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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">D7ZNtWW5FNTnCMnC63HvnjB</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005001217</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000500875</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210069</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210069</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os Efeitos da Ingest&#227;o de Sal do Himalaia e de Sal Comum sobre os Valores de S&#243;dio Urin&#225;rio e Press&#227;o Arterial em Indiv&#237;duos Hipertensos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1867-3943</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Loyola</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Mauri F&#233;lix de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7750-2792</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Marcela M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5333-013X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo C&#233;sar B. Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial - Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Bras&#237;lia, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Isabela P. Loyola &#8226; Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial - Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - R. 235, s/n, CEP 74605-050, Setor Leste, Universit&#225;rio, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>isabelaployola@gmail.com</email>, <email>fvjardim.ufg@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Loyola IP, Sousa MF, Jardim PCBV; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Loyola IP; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Loyola IP, Sousa MF, Jardim TV, Mendes MM, Jardim PCBV; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Loyola IP, Sousa MF, Jardim TV, Mendes MM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Loyola IP, Jardim PCBV; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Loyola IP, Jardim TV, Mendes MM, Jardim PCBV.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>875</fpage>
      <lpage>882</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O sal do Himalaia (SH) tornou-se uma alternativa popular para o sal de mesa (SM) devido &#224;s suas alega&#231;&#245;es de benef&#237;cios &#224; sa&#250;de, principalmente para indiv&#237;duos com hipertens&#227;o arterial. Por&#233;m, apesar do aumento do consumo de SH, ainda faltam evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas que sustentem a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de seu consumo por profissionais de sa&#250;de.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar o impacto da ingest&#227;o de SH e SM sobre a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) e concentra&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio urin&#225;rio em indiv&#237;duos com PA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Este estudo recrutou 17 pacientes do sexo feminino com hipertens&#227;o arterial que comiam fora de casa no m&#225;ximo uma vez por semana. Os participantes foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos, para receber e consumir SH ou SM. Antes e depois de cada interven&#231;&#227;o, os participantes tiveram sua press&#227;o arterial medida e urina coletada para an&#225;lise mineral. Um valor de p &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas antes e depois da interven&#231;&#227;o SH para PAD (70 mmHg vs. 68,5 mmHg; p = 0,977), PAS (118,5 mmHg vs. 117,5 mmHg; p = 0,932) e concentra&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de s&#243;dio (151 mEq / 24h vs. 159 mEq / 24; p = 0,875). Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise entre os grupos n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;as significativas ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o a PAS (117 mmHg vs 119 mmHg; p = 0,908), PAD (68,5 mmHg vs 71 mmHg; p = 0,645) ou concentra&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de s&#243;dio (159 mEq / 24h vs 155 mEq / 24h; p = 0,734).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Este estudo sugere que n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;as significativas no impacto do consumo de SH em rela&#231;&#227;o ao SM na PA e concentra&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de s&#243;dio em indiv&#237;duos com hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Cloreto de S&#243;dio</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#243;dio na Dieta</kwd>
        <kwd>Urinalise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="22"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o (HTN) &#233; um dos principais fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV), e afeta mais de 35% da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira acima de 40 anos de idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> J&#225; est&#225; bem estabelecido que o tratamento da HTN pode reduzir o risco de eventos cardiovasculares e, por isso, essa medida &#233; considerada uma das principais estrat&#233;gias na sa&#250;de p&#250;blica para o controle das DCVs.</p>
      <p>A ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio &#233; um fator de risco modific&#225;vel chave na HTN.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Estudos mostram que uma elevada ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio est&#225; associada a n&#237;veis mais elevados de press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea, e uma ingest&#227;o baixa ou moderada pode estar associada a n&#237;veis mais baixos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS) recomenda atualmente uma ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio de 2g por dia;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> contudo, em muitos pa&#237;ses, o consumo de sal &#233; mais que o dobro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> No Brasil, por exemplo, a m&#233;dia de consumo de s&#243;dio &#233; de 4,7 gramas por dia, sendo a maioria origin&#225;ria do sal de mesa (SM) e temperos (74,4%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nesse contexto, o sal do Himalaia (SH) tornou-se uma alternativa popular para o SM tradicional, particularmente para indiv&#237;duos hipertensos. As m&#237;dias sociais tornaram-se parte do cen&#225;rio da sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, sendo usadas para acessar, compartilhar, e espalhar informa&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas, e respons&#225;veis por mudan&#231;as recentes no comportamento em sa&#250;de. Nesse contexto de consumo excessivo de m&#237;dia, alavancado pelo aumento de propagandas de alimentos via m&#237;dias sociais, muitos benef&#237;cios &#224; sa&#250;de foram atribu&#237;dos ao SH, sem evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica robusta, contribuindo para a moda do SH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Aqueles que defendem o consumo do SH para o controle da HTN baseiam-se no fato de o sal n&#227;o ser refinado e seus efeitos ben&#233;ficos. A explica&#231;&#227;o &#233; que, diferentemente do sal tradicional, o SH reteria uma concentra&#231;&#227;o maior de minerais tais como ferro, magn&#233;sio, c&#225;lcio, zinco, e pot&#225;ssio, os quais s&#227;o inversamente associados com valores de press&#227;o arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar do aumento no consumo do SH e seus supostos benef&#237;cios &#224; sa&#250;de, ainda h&#225; pouca evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica que apoiem recomenda&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas por profissionais da sa&#250;de. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar o impacto do SH e do SM sobre a press&#227;o arterial, e sobre concentra&#231;&#245;es urin&#225;rias de s&#243;dio e pot&#225;ssio de indiv&#237;duos com hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento do estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo foi um ensaio randomizado do tipo crossover que comparou os efeitos da ingest&#227;o de SH e de SM sobre as concentra&#231;&#245;es de s&#243;dio urin&#225;rio e da press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea de indiv&#237;duos hipertensos. Foram recrutadas mulheres hipertensas com idade entre 40 e 65 anos de idade a partir de um servi&#231;o multidisciplinar para o manejo da HTN. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: residir em uma regi&#227;o metropolitana de uma cidade brasileira, sem mudan&#231;as no tratamento medicamentoso para HTN por no m&#237;nimo 60 dias.</p>
        <p>Os c&#225;lculos foram baseados em dados pr&#233;vios sobre os efeitos da redu&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio sobre a press&#227;o arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O tamanho amostral foi calculado para compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias, considerando um tamanho do efeito de 1,56,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> alfa de 0,05 e poder do teste (1-&#946;) de 90%, e o resultado foi de 10 participantes em cada grupo.</p>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, acidente vascular cerebral nos &#250;ltimos seis meses, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio nos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s meses, diabetes mellitus n&#227;o controlada (hemoglobina glicada acima de 8%), doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica, hipotiroidismo, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;as psiqui&#225;tricas n&#227;o estabilizadas, usu&#225;rios de drogas il&#237;citas, e alc&#243;olatras, bem como pacientes que, mais que uma vez por semana, preparavam suas refei&#231;&#245;es utilizando um sal diferente daquele fornecido no estudo.</p>
        <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de uma universidade brasileira (069428/2017), e todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento. O estudo foi conduzido seguindo a Resolu&#231;&#227;o n&#250;mero 446 de 2012.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Antes e ap&#243;s cada interven&#231;&#227;o (SH e SM), os participantes compareceram a duas visitas, com um intervalo de 3-4 dias entre elas, conduzidas pelo mesmo pesquisador. Antes do in&#237;cio da interven&#231;&#227;o, exames bioqu&#237;micos foram solicitados aos participantes que n&#227;o possu&#237;am registros de exames recentes, e medidas antropom&#233;tricas (peso, altura, e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura), e caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas foram coletadas de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Na primeira visita, os participantes foram aleatoriamente alocados a utilizar SH ou SM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). Ap&#243;s quatro semanas de interven&#231;&#227;o, e mais duas semanas livres (<italic>washout</italic>), os participantes foram passaram a receber o sal alternativo por mais quatro semanas de interven&#231;&#227;o. Durante o per&#237;odo de <italic>washout</italic>, os participantes foram orientados a manter sua dieta usual e consumirem o sal a que estavam habituados.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Fluxograma da randomiza&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>Ainda, antes e ap&#243;s cada interven&#231;&#227;o, foi fornecido a cada participante um aparelho de press&#227;o arterial para a realiza&#231;&#227;o das medidas, bem como um frasco coletor de urina para a coleta de urina em 24 horas. Ap&#243;s tr&#234;s a quatro dias, os participantes retornaram ao centro de pesquisa com o aparelho de press&#227;o e a urina coletada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Composi&#231;&#227;o do sal</title>
        <p>N&#243;s analisamos nove amostras de SH e tr&#234;s amostras do SM obtidas de mercados de uma regi&#227;o metropolitana no Brasil, para verificar a ioda&#231;&#227;o e concentra&#231;&#227;o de minerais. Todas as amostras analisadas foram fortificadas com iodo.</p>
        <p>A marca de SH cujo teor de s&#243;dio foi o mais pr&#243;ximo da m&#233;dia obtida de todas as amostras de SH foi escolhida para a interven&#231;&#227;o (SH da Interven&#231;&#227;o: 371,92 mg de s&#243;dio/g, 1,8 mg de pot&#225;ssio/g, 1,7 de magn&#233;sio/g, e 25,1 mcg de iodo/g), e a marca de SM escolhida foi a mais popular e comumente consumida pela popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira (SM da Interven&#231;&#227;o: 435,93 mg de s&#243;dio/g; 0,37 mg de pot&#225;ssio/g; 1,42 de magn&#233;sio/g; e 150 mcg de iodo/g).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Composi&#231;&#227;o dos alimentos</title>
        <p>O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por um registro alimentar de tr&#234;s dias aplicado durante ambas as fases de interven&#231;&#227;o para analisar o consumo de minerais que poderiam afetar a press&#227;o arterial, tais como c&#225;lcio, magn&#233;sio, pot&#225;ssio e s&#243;dio. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se o programa Dietbox&#174;, baseado nas tabelas de composi&#231;&#227;o de alimentos do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (IBGE)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> e Tucunduva,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>sendo que a segunda foi usada somente na aus&#234;ncia de um alimento espec&#237;fico nas tabelas do IBGE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lises de urina</title>
        <p>Cada participante recebeu um frasco de 2 litros para coleta de urina 24 horas, e foi instru&#237;do tanto verbalmente como por escrito, para coletarem uma amostra de urina de 24 horas. A primeira urina do dia foi descartada, e todas as outras ao longo do dia foram coletadas at&#233; a primeira urina da manh&#227; seguinte, que foi inclu&#237;da, aproximadamente &#224; mesma hora da primeira urina do dia anterior. A urina foi analisada no laborat&#243;rio da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s usando uma t&#233;cnica de membrana n&#227;o seletiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise da Press&#227;o arterial</title>
        <p>As medidas de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) foram obtidas utilizando-se um aparelho digital semiautom&#225;tico (OMRON 705 CPINT, Illinois, EUA), seguindo a 7&#170; Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Todos os pacientes realizaram monitoriza&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial (MRPA), seguindo a 4&#170; Diretriz Brasileira para MRPA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Os participantes foram instru&#237;dos a realizarem medidas de 24 horas, tr&#234;s pela manh&#227; e tr&#234;s &#224; tarde, por quatro dias. Os testes foram considerados v&#225;lidos se o m&#237;nimo de 15 medidas corretas fosse realizado durante o per&#237;odo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Uso de sal</title>
        <p>Os participantes receberam de um a dois quilos (dependendo da m&#233;dia de consumo familiar mensal) de SH ou de SM, de acordo com o grupo em que foi alocado. Ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de <italic>washout</italic>, os participantes receberam a mesma quantidade do outro sal.</p>
        <p>Os participantes foram orientados a usarem somente o sal fornecido durante a interven&#231;&#227;o, e a devolverem o sal remanescente ao centro de pesquisa no final do per&#237;odo de interven&#231;&#227;o, para se estimar o consumo m&#233;dio por pessoa.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas usando o programa SPSS para Windows, vers&#227;o 20. A normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi testada usando o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, que mostrou que os dados n&#227;o tinham distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Diferen&#231;as entre o momento basal e o p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o em cada grupo foram determinadas pelo teste de Wilcoxon para vari&#225;veis n&#227;o param&#233;tricas. As an&#225;lises entre os grupos foram realizadas usando o teste de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis n&#227;o param&#233;tricas. A ingest&#227;o de sal tamb&#233;m foi dividida pela densidade total do nutriente, e as diferen&#231;as de ingest&#227;o entre os grupos analisadas pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. A estat&#237;stica descritiva foi usada para todas as vari&#225;veis; as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas como mediana e intervalo interquartil, e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas como frequ&#234;ncia e porcentagem.</p>
        <p>A diferen&#231;a entre os grupos foi testada pela an&#225;lise por inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar e por protocolo e, uma vez que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre as duas an&#225;lises, somente a an&#225;lise por protocolo &#233; apresentada no estudo. Um valor de p &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Dos 44 pacientes eleg&#237;veis, 25 concordaram em participar; sete deles n&#227;o compareceram na primeira visita e, assim, 18 participantes entraram no estudo. Devido a raz&#245;es pessoais, dois participantes desistiram antes do in&#237;cio do estudo, e 17 participantes completaram ao menos uma das interven&#231;&#245;es. Dos 17 participantes analisados, 14 participaram dos dois bra&#231;os de interven&#231;&#227;o, um somente da interven&#231;&#227;o com SM, e dois somente da interven&#231;&#227;o com SH, devido a motivos pessoais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). N&#243;s analisamos 14 participantes, uma vez que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre a an&#225;lise por inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar e por protocolo.</p>
      <p>Medidas antropom&#233;tricas e caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas antropom&#233;tricas dos participantes do estudo (n=17)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" scope="col">Caracter&#237;sticas basais</th>
                <th scope="col">N=17</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (54; 60,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">&#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">29,20 (27,55;35,33)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">98 (93,50;104,75)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">M&#233;dia de comensais em casa</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2;3,37)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Tabagismo</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">16 (94,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">Ra&#231;a</td>
                <td align="center">Negra</td>
                <td align="center">4 (23,53%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Branca</td>
                <td align="center">7 (41,18%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Mista</td>
                <td align="center">6 (35,29%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alcoolismo</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">17 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">N&#237;vel educacional</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Ensino fundamental I</td>
                <td align="center">3 (17,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Ensino fundamental II</td>
                <td align="center">Completo</td>
                <td align="center">2 (11,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Incompleto</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Ensino m&#233;dio</td>
                <td align="center">Completo</td>
                <td align="center">5 (29,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Incompleto</td>
                <td align="center">2 (11,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">T&#233;cnico</td>
                <td align="center">4 (23,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">Renda familiar</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Nenhuma</td>
                <td align="center">1(5,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">&#8804; US$473</td>
                <td align="center">9 (52,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">US$473 - US$945</td>
                <td align="center">6 (35,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">&gt; US$945</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Atividade f&#237;sica regular</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">11 (64,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">6 (35,3%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>IMC: &#205;ndice de massa corporal.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A ingest&#227;o mediana de sal por pessoa durante as interven&#231;&#245;es com SH e SM foi 6,37g e 5,98 g, respectivamente, sem diferen&#231;a significativa (p=0,808). A dura&#231;&#227;o mediana da interven&#231;&#227;o foi 35 dias em ambos os grupos.</p>
      <p>Os valores de press&#227;o arterial e concentra&#231;&#245;es de minerais na urina n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes ap&#243;s as interven&#231;&#245;es em compara&#231;&#227;o ao momento anterior &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Press&#227;o arterial, e concentra&#231;&#245;es urin&#225;rias de s&#243;dio, pot&#225;ssio, e c&#225;lcio antes e ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o com sal do Himalaia (n=15)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Antes</th>
                <th>Ap&#243;s</th>
                <th>p<sup>1</sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">118,5 (111,0,130,5)</td>
                <td align="center">117,5 (114,0,133,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,932</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (65,0; 76,0)</td>
                <td align="center">68,5 (66,0,79,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,977</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#243;dio (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">151,5 (111,00; 194,75)</td>
                <td align="center">159 (134,00; 192,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,875</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pot&#225;ssio (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">57,5 (43,50; 70,75)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (40,00; 74,50)</td>
                <td align="center">0,362</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>C&#225;lcio (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">107,5 (73,75; 175,25)</td>
                <td align="center">96 (57,47; 145,50)</td>
                <td align="center">0,423</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>Valores apresentados em mediana (percentis 25 e 75). <sup>1</sup>Teste de Wilcoxon para medidas n&#227;o param&#233;tricas; SH: sal do Himalaia; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Press&#227;o arterial, e concentra&#231;&#245;es urin&#225;rias de s&#243;dio, pot&#225;ssio, e c&#225;lcio antes e ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o com sal de mesa (n=16)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Antes</th>
                <th>Ap&#243;s</th>
                <th>p<sup>1</sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">121 (111,133,00)</td>
                <td align="center">118 (109, 141)</td>
                <td align="center">0,463</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (70,00; 78,00)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (67,00; 81,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,329</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#243;dio (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">158 (92,00; 191,00)</td>
                <td align="center">151 (116,00; 195,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,345</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pot&#225;ssio (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (48,00; 65,00)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (37,00; 64,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,173</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>C&#225;lcio (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">113,90 (65,70; 188,10)</td>
                <td align="center">84,20 (72,00; 118,50)</td>
                <td align="center">0,433</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>Valores apresentados em mediana (percentis 25 e 75). <sup>1</sup>Teste de Wilcoxon para medidas n&#227;o param&#233;tricas; SH: sal do Himalaia; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise dos registros alimentares n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a significativa na ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio, c&#225;lcio, magn&#233;sio e pot&#225;ssio entre as interven&#231;&#245;es SH e SM (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>). Ainda, a an&#225;lise entre grupos n&#227;o evidenciou diferen&#231;as significativas na press&#227;o arterial ou concentra&#231;&#227;o de minerais entre SH ou SM antes e ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o mediana de s&#243;dio, pot&#225;ssio, magn&#233;sio e c&#225;lcio dos participantes submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o com sal do Himalaia e &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o com sal de mesa (n=14)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Sal do Himalaia</th>
                <th>Sal de mesa</th>
                <th>p<sup><bold><italic>1</italic></bold></sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Na (mg)</td>
                <td align="center">1054,07 (727,71;1607,69)</td>
                <td align="center">848,3 (567,52; 1390,33)</td>
                <td align="center">0,222</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>K (mg)</td>
                <td align="center">1652,2 (1340,41;1848,70)</td>
                <td align="center">1639,87 (1318,44; 2367,36)</td>
                <td align="center">0,485</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ca (mg)</td>
                <td align="center">329,11 (247,03;466,73)</td>
                <td align="center">363,93 (245,30; 522,66)</td>
                <td align="center">0,474</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mg (mg)</td>
                <td align="center">151,71 (125,22;178,07)</td>
                <td align="center">158,61 (119,00;187,52)</td>
                <td align="center">0,643</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>Valores apresentados em mediana (percentis 25 e 75). <sup>1</sup> Teste de Mann- Whitney; Na: s&#243;dio; K: pot&#225;ssio; Ca: c&#225;lcio; Mg: magn&#233;sio.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos valores de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) entre os grupos submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o com sal do Himalaia (SH) e sal de mesa (SM) antes e ap&#243;s as interven&#231;&#245;es.1 (n=14)</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href=""/>
        </fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>
              <italic>Compara&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio (Na), c&#225;lcio (Ca), e pot&#225;ssio (K) entre os grupos submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o com sal do Himalaia (SH) e sal de mesa (SM) antes e ap&#243;s as interven&#231;&#245;es (n=14) Teste de Mann- Whitney.</italic>
            </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href=""/>
        </fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em nosso conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a investigar os efeitos da ingest&#227;o de SH sobre a press&#227;o arterial e concentra&#231;&#245;es de minerais na urina. Os resultados sugeriram que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas intragrupo ou entre grupos antes e ap&#243;s as interven&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, ap&#243;s ambas as interven&#231;&#245;es, n&#227;o foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es significativas na press&#227;o arterial. O SH fornecido aos participantes continha 64,01 mg menos s&#243;dio por grama de sal que o SM fornecido. Considerando a m&#233;dia de consumo de sal em cada grupo, a m&#233;dia de ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio a partir de SH foi de 2268 mg e de SM 2506 mg por dia. Portanto, a diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia na ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio foi 238 mg por dia, uma redu&#231;&#227;o muito pequena que pode explicar a falta de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Drake et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m analisaram a composi&#231;&#227;o do SH e o SM e n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;as significativas na concentra&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio (3,68 x 10<sup>5</sup> versus 3,81x 10<sup>5</sup> ppm, respectivamente).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Barros et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> encontraram diferen&#231;as significativas na press&#227;o arterial ap&#243;s a substitui&#231;&#227;o do sal tradicional por sal light. No entanto, o sal light possui 260 mg menos s&#243;dio por grama de sal, resultando assim em uma redu&#231;&#227;o maior na ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio em compara&#231;&#227;o ao SH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> No entanto, Arantes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> analisaram o efeito da redu&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio (6g-4g) sobre a press&#227;o arterial e concentra&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de s&#243;dio em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos. Seus resultados estavam de acordo com os nossos; redu&#231;&#245;es na ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio n&#227;o foram associadas com mudan&#231;as significativas na press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>De acordo com a OMS<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e He et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> h&#225; uma redu&#231;&#227;o na PAS e na PAD ap&#243;s uma redu&#231;&#227;o na ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio da quantidade usualmente consumida pela popula&#231;&#227;o, 11 gramas por dia, para o valor recomendado, 5-6 gramas por dia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio, estimada pelo m&#233;todo de coleta de urina de 24 horas, foi 3,47 g ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o com SH, e 3,65 ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o com SM. Assim, independentemente do tipo de sal usado, o consumo foi maior que o recomendado pela OMS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Apesar de o delineamento do estudo n&#227;o haver nos permitido acompanhar cada participante e garantir o uso correto de sal, a quantidade m&#233;dia de sal usada por pessoa n&#227;o p&#244;de explicar a concentra&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio observada na urina. Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; a de que a ingest&#227;o excessiva de s&#243;dio deve-se ao consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados, os quais n&#227;o foram considerados nesta an&#225;lise. Arantes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m sugerem que a falta de controle sobre o consumo de alimentos processados e refei&#231;&#245;es feitas fora de casa provavelmente interfere nos valores de excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de s&#243;dio e press&#227;o arterial.</p>
      <p>Ainda, a ingest&#227;o aumentada de s&#243;dio observada pode estar relacionada a caracter&#237;sticas da amostra, isto &#233;, indiv&#237;duos hipertensos, que possivelmente preferem e consomem mais sal que indiv&#237;duos normotensos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar da maior concentra&#231;&#227;o de pot&#225;ssio no SH, o grupo que recebeu esse sal n&#227;o mostrou concentra&#231;&#245;es mais altas de pot&#225;ssio urin&#225;rio ou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na press&#227;o arterial. Esse resultado corrobora o estudo de Barros et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> que n&#227;o mostrou influ&#234;ncia da concentra&#231;&#227;o de pot&#225;ssio do sal light na redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos. Uma poss&#237;vel raz&#227;o para essa controv&#233;rsia poderia ser que a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de ingest&#227;o de pot&#225;ssio para melhorar a press&#227;o arterial &#233; de 4700 mg, um valor superior que o encontrado no SH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Assim, a ingest&#227;o de pot&#225;ssio deveria ser encorajada por fontes alimentares, tais como verduras e frutas.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m da aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;as significativas observada nos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos entre o consumo de SH e SM, &#233; importante notar que o SH custa at&#233; 30 vezes mais que o SM.</p>
      <p>Este estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, tais como o pequeno tamanho amostral, e a impossibilidade se de controlar a ingest&#227;o alimentar dos participantes durante o estudo. Al&#233;m disso, a ingest&#227;o individual de sal pode ter sido superestimada ou subestimada pelo m&#233;todo usado. Ainda, a variabilidade da sensibilidade individual ao s&#243;dio n&#227;o foi medida e, portanto, poderia ser uma limita&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, nossos achados destacam a necessidade de pr&#225;ticas com base em evid&#234;ncias por parte de profissionais da sa&#250;de, uma vez que nem todos os benef&#237;cios anunciados nos r&#243;tulos foram comprovados cientificamente. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar nossos achados.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas na press&#227;o arterial ou na excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de s&#243;dio quando comparadas antes e ap&#243;s as interven&#231;&#245;es, ou entre os grupos que receberam SH e SM. Assim, o estudo mostrou que a substitui&#231;&#227;o de SH por SM n&#227;o foi uma medida eficaz para melhorar os par&#226;metros de press&#227;o arterial. Mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida, incluindo redu&#231;&#227;o na ingest&#227;o de sal, e pr&#225;tica regular de atividade f&#237;sica, s&#227;o ainda as melhores estrat&#233;gias no controle da hipertens&#227;o. Existe uma clara necessidade de mais estudos controlados randomizados, incluindo uma amostra maior, para investigar o impacto do consumo do SH sobre a sa&#250;de.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Gostar&#237;amos de agradecer a Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s pelo apoio financeiro, e ao professor Paulo Sergio de Souza, da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, por conduzir a an&#225;lise qu&#237;mica dos sais usados neste estudo.</p>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Macgregor</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of longer term modest salt reduction on blood pressure : Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials</article-title>
          <source>BMJ (Online)</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>1325</volume>
          <comment>April</comment>
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      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Villela PTM, De-Oliveira EB, Villela PTM, Bonardi JM, Moriguti JC, Ferriolli E, et al. A Prefer&#234;ncia ao Sal est&#225; Relacionada &#224; Hipertens&#227;o e n&#227;o ao Envelhecimento. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2019;113(3):392-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Villela</surname>
              <given-names>PTM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De-Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Villela</surname>
              <given-names>PTM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonardi</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moriguti</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferriolli</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Prefer&#234;ncia ao Sal est&#225; Relacionada &#224; Hipertens&#227;o e n&#227;o ao Envelhecimento</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>113</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>392</fpage>
          <lpage>399</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. World Health Organization. WHO. Guideline: Potassium intake for adults and children. Geneva; 2012.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="report">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>World Health Organization. WHO</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Guideline: Potassium intake for adults and children</source>
          <publisher-loc>Geneva</publisher-loc>
          <year>2012</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Isabela Pires Loyola pela Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela CAPES.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Comparison between the Effects of Hymalaian Salt and Common Salt Intake on Urinary Sodium and Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Individuals</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1867-3943</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Loyola</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Mauri F&#233;lix de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7750-2792</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Marcela M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5333-013X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo C&#233;sar B. Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial - Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Bras&#237;lia, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Isabela P. Loyola &#8226; Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial - Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - R. 235, s/n. Postal Code 74605-050, Setor Leste, Universit&#225;rio, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil E-mail: isabelaployola@gmail.com, fvjardim.ufg@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Loyola IP, Sousa MF, Jardim PCBV; Acquisition of data: Loyola IP; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Loyola IP, Sousa MF, Jardim TV, Mendes MM, Jardim PCBV; Statistical analysis: Loyola IP, Sousa MF, Jardim TV, Mendes MM; Obtaining financing: Loyola IP, Jardim PCBV; Writing of the manuscript: Loyola IP, Jardim TV, Mendes MM, Jardim PCBV.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> The Himalayan salt (HS) has become a popular alternative for the traditional table salt (TS) due to its health benefit claims, particularly for individuals with arterial hypertension. However, despite the increase in HS consumption, there is still a lack of clinical evidence to support a recommendation for its consumption by health professionals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> This cross-over study aimed to compare the impact of HS and TS intake on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and urinary sodium concentration in individuals with arterial hypertension.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This study recruited 17 female patients with arterial hypertension who ate out no more than once a week. Participants were randomized into two groups, to receive and consume either HS or TS. Before and after each intervention, participants had their blood pressure measured and urine collected for mineral analysis. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> There were no statistically significant differences before and after the HS intervention for DBP (70mmHg vs. 68.5mmHg; p=0.977), SBP (118.5 mmHg vs. 117.5 mmHg; p= 0.932) and sodium urinary concentration (151 mEq/24h vs. 159 mEq/24; p=0.875). Moreover, the between-group analysis showed no significant differences after the intervention regarding SBP (117mmHg vs 119 mmHg; p=0.908), DBP (68.5 mmHg vs. 71mmHg; p= 0,645) or sodium urinary concentration (159 mEq/24h vs. 155 mEq/24h; p=0.734).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> This study suggests that there are no significant differences on the impact of HS consumption compared to TS on blood pressure and sodium urinary concentration in individuals with arterial hypertension.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Sodium Chloride</kwd>
        <kwd>Sodium Chloride,Dietary</kwd>
        <kwd>Urinalysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Hypertension (HTN) is one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), and affects more than 35% of the Brazilian population over 40 years old.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> It is well established that treating HTN may reduce the risk of cardiovascular events; therefore, this is considered to be one of the primary public health strategies for tackling CVDs.</p>
        <p>Sodium intake is a key modifiable risk factors for HTN. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Studies show that high sodium intake is associated with higher blood pressure, while a low or moderate intake can have the opposite effect.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The World Health Organization (WHO) currently recommends a sodium intake of 2 g per day;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> yet, in many countries salt consumption is actually more than double.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In Brazil, for instance, the average sodium consumption is 4.7 grams per day, mostly from table salt (TS) and seasonings (74.4%). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Within this context, the Himalayan salt (HS) has become a popular alternative for the traditional TS, particularly for hypertensive individuals. Social media has become part of the public health scene and has been used to access, share, and spread medical information, being responsible for recent changes in health behavior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In this context of excessive media consumption, boosted by the increase of food advertisements by social media, many health benefits have been attributed to the HS, without robust scientific evidence, contributing to the HS hype.</p>
        <p>Those who advocate for the consumption of HS to control HTN base themselves on the beneficial effects of its unrefined characteristic. The rationale is that, unlike traditional salt, HS would retain a higher concentration of minerals such as iron, magnesium, calcium, zinc, and potassium, which are inversely associated with blood pressure values.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite the increase in HS consumption and its health claims, there is still a lack of scientific evidence to support clinical recommendations by health professionals. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the impact of HS and TS consumption on blood pressure, and calcium, sodium, and potassium urine concentrations in individuals with arterial hypertension.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>This was a randomized crossover trial that compared the effects of HS and TS intake on urinary sodium values and blood pressure of hypertensive individuals. Women with HTN aged between 40 and 65 years old were recruited for this study from a multidisciplinary care clinic for HTN. Inclusion criteria included: residing in the metropolitan region of a Brazilian city, with no changes in antihypertensive medication for at least 60 days.</p>
          <p>The calculations were made based on previous data on the effects of reductions in sodium intake on blood pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Sample size was calculated for comparison of means, considering an effect size of 1.56,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> an alpha of 0.05 and test power (1-&#946;) of 90%, and the result was 10 participants in each group.</p>
          <p>Patients with heart failure, stroke in the last six months, acute myocardium infarction in the previous three months, uncontrolled diabetes (glycated hemoglobin above 8%), liver disease, hypothyroidism, chronic kidney disease, unstable psychiatric disorders, illicit drug users, and alcoholics were excluded, as were those who had their meals prepared with a salt different from the one provided by this study more than once per week.</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of General Hospital of a Brazilian University (069428/2017) and all patients signed an informed consent form. The study was conducted under the Federal Resolution 446/2012.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Before and after each intervention (HS and TS), participants attended two visits, with a 3 or 4 day-interval between them, conducted by the same researcher. Before the commencement of the intervention, biochemical tests were requested for participants who did not have recent tests recorded, and anthropometric measures (weight, height, and waist circumference) and demographic characteristics of all participants included in the study were collected. At their first visit, participants were randomly assigned to use either HS or TS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>). After four weeks of intervention and an additional two-weeks of washout, participants were crossed over to the alternative salt for another four weeks of intervention. During the washout period, participants were instructed to maintain their usual diet and consume the salt they were used to.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Flow diagram of patients&#8217; randomization.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            </fig>
          </p>
          <p>Additionally, before and after each intervention, a blood pressure device and a urine container were provided to each participant to perform blood pressure measurements and to collect a 24-hour urine sample, respectively. After three to four days, participants returned to the research center with the blood pressure device and the urine collected.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Salt Composition</title>
          <p>We analyzed nine HS samples and three TS obtained from food markets in a metropolitan region in Brazil, to verify iodization and minerals&#8217; concentration. All samples of both salts were iodine fortified.</p>
          <p>The HS brand whose sodium content was the closest to the mean of all HS samples was chosen for the intervention (intervention HS: 371.92 mg of sodium/g, 1.8 mg of potassium/g, 1.7 of magnesium/g, and 25.1 mcg of iodine/g), and the TS brand chosen was the most popular and commonly consumed by the Brazilian population (Intervention TS: 435.93 mg of sodium/g, 0.37 mg of potassium/g, 1.42 of magnesium/g and 150 mcg of iodine/g).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Food composition</title>
          <p>Dietary intake was evaluated using a three-day food record applied during both intervention phases, to analyze the consumption of minerals that could affect blood pressure, such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium. Data were analyzed using the Dietbox<sup>TM</sup> software, based on IBGE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> and Tucunduva food composition tables,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> the latter being used only in the absence of a specific food in the IBGE tables.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Urine analysis</title>
          <p>Each participant received a 2.0-L urine jug and was instructed, orally and in writing, to collect a 24-hour urine sample. The first urine voided in the morning was discarded, and all other urine samples throughout the day were collected until and including the first urine void of the following morning, approximately at the same time of the first urine of the previous day. Urine was analyzed at the laboratory of the Federal University of Goias using the ion-selective membrane technique.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Blood Pressure Analysis</title>
          <p>Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) measurements were obtained using a semi-automatic digital device (OMRON 705 CPINT, Illinois, USA) following the 7<sup>th</sup> Brazilian Guideline of Arterial Hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>All patients undertook Home Blood Pressure Monitoring (HBPM), following the IV Brazilian Guidelines for HBPM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Participants were instructed to perform 24 measurements, three in the morning and three in the afternoon for four days. Tests were considered valid if at least 15 effective measures were performed during the period.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Salt dispensing</title>
          <p>Participants received one to two kilograms (depending on monthly average family consumption) of HS or TS, according to their allocation group. After the washout period, participants received the same amount of the other salt.</p>
          <p>Participants were instructed to use only the salt provided during the intervention and to return the remaining salt back to the research center after the intervention period, for estimation of the mean consumption per person.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical program for Windows version 20. Normality of data distribution was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, which showed that the data were not normally distributed. Differences between baseline and post intervention in each group were determined using the Wilcoxon test for the nonparametric variables. Analysis between groups was performed using the Mann-Whitney test for nonparametric variables. Sodium intake was also divided by total nutrient density and differences in intake between groups were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test. Descriptive statistics were used for all variables; continuous variables were presented as median and interquartile range, and categorial variables as frequency and percentage.</p>
          <p>The difference between groups was tested by intention to treat (ITT) and per protocol (PP) analysis, and since there were no differences between the two analyses, only PP analysis is shown in this study. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Of 44 eligible patients, 25 agreed to participate; seven of them did not attend the first visit, thus 18 participants entered the study. Due to personal reasons, two participants withdrew before the start of the study, and 17 participants completed at least one of the two intervention arms. Of the 17 participants analyzed, 14 participants underwent both intervention arms, one only the TS intervention and 2 only HS intervention, due to personal reasons (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure. 1</xref>). We analyzed 14 participants since there were no difference between ITT and PP analysis.</p>
        <p>Anthropometric measurements and demographic characteristics are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Anthropometric characteristics of study participants (n=17)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" scope="col">Baseline characteristics</th>
                  <th scope="col">N=17</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (54; 60.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">29.20 (27.55;35.33)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">Waist circumference (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (93.50;104.75)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">Average number of people eating at home</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2;3.37)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">1(5.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (94.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">Race</td>
                  <td align="center">Black</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (23,53%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">White</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (41,18%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Mixed race</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (35.29%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alcoholism</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (100%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">Education Level</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Elementary School</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (17.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Middle School</td>
                  <td align="center">Complete</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (11.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Incomplete</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">High School</td>
                  <td align="center">Complete</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (29.4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Incomplete</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (11.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Technical Degree</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (23.5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">Family income</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">None</td>
                  <td align="center">1(5.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">&#8804; US$473</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (52.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">US$473 - US$945</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (35.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">&gt; US$945</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Regular physical activity</td>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (64.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (35.3%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>BMI: Body mass index.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The median of salt intake per person during HS and TS intervention was 6.37 grams and 5.98 grams, respectively, with no significant difference (p=0.808). Median duration of the intervention was 35 days in both groups.</p>
        <p>Blood pressure values and urine mineral concentrations after both interventions were not significantly different compared with pre-intervention (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Blood pressure values and sodium, potassium and calcium urine concentrations before and after the Himalayan salt intervention (n=15)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Before</th>
                  <th>After</th>
                  <th>p<sup>1</sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>SBD (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">118.5 (111.0,130.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">117.5 (114.0,133.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.932</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (65.0,76.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">68.5 (66.0,79.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.977</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sodium (mEq/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">151.5 (111.00,194.75)</td>
                  <td align="center">159 (134.00, 192.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.875</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Potassium(mEq/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">57.5 (43.50,70.75)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (40.00,74.50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.362</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Calcium(mEq/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">107.5 (73.75,175.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (57.47,145.50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.423</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Values are shown as median (25th,75th). 1Wilcoxon test for non-parametric measures; HS: Himalayan Salt; SBD: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Blood pressure values and sodium, potassium and calcium urine concentrations before and after the table salt intervention (n=16)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Before</th>
                  <th>After</th>
                  <th>p<sup>1</sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>SBD (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">121 (111,133.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">118 (109,141)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.463</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (70.00, 78.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (67.00, 81.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.329</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sodium(mEq/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">158 (92.00,191.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">151 (116.00,195.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.345</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Potassium(mEq/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (48.00, 65.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (37.00,64.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.173</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Calcium(mEq/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">113.90 (65.70, 188.10)</td>
                  <td align="center">84.20 (72.00, 118.50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.433</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Values are shown as median (25<sup>th</sup>,75<sup>th</sup>). <sup>1</sup> Wilcoxon test for non-parametric measures; HS: Himalayan salt TS: table salt; SBD: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The analysis of food records showed no significant difference in sodium (total amount p=0.222 or nutrient density, p=0.195), calcium, magnesium and potassium intake between TS and HS interventions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>). Moreover, the intergroup analysis showed no significant differences in blood pressure and mineral concentration between HS and TS before and after intervention (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of median intake of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium of participants undergoing the Himalayan salt and the table salt intervention (n=14)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Himalayan salt</th>
                  <th>Table salt</th>
                  <th>p<sup><bold><italic>1</italic></bold></sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Na (mg)</td>
                  <td align="center">1054.07 (727.71,1607.69)</td>
                  <td align="center">848.3 (567.52, 1390.33)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.222</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>K (mg)</td>
                  <td align="center">1652.2 (1340.41,1848.70)</td>
                  <td align="center">1639.87 (1318.44, 2367.36)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.485</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ca (mg)</td>
                  <td align="center">329.11 (247.03,466.73)</td>
                  <td align="center">363.93 (245.30, 522.66)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.474</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mg (mg)</td>
                  <td align="center">151.71 (125.22,178.07)</td>
                  <td align="center">158.61 (119.00,187.52)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.643</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Values are shown as median (25th,75th). 1Mann- Whitney Test; Na: sodium; K: potassium; Ca: calcium; Mg: magnesium.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Comparison of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) values between pre-and post-interventions (Himalayan salt [HS] and the table salt [TS] interventions)<sup>1</sup> (n=14)</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic>Comparison of urinary sodium (Na), calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) values between Himalayan salt (HS) and table salt (TS) groups before and after intervention (n=14); Mann- Whitnney Test.</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the effects of HS consumption on human blood pressure and urine mineral concentrations. The results suggested no significant differences within or between groups before and after interventions.</p>
        <p>In our study, after both interventions, there was no change on blood pressure values. The HS given to participants had 64.01 mg less sodium per gram of salt than the TS provided. Considering the average salt consumption in each group, mean sodium intake from HS and TS was 2268 mg and 2506 mg per day, respectively. Therefore, the average difference in sodium intake was 238 mg daily, a minor reduction that may explain the lack of significance. Drake et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> also analyzed the composition of Himalayan and table salt and did not find significant difference in sodium concentration (3.68 x 10<sup>5</sup> and 3.81x 10<sup>5</sup> ppm, respectively).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Barros et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>found significant differences in blood pressure values after the replacement of traditional salt with light salt. However, light salt has 260 mg less sodium per gram of salt, hence resulting in a greater reduction in sodium intake as compared to the HS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> In contrast, Arantes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> analyzed the effect of salt intake reduction (6g-4g) on blood pressure and urinary sodium concentration in hypertensive individuals. Their results were in line with ours; reductions of salt intake were not associated with significant changes in blood pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>According to the WHO<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and He et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> there is a decrease in SBP and DBP after a reduction in salt intake from the amount usually consumed by the population, 11 grams daily, to the recommended value, 5 to 6 grams daily.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> The estimated sodium intake using the 24-hour urine collection method sample was 3.47g after HS and 3.65g after TS intervention. Therefore, regardless of the type of salt used, consumption was higher than the recommended by OMS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Although the study design did not allow us to follow each participant to guarantee the correct use of the salt, the average amount of salt used per person could not explain the sodium concentration observed in the urine. We hypothesize that the excess sodium intake may be due to the consumption of ultra-processed foods that were not accounted in this analysis. Arantes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> also suggest that the lack of control over the consumption of processed foods and out-of-home meals probably interferes on urinary sodium excretion and blood pressure results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Moreover, the increased sodium intake observed may be related to the characteristics of the sample, i.e., individuals with HTN, who may prefer and consume more salt than normotensive population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite the higher content of potassium in HS, the HS intervention group did not show higher urinary potassium concentrations or significant decrease in blood pressure. This result corroborates the study of Barros et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> which demonstrated no influence of the light salt potassium content on blood pressure reduction amongst people with arterial hypertension. One possible reason for this controversy could be that the recommendation of potassium intake to improve blood pressure is 4700 mg, a value higher than the one found in the HS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Therefore, potassium intake should be encouraged by food sources such as vegetables and fruits.</p>
        <p>In addition to the observed lack of significant differences in clinical parameters between TS and HS consumption, it is important to note that HS costs up to 30 times more than TS.</p>
        <p>This study has some limitations such as the small sample size and the impossibility to control participants&#8217; food intake during the study. Moreover, individual salt intake may have been overestimated or underestimated by the method used. In addition, the variability in individual sensitivity to sodium was not measured and therefore could be a limitation. Nevertheless, our findings highlight the need of evidence-based practices by health professionals, as not all claimed benefits on labels have been scientifically proven. Further studies are required to confirm our findings.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>There were no significant differences between pre- and post-interventions or between HS and TS groups in blood pressure and urinary sodium excretion. Therefore, the replacement of TS with HS was shown to be an ineffective measure to improve blood pressure parameters. Lifestyle modifications, such as reduction in salt intake along with regular exercise, remain the best strategy in arterial hypertension control. There is a clear need for more randomized controlled studies, especially with a larger sample size, to investigate the impact of HS consumption on health.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>We would like to thank the Research Foundation of the General Hospital of the Federal University of Goias (Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s) for the financial support and Professor Paulo Sergio de Souza, from the Federal University of Goias for conducting the chemical analysis of the salts used in this study.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Isabela Pires Loyola, from Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: This study was partially funded by CAPES.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
