<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">j8DTbbV6LWwQ6FQRPxnxgky</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000500914</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220259</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220259</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Superando a Montanha-Russa Hormonal ao Longo da Vida das Mulheres: Um Ponto de Virada para a Preven&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1840-4372</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Machline-Carrion</surname>
            <given-names>M. Julia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">EpHealth Primary Care Solutions</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">EpHealth Primary Care Solutions, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: M. Julia Machline Carrion &#8226; Rua Inhambu, 635 apto 132. CEP 04520-012, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>mjuliacarrion@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>914</fpage>
      <lpage>915</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Terapia de Reposi&#231;&#227;o de Estrog&#234;nios/efeitos adversos</kwd>
        <kwd>Mulheres</kwd>
        <kwd>Menopausa</kwd>
        <kwd>Progesterona/efeitos adversos</kwd>
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o e Controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Embora as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV), especialmente a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e o acidente vascular cerebral, sejam a principal causa de morte e incapacidade no Brasil, tanto em mulheres quanto em homens,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> a preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular (CV) implica uma abordagem abrangente das diferen&#231;as inerentes ao sexo. Nesse sentido, compreender, por exemplo, o papel da hipertens&#227;o, importante fator de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e acidente vascular cerebral em mulheres brasileiras,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> no contexto das especificidades dessa popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; fundamental.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Dist&#250;rbios hipertensivos, incluindo hipertens&#227;o induzida pela gravidez (ocorrendo em 6-7% das gesta&#231;&#245;es) e pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia/ecl&#226;mpsia (ocorrendo em at&#233; 10% das gesta&#231;&#245;es), s&#227;o importantes fatores de risco CV<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> que devem ser considerados ao avaliar o risco CV das mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>&#192; medida que as mulheres envelhecem e os n&#237;veis de estrog&#234;nio diminuem, aumentam os riscos de osteoporose e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Os sintomas vasomotores (ondas de calor e suores noturnos), prevalentes entre mulheres na perimenopausa tardia e na menopausa recente, est&#227;o associados a um risco aumentado de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e altera&#231;&#245;es cognitivas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Embora a terapia hormonal da menopausa (THM) continue sendo o tratamento mais eficaz para os sintomas vasomotores da menopausa,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> sua associa&#231;&#227;o com hipertens&#227;o permanece incerta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Estudos observacionais sugeriram anteriormente riscos reduzidos de doen&#231;a cardiovascular e dem&#234;ncia com terapia hormonal p&#243;s-menopausa,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> mas a publica&#231;&#227;o inicial em 2002 dos resultados de um estudo randomizado e controlado conduzido pela Women&#8217;s Health Initiative (WHI) relatou riscos aumentados de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, tromboembolismo venoso (TEV) e c&#226;ncer de mama.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O tratamento de ambos os grupos no estudo WHI foi interrompido precocemente para evitar poss&#237;veis danos. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com placebo, a terapia combinada (0,625 mg de estrog&#234;nios equinos conjugados [CEE] mais 2,5 mg de acetato de medroxiprogesterona) aumentou o risco anual de DAC em 0,6 por mil mulheres e de acidente vascular cerebral e c&#226;ncer de mama em 0,9 por mil mulheres. An&#225;lises post hoc subsequentes considerando a idade e o tempo desde o in&#237;cio da menopausa (com menopausa definida como 12 meses sem menstrua&#231;&#227;o) sugeriram riscos aumentados de doen&#231;a coronariana e acidente vascular cerebral entre participantes do WHI que iniciaram a terapia hormonal ap&#243;s os 60 anos de idade, apoiando assim a &#8220;hip&#243;tese do tempo&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Na coorte <italic>Etude &#201;pid&#233;miologique de femmes de la Mutuelle G&#233;n&#233;rale de l&#8217;Education</italic> (E3N), a MHT foi associada a um aumento modesto, mas significativo, do risco de hipertens&#227;o, especialmente ao usar estrog&#234;nio oral em combina&#231;&#227;o com um progestag&#234;nio, como derivados de pregnano e norpregnano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em um estudo transversal da avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial do estudo ELSA-Brasil, incluindo 2.138 mulheres que passaram pela menopausa natural, Ferreira-Campos et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> avaliaram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre THM e hipertens&#227;o (definida como PA &#8805;140/90 mmHg ou uso pr&#233;vio de algum anti-hipertensivo). Os autores constataram que 1.492 mulheres (69,8%) nunca usaram TH, 457 (21,4%) eram usu&#225;rias anteriores e 189 (8,8%) eram usu&#225;rias atuais. Neste estudo, as usu&#225;rias atuais de MHT foram menos propensas a apresentar hipertens&#227;o do que as mulheres que nunca usaram MHT (Odds Ratio [OR]=0,59; IC 95% 0,41-0,85). Al&#233;m disso, as usu&#225;rias atuais de MTH apresentaram press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica mediana menor do que as mulheres que nunca usaram MTH e usu&#225;rias anteriores (113 mmHg, 118,5 mmHg e 120 mmHg, respectivamente, (p=0,001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> As conclus&#245;es deste estudo, embora cautelosas, contrastam com as recentes avalia&#231;&#245;es longitudinais maiores de estudos de coorte e ensaios cl&#237;nicos. Nesse caso, a natureza transversal do estudo pode representar uma limita&#231;&#227;o. A &#8220;hip&#243;tese do tempo&#8221; n&#227;o poss&#237;vel de avaliar neste desenho de estudo pode ser um determinante para um resultado diferente. Embora as an&#225;lises transversais constituam um corpo substancial de geradores de evid&#234;ncias, as avalia&#231;&#245;es longitudinais e a &#8220;m&#225;gica da randomiza&#231;&#227;o&#8221; podem ser informativas para certas quest&#245;es de pesquisa.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Oliveira GMMD, Wenger NK. Considera&#231;&#245;es Especiais na Preven&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares nas Mulheres. Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia 2022;118(2):374-7. doi: 10.36660/abc.20220028.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>GMMD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wenger</surname>
              <given-names>NK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Considera&#231;&#245;es Especiais na Preven&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares nas Mulheres</article-title>
          <source>Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>118</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>374</fpage>
          <lpage>377</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220028.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Oliveira GMM, Brant LCC, Polanczyk CA, Biolo A, Nascimento BR, Malta DC, et al. Cardiovascular Statistics - Brazil 2020. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;115(3):308-439. doi: 10.36660/abc.20200812.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>GMM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brant</surname>
              <given-names>LCC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Polanczyk</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Biolo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nascimento</surname>
              <given-names>BR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malta</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular Statistics - Brazil 2020</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>308</fpage>
          <lpage>439</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200812.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Brant LCC, Nascimento BR, Veloso GA, Gomes CS, Polanczyk C, Oliveira GMM, et al. Burden of Cardiovascular diseases attributable to risk factors in Brazil: data from the &#8220;Global Burden of Disease 2019&#8221; study. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2022;55(suppl 1):e0263. doi: 10.1590/0037-8682-0263-2021.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brant</surname>
              <given-names>LCC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nascimento</surname>
              <given-names>BR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Veloso</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gomes</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Polanczyk</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>GMM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Burden of Cardiovascular diseases attributable to risk factors in Brazil: data from the &#8220;Global Burden of Disease 2019&#8221; study</article-title>
          <source>Rev Soc Bras Med Trop</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <supplement>suppl 1</supplement>
          <elocation-id>e0263</elocation-id>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0037-8682-0263-2021.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Perak AM, Ning H, Khan SS, Van Horn LV, Grobman WA, Lloyd-Jones DM. Cardiovascular Health Among Pregnant Women, Aged 20 to 44 Years, in the United States. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(4):e015123. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.015123.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Perak</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ning</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khan</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van Horn</surname>
              <given-names>LV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grobman</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lloyd-Jones</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular Health Among Pregnant Women, Aged 20 to 44 Years, in the United States</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <elocation-id>e015123</elocation-id>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/JAHA.119.015123.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Cho L, Davis M, Elgendy I, Epps K, Lindley KJ, Mehta PK, et al. Summary of Updated Recommendations for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(20):2602-18. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.060.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cho</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Davis</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elgendy</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Epps</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lindley</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mehta</surname>
              <given-names>PK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Summary of Updated Recommendations for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women: JACC State-of-the-Art Review</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>75</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>2602</fpage>
          <lpage>2618</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.060.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Freedman RR. Menopausal hot flashes: Mechanisms, endocrinology, treatment. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2014;142:115-20. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.08.010.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Freedman</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Menopausal hot flashes: Mechanisms, endocrinology, treatment</article-title>
          <source>The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>142</volume>
          <fpage>115</fpage>
          <lpage>120</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.08.010.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Thurston RC. Vasomotor symptoms: natural history, physiology, and links with cardiovascular health. Climacteric. 2018;21(2):96-100. doi: 10.1080/13697137.2018.1430131.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thurston</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Vasomotor symptoms: natural history, physiology, and links with cardiovascular health</article-title>
          <source>Climacteric</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>96</fpage>
          <lpage>100</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/13697137.2018.1430131.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Pinkerton JV. Hormone Therapy for Postmenopausal Women. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(5):446-55. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp1714787.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pinkerton</surname>
              <given-names>JV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hormone Therapy for Postmenopausal Women</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>382</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>446</fpage>
          <lpage>55. doi</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMcp1714787.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Lobo RA. Hormone-replacement therapy: current thinking. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017;13(4):220-31. doi: 101038/nrendo.2016.164. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.164.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lobo</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hormone-replacement therapy: current thinking</article-title>
          <source>Nat Rev Endocrinol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>220</fpage>
          <lpage>231</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nrendo.2016.164.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Writing Group For The Women SHII. Risks and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: Principal Results From the Women&#8217;s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA: 2002;288(3):321-33. doi: 10.1001/jama.288.3.321.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Writing Group For The Women SHII</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risks and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: Principal Results From the Women&#8217;s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>288</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>321</fpage>
          <lpage>333</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.288.3.321.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Guthrie KA, Lacroix AZ, Ensrud KE, Joffe H, Newton KM, Reed SD, et al. Pooled Analysis of Six Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Interventions for Vasomotor Symptoms. Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology 2015;126(2):413-22. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000927.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guthrie</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lacroix</surname>
              <given-names>AZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ensrud</surname>
              <given-names>KE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Joffe</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Newton</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reed</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pooled Analysis of Six Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Interventions for Vasomotor Symptoms</article-title>
          <source>Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>126</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>413</fpage>
          <lpage>422</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/AOG.0000000000000927.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Kaunitz AM. Extended duration use of menopausal hormone therapy. Menopause. 2014;21(6):679-81. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000175.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kaunitz</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Extended duration use of menopausal hormone therapy</article-title>
          <source>Menopause</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>679</fpage>
          <lpage>681</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/GME.0000000000000175.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Johnson A, Roberts L, Elkins G. Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Menopause. JeVID Based Integr Med. 2019;24: 2515690X19829380. doi: 10.1177/2515690X19829380</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roberts</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elkins</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Menopause</article-title>
          <source>JeVID Based Integr Med</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <size units="pages">2515690X19829380</size>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/2515690X19829380</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Madika A-L, MacDonald CJ, Fournier A, Mounier-Vehier C, B&#233;raud G, Boutron-Ruault M-C. Menopausal hormone therapy and risk of incident hypertension: role of the route of estrogen administration and progestogens in the E3N cohort. Menopause 2021;28(111204-1208. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001839.).</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Madika</surname>
              <given-names>A-L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>MacDonald</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fournier</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mounier-Vehier</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>B&#233;raud</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boutron-Ruault</surname>
              <given-names>M-C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Menopausal hormone therapy and risk of incident hypertension: role of the route of estrogen administration and progestogens in the E3N cohort</article-title>
          <source>Menopause</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <fpage>111204</fpage>
          <lpage>111208</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/GME.0000000000001839.).</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Ferreira-Campos L, Gabrielli L, Almeida MCC, Aquino EML, Matos SMA, Griep RH, et al. Hormone therapy and Hypertension in Postmenopausal Women: Results from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022; 118(5):905-913.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira-Campos</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gabrielli</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>MCC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aquino</surname>
              <given-names>EML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matos</surname>
              <given-names>SMA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Griep</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hormone therapy and Hypertension in Postmenopausal Women: Results from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>118</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>905</fpage>
          <lpage>913</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Terapia Hormonal e Hipertens&#227;o em Mulheres na P&#243;s-Menopausa: Resultados do Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Overcoming Women&#8217;s Lifelong Hormonal Rollercoaster: A Turning Point for Cardiovascular Prevention</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1840-4372</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Machline-Carrion</surname>
            <given-names>M. Julia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">EpHealth Primary Care Solutions, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: M. Julia Machline Carrion &#8226; Rua Inhambu, 635 apto 13. Postal Code 04520-012, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: mjuliacarrion@gmail.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Estrogen Replacement Therapy/adverse effects</kwd>
        <kwd>Women</kwd>
        <kwd>Menopause</kwd>
        <kwd>Progestins/adverse effects</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevention and Control</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Although cardiovascular diseases (CVD), especially coronary artery disease and stroke, are the leading cause of death and disability in Brazil, both in women and men,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> addressing cardiovascular (CV) prevention implies a comprehensive approach to the inherent differences related to sex. In this sense, understanding, for instance, the role of hypertension, a major risk factor for coronary artery disease and stroke in Brazilian women,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> in the context of this population&#8217;s specificities is key.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Hypertensive disorders, including pregnancy-induced hypertension (occurring in 6-7% of pregnancies) and preeclampsia/eclampsia (occurring in up to 10% of pregnancies), are important CV risk factors<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> that should be accounted for when assessing women&#8217;s CV risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As women age and estrogen levels decline, risks increase for osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Vasomotor symptoms (hot flashes and night sweats), prevalent among late perimenopausal and recently menopausal women, are linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and cognitive changes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Although menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) remains the most effective treatment for vasomotor symptoms of menopause,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> its association with hypertension remains unclear.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Observational studies have previously suggested reduced risks of cardiovascular disease and dementia with postmenopausal hormone therapy,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> but the initial publication in 2002 of findings from a randomized, controlled trial conducted by the Women&#8217;s Health Initiative (WHI) reported increased risks of cardiovascular disease, venous thromboembolism (VTE), and breast cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Treatment of both groups in the WHI trial was stopped early to prevent possible harm. Compared with placebo, combination therapy (0.625 mg of conjugated equine estrogens [CEE] plus 2.5 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate) increased the annual risk of CVD by 0.6 per one thousand women and of stroke and breast cancer by 0.9 per one thousand women. Subsequent post hoc analyses conducted according to age and time from the onset of menopause (with menopause defined as 12 months without a menstrual period) suggested increased risks of coronary heart disease and stroke among WHI participants who started hormone therapy after the age of 60 years, thus supporting the &#8220;timing hypothesis&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In the Etude <italic>&#201;pid&#233;miologique de femmes de la Mutuelle G&#233;n&#233;rale de l&#8217;Education</italic> (E3N) cohort, MHT was associated with a modest but significant increased risk of incident hypertension, especially when using oral estrogen in combination with a progestogen such as pregnane and norpregnane derivatives.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In a cross-sectional study from the baseline assessment of the ELSA-Brazil study, including 2.138 women that have undergone natural menopause, Ferreira-Campos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> assessed the relation between MHT and hypertension (defined as BP &#8805;140/90 mmHg or previous use of any antihypertensive drugs). The authors have found that 1.492 women (69.8%) have never used MHT, 457 (21.4%) were previous users, and 189 (8.8%) were current users. In this study, current MHT users were less likely to present hypertension than women who have never used MHT (Odds Ratio [OR]=0.59; CI 95% 0.41-0.85). Additionally, current MTH users presented lower median systolic blood pressure than women who have never used MTH and previous users (113 mmHg,118,5 mmHg and 120 mmHg, respectively, (p=0.001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> This study&#8217;s conclusions, while cautious, contrast with recent larger longitudinal assessments from cohort studies and clinical trials. In this case, the study&#8217;s cross-sectional nature may represent a limitation. The &#8220;timing hypothesis&#8221; not possible to assess in this study design could be determinant for a different outcome. While cross-sectional analyses constitute a substantial body of evidence generators, longitudinal assessments and the &#8220;magic of randomization&#8221; may be informative for certain research questions.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Hormone therapy and Hypertension in Postmenopausal Women: Results from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
