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,396</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVE pr&#233;vio (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,022</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7,0</td>
                <td align="center">3,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,260</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15,8</td>
                <td align="center">12,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,357</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ventila&#231;&#227;o Mec&#226;nica (%)</td>
                <td align="center">87,0</td>
                <td align="center">12,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de vasopressores (%)</td>
                <td align="center">70,4</td>
                <td align="center">10,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TRS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">35,2</td>
                <td align="center">2,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina (%)</td>
                <td align="center">80,7</td>
                <td align="center">13,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pico de troponina (ng/L) - mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (13-276)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (4 &#8211; 10)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pico de D-d&#237;mero (ng/mL) - mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">7.857 (4.124-24.121)</td>
                <td align="center">1.327 (754-3.087)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SAPS3 - mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (44 - 61)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (34 - 46)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Risco Cardiovascular alto (%)</td>
                <td align="center">70,2</td>
                <td align="center">40,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais conforme o desfecho prim&#225;rio (morte hospitalar). DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; TRS: terapia de substitui&#231;&#227;o renal; IIQ: intervalo interquartil.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise univariada, diversas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas estiveram associadas significativamente &#224; maior preval&#234;ncia do desfecho prim&#225;rio. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref> exp&#245;e a an&#225;lise univariada relacionada ao desfecho secund&#225;rio.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise univariada das caracter&#237;sticas conforme desfecho secund&#225;rio</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="2">Desfecho secund&#225;rio</th>
                <th rowspan="3">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Sim (n=86)</th>
                <th>N&#227;o (n=138)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos) - m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">69,0&#177;15,5</td>
                <td align="center">57,8&#177;15,1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade &#8805; 65 anos (%)</td>
                <td align="center">67,0</td>
                <td align="center">31,7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade (%)</td>
                <td align="center">23,1</td>
                <td align="center">18,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,253</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IC pr&#233;via (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7,7</td>
                <td align="center">2,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,041</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DRC (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9,9</td>
                <td align="center">2,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">69,2</td>
                <td align="center">46,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes (%)</td>
                <td align="center">40,7</td>
                <td align="center">28,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,034</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAM pr&#233;vio (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8,8</td>
                <td align="center">4,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,118</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (%)</td>
                <td align="center">12,1</td>
                <td align="center">6,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,130</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,080</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVE pr&#233;vio (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,039</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5,5</td>
                <td align="center">4,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,427</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">14,3</td>
                <td align="center">13,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,471</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de vasopressores (%)</td>
                <td align="center">62,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TRS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">27,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pico de D-d&#237;mero (ng/mL) - mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">6.118 (3.365-18.433)</td>
                <td align="center">1.030 (613-1.880)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SAPS3 - mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (29-43)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (43-60)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Risco cardiovascular alto (%)</td>
                <td align="center">62,6</td>
                <td align="center">37,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais conforme o desfecho secund&#225;rio (composto por morte hospitalar, inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica e necessidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica). DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; TRS: terapia de substitui&#231;&#227;o renal; IIQ: intervalo interquartil.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Semelhantemente ao desfecho prim&#225;rio, diversas caracter&#237;sticas exibiram associa&#231;&#227;o com o desfecho secund&#225;rio. Na an&#225;lise conforme grupo de risco (ARC com troponina elevada, ARC com troponina normal, n&#227;o-ARC com troponina elevada e n&#227;o-ARC com troponina normal), observamos que o grupo de ARC com troponina positiva apresentou maior mortalidade (57,9%), significativamente superior aos grupos com troponina normal, mas sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo n&#227;o-ARC com troponina positiva ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Ocorr&#234;ncia do desfecho prim&#225;rio nos subgrupos determinados conforme risco cardiovascular e eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina. Compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos realizada com o teste de qui-quadrado. ARC: alto risco cardiovascular.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0927-10349-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica ajustada para gravidade (escore SAPS3), o grupo de pacientes com ARC e troponina positiva apresentou o maior risco de mortalidade, seguido do grupo n&#227;o-ARC com troponina positiva ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> )</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica binomial para o desfecho prim&#225;rio.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>OR</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>n&#227;o-ARC com troponina normal</td>
                <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>n&#227;o-ARC com troponina elevada</td>
                <td align="center">16,70</td>
                <td align="center">4,45-62,74</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ARC com troponina normal</td>
                <td align="center">2,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,56-7,56</td>
                <td align="center">0,2745</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ARC com troponina elevada</td>
                <td align="center">40,38</td>
                <td align="center">11,78-138,39</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SAPS3</td>
                <td align="center">1,05</td>
                <td align="center">1,02-1,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,0023</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>ARC: alto risco cardiovascular.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Na &#225;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o, para o desfecho prim&#225;rio, encontramos a troponina positiva como primeira caracter&#237;stica classificadora, seguida de hipertens&#227;o arterial. Esse modelo de classifica&#231;&#227;o apresentou acur&#225;cia de 85,2% ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; &#193;rvore de Classifica&#231;&#227;o para o desfecho prim&#225;rio.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0927-10349-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo avaliou o impacto do alto risco cardiovascular em pacientes internados em terapia intensiva por COVID-19. Essa abordagem permitiu a inclus&#227;o de pacientes com perfil de gravidade mais elevado e maior preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovasculares. Nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, mais da metade dos pacientes eram portadores de hipertens&#227;o arterial, e um ter&#231;o, de diabetes. Ressalta-se tamb&#233;m a elevada propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com idade superior a 65 anos (45,3%). O principal achado deste estudo foi a observa&#231;&#227;o que pacientes de alto risco cardiovascular apresentaram mortalidade significativamente maior somente quando associado &#224; troponina elevada.</p>
      <p>A maioria dos estudos publicados avaliaram somente o impacto dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares na mortalidade por COVID-19, gerando resultados conflitantes. Di Castelnuovo et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> estudaram quase 4000 pacientes em um estudo multic&#234;ntrico italiano, utilizando t&#233;cnicas de an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica baseadas em aprendizado de m&#225;quina. Esse estudo incluiu pacientes mais idosos (54,8% acima de 65 anos), por&#233;m com preval&#234;ncia similar de hipertens&#227;o arterial (48,8%) e menor preval&#234;ncia de diabetes (19%). Os principais preditores de morte hospitalar foram disfun&#231;&#227;o renal, n&#237;veis elevados de PCR e idade avan&#231;ada. N&#227;o foi encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o com obesidade, tabagismo, doen&#231;a cardiovascular e comorbidades relacionadas.</p>
      <p>Collard et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> analisaram dados de oito hospitais participantes da coorte CovidPredict na Alemanha.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Para an&#225;lise dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares, eles avaliaram o uso de anti-hipertensivos, antidiab&#233;ticos e hipolipemiantes. O estudo incluiu 1604 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 66 anos, sendo 46% hipertensos e 25,7% diab&#233;ticos. Foi observado que pacientes com mais de um fator de risco cardiovascular apresentaram mortalidade em 3 semanas 52% superior, independentemente de g&#234;nero e idade. Al&#233;m disso, o uso de dois ou mais anti-hipertensivos, ou antidiab&#233;ticos, ou um hipolipemiante esteve associado ao pior progn&#243;stico em pacientes com COVID-19. Nosso estudo encontrou resultado semelhante, demonstrando aumento progressivo na mortalidade hospitalar conforme o aumento do n&#250;mero de fatores de risco.</p>
      <p>Silverio et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> realizaram uma meta-an&#225;lise que incluiu 18300 pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Na an&#225;lise univariada, foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o de morte hospitalar com idade, diabetes e hipertens&#227;o. No entanto, na regress&#227;o multivariada, apenas diabetes e idade mais avan&#231;ada foram associadas a morte hospitalar.</p>
      <p>Apenas um trabalho utilizou estrat&#233;gia de an&#225;lise de dados similar ao presente estudo. Guo et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> analisaram 187 pacientes em Wuhan (origem da pandemia), como objetivo de avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a cardiovascular subjacente e inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica com desfechos fatais em pacientes com COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Essa popula&#231;&#227;o era mais jovem (idade m&#233;dia=58,5 anos), com menor preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o (32,6%) e diabetes (15,0%). Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica desse artigo, n&#227;o foram avaliados os dados relacionados ao risco cardiovascular, mas quanto &#224; doen&#231;a cardiovascular estabelecida, definida pela presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e cardiomiopatia. Os pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular estabelecida e troponina elevada apresentaram mortalidade de 69,44%, enquanto os pacientes sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular, mas com troponina elevada apresentaram mortalidade de 37,5%. Esses resultados s&#227;o semelhantes aos descritos por este artigo, apesar de terem sido utilizados um crit&#233;rio de classifica&#231;&#227;o e t&#233;cnicas estat&#237;sticas diferentes.</p>
      <p>Dessa forma, observamos que nenhum estudo publicado at&#233; o momento teve como objetivo o estudo do paciente caracterizado como alto risco cardiovascular, que representou 47,4% desta amostra. A troponina, marcador de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica, demonstrou sua import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica em estudos pr&#233;vios,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> e neste estudo, na &#225;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o, foi o primeiro marcador progn&#243;stico de mortalidade hospitalar. No subgrupo de pacientes que n&#227;o apresentou inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica, a presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o arterial foi a comorbidade significativamente associada &#224; morte hospitalar.</p>
      <p>Na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, foi utilizado o escore SAPS3, um escore de gravidade em terapia intensiva realizado &#224; admiss&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> para ajustar potenciais confundidores na an&#225;lise dos subgrupos conforme risco cardiovascular e eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina. Ap&#243;s ajuste, observou-se que pacientes com alto risco cardiovascular e troponina elevada apresentaram risco 40 vezes superior de morte hospitalar em rela&#231;&#227;o ao paciente sem alto risco e troponina normal, independentemente da gravidade apresentada &#224; admiss&#227;o. Em pacientes com troponina elevada, por&#233;m sem alto risco cardiovascular, foi observado elevado risco de mortalidade (OR 16,70; IC95% 4,45-62,74), por&#233;m com menor magnitude em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes de alto risco cardiovascular e inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica. Em contrapartida, nos pacientes sem inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica, o alto risco cardiovascular n&#227;o implicou significativamente em morte hospitalar.</p>
      <p>Este estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es que s&#227;o inerentes a um estudo retrospectivo. Todos os dados foram avaliados pela verifica&#231;&#227;o de prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico, n&#227;o sendo poss&#237;vel a confirma&#231;&#227;o de dados, ou perguntas adicionais ao paciente ou familiares. Al&#233;m disso, nem todos os pacientes realizaram ecocardiograma ou dosagem de BNP, informa&#231;&#245;es importantes em um estudo que avalia impacto cardiovascular da COVID-19. Ademais, o n&#250;mero reduzido de pacientes no estudo limita a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e as conclus&#245;es a partir desses resultados.</p>
      <p>Apesar das limita&#231;&#245;es, este &#233; o primeiro estudo que analisa especificamente a popula&#231;&#227;o de alto risco cardiovascular em pacientes admitidos em unidade de terapia intensiva por COVID-19.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Em pacientes internados em terapia intensiva por COVID19, a presen&#231;a de alto risco cardiovascular tem impacto na mortalidade hospitalar somente em pacientes que apresentaram eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto D&#8217;Or de Ensino e Pesquisa sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 33206620.0.0000.5249. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impact of High Cardiovascular Risk on Hospital Mortality in Intensive Care Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7443-7270</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Ferraz de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4598-5512</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Petriz</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Luiz Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Menezes</surname>
            <given-names>Iliana Regina Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Anny de Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6799-7111</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Moreira Bastos da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Valdilene Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Peres</surname>
            <given-names>Leticia de Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>David Fernandes Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7668-4224</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dutra</surname>
            <given-names>Giovanni Possamai</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paula</surname>
            <given-names>Suzanna Andressa Morais de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>B&#225;rbara Ferreira da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carmo</surname>
            <given-names>Plinio Resende do</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Basilio de Bragan&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Barra D&#8217;Or Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; ICES Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing address: Bruno Ferraz de Oliveira Gomes &#8226; Hospital Barra D&#8217;Or &#8211; Rede D&#8217;Or S&#227;o Luiz &#8211; Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Ayrton Senna, 3079. Postal Code 22775-002, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: drbrunoferraz@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn id="fn1001">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Gomes BFO, Petriz JLF, Carmo Junior PR, Pereira BB, Oliveira GMM; Acquisition of data: Gomes BFO, Menezes IRR, Azevedo AS, Silva TMB, Silva VL, Peres LS, Pereira DFP, Dutra GP, Paula SAM, Mendes BFS; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Gomes BFO, Petriz JLF, Dutra GP, Carmo Junior PR, Pereira BB, Oliveira GMM; Statistical analysis: Gomes BFO, Pereira BB, Oliveira GMM; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Gomes BFO, Petriz JLF, Menezes IRR, Azevedo AS, Silva TMB, Silva VL, Peres LS, Pereira DFP, Dutra GP, Paula SAM, Mendes BFS, Carmo Junior PR, Pereira BB, Oliveira GMM.</p>
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Some studies have shown a higher prevalence of deaths in patients with cardiovascular risk factors (CRF) during hospitalization for COVID-19.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>To assess the impact of high cardiovascular risk in patients hospitalized in intensive care for COVID-19</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Retrospective study with patients admitted to an intensive care unit, with a diagnosis of COVID-19 confirmed by RT-PCR, and with at least one troponin measurement during hospitalization. The criteria for defining high cardiovascular risk (HCR) patients were: history of established cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction, stroke, or peripheral arterial disease), diabetes, chronic kidney disease with clearance &lt; 60ml/min, or presence of 3 CRFs (hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia, or age &gt; 65 years). The primary outcome of this study is all-cause in-hospital mortality. P&lt;0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>This study included 236 patients, mean age = 61.14&#177;16.2 years, with 63.1% men, 55.5% hypertensive, and 33.1% diabetic; 47.4% of the patients also presented HCR. A significant increase in mortality was observed as the number of risk factors increased (0 FRC: 5.9%; 1 FRC: 17.5%; 2 FRC: 32.2% and &#8805;3 FRC: 41.2%; p=0.001). In the logistic regression adjusted for severity (SAPS3 score), the HCR and myocardial injury group had a higher occurrence of in-hospital mortality (OR 40.38; 95% CI 11.78-138.39). Patients without HCR but with myocardial injury also exhibited a significant association with the primary outcome (OR 16.7; 95% CI 4.45-62.74).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>In patients hospitalized in intensive care for COVID-19, HCR impacts in-hospital mortality only in patients with myocardial injury.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Intensive Care</kwd>
        <kwd>Ultrasensitivity Troponin</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Injury</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Risk</kwd>
        <kwd>Inpatients</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Since December 2019, we have observed a significant rise in the number of cases of disease caused by the new coronavirus (COVID-19), which led to the declaration of a pandemic in March 2020. To date, more than 100 million people have been infected, causing more than 2 million deaths worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Initial studies that evaluated patients hospitalized for COVID-19 identified greater vulnerability of patients with cardiovascular risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In this population, myocardial injury documented by troponin increase, which proved to be an independent marker of death, is more prevalent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In patients admitted to the intensive care unit, this mortality is even higher.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>By contrast, most studies published on this topic were carried out in developed countries, where we found a higher prevalence of these risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Therefore, data on the outcome of these patients in developing countries are needed.</p>
        <p>The aim of this study is to assess hospital mortality in intensive care patients hospitalized for COVID-19 according to cardiovascular risk.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>This work was a retrospective study including patients admitted to the intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital for COVID-19, with a serological confirmation by means of RT-PCR and with at least one ultrasensitive troponin measurement during hospitalization (convenience sample). The study period was from March/2020 to May/2020. Patients with dementia, advanced/terminal illnesses, patients undergoing palliative care, and those with a hospital stay of fewer than two days were excluded.</p>
          <p>Data were obtained by consulting hospital electronic medical records. The data collected were: age, gender, admission and peak of ultrasensitive troponin, admission and peak d-dimer, obesity (BMI &#8805; 30kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ), previous heart failure (report of previous signs and symptoms compatible with heart failure or echocardiogram with reduced ejection fraction or use of medications to treat heart failure), renal failure (creatinine clearance &lt; 60ml/min), previous acute myocardial infarction (AMI), previous stroke, peripheral arterial disease, smoking, and dyslipidemia.</p>
          <p>The criteria for defining high cardiovascular risk (HRC) patients were: history of established cardiovascular disease (infarction, stroke, or peripheral arterial disease), diabetes, chronic kidney disease with clearance &lt; 60ml/min, or presence of three risk factors (hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia, or age &gt; 65 years).</p>
          <p>The ultrasensitive troponin kit used in the study was provided by VITROS&#174; Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, with a cutoff point of 9ng/L (99th percentile). Above this value, we considered myocardial injury.</p>
          <p>The primary outcome of this study is all-cause in-hospital mortality, while the secondary outcome is composite of in-hospital mortality, myocardial injury, and need for mechanical ventilation support.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables were presented as mean and standard deviation (when there is a normal distribution) or median and interquartile range (not normally distributed). The normality test used was the Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Categorical variables were displayed as a percentage. Clinical and laboratory variables were compared according to primary and secondary outcomes in univariate analysis using the chi-square test (categorical variables) and unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test or non-parametric Mann-Whitney test (continuous variables). Outcomes were also assessed according to the number of cardiovascular risk factors and were divided into four subgroups: (HCR with myocardial injury, HCR without myocardial injury, non-HCR with myocardial injury, and non-HCR without myocardial injury). These subgroups were also evaluated using binomial logistic regression adjusted by severity (using SAPS3 score) for the primary outcome. Finally, all variables studied were included in the classification tree,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> a machine learning method, aiming to identify predictive variables of the primary outcome. P&lt;0.05 was considered significant. For statistical analysis, the SPSS, version 26, was used.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical aspects</title>
          <p>This study was approved by the ethics committee of Instituto D&#8217;Or de Ensino e Pesquisa and is registered on the Brasil platform under number 33206620.00.0000.5249. As it is a retrospective study, the informed consent form was waived by the ethics committee.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The flow chart of the inclusion of patients in the study is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> . After evaluating 271 admissions, 236 patients were included for analysis.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Flow chart of inclusion of patients in the study.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0927-10349-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The characteristics of this population are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; General characteristics of the studied sample</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>N=236</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years) - mean &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center">61.14 &#177; 16.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age &#8805; 65 years (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">45.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male sex (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">63.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesity (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous HF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CKD (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SAH (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">55.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">33.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous AMI (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous stroke (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tobacco use (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mechanical ventilation (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vasopressor use (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Renal replacement therapy (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Myocardial injury (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SAPS3 &#8211; median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">42.0 (34.5 &#8211; 50.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospitalization duration (days) &#8211; median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (4 - 14)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Primary outcome (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Secondary outcome (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38.6</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>SD: standard deviation; HF: heart failure; CKD: chronic kidney disease; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; PAD: Peripheral Artery Disease; AF: atrial fibrillation; IQR: interquartile range.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>There was a high prevalence of arterial hypertension (55.5%) and diabetes (33.1%). The other risk factors were less prevalent. In the analysis of mortality according to the number of risk factors, we found a higher occurrence of the primary and secondary outcomes in patients with more cardiovascular risk factors ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Evolution of the primary and secondary outcome according to the number of risk factors, performed using the chi-square test.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0927-10349-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> shows the univariate analysis of clinical variables and risk factors according to the occurrence of the primary outcome.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Univariate analysis of characteristics according to the primary outcome</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Primary outcome</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Yes (n=57)</th>
                  <th>No (n=179)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years) - mean &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center">71.3&#177;13.5</td>
                  <td align="center">59.2&#177;15.9</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age &#8805; 65 years (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">75.4</td>
                  <td align="center">35.8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesity (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28.1</td>
                  <td align="center">17.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.072</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous HF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.5</td>
                  <td align="center">2.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.015</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CKD (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.3</td>
                  <td align="center">2.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.010</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SAH (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">68.4</td>
                  <td align="center">51.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.017</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49.1</td>
                  <td align="center">27.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous AMI (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.0</td>
                  <td align="center">5.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.450</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.5</td>
                  <td align="center">8.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.396</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.8</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.010</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous stroke (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.8</td>
                  <td align="center">1.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.022</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tobacco use (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.0</td>
                  <td align="center">3.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.260</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15.8</td>
                  <td align="center">12.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.357</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mechanical ventilation (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">87.0</td>
                  <td align="center">12.4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vasopressor use (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">70.4</td>
                  <td align="center">10.6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Renal replacement therapy (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35.2</td>
                  <td align="center">2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Myocardial injury (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">80.7</td>
                  <td align="center">13.4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Troponin peak (ng/L) - median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (13-276)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (4 &#8211; 10)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>D-dimer peak (ng/mL) - median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">7857 (4124-24121)</td>
                  <td align="center">1327 (754-3087)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SAPS3 - median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (44 - 61)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (34 - 46)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High cardiovascular risk (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">70.2</td>
                  <td align="center">40.2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Comparison of clinical and laboratory characteristics according to the primary outcome (in-hospital death). SD: standard deviation; HF: heart failure; CKD: chronic kidney disease; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; PAD: Peripheral Artery Disease; AF: atrial fibrillation; IQR: interquartile range.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In univariate analysis, several clinical characteristics were significantly associated with a higher prevalence of the primary outcome. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> shows the univariate analysis related to the secondary outcome.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Univariate analysis of characteristics according to secondary outcome</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Secondary outcome</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Yes (n=86)</th>
                  <th>No (n=138)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years) - mean &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">69.0&#177;15.5</td>
                  <td align="center">57.8&#177;15.1</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age &#8805; 65 years (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">67.0</td>
                  <td align="center">31.7</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesity (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23.1</td>
                  <td align="center">18.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.253</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous HF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.7</td>
                  <td align="center">2.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.041</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CKD (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.9</td>
                  <td align="center">2.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.010</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SAH (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">69.2</td>
                  <td align="center">46.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40.7</td>
                  <td align="center">28.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.034</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous AMI (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.8</td>
                  <td align="center">4.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.118</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.1</td>
                  <td align="center">6.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.130</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.5</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.080</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous stroke (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.6</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.039</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tobacco use (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.5</td>
                  <td align="center">4.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.427</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14.3</td>
                  <td align="center">13.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.471</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vasopressor use (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">62.8</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Renal replacement therapy (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>D-dimer peak (ng/mL) - median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">6118 (3365-18433)</td>
                  <td align="center">1030 (613-1880)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SAPS3 - median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (29-43)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (43-60)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High cardiovascular risk (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">62.6</td>
                  <td align="center">37.9</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Comparison of clinical and laboratory characteristics according to secondary outcome (composed of hospital death, myocardial injury, and need for mechanical ventilation). SD: standard deviation; HF: heart failure; CKD: chronic kidney disease; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; PAD: Peripheral Artery Disease; AF: atrial fibrillation; IQR: interquartile range.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Similar to the primary outcome, several characteristics were associated with the secondary outcome. In the analysis by risk group (HCR with myocardial injury, HCR without myocardial injury, non-HCR with myocardial injury, and non-HCR without myocardial injury), it was observed that the HCR with myocardial injury group had a higher mortality (57.9%), significantly higher than the groups without myocardial injury, but with no statistical difference compared to the non-HCR with myocardial injury group ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Occurrence of the primary outcome in the subgroups determined according to cardiovascular risk and troponin elevation. Comparison between groups performed with the chi-square test. HRC: high cardiovascular risk.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0927-10349-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In the logistic regression adjusted for severity (SAPS3 score), the group of patients with HCR and myocardial injury had the highest risk of mortality, followed by the non-HCR group with myocardial injury ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Binomial logistic regression for the primary outcome.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>CI 95%</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>No HCR + no myocardial injury</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No HCR + myocardial injury</td>
                  <td align="center">16.70</td>
                  <td align="center">4.45-62.74</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HCR + no myocardial injury</td>
                  <td align="center">2.06</td>
                  <td align="center">0.56-7.56</td>
                  <td align="center">0.2745</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HCR + myocardial injury</td>
                  <td align="center">40.38</td>
                  <td align="center">11.78-138.39</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SAPS3</td>
                  <td align="center">1.05</td>
                  <td align="center">1.02-1.09</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0023</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>
                  <italic>HRC: high cardiovascular risk.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In the classification tree, for the primary outcome, myocardial injury was found to be the first classifying characteristic, followed by arterial hypertension. This classification model had an accuracy of 85.2% ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Classification tree for the primary outcome.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0927-10349-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study evaluated the impact of high cardiovascular risk in patients admitted to intensive care for COVID-19. This approach allowed for the inclusion of patients with a higher severity profile and a higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. In this population, more than half of the patients had arterial hypertension and a third had diabetes. The high proportion of patients over 65 years of age (45.3%) is also noteworthy. The main finding of this study was the observation that patients with HCR had a significantly higher mortality only when associated with myocardial injury.</p>
        <p>Most published studies only assessed the impact of cardiovascular risk factors on mortality from COVID-19, generating conflicting results. Di Castelnuovo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> studied almost 4000 patients in an Italian multicenter study, using statistical analysis techniques based on machine learning<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> . This study included older patients (54.8% over 65 years), but with a similar prevalence of arterial hypertension (48.8%) and a lower prevalence of diabetes (19%). The main predictors of in-hospital death were renal dysfunction, high CRP levels, and advanced age. No association was found with obesity, smoking, cardiovascular disease, and related comorbidities.</p>
        <p>Collard et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> analyzed data from eight hospitals participating in the CovidPredict cohort in Germany.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> For the analysis of cardiovascular risk factors, they evaluated the use of antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and lipid-lowering drugs. The study included 1,604 patients with a mean age of 66 years; 46% were hypertensive and 25.7% diabetic. It was observed that patients with more than one cardiovascular risk factor had a 52% higher 3-week mortality, regardless of gender and age. Furthermore, the use of two or more antihypertensive or antidiabetic, or lipid-lowering drugs was associated with a worse prognosis in patients with COVID-19. Our study found a similar result, demonstrating a progressive increase in hospital mortality as the number of risk factors increases.</p>
        <p>Silverio et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> performed a meta-analysis that included 18,300 patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In the univariate analysis, an association between in-hospital death and age, diabetes, and hypertension was observed. However, in multivariate regression, only diabetes and older age were associated with hospital death.</p>
        <p>Only one study used a data analysis strategy similar to the present study. Guo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> analyzed 187 patients in Wuhan (origin of the pandemic), aiming to assess the association of underlying cardiovascular disease and myocardial injury with fatal outcomes in patients with COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> This population was younger (mean age=58.5 years), with a lower prevalence of hypertension (32.6%) and diabetes (15.0%). In the statistical analysis of this study, data related to cardiovascular risk were not evaluated, but regarding established cardiovascular disease, which was defined by the presence of hypertension, coronary artery disease and, cardiomyopathy. Patients with established cardiovascular disease and myocardial injury had a mortality of 69.44%, while patients without cardiovascular disease but with myocardial injury had a mortality of 37.5%. These results are similar to those described in this article, although different classification criteria and statistical techniques were used.</p>
        <p>Thus, we observed that no study published so far aimed to study patients characterized as having high cardiovascular risk, which represented 47.4% of this sample. Troponin, a marker of myocardial injury, demonstrated its prognostic importance in previous studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> and, in this study, in the classification tree, it was the first prognostic marker of in-hospital mortality. In the subgroup of patients who did not present myocardial injury, arterial hypertension was the comorbidity significantly associated with in-hospital death.</p>
        <p>In logistic regression, the SAPS3 score, a severity score in intensive care performed on admission,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> was used to adjust for potential confounders in the analysis of subgroups according to cardiovascular risk and myocardial injury. After adjustment, it was observed that patients with high cardiovascular risk and myocardial injury had a 40-fold higher risk of in-hospital death when compared to patients without high risk and normal troponin, regardless of the severity presented upon admission. In patients with myocardial injury, but without high cardiovascular risk, a high risk of mortality was observed (OR 16.70; 95% CI 4.45-62.74), but with a lower magnitude when compared to patients with a high cardiovascular risk and myocardial injury. By contrast, in patients without myocardial injury, the high cardiovascular risk did not significantly impact in-hospital death.</p>
        <p>This study has some limitations that are inherent to a retrospective study. All data were evaluated through the verification of electronic medical records, and it was not possible to confirm data or additional questions to the patient or family members. In addition, not all patients underwent echocardiography or BNP measurements, which are important information in a study that assesses the cardiovascular impact of COVID-19. Furthermore, the small number of patients in the study limits the statistical analysis and conclusions drawn from these results.</p>
        <p>Despite the limitations, this is the first study that specifically analyzes the population at high cardiovascular risk in patients admitted to the intensive care unit for COVID-19.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In patients hospitalized in intensive care for COVID19, the presence of high cardiovascular risk impacts in-hospital mortality only in patients with elevated troponin levels.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto D&#8217;Or de Ensino e Pesquisa under the protocol number 33206620.0.0000.5249. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
