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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">9ZRpQyRyts3DV6CCj5PP9fL</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000500916</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210101</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Par&#226;metros Ecocardiogr&#225;ficos Simples s&#227;o Fortes Preditores de Risco Cardiovascular em Indiv&#237;duos Assintom&#225;ticos: Coorte Elsa-Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3755-3659</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Maria da Concei&#231;&#227;o Chagas de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Sheila Alvim de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Clara Paix&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>C&#226;mara</surname>
            <given-names>Edmundo Jos&#233; Nassri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2914-4406</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Foppa</surname>
            <given-names>Murilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2740-0042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Luiz Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Sandhi Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2161-3696</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aras</surname>
            <given-names>Roque</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto Gon&#231;alo Moniz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz - Instituto Gon&#231;alo Moniz, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Luciana Pereira Fernandes &#8226; Universidade Federal da Bahia &#8211; Ecocardiografia - Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos - Rua Dr. Augusto Viana, S/N. CEP 40301-155, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>lpf@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Fernandes LP, Aras Junior R; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Fernandes LP, Almeida MCC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Fernandes LP, Almeida MCC, Campos ACP, C&#226;mara EN, Foppa M, Aras Junior R; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Fernandes LP, Campos ACP; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Fernandes LP; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Almeida MCC, Matos SA, C&#226;mara EN, Foppa M, Ribeiro AL, Barreto SM, Aras Junior R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>916</fpage>
      <lpage>924</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> v&#225;rios estudos avaliam altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas como preditores de risco cardiovascular; entretanto, nenhum associa risco cardiovascular global com altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas em brasileiros.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Este estudo avalia a associa&#231;&#227;o entre risco cardiovascular global (ASCVD) e achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos como hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE), disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (DDVE) e aumento do volume do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> A popula&#231;&#227;o foi composta por participantes do ELSA-Brasil que realizaram ecocardiografia entre 2008 e 2010 (n = 2.973). Eram assintom&#225;ticos e n&#227;o tinham hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV). O escore ASCVD foi calculado em dois per&#237;odos: 2008-2010 e 2012-2014. Raz&#245;es de preval&#234;ncia (RP) foram estimadas com intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Evidenciou-se associa&#231;&#227;o entre altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e alto risco cardiovascular global (escore ASCVD &#8805; 7,5) nos dois per&#237;odos do estudo, separadamente. O risco global combinado (baixo risco no primeiro per&#237;odo e alto risco no segundo per&#237;odo) teve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa apenas com DDVE (RP = 3,68; IC 95%: 2,63-5,15) e HVE (RP = 2,20; IC 95%: 1,62&#8211;3,00).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas (DDVE, HVE e aumento do volume do AE) s&#227;o preditores independentes de risco cardiovascular em adultos brasileiros sem DCV pr&#233;vias.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Diast&#243;lica Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume do &#193;trio Esquerdo</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Sedentarismo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="31"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) s&#227;o um problema de sa&#250;de global e uma prioridade de pesquisa em muitos pa&#237;ses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No Brasil, o Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) visa investigar a incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis, especialmente DCV, e seus fatores de risco na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, merece investiga&#231;&#227;o a identifica&#231;&#227;o de preditores de risco cardiovascular (CV).</p>
      <p>Atualmente, o escore de risco CV mais utilizado universalmente &#233; o de Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular Ateroscler&#243;tica (ASCVD), cujos par&#226;metros foram definidos por estudos realizados nos Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Outros estudos avaliaram a capacidade preditiva das altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> No entanto, nenhum estudo investigou a associa&#231;&#227;o do escore ASCVD com altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.</p>
      <p>Assim, considerando o escore ASCVD como desfecho CV intermedi&#225;rio, o presente estudo avaliou associa&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas com o escore ASCVD em indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos sem DCV pr&#233;via em dois per&#237;odos do ELSA-Brasil: basal (per&#237;odo 1) e 4 anos depois (per&#237;odo 2).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o foi composta por participantes do ELSA-Brasil que realizaram ecocardiograma entre 2008 e 2010. Esses indiv&#237;duos faziam parte de duas amostras, uma aleat&#243;ria, composta por 10% da coorte (n = 15.105) e outra, composta por indiv&#237;duos maiores de 60 anos n&#227;o inclu&#237;dos na amostra aleat&#243;ria. Foram exclu&#237;dos aqueles que referiram DCV no in&#237;cio do estudo (disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral, fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial e doen&#231;a valvar moderada ou grave).</p>
        <p>Para calcular o escore ASCVD, foram extra&#237;dos dados produzidos em 2008&#8211;2010 e 2012&#8211;2014 pelo ELSA-Brasil, conforme descrito alhures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A ecocardiografia foi realizada apenas no primeiro per&#237;odo.</p>
        <p>Sendo um estudo multic&#234;ntrico, o protocolo de pesquisa foi aprovado n&#227;o apenas pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica de cada institui&#231;&#227;o, mas tamb&#233;m pela Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
        <p>A ecocardiografia foi realizada por profissionais credenciados em aparelho do mesmo modelo (Aplio XG; Toshiba Corporation, T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o) nos seis centros do ELSA-Brasil, seguindo t&#233;cnica padronizada. Imagens foram selecionadas e enviadas em formato DICOM (Digital Imaging Communications in Medicine) para uma central de leitura onde se realizaram as medi&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Analisaram-se tr&#234;s par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos: hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE), disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE) e aumento do volume do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE). Definiu-se HVE de acordo com dois crit&#233;rios: &#237;ndice de massa e espessura relativa da parede (ER). Calculou-se o &#237;ndice de massa indexando a massa do VE &#224; &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal (ASC) ou &#224; altura <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> As medidas da massa do VE foram realizadas pela ecocardiografia bidimensional (m&#233;todo linear)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> no centro de leitura<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e a massa (em gramas) foi calculada pela f&#243;rmula 0,80 (1,04 [septo interventricular + dimens&#227;o interna do VE + parede posterior]<sup>3</sup>- [dimens&#227;o interna do VE]) + 0,6, de acordo com Devereux et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Calculou-se ER pela f&#243;rmula (2 x espessura da parede posterior)/(di&#226;metro interno do VE ao final da di&#225;stole).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Usando esses crit&#233;rios, classificou-se geometria do VE em normal, remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico, hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica ou hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> O ponto de corte para a massa indexada &#224; ASC foi de 95 g/m<sup>2</sup> para mulheres e 115 g/m<sup>2</sup> para homens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Com a massa indexada pela altura,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> o ponto de corte foi 44 g/altura <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> para mulheres e 48 g/altura<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> para homens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Considerando os dois crit&#233;rios,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> o ponto de corte da ER foi de 0,42 para ambos os sexos.</p>
        <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE baseou-se nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia de 2009.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> As seguintes medidas foram utilizadas para classificar a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica: rela&#231;&#227;o E/A (rela&#231;&#227;o das velocidades E e A do influxo mitral), velocidade das ondas e&#8217; medial e lateral (avaliada com Doppler tecidual), rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; e volume do AE indexado &#224; ASC. Adotaram-se os seguintes pontos de corte: E/A (&#8804; 0,8, entre 0,8 e 2,0, e &#8805; 2,0), e&#8217; medial (&lt; 8), e&#8217; lateral (&lt; 10), E/e&#8217; (&#8804; 8, &gt;8 e &lt;13 e &#8805; 13) e volume indexado do AE (&gt; 34 ml/m<sup>2</sup>). Com base nesses crit&#233;rios, fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi classificada em normal, disfun&#231;&#227;o grau I ou altera&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento (press&#227;o do AE normal), disfun&#231;&#227;o grau II ou pseudonormal (sinais de press&#227;o elevada do AE), disfun&#231;&#227;o grau III ou enchimento restritivo (press&#227;o do AE significativamente elevada).</p>
        <p>O volume indexado do AE foi categorizado em normal (at&#233; 34 ml /m<sup>2</sup>), ligeiramente aumentado (entre 35 e 41 ml/m<sup>2</sup>), moderadamente aumentado (entre 42 e 48 ml/m<sup>2</sup>) e gravemente aumentado (&gt; 48 ml/m<sup>2</sup>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Para analisar conjuntamente as altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas (DDVE, HVE e aumento do volume do AE), foi criada a vari&#225;vel &#8220;par&#226;metro Ecocardio&#8221;, considerado normal quando nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o estava presente e anormal quando pelo menos uma estava presente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Escore de risco CV global</title>
        <p>O escore ASCVD, que estima o risco de um evento cardiovascular fatal ou n&#227;o fatal em 10 anos (baixo &lt; 7,5% e alto &#8805; 7,5%),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> foi calculado com base em idade, sexo, ra&#231;a (branca, afro-americana e outros), colesterol total, lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-colesterol), press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, tratamento para hipertens&#227;o, presen&#231;a de diabetes mellitus e tabagismo. Calculou-se o risco global para cada participante nos dois per&#237;odos do estudo. Calculou-se tamb&#233;m o risco combinado, definido como a combina&#231;&#227;o de baixo risco no primeiro per&#237;odo e alto risco no segundo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Outros fatores de risco</title>
        <p>Al&#233;m das tr&#234;s altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, foram avaliados atividade f&#237;sica, consumo de &#225;lcool, n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de triglicer&#237;deos, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e escolaridade. Quanto &#224; atividade f&#237;sica, os participantes foram categorizados em sedent&#225;rios/pouco ativos (&lt;150 min/semana de atividade moderada) ou fisicamente ativos/muito ativos (pelo menos 150 min/semana de atividade moderada).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Consumo de &#225;lcool foi categorizado como consumo excessivo ou n&#227;o excessivo (&gt; 210 ou &lt;210 g de &#225;lcool por semana para homens e &gt; 140 ou &lt; 140 g de &#225;lcool por semana para mulheres). Quanto aos triglicer&#237;deos, as categorias foram &lt; 150 ou &#8805; 150 mg/dl. As categorias do IMC foram: obeso (&#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), sobrepeso (&#8805; 25 e &lt;30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) ou eutr&#243;fico (&lt;25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Categorias de escolaridade: at&#233; o ensino m&#233;dio completo e ensino superior.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Inicialmente, realizou-se an&#225;lise descritiva dos perfis sociodemogr&#225;fico, cl&#237;nico e ecocardiogr&#225;fico dos participantes. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. A seguir, realizou-se an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bivariada para verificar associa&#231;&#227;o entre as caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e sociodemogr&#225;ficas e o risco CV global. Raz&#245;es de preval&#234;ncia (RP) foram estimadas com intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%, utilizando o comando CS do STATA vers&#227;o 12. Para a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, utilizou-se o pacote prLogistic do software R vers&#227;o 3.5.1, estimando-se as RP por meio de modelos log&#237;sticos e os IC pelos m&#233;todos delta e bootstrap.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Modifica&#231;&#227;o do efeito foi avaliada para as covari&#225;veis: educa&#231;&#227;o, atividade f&#237;sica, consumo excessivo de &#225;lcool, triglicer&#237;deos e IMC. Aplicou-se o teste da raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a no modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, incorporando os termos do produto (intera&#231;&#227;o) entre a associa&#231;&#227;o principal e cada covari&#225;vel. Um valor de p &lt;5% foi indicativo de uma mudan&#231;a de efeito.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o no in&#237;cio do estudo</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s exclus&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos que relataram ter DCV, a amostra final do estudo foi composta por 2.973 participantes, com idade m&#233;dia de 60,26 &#177; 8,89 anos, principalmente brancos e negros (56,4% e 39,9%), e a maioria com n&#237;vel superior (56,7%). Caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos participantes no in&#237;cio do estudo s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref> . As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos participantes no per&#237;odo 2 s&#227;o apresentadas na <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="">tabela S1</inline-supplementary-material>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos participantes, n= 2973, na linha de base do estudo (2008- 2010)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sexo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">1358</td>
                  <td align="center">45,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">1615</td>
                  <td align="center">54,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>35- 44</td>
                  <td align="center">220</td>
                  <td align="center">7,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>45- 54</td>
                  <td align="center">487</td>
                  <td align="center">16,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>55- 64</td>
                  <td align="center">1240</td>
                  <td align="center">41,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>65- 74</td>
                  <td align="center">1025</td>
                  <td align="center">34,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Ra&#231;a</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Brancos</td>
                  <td align="center">1658</td>
                  <td align="center">56,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pretos</td>
                  <td align="center">1174</td>
                  <td align="center">39,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Outros</td>
                  <td align="center">109</td>
                  <td align="center">3,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>N&#237;vel educacional</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grau superior</td>
                  <td align="center">1686</td>
                  <td align="center">56,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>At&#233; o ensino m&#233;dio completo</td>
                  <td align="center">1287</td>
                  <td align="center">43,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hipertens&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">1440</td>
                  <td align="center">48,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>IMC</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sobrepeso</td>
                  <td align="center">1262</td>
                  <td align="center">42,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade</td>
                  <td align="center">659</td>
                  <td align="center">22,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Glicemia em Jejum</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>(&#8805;126 mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">367</td>
                  <td align="center">12,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hemoglobina glicada</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>(&#8805;6.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">323</td>
                  <td align="center">10,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Colesterol total</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>(&gt; 200 mg/dl <bold>)</bold></td>
                  <td align="center">1847</td>
                  <td align="center">62,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HDL baixo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">509</td>
                  <td align="center">17,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Triglic&#233;rides alto</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">940</td>
                  <td align="center">31,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Bebedor excessivo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">223</td>
                  <td align="center">7,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>H&#225;bito de fumar</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ex-fumante</td>
                  <td align="center">1047</td>
                  <td align="center">35,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fumante</td>
                  <td align="center">296</td>
                  <td align="center">10,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Atividade f&#237;sica</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sedent&#225;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">1262</td>
                  <td align="center">42,8</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Risco CV global (escore ASCVD)</title>
        <p>O escore ASCVD foi avaliado nos dois per&#237;odos do estudo como um desfecho cl&#237;nico intermedi&#225;rio. Associa&#231;&#227;o do risco global com par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos separados e agrupados foi analisada por meio de fatores sociodemogr&#225;ficos (escolaridade) e cl&#237;nicos (atividade f&#237;sica, consumo de &#225;lcool, hipertrigliceridemia e IMC). Como idade, sexo, ra&#231;a/cor, colesterol total, HDL-colesterol, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus e tabagismo fazem parte da constru&#231;&#227;o desse escore de risco, a associa&#231;&#227;o com essas vari&#225;veis n&#227;o foi avaliada.</p>
        <p>O risco global foi &lt;7,5% (baixo) em 1.398 participantes (47%) no primeiro per&#237;odo e em 1.034 participantes (38,3%) no segundo per&#237;odo, e &#8805; 7,5% (alto) em 1.575 participantes (53%) no primeiro per&#237;odo e em 1.665 participantes (61,7%) no segundo per&#237;odo. O risco combinado esteve presente em 312 participantes (23,7%).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</title>
        <p>Em 50,8% dos participantes a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi considerada normal e em 41,8% como anormal (destes, 31,2% eram grau I). Em 7,4% dos participantes, a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ou o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica n&#227;o puderam ser determinados.</p>
        <p>O volume do AE estava aumentado em 15,6% de 2.438 participantes.</p>
        <p>HVE foi classificada com base em dois tipos de indexa&#231;&#227;o da massa: ASC (em 2.670 participantes) e altura<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> (em 2.651 participantes). A propor&#231;&#227;o de participantes com HVE foi maior quando utilizada a indexa&#231;&#227;o por altura (18,5% versus 10,6%), principalmente &#224;s custas da hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica (11,1% versus 6,4%).</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise simult&#226;nea dos tr&#234;s par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, 65,8% dos participantes apresentaram pelo menos uma e 34,2% nenhuma das tr&#234;s anormalidades. ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> )</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas dos participantes no per&#237;odo 1, n = 2.973</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (n=1.384)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sem disfun&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">703</td>
                  <td align="center">50,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Disfun&#231;&#227;o tipo I</td>
                  <td align="center">432</td>
                  <td align="center">31,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Disfun&#231;&#227;o tipo II</td>
                  <td align="center">147</td>
                  <td align="center">10,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Indeterminado</td>
                  <td align="center">102</td>
                  <td align="center">7,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Volume do AE (n=2.438)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">2058</td>
                  <td align="center">84,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Levemente aumentado</td>
                  <td align="center">281</td>
                  <td align="center">11,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderadamente aumentado</td>
                  <td align="center">73</td>
                  <td align="center">3,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gravemente aumentado</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Geometria do VE (massa/ASC) (n=2.670)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">1449</td>
                  <td align="center">54,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico</td>
                  <td align="center">940</td>
                  <td align="center">35,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica</td>
                  <td align="center">170</td>
                  <td align="center">6,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica</td>
                  <td align="center">111</td>
                  <td align="center">4,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Geometria do VE (massa/altura <sup>2,7</sup>) (n=2.651)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">1344</td>
                  <td align="center">50,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico</td>
                  <td align="center">815</td>
                  <td align="center">30,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica</td>
                  <td align="center">295</td>
                  <td align="center">11,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica</td>
                  <td align="center">197</td>
                  <td align="center">7,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Par&#226;metro Ecoc&#225;rdio (n=1.419)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">486</td>
                  <td align="center">34,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anormal</td>
                  <td align="center">933</td>
                  <td align="center">65,8</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ASC: &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o bivariada da associa&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e sociodemogr&#225;ficas com o risco global</title>
        <p>Entre as anormalidades ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, DDVE teve associa&#231;&#227;o mais forte com o risco global (&#8805; 7,5) no primeiro e no segundo per&#237;odos do estudo. DDVE tamb&#233;m foi a anormalidade mais associada ao risco combinado.</p>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre HVE e o risco global foi semelhante para ambos os &#237;ndices de massa (indexado pela ASC e pela altura <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> ). HVE foi associado ao risco global em ambos os per&#237;odos, com associa&#231;&#227;o mais forte com o risco global combinado.</p>
        <p>O aumento do AE foi a vari&#225;vel com menor associa&#231;&#227;o com o risco global e sem associa&#231;&#227;o com o risco combinado.</p>
        <p>Quando os tr&#234;s par&#226;metros foram analisados em conjunto, a associa&#231;&#227;o com o risco global foi maior no primeiro per&#237;odo do estudo.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais fatores de risco, n&#227;o foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o entre atividade f&#237;sica e o risco global. Ao contr&#225;rio, consumo excessivo de &#225;lcool, hipertrigliceridemia, IMC e n&#237;vel educacional estiveram associados ao risco em ambos per&#237;odos do estudo. Associa&#231;&#227;o dessas vari&#225;veis com o risco combinado n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativa. ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> )</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Associa&#231;&#227;o bivariada entre risco cardiovascular global (em ambos os per&#237;odos e risco combinado) e caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas no per&#237;odo 1 (2008-2010), n = 2.973</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Risco global (per&#237;odo 1)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Risco global (per&#237;odo 2)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Risco combinado (baixo risco per&#237;odo 1 e alto risco no per&#237;odo 2)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="6" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>RP</th>
                  <th>IC 95%</th>
                  <th>RP</th>
                  <th>IC 95%</th>
                  <th>RP</th>
                  <th>IC 95%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Par&#226;metro Ecoc&#225;rdio</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anormal</td>
                  <td align="center">3,26</td>
                  <td align="center">2,72; 3,91</td>
                  <td align="center">2,59</td>
                  <td align="center">2,23; 3,01</td>
                  <td align="center">2,74</td>
                  <td align="center">2,00; 3,76</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Com disfun&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">2,87</td>
                  <td align="center">2,49; 3,30</td>
                  <td align="center">2,55</td>
                  <td align="center">2,26; 2,89</td>
                  <td align="center">3,48</td>
                  <td align="center">2,55; 4,74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Geometria do VE (massa/ASC)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Com hipertrofia</td>
                  <td align="center">1,54</td>
                  <td align="center">1,42; 1,67</td>
                  <td align="center">1,45</td>
                  <td align="center">1,36; 1,56</td>
                  <td align="center">2,10</td>
                  <td align="center">1,59; 2,77</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Geometria do VE (massa/ altura<sup>2,7</sup>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Com hipertrofia</td>
                  <td align="center">1,48</td>
                  <td align="center">1,37; 1,60</td>
                  <td align="center">1,44</td>
                  <td align="center">1,35; 1,53</td>
                  <td align="center">1,95</td>
                  <td align="center">1,56; 2,45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Volume do AE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aumentado</td>
                  <td align="center">1,24</td>
                  <td align="center">1,14; 1,36</td>
                  <td align="center">1,16</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07; 1,26</td>
                  <td align="center">1,16</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87; 1,55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Atividade f&#237;sica de lazer</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sedent&#225;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94; 1,08</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96; 1,08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81; 1,20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Bebedor excessivo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">1,34</td>
                  <td align="center">1,22; 1,47</td>
                  <td align="center">1,24</td>
                  <td align="center">1,14; 1,35</td>
                  <td align="center">1,04</td>
                  <td align="center">0,67; 1,61</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hipertrigliceridemia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">1,30</td>
                  <td align="center">1,22; 1,39</td>
                  <td align="center">1,20</td>
                  <td align="center">1,13; 1,27</td>
                  <td align="center">1,09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90; 1,36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>IMC</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sobrepeso</td>
                  <td align="center">1,27</td>
                  <td align="center">1,17; 1,38</td>
                  <td align="center">1,19</td>
                  <td align="center">1,11; 1,28</td>
                  <td align="center">1,09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,88; 1,36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade</td>
                  <td align="center">1,30</td>
                  <td align="center">1,19; 1,43</td>
                  <td align="center">1,22</td>
                  <td align="center">1,13; 1,33</td>
                  <td align="center">1,27</td>
                  <td align="center">0.99; 1.64</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>N&#237;vel educacional</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>At&#233; o ensino m&#233;dio completo</td>
                  <td align="center">1,11</td>
                  <td align="center">1,04; 1,19</td>
                  <td align="center">1,08</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02; 1,15</td>
                  <td align="center">1,13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93; 1,37</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ASC: &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada da associa&#231;&#227;o entre altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e o risco global</title>
        <p>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre as altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e o risco global foi ajustada para algumas vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e sociodemogr&#225;ficas que n&#227;o faziam parte do desfecho. Como foi observada uma intera&#231;&#227;o de efeito entre DDVE e n&#237;vel educacional no primeiro modelo de regress&#227;o multivariada, DDVE foi estratificada por essa vari&#225;vel. Entretanto, quando a DDVE foi avaliada como vari&#225;vel principal, n&#227;o foi ajustada para escolaridade.</p>
        <p>No primeiro modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, observamos que a associa&#231;&#227;o mais forte ocorreu entre o risco global e o par&#226;metro Ecocardio. A segunda associa&#231;&#227;o mais forte ocorreu entre risco global e DDVE no subgrupo com escolaridade at&#233; o ensino m&#233;dio completo.</p>
        <p>Da mesma forma, no segundo modelo de regress&#227;o multivariada, a associa&#231;&#227;o mais forte foi observada entre risco global e par&#226;metro Ecocardio e a segunda mais forte foi observada entre risco global e DDVE (neste modelo, n&#227;o houve intera&#231;&#227;o com n&#237;vel educacional).</p>
        <p>No terceiro modelo de regress&#227;o multivariada, DDVE foi a vari&#225;vel com associa&#231;&#227;o mais forte com o risco global combinado. Neste modelo, associa&#231;&#227;o entre risco global combinado e dilata&#231;&#227;o do AE n&#227;o foi significativa. ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> ). O modelo final de regress&#227;o &#233; mostrado na <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="">tabela S2</inline-supplementary-material>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada * das vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao risco global, considerando raz&#245;es de preval&#234;ncia (RP) e respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%), n = 2.973</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;veis (Per&#237;odo 1)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Risco global Per&#237;odo 1 (modelo 1)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Risco global Per&#237;odo 2 (modelo 2)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Risco global combinado Per&#237;odos 1 e 2 (modelo 3)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="6" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>RP</th>
                  <th>IC 95%</th>
                  <th>RP</th>
                  <th>IC 95%</th>
                  <th>RP</th>
                  <th>IC 95%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Par&#226;metro Ecoc&#225;rdio</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anormal</td>
                  <td align="center">4,01</td>
                  <td align="center">3,20; 5,03</td>
                  <td align="center">3,04</td>
                  <td align="center">2,49; 3,70</td>
                  <td align="center">2,80</td>
                  <td align="center">2,02; 3,88</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Presen&#231;a (todos)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">2,95</td>
                  <td align="center">2,46; 3,54</td>
                  <td align="center">3,68</td>
                  <td align="center">2,63; 5,15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Presen&#231;a (n&#237;vel superior **)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,91</td>
                  <td align="center">2,31; 3,67</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Presen&#231;a (at&#233; o ensino m&#233;dio completo **)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,88</td>
                  <td align="center">2,87; 5,26</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hipertrofia do VE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Presen&#231;a</td>
                  <td align="center">1,72</td>
                  <td align="center">1,52; 1,94</td>
                  <td align="center">1,63</td>
                  <td align="center">1,47; 1,81</td>
                  <td align="center">2,20</td>
                  <td align="center">1,62; 3,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dilata&#231;&#227;o do AE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Presen&#231;a</td>
                  <td align="center">1,31</td>
                  <td align="center">1,15; 1,49</td>
                  <td align="center">1,20</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07; 1,34</td>
                  <td align="center">1,16</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86; 1,57</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>
                  <italic>* ajustado para: hipertrigliceridemia, IMC, atividade f&#237;sica, n&#237;vel educacional e consumo excessivo de &#225;lcool. ** estratificado por n&#237;vel educacional e ajustado para: hipertrigliceridemia, IMC, atividade f&#237;sica e consumo excessivo de &#225;lcool. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Em 2016, ap&#243;s conclus&#227;o deste estudo, foram publicadas novas recomenda&#231;&#245;es para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Foi poss&#237;vel determinar DDVE aplicando esses crit&#233;rios em 1.434 indiv&#237;duos (48%). A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi normal em 829 (57.8%) participantes e entre aqueles que apresentaram disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica: 165 (11.5 %) foram classificados como grau I, 18 (1,3%) como grau II e 3 (0,2%) como grau III. Em 419 (29,2%) participantes a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ou o grau da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica n&#227;o puderam ser determinadas (dados n&#227;o apresentados). Os resultados obtidos foram muito semelhantes ao original: DDVE persistiu com associa&#231;&#227;o mais forte com o risco global no primeiro e segundo per&#237;odos do estudo (RP = 3,38, IC 95% 2,53- 4,52 e 2,91, IC 95% 2,40- 3,52, respectivamente) assim como com o risco global combinado (RP = 3,24, IC 95% 2,17-4,84).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Observamos uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e alto risco global CV (escore ASCVD &#8805; 7,5) nos dois per&#237;odos do estudo.</p>
      <p>Das tr&#234;s altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas analisadas individualmente, DDVE teve a associa&#231;&#227;o mais forte com o risco global nas an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bivariada e multivariada.</p>
      <p>Apesar de ser uma coorte de indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos e sem DCV pr&#233;via, nossos dados revelam que 41,8% dos participantes apresentavam DDVE e, destes, a maioria era grau I ou altera&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento. Por&#233;m, como se trata de uma coorte de idosos (m&#233;dia de idade 60,2 &#177; 8,8 anos), espera-se maior preval&#234;ncia de DDVE grau I, pois o envelhecimento normal est&#225; associado &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento do VE, que pode levar &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Vale ressaltar que Huttin et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> mostraram preval&#234;ncia bem menor de DDVE em indiv&#237;duos com idade &gt; 60 anos quando utilizaram as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de 2016 em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es anteriores para classifica&#231;&#227;o de DDVE. Da mesma forma, Almeida et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> observaram que a preval&#234;ncia de DDVE em indiv&#237;duos com mais de 45 anos foi muito menor quando se utilizou as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de 2016,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> do que quando se usou as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de 2009.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Esses autores encontraram preval&#234;ncia de DDVE de 1,4% e 38,1% quando utilizaram as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de 2016 e 2009, respectivamente. De forma semelhante, no nosso estudo, observamos uma preval&#234;ncia de DDVE de 13% e 41,8% quando utilizamos as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de 2016 e 2009, respectivamente.</p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bivariada da associa&#231;&#227;o entre anormalidades ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e o risco global nos per&#237;odos 1 e 2 ou com o risco combinado, todas as tr&#234;s anormalidades foram associadas ao escore ASCVD. Entre as tr&#234;s anormalidades, DDVE mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o mais forte com o risco CV. Tsang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m conclu&#237;ram que DDVE foi um preditor de risco mais forte do que dilata&#231;&#227;o do AE e massa do VE. Da mesma forma, Kardys et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> observaram que DDVE foi um preditor mais forte de risco CV do que HVE. Esses autores n&#227;o encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre dilata&#231;&#227;o do AE e mortalidade por todas as causas.</p>
      <p>Quando realizada a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, DDVE permaneceu como o par&#226;metro ecocardiogr&#225;fico com maior associa&#231;&#227;o com o risco global. Os demais par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos analisados (HVE e dilata&#231;&#227;o do AE) mantiveram associa&#231;&#227;o com o risco global nos dois per&#237;odos do estudo; entretanto, dilata&#231;&#227;o do AE n&#227;o apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com o risco combinado. No Strong Heart Study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> observou-se que DDVE estava associada &#224; mortalidade CV independentemente das demais altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, semelhante ao resultado do nosso estudo. Da mesma forma, Redfield et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> observaram que DDVE estava fortemente associada &#224; mortalidade por todas as causas, demonstrando ser um preditor de risco CV.</p>
      <p>O Framingham Heart Study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> mostrou que HVE &#233; um preditor de morte por DCV e todas as causas. Recentemente, Desai et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> e Lind et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> descreveram associa&#231;&#227;o de risco entre HVE e eventos CV, semelhante ao encontrado neste estudo. Ao contr&#225;rio do estudo atual, no entanto, os estudos anteriores avaliaram desfechos cl&#237;nicos (doen&#231;a coronariana, doen&#231;a cerebrovascular e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca) e n&#227;o desfecho intermedi&#225;rio, como o escore ASCVD.</p>
      <p>O aumento do volume do AE foi associado ao risco global (escore ASCVD &#8805; 7,5) em ambos os per&#237;odos deste estudo, tanto na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bivariada quanto na multivariada, embora n&#227;o tenhamos encontrado associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com o risco combinado. Da mesma forma, Laukkanen et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> observaram associa&#231;&#227;o entre dilata&#231;&#227;o do AE e mortalidade; entretanto, quando ajustada para HVE, essa associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi significativa. Em outro estudo, Gardin et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> observaram associa&#231;&#227;o de dilata&#231;&#227;o do AE apenas com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, mas n&#227;o com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica. J&#225;, Bombelli et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> conclu&#237;ram que dilata&#231;&#227;o do AE &#233; um preditor de eventos CV.</p>
      <p>Este estudo demonstrou que anormalidades ecocardiogr&#225;ficas est&#227;o associadas a um escore de alto risco (&#8805; 7,5), enquanto a aus&#234;ncia dessas anormalidades est&#225; associada a um escore de baixo risco (&lt;7,5). Assim, esses par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos podem ser adotados como marcadores de risco, ampliando o leque de achados diagn&#243;sticos que permitem estimar precocemente o risco CV dos pacientes. Achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos s&#227;o influenciados por alguns fatores de risco que fazem parte do escore ASCVD, principalmente press&#227;o arterial e diabetes, como tamb&#233;m podem refletir altera&#231;&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas como aterosclerose coron&#225;ria, hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica, dentre outras, que n&#227;o fazem parte do escore. Optamos por utilizar o escore ASCVD por ser o escore de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco CV mais amplamente utilizado internacionalmente.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es e perspectivas futuras</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo teve algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Como a coorte ELSA-Brasil &#233; composta por servidores p&#250;blicos, a possibilidade de generalizar nossos resultados para a popula&#231;&#227;o adulta brasileira &#233; limitada. No entanto, a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados &#233; parcialmente sustentada pelas semelhan&#231;as na preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco comportamentais e condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas identificadas em dois estudos: ELSA-Brasil<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> e VIGITEL,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> que produziram dados representativos para adultos brasileiros. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo &#233; a n&#227;o utiliza&#231;&#227;o da classifica&#231;&#227;o mais atual de DDVE, devido ao fato dos dados terem sido coletados entre 2008 e 2010. No entanto, conforme descrito em Resultados, aplicando as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de 2016 aos nossos dados, observamos essencialmente os mesmos achados, refor&#231;ando a import&#226;ncia do par&#226;metro DDVE para o risco cardiovascular global. Novos estudos de coorte na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira devem ser realizados com o objetivo de identificar se estas altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas podem adicionar informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica incremental ao escore ASCVD.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo mostrou que anormalidades ecocardiogr&#225;ficas (DDVE, HVE e aumento do volume do AE) est&#227;o associadas a um alto risco CV global (escore ASCVD &#8805; 7,5) em adultos brasileiros assintom&#225;ticos sem DCV pr&#233;via. Das tr&#234;s altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, a DDVE mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o mais forte com o risco global. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o custo-efetividade, a fim de justificar a incorpora&#231;&#227;o dessas vari&#225;veis na rotina de estimativa de risco CV e a ado&#231;&#227;o de medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o em n&#237;vel populacional.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto de Sa&#250;de Coletiva/UFBA sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 027-06. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <title>* Material suplementar</title>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional da tabela S1, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11805/2021-0101-tabela-s1.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link> .</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional da tabela S2, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11805/2021-0101-tabela-s2.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link> .</p>
      </app>
    </app-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Simple Echocardiographic Parameters are Strong Predictors of the Cardiovascular Risk in Asymptomatic Individuals: Elsa-Brasil Cohort</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3755-3659</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Maria da Concei&#231;&#227;o Chagas de</given-names>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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            <surname>Matos</surname>
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          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Clara Paix&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>C&#226;mara</surname>
            <given-names>Edmundo Jos&#233; Nassri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2914-4406</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Foppa</surname>
            <given-names>Murilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2740-0042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Luiz Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Sandhi Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2161-3696</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aras</surname>
            <given-names>Roque</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz - Instituto Gon&#231;alo Moniz, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Luciana Pereira Fernandes &#8226;Universidade Federal da Bahia &#8211; Ecocardiografia - Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos - Rua Dr. Augusto Viana, S/N. Postal Code 40301-155, Salvador, BA - Brazil E-mail: lpf@cardiol.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Fernandes LP, Aras Junior R; Acquisition of data: Fernandes LP, Almeida MCC; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Fernandes LP, Almeida MCC, Campos ACP, C&#226;mara EN, Foppa M, Aras Junior R; Statistical analysis: Fernandes LP, Campos ACP; Writing of the manuscript: Fernandes LP; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Almeida MCC, Matos SA, C&#226;mara EN, Foppa M, Ribeiro AL, Barreto SM, Aras Junior R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Several studies have evaluated echocardiographic abnormalities as predictors of cardiovascular risk; however, none have associated the global cardiovascular risk with echocardiographic abnormalities in the Brazilian population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>This study evaluates the association between the global cardiovascular risk (ASCVD score) and three echocardiographic abnormalities: left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD), and increased left atrium (LA) volume.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>The study population was composed of participants from ELSA-Brasil who underwent echocardiography between 2008 and 2010 (n = 2973). They were asymptomatic and had no history of cardiovascular disease. The ASCVD score was calculated in two periods: 2008-2010 and 2012-2014. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated with 95% confidence intervals (CI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>There is an association between echocardiographic abnormalities and high global cardiovascular risk (ASCVD score &#8805; 7.5) in both study periods, separately. The combined global risk (low risk in the first period and high risk in the second period) was significantly associated only with LVDD (PR = 3.68, CI 95% 2.63&#8211;5.15) and LVH (PR = 2.20, 95% CI 1.62&#8211;3.00).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Echocardiographic abnormalities (LVDD, LVH, and increased LA volume) are independent predictors of cardiovascular risk in Brazilian adults.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>Left Atrial Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic, Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Sedentarism</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a global public health problem and a research priority in many countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In Brazil, the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) aims to investigate the prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases, especially CVD, and their risk factors in the adult population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In this context, the identification of CV risk predictors merits investigation.</p>
        <p>The most universally used CV risk score is the Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) score, whose parameters were defined by studies conducted in the United States of America.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Other studies have assessed the predictive ability of echocardiographic abnormalities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> However, no study has investigated the association of the ASCVD score with echocardiographic abnormalities in the Brazilian population.</p>
        <p>Thus, considering the ASCVD score as an intermediate CV outcome, this study assessed the association of echocardiographic abnormalities with ASCVD in asymptomatic individuals without previous CVD involved in two periods of the ELSA-Brasil study: baseline (period 1) and 4 years later (period 2).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Population</title>
          <p>The population was composed of ELSA-Brasil participants who underwent echocardiography between 2008 and 2010. These individuals were part of two samples, one random, composed of 10% of the cohort (n = 15,105) and the other, composed of individuals older than 60 years not included in the random sample. At the baseline, those who reported CVD were excluded (left ventricular dysfunction, myocardial infarction, stroke, atrial fibrillation or flutter, and moderate or severe valve disease).</p>
          <p>To calculate the ASCVD score, data produced in 2008&#8211;2010 and 2012&#8211;2014 by ELSA-Brasil were extracted, as described elsewhere.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Echocardiography was performed only in the first period.</p>
          <p>As a multicenter study, the research protocol was approved by the ethics committee of each institution and by the National Research Ethics Commission.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiography</title>
          <p>Echocardiography was performed by trained and certified professionals using a device of the same model (Aplio XG; Toshiba Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) at all six ELSA-Brasil centers, following a standardized technique. Real-time and static images were selected and sent in DICOM (Digital Imaging Communications in Medicine) format to the reading center, where the measurements of the examinations were performed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
          <p>We analyzed three echocardiographic parameters: left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) and increased left atrium (LA) volume. LVH was defined according to two criteria: mass index and relative wall thickness (RWT). The mass index was calculated by indexing the LV mass to the body surface area (BSA) or height<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The LV mass measurements were done by 2D echocardiography (linear method)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> at the reading center,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and the LV mass (in grams) was calculated using the formula 0.80 (1.04 [interventricular septum + LV internal dimension + posterior wall]<sup>3</sup>- [LV internal dimension]<sup>3</sup>) + 0.6, according to Devereux et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> RWT was calculated using the formula (2 &#215; posterior wall thickness) / (LV inner diameter at the end of diastole).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Using these two criteria, the LV geometry was classified as normal, concentric remodeling, concentric hypertrophy, or eccentric hypertrophy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The cutoff point for the mass indexed to the BSA was 95 g/m<sup>2</sup>for women and 115 g/m<sup>2</sup>for men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> With the mass indexed to height,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> the cutoff point was 44 g/height<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> for women and 48 g/height<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> for men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The cutoff point for the RWT for both sexes was 0.42, considering the two mass index criteria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Assessment of LV diastolic function was based on the American Society of Echocardiography recommendations published in 2009.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The following measures were used to classify the diastolic function: E/A ratio (ratio of E and A velocities of mitral influx), the velocity of medial and lateral e&#8242; waves (assessed with tissue Doppler), E/e&#8242; ratio, and indexed LA volume. The cutoff points for classifying diastolic dysfunction were as follows: E/A (&#8804; 0.8, between 0.8 and 2.0, and &#8805; 2.0), medial e&#8242; (&lt; 8), lateral e&#8242; (&lt; 10), mean E/e&#8242; (&#8804; 8,&gt;8 and &lt;13, and &#8805; 13), and indexed LA volume (&gt; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup>). Based on these criteria, diastolic function was classified as normal, diastolic dysfunction grade I or impaired relaxation (normal LA pressure), diastolic dysfunction grade II or pseudonormal (signs of elevated LA pressure), diastolic dysfunction grade III or restrictive filling (significantly elevated LA pressure).</p>
          <p>LA volume indexed to the BSA for men and women was categorized as normal (up to 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup>), mildly enlarged (between 35 and 41 mL/m<sup>2</sup>), moderately enlarged (between 42 and 48 mL/m<sup>2</sup>), and severely enlarged (&gt; 48 mL/m<sup>2</sup>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
          <p>To jointly analyze the three echocardiographic abnormalities (LVDD, LVH, and increased LA volume), the variable &#8220;Echocardio parameter&#8221; was created. It was normal when none of the three abnormalities were present and abnormal when at least one of the abnormalities was present.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Global CV risk score</title>
          <p>The global CV risk (ASCVD score) was calculated based on age, sex, race (white, African-American, and others), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, treatment for hypertension, presence of diabetes mellitus, and smoking. This score calculates the risk of experiencing a cardiovascular fatal or non-fatal event in 10 years (low &lt; 7.5% and high &#8805; 7.5%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The global risk for each participant in the two study periods was calculated. The combined risk, defined as low risk in the first period and high risk in the second period, was also analyzed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Other CV risk factors</title>
          <p>In addition to the three echocardiographic abnormalities, we also assessed physical activity, alcohol consumption, serum triglyceride level, body mass index (BMI), and educational level. Concerning physical activity, participants were categorized as sedentary/not very active (&lt; 150 min/week of moderate physical activity) or physically active/very active (at least 150 min/week of moderate physical activity).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Concerning alcohol consumption, the categories were excessive or non-excessive drinking (&gt; 210 or &lt; 210 g of alcohol per week for men and &gt; 140 or &lt; 140 g of alcohol per week for women). Concerning serum triglyceride level, the categories were &lt; 150 or &#8805; 150 mg/dL. With respect to BMI, the participants were classified as obese (&#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), overweight (&#8805; 25and &lt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), or eutrophic (&lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Finally, two categories of educational level were considered: up to complete high school and university degree.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Initially, a descriptive analysis of the participants&#8217; sociodemographic, clinical, and echocardiographic profiles was performed, considering absolute and relative frequencies. Subsequently, a bivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to verify the association between the echocardiographic, clinical, and sociodemographic characteristics and the global CV risk in each study period and the combined risk. Prevalence ratios (PRs) were estimated with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), using the CS command of the STATA version 12 software. The prLogistic package of R version 3.5.1 software was used for the multivariate logistic regression analysis to estimate PRs using logistic models and CIs using the delta and bootstrap methods.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Effect modification was evaluated for the following covariates: education, physical activity, excessive alcohol consumption, triglyceride level, and BMI. The likelihood ratio test was used in the multivariate logistic regression model, incorporating product terms (interaction) between the main association and each covariate. A p-value of &lt; 5% in the likelihood ratio test was indicative of an effect change.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the study population at baseline</title>
          <p>After excluding individuals who reported having a CV disease, the final study sample comprised 2973 participants, with an average age of 60.26 &#177; 8.89 years, mainly white and black (56.4% and 39.9%), and most with a university degree (56.7%). Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the participants at the baseline of the study are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">table 1</xref> . Clinical characteristics of the participants in period 2 of the study are shown in <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="">table S1</inline-supplementary-material>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of the participants, n=2973, at the baseline of the study</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Clinical and sociodemographic characteristics</th>
                    <th>n</th>
                    <th>%</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Sex</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Men</td>
                    <td align="center">1358</td>
                    <td align="center">45.7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Women</td>
                    <td align="center">1615</td>
                    <td align="center">54.3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Ages (years)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>35- 44</td>
                    <td align="center">220</td>
                    <td align="center">7.4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>45- 54</td>
                    <td align="center">487</td>
                    <td align="center">16.4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>55- 64</td>
                    <td align="center">1240</td>
                    <td align="center">41.7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>65- 74</td>
                    <td align="center">1025</td>
                    <td align="center">34.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Race</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>White</td>
                    <td align="center">1658</td>
                    <td align="center">56.4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Black</td>
                    <td align="center">1174</td>
                    <td align="center">39.9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Others</td>
                    <td align="center">109</td>
                    <td align="center">3.7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Educational level</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>University degree</td>
                    <td align="center">1686</td>
                    <td align="center">56.7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Up to complete high school</td>
                    <td align="center">1287</td>
                    <td align="center">43.3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hypertension</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">1440</td>
                    <td align="center">48.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>BMI</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Overweight</td>
                    <td align="center">1262</td>
                    <td align="center">42.4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Obesity</td>
                    <td align="center">659</td>
                    <td align="center">22.2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Fasting blood glucose</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>(&#8805;126 mg/dl)</td>
                    <td align="center">367</td>
                    <td align="center">12.3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Glycated hemoglobin</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>(&#8805;6.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">323</td>
                    <td align="center">10.9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Total cholesterol</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>(&gt; 200 mg/dl <bold>)</bold></td>
                    <td align="center">1847</td>
                    <td align="center">62.2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Low HDL</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">509</td>
                    <td align="center">17.1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>High triglycerides</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">940</td>
                    <td align="center">31.6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Excessive drinker</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">223</td>
                    <td align="center">7.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Smoking</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ex-smoker</td>
                    <td align="center">1047</td>
                    <td align="center">35.2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoker</td>
                    <td align="center">296</td>
                    <td align="center">10.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Physical activity</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sedentary</td>
                    <td align="center">1262</td>
                    <td align="center">42.8</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>BMI: body mass index; HDL: high-density lipoprotein.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Global CV risk (ASCVD score)</title>
          <p>The ASCVD score was assessed as an intermediate clinical outcome in the two study periods. Association of global risk with separate and grouped echocardiographic parameters was analyzed using sociodemographic (educational level) and clinical (physical activity, alcohol intake, hypertriglyceridemia, and BMI) factors. As age, sex, race/color, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking are part of the construction of this risk score, the association with these variables was not evaluated.</p>
          <p>The global risk was &lt; 7.5% (low) in 1398 participants (47%) in the first period and 1034 participants (38.3%) in the second period, and &#8805; 7.5% (high) in 1575 participants (53%) in the first period and 1665 participants (61.7%) in the second period. The combined risk (low risk in the first period and high risk in the second period) was present in 312 participants (23.7%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic characteristics</title>
          <p>In 50.8% of the participants&#8217; diastolic function was considered normal, and in 41.8% as abnormal (of these, 31.2% were grade I). In 7.4% of the participants, the diastolic function or the degree of diastolic dysfunction could not be determined.</p>
          <p>The LA volume was increased in 15.6% of 2438 participants.</p>
          <p>LVH was classified based on two types of mass indexing: BSA (in 2670 participants) and height<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> (in 2651 participants). The proportion of participants with LVH was higher when indexing by height was used (18.5% versus 10.6%), mainly at the expense of concentric hypertrophy (11.1% versus 6.4%).</p>
          <p>In the simultaneous analysis of the three parameters, 65.8% of the participants presented at least one and 34.2% had none of the three abnormalities. ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> )</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Echocardiographic characteristics of the participants in period 1, n = 2973</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
                    <th>n</th>
                    <th>%</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Diastolic function (n=1384)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No dysfunction</td>
                    <td align="center">703</td>
                    <td align="center">50.8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Type I dysfunction</td>
                    <td align="center">432</td>
                    <td align="center">31.2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Type II dysfunction</td>
                    <td align="center">147</td>
                    <td align="center">10.6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Indeterminate</td>
                    <td align="center">102</td>
                    <td align="center">7.4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LA volume (n=2438)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Normal</td>
                    <td align="center">2058</td>
                    <td align="center">84.4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mildly enlarged</td>
                    <td align="center">281</td>
                    <td align="center">11.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Moderately enlarged</td>
                    <td align="center">73</td>
                    <td align="center">3.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Severely enlarged</td>
                    <td align="center">26</td>
                    <td align="center">1.1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LV geometry (mass/BSA) (n=2670)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Normal</td>
                    <td align="center">1449</td>
                    <td align="center">54.3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Concentric remodeling</td>
                    <td align="center">940</td>
                    <td align="center">35.2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Concentric hypertrophy</td>
                    <td align="center">170</td>
                    <td align="center">6.4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Eccentric hypertrophy</td>
                    <td align="center">111</td>
                    <td align="center">4.2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LV geometry (mass/height<sup>2.7</sup>) (n=2651)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Normal</td>
                    <td align="center">1344</td>
                    <td align="center">50.7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Concentric remodeling</td>
                    <td align="center">815</td>
                    <td align="center">30.7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Concentric hypertrophy</td>
                    <td align="center">295</td>
                    <td align="center">11.1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Eccentric hypertrophy</td>
                    <td align="center">197</td>
                    <td align="center">7.4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Echocardio Parameter (n=1419)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Normal</td>
                    <td align="center">486</td>
                    <td align="center">34.2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Abnormal</td>
                    <td align="center">933</td>
                    <td align="center">65.8</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; BSA: body surface area.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Bivariate regression analysis of the association of echocardiographic, clinical, and sociodemographic abnormalities with global risk</title>
          <p>Among the echocardiographic abnormalities, LVDD had the strongest association with global risk (&#8805;7.5) in the first and second) study periods. LVDD was also the abnormality that was most associated with the combined risk.</p>
          <p>The association between LVH and global risk was similar for both mass indices (indexed to BSA and indexed to height<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> ). LVH was associated with global risk in both periods, with the strongest association being with the combined global risk.</p>
          <p>Increased LA volume was the variable with the lowest association with global risk and without association with the combined risk.</p>
          <p>When the three parameters were analyzed together (variable Echocardio parameter), the association with global risk was greater in the first study period.</p>
          <p>No association was observed between physical activity and global risk concerning the other risk factors. On the contrary, excessive drinking, high triglycerides, BMI, and educational level (university degree as a reference) were associated with risk in both study periods. The Association of these variables with the combined risk was not statistically significant. ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> )</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Bivariate association between global cardiovascular risk (in both periods and combined risk) and echocardiographic and clinical characteristics in period 1 (2008 - 2010), n = 2973</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variable</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Global risk (period 1)</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Global risk (period 2)</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Combined risk (low-risk period 1 and high-risk period 2)</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="6" rowspan="1">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>PR</th>
                    <th>CI 95%</th>
                    <th>PR</th>
                    <th>CI 95%</th>
                    <th>PR</th>
                    <th>CI 95%</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Echocardio Parameter</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Abnormal</td>
                    <td align="center">3.26</td>
                    <td align="center">2.72; 3.91</td>
                    <td align="center">2.59</td>
                    <td align="center">2.23; 3.01</td>
                    <td align="center">2.74</td>
                    <td align="center">2.00; 3.76</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Diastolic function</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>With dysfunction</td>
                    <td align="center">2.87</td>
                    <td align="center">2.49; 3.30</td>
                    <td align="center">2.55</td>
                    <td align="center">2.26; 2.89</td>
                    <td align="center">3.48</td>
                    <td align="center">2.55; 4.74</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LV geometry (mass/BSA)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>With hypertrophy</td>
                    <td align="center">1.54</td>
                    <td align="center">1.42; 1.67</td>
                    <td align="center">1.45</td>
                    <td align="center">1.36; 1.56</td>
                    <td align="center">2.10</td>
                    <td align="center">1.59; 2.77</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LV geometry (mass/ height<sup>2.7</sup>)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>With hypertrophy</td>
                    <td align="center">1.48</td>
                    <td align="center">1.37; 1.60</td>
                    <td align="center">1.44</td>
                    <td align="center">1.35; 1.53</td>
                    <td align="center">1.95</td>
                    <td align="center">1.56; 2.45</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LA volume</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Increased</td>
                    <td align="center">1.24</td>
                    <td align="center">1.14; 1.36</td>
                    <td align="center">1.16</td>
                    <td align="center">1.07; 1.26</td>
                    <td align="center">1.16</td>
                    <td align="center">0.87; 1.55</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Leisure-time physical activity</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sedentary</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                    <td align="center">0.94; 1.08</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96; 1.08</td>
                    <td align="center">0.98</td>
                    <td align="center">0.81; 1.20</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Excessive drinker</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">1.34</td>
                    <td align="center">1.22; 1.47</td>
                    <td align="center">1.24</td>
                    <td align="center">1.14; 1.35</td>
                    <td align="center">1.04</td>
                    <td align="center">0.67; 1.61</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>High triglycerides</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">1.30</td>
                    <td align="center">1.22; 1.39</td>
                    <td align="center">1.20</td>
                    <td align="center">1.13; 1.27</td>
                    <td align="center">1.09</td>
                    <td align="center">0.90; 1.36</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>BMI</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Overweight</td>
                    <td align="center">1.27</td>
                    <td align="center">1.17; 1.38</td>
                    <td align="center">1.19</td>
                    <td align="center">1.11; 1.28</td>
                    <td align="center">1.09</td>
                    <td align="center">0.88; 1.36</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Obesity</td>
                    <td align="center">1.30</td>
                    <td align="center">1.19; 1.43</td>
                    <td align="center">1.22</td>
                    <td align="center">1.13; 1.33</td>
                    <td align="center">1.27</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99; 1.64</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Educational level</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Up to complete high school</td>
                    <td align="center">1.11</td>
                    <td align="center">1.04; 1.19</td>
                    <td align="center">1.08</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02; 1.15</td>
                    <td align="center">1.13</td>
                    <td align="center">0.93; 1.37</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; BSA: body surface area; BMI: body mass index.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the association between echocardiographic abnormalities and global risk</title>
          <p>The association between echocardiographic abnormalities and global risk was adjusted for some clinical and sociodemographic variables that were not part of the outcome (global risk). The dysfunction was stratified using this variable because of the effect interaction between LVDD and educational level in the first multivariate regression model using the risk in the first period. However, when LVDD was assessed as the main variable, it was not adjusted for education.</p>
          <p>In the first multivariate logistic regression model (echocardiographic variables and global risk in the first period), we observed that the strongest association occurred between global risk and the Echocardio parameter. The second strongest association occurred between global risk and LVDD in the participants with an education level of up to complete high school.</p>
          <p>Likewise, the strongest association was observed in the second multivariate logistic regression model between global risk and the Echocardio parameter. The second strongest association was observed between global risk and LVDD (in this model, there was no interaction with educational level).</p>
          <p>In the third multivariate logistic regression model (echocardiographic variables and combined global risk), LVDD was the variable with the strongest association with combined global risk. In this model, the association between combined global risk and LA dilation was not significant. ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> ). The final regression model is shown in <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="">table S2</inline-supplementary-material>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Multivariate logistic regression* of echocardiographic variables in relation to the global risk, considering prevalence ratios (PR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), n = 2973</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variables</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Global risk Period 1 (model 1)</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Global risk Period 2 (model 2)</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Combined global risk Periods 1 and 2 (model 3)</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="6" rowspan="1">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>PR</th>
                    <th>CI 95%</th>
                    <th>PR</th>
                    <th>CI 95%</th>
                    <th>PR</th>
                    <th>CI 95%</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Echocardio parameter</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Abnormal</td>
                    <td align="center">4.01</td>
                    <td align="center">3.20; 5.03</td>
                    <td align="center">3.04</td>
                    <td align="center">2.49; 3.70</td>
                    <td align="center">2.80</td>
                    <td align="center">2.02; 3.88</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Diastolic dysfunction</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Presence (all)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">2.95</td>
                    <td align="center">2.46; 3.54</td>
                    <td align="center">3.68</td>
                    <td align="center">2.63; 5.15</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Presence (University degree <bold>**)</bold></td>
                    <td align="center">2.91</td>
                    <td align="center">2.31; 3.67</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Presence (Up to complete high school <bold>**)</bold></td>
                    <td align="center">3.88</td>
                    <td align="center">2.87; 5.26</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LV hypertrophy</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Presence</td>
                    <td align="center">1.72</td>
                    <td align="center">1.52; 1.94</td>
                    <td align="center">1.63</td>
                    <td align="center">1.47; 1.81</td>
                    <td align="center">2.20</td>
                    <td align="center">1.62; 3.00</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LA dilation</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Presence</td>
                    <td align="center">1.31</td>
                    <td align="center">1.15; 1.49</td>
                    <td align="center">1.20</td>
                    <td align="center">1.07; 1.34</td>
                    <td align="center">1.16</td>
                    <td align="center">0.86; 1.57</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>*adjusted for: high triglycerides, BMI, physical activity, educational level and excessive drinker. **stratified by educational level and adjusted for: high triglycerides, BMI, physical activity and excessive drinker. LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>In 2016, after completing this study, the new recommendations for the evaluation of LV diastolic function were published.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> It was possible to determine LVDD applying these criteria in 1434 individuals (48%). Diastolic function was normal in 829 (57.8%) participants, and among those who had diastolic dysfunction: 165 (11.5%) were classified as type I, 18 (1.3%) as type II and 3 (0.2%) as type III. In 419 (29.2%) participants, the diastolic function or the degree of diastolic dysfunction could not be determined (data not shown). The obtained results were very similar to the original: LVDD persisted with the strongest association with global risk in the first and second study periods (PR= 3.38, 95% CI 2.53; 4.52 and 2.91, 95% CI 2.40; 3.52, respectively) as well as with the combined global risk (PR = 3.24, 95 % CI 2.17; 4.84).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>We observed an association between echocardiographic abnormalities and high global CV risk (ASCVD score &#8805; 7.5) in the two study periods.</p>
        <p>Of the three echocardiographic abnormalities analyzed individually, LVDD had the strongest association with global risk in the bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.</p>
        <p>Despite being a cohort of asymptomatic individuals without previous CVD, our data reveal that 41.8% of the participants had LVDD. Of these, the majority were grade I or impaired relaxation. However, in the case of a cohort of older people (mean age 60.2 &#177; 8.8 years), a higher prevalence of LVDD grade I was expected because normal aging is associated with a decrease in LV relaxation, leading to diastolic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> It is worth mentioning that Huttin et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> showed a much lower prevalence of LVDD in individuals aged &gt; 60 years when they used the 2016 recommendations concerning previous recommendations for classifying LVDD. Likewise, Almeida et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> observed that the prevalence of LVDD in individuals older than 45 years was much lower when using the 2016 recommendations<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> than when using the 2009 recommendations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> These authors found a prevalence of LVDD of 1.4% and 38.1% when they used the 2016 and 2009 recommendations, respectively. Similarly, in our study, we observed a prevalence of LVDD of 13% and 41.8% when using the recommendations of 2016 and 2009, respectively.</p>
        <p>In the bivariate logistic regression analysis of the association between echocardiographic abnormalities and the global risk in periods 1 and 2or the combined risk, all three abnormalities were associated with the ASCVD score. LVDD showed the strongest association with the CV risk among the three abnormalities. Tsang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> also concluded that LVDD was a stronger risk predictor than LA dilation and LV mass. Likewise, Kardys et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> observed that LVDD was a stronger predictor of CV risk than LVH. These authors found no association between LA dilation and mortality from all causes.</p>
        <p>When multivariate logistic regression was performed, LVDD remained the echocardiographic parameter with the greatest association with global risk. The other echocardiographic parameters analyzed (LVH and LA dilation) maintained associations with the global risk in both study periods; however, LA dilation did not present a statistically significant association with the combined risk. In the Strong Heart Study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> it was observed that LVDD was associated with CV mortality regardless of the other echocardiographic abnormalities, similar to the result of our study. Likewise, Redfield et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> observed that LVDD was strongly associated with mortality from all causes, thus proving to be a predictor of CV risk.</p>
        <p>The Framingham Heart Study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> showed that LVH is a predictor of death from CVD and all causes. Recently, Desai et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> and Lind et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> described a risk association between LVH and CV events, similar to what was found in this study. Unlike the current study, however, those previous studies evaluated clinical outcomes (coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and heart failure) and not an intermediate outcome such as the ASCVD score.</p>
        <p>Increased LA volume was associated with global risk (ASCVD score &#8805; 7.5) in both periods of the current study, both in the bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. However, we did not find a significant association with the combined risk. Similarly, Laukkanen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> observed an association between LA dilation and mortality; however, when adjusted for LVH, this association was not significant. In another study, Gardin et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> observed an association of LA dilation only with heart failure but not with ischemic heart disease. Bombelli et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> concluded that LA dilation is a predictor of CV events.</p>
        <p>This study demonstrated that echocardiographic abnormalities are associated with a high-risk score (&#8805; 7.5), whereas the absence of these abnormalities is associated with a low-risk score (&lt; 7.5). Thus, these echocardiographic parameters can be adopted as risk markers, expanding the range of diagnostic findings that allow the early estimation of CV risk in patients. Echocardiographic findings are influenced by some risk factors part of the ASCVD score, mainly blood pressure and diabetes. They may also reflect subclinical changes such as coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial hypertrophy, among others, that are not part of the score. We chose to use the ASCVD score in our study because it is the 10-year CV risk prediction score most widely used internationally.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations and future perspectives</title>
          <p>Our study had some limitations. As the ELSA-Brasil cohort comprises civil servants, the possibility of generalizing our results to the Brazilian adult population is limited. However, the generalization of the results is partly supported by the similarities in the prevalence of behavioral risk factors and chronic conditions identified in two studies: ELSA-Brasil<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> and VIGITEL,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> which produced representative data for Brazilian adults. Another limitation of the study is the failure to use the most current classification of LVDD because the data were collected between 2008 and 2010. However, as we described in Results, applying the 2016 recommendations to our data, we observed essentially the same findings, reinforcing the importance of the LVDD parameter for the global cardiovascular risk. New cohort studies in the Brazilian population should be carried out to identify whether these echocardiographic abnormalities can add incremental prognostic information to ASCVD.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Our study showed that echocardiographic abnormalities (LVDD, LVH, and increased LA volume) are associated with a high global CV risk (ASCVD score &#8805; 7.5) in asymptomatic Brazilian adults without previous CVD. Of the three echocardiographic abnormalities, LVDD showed the strongest association with the global risk. More studies are needed to assess the cost-effectiveness ratio to justify the incorporation of these variables in the CV risk estimation routine and the adoption of prevention measures at the population level.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Luciana Pereira Fernandes, from Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina e Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal da Bahia.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto de Sa&#250;de Coletiva/UFBA under the protocol number 027-06. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app01">
          <title>* Supplemental Materials</title>
          <p>For additional information of table S1, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11805/2021-0101-table-s1.pdf">click here</ext-link> .</p>
          <p>For additional information of table S2, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11805/2021-0101-table-s2.pdf">click here</ext-link> .</p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
