<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">x5G6ynC5DLTHvC7WKZBHHcp</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000500873</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220255</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220255</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ecocardiografia Guiando Tratamento Percut&#226;neo de Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica Obstrutiva: Navegar (em &#193;guas Conhecidas) &#233; Preciso</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8742-3764</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Romano</surname>
            <given-names>Minna Moreira Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#8211; USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Minna Moreira Dias Romano &#8226; Rua Carlos Rateb Cury, 697, casa 38. CEP 14029-123, Cond Vila de Buenos Aires, Jd Olhos D&#180;agua, Riber&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>minna@fmrp.usp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>873</fpage>
      <lpage>874</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica Obstrutiva/gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>T&#233;cnicas de Abla&#231;&#227;o/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o Septal Alco&#243;lica/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Miectomia</kwd>
        <kwd>Gradiente</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="8"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A Cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica obstrutiva &#233; a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca gen&#233;tica mais comum e, al&#233;m de seu risco arr&#237;tmico, &#233; respons&#225;vel por sintomas como palpita&#231;&#245;es, s&#237;ncope, dispneia de esfor&#231;os e <italic>angina pectoris</italic> . Dez por cento dos pacientes s&#227;o refrat&#225;rios ao tratamento cl&#237;nico com betabloqueadores ou bloqueadores de canais de c&#225;lcio. Alternativas de tratamento anat&#244;mico como a miectomia cir&#250;rgica (MC) ou outros m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos que objetivam a redu&#231;&#227;o do gradiente obstrutivo podem ser considerados em alguns casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Embora a MC seja considerada segura e procedimento de escolha em centros de experi&#234;ncia, ela ainda traz risco de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias tais como tamponamento card&#237;aco, comunica&#231;&#245;es interventriculares, acidentes cerebrovasculares, dissec&#231;&#227;o de coron&#225;rias, e parada card&#237;aca n&#227;o fatal. Permanecem algumas controv&#233;rsias sobre op&#231;&#245;es de tratamentos n&#227;o invasivos e a experi&#234;ncia do <italic>Heart Team</italic> local &#233; um fator importante nas decis&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o septal alco&#243;lica (ASA), desenvolvida em 1995, tem sido o procedimento n&#227;o invasivo mais utilizado e &#233; considerado seguro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A exequibilidade da ASA est&#225; relacionada com a anatomia coron&#225;ria e o procedimento &#233; considerado como sendo, em geral, respons&#225;vel por &#225;reas maiores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica e pode se acompanhar de riscos de dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o, bloqueios atrioventriculares e maior risco de depend&#234;ncia de marca-passo artificial. Ainda, a redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de gradiente obstrutivo ap&#243;s a ASA costuma ser menos significativa do que aquela atingida com a MC. Outras op&#231;&#245;es de redu&#231;&#227;o septal tais como oclus&#245;es coronarianas por <italic>coils</italic> tamb&#233;m j&#225; foram descritas, embora com riscos de outras complica&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia (ARF) &#233; outra op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento n&#227;o invasiva, tendo sido mais aplicada em popula&#231;&#245;es pedi&#225;tricas, dado seu maior risco de arritmias com o uso da ASA.</p>
    <p>No volume atual dos ABC, Valdigen et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> reportam uma s&#233;rie de casos de 12 pacientes adultos tratados com ARF, guiada pela ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica. Essa modalidade de imagem card&#237;aca tem boa acur&#225;cia para visualizar a localiza&#231;&#227;o da ponta do cateter, guiando-a at&#233; a regi&#227;o mais obstrutiva do septo interventricular. Os resultados foram bons, com redu&#231;&#227;o significativa dos gradientes m&#233;dios em via de sa&#237;da de VE a partir do terceiro m&#234;s de seguimento. Dois pacientes apresentaram BRE novo, nenhum deles necessitando de outra interven&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o foram observadas complica&#231;&#245;es maiores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A ecocardiografia intra-procedimento hemodin&#226;mico pode tamb&#233;m ser usada para guiar a ASA, tanto com a modalidade transtor&#225;cica quanto transesof&#225;gica. Recentemente, o uso de agentes de contraste ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, baseados em microbolhas, mostrou-se uma ferramenta alternativa para estudar a perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica relacionada a cada coron&#225;ria septal. Uma pequena quantidade de contraste &#233; infundida diretamente em cada septal analisada e as imagens de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica podem ser geradas tanto nas modalidades bidimensional (2D) quanto tridimensional (3D). Com essa ferramenta a decis&#227;o acerca da melhor septal a ser abordada pode ser facilitada ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ), ou mesmo a decis&#227;o de n&#227;o proceder com a ASA, muitas vezes porque a irriga&#231;&#227;o envolve a banda moderadora do VD ou mesmo sua parede livre.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O uso da ecocardiografia 3D parece ser mais acurado do que o da 2D para guiar, de modo seguro, a escolha da coron&#225;ria alvo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e seu uso deve ser preferido quando dispon&#237;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O uso de contraste ecocardiogr&#225;fico tamb&#233;m pode ser feito na programa&#231;&#227;o da MC.</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; Imagens usando agente de contraste ecocardiogr&#225;fico (SonoVue), injetado na primeira septal (Painel A) e na segunda septal (Painel B), setas amarelas. Considerando que a &#225;rea de mioc&#225;rdio perfundido pela segunda septal era maior, envolvendo a banda moderadora de VD, a decis&#227;o foi feita pela oclus&#227;o alco&#243;lica da primeira septal. AD: &#225;trio direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0873-20255-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Em recente metan&#225;lise de estudos n&#227;o randomizados, Bytyci et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> conclu&#237;ram que ASA e MC tem riscos similares de mortalidade, sendo ambos considerados igualmente seguros. Complica&#231;&#245;es periprocedimento s&#227;o menores na ASA, mas o risco de necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#227;o ou de marca-passo &#233; um pouco maior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Ainda n&#227;o h&#225; dados cient&#237;ficos definitivos comparando op&#231;&#245;es percut&#226;neas com MC depois da disponibilidade de t&#233;cnicas avan&#231;adas de imagem ecocardiogr&#225;fica tais como a 3D ou o uso de contrastes de perfus&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Considerada ent&#227;o a falta de estudos randomizados e controlados neste cen&#225;rio, embora a MC seja preferida em centros especializados, op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas n&#227;o invasivas podem ser escolhas, a depender de situa&#231;&#245;es individuais de cada caso, considerando riscos e benef&#237;cios de cada t&#233;cnica. O uso de modalidades e t&#233;cnicas de imagem como a ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica, 3D e com contraste pode ser a pe&#231;a que faltava para o sucesso de algumas t&#233;cnicas.</p>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Abla&#231;&#227;o Septal com Cateteres e Radiofrequ&#234;ncia Guiada pela Ecocardiografia para Tratamento de Pacientes com Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica Obstrutiva: Experi&#234;ncia Inicial</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Echocardiography Guiding Percutaneous Treatment of Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Navigating (In Known Waters) Is Necessary</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8742-3764</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Romano</surname>
            <given-names>Minna Moreira Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#8211; USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Minna Moreira Dias Romano &#8226; Rua Carlos Rateb Cury, 697, casa 38. Postal Code 14029-123, Cond Vila de Buenos Aires, Jd Olhos D&#180;agua, Riber&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: minna@fmrp.usp.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/genetics</kwd>
        <kwd>Ablation Techniques/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Alcohol Septal Ablation/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Miectomy</kwd>
        <kwd>Gradient</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HOCM) is the most common cardiac genetic disease and, besides the risk of malignant arrhythmias, it is responsible for symptoms such as palpitations, syncope, or presyncope, exertional dyspnea, and angina pectoris. Ten percent of patients are refractory to clinical treatment with beta-blockers or calcium channel blockers. Treatment alternatives such as surgical myectomy (SM) or non-invasive methods to reduce left ventricle outflow obstruction may be considered in this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Although surgical myectomy is considered safe and the procedure of choice in experienced centers, it still has a percentage of post-procedure complications such as tamponade, interventricular septal communication, cerebrovascular accident dissection of coronary arteries, and non-fatal cardiac arrest. Controversy still exists about non-surgical hemodynamic treatment options, and the Heart Team&#8217;s expertise is an important factor regarding decisions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Alcohol septal ablation (ASA), developed in 1995, has been the most frequently used non-surgical procedure, considered safe.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> ASA feasibility is related to coronary septal anatomy and is reported to be responsible for relatively big areas of myocardium damage and carries a risk of bundle branch block, atrioventricular block, and pacemaker dependency. Also, gradient reductions after ASA used to be less impressive than surgical ones. Other options of septal occlusion as coiling septal arteries have also been described, although with other related complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is another option for treating HOCM and was mostly applied to children based on this population&#8217;s higher risk of arrhythmias when submitted to alcoholization.</p>
      <p>In this volume of ABC, Valdigen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> reported a case series of 12 adult patients treated with RFA guided with transesophageal echocardiography. This imaging modality can accurately visualize the catheter location in LV and help position it after evaluating the most obstructive portion of the LV septum. Results were good, with a significant reduction of LVOT obstruction from 3 months of follow-up. Two patients developed LVBBB without any interventional need. No major complications occurred.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Intraprocedural echocardiography can also guide septal alcoholization using transthoracic or transesophageal views. Recently, echocardiographic enhanced contrast agents, based on microbubbles, has been used as a tool to study and quantify myocardium perfused areas related to septal coronaries. A small amount of contrast agents is infused on isolated septal coronaries, and perfusion myocardium images can be generated from bidimensional or even tridimensional techniques. With this tool, deciding the best coronary to approach ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ) or even to decline proceeding is easier.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The use of three-dimensional echocardiography seems to be more accurate than conventional bidimensional to target safe and long-term effective septal reduction with ASA in obstructive HCM,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and its use should be preferred when available.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Echocardiographic contrasting of the myocardium can also be evaluated to guide surgical myectomy (SM).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Images using echocardiography enhanced agent (SonoVue) injected at first septal coronary (Panel A) and second septal coronary (Panel B). Once the perfused myocardial area from the second septal coronary was larger and involved the RV&#8217;s moderator band, the decision to occlude the first septal coronary was taken. RA: right atria; LA: left atria; RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-05-0873-20255-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In a recent meta-analysis of non-randomized studies, Bytyci, et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> conclude that ASA and SM treatment of HOCM carry a similar mortality risk. Peri-procedural complications are less in alcohol ablation, but re-intervention and pacemaker implantations are more common.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> There is still no significant data comparing non-surgical options to SM after using advanced echocardiographic techniques with or without perfusion agents.</p>
      <p>Once no randomized trial data compares the efficacy of techniques in this scenario, although SM is preferred in experienced centers, treatment choices will still be chosen based on center expertise and heart team considerations about individual risk and benefits. The use of imaging techniques such as echocardiography, which can help guide the best anatomical septum target, maybe is the missing piece for success.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Septal Ablation with Catheters and Radiofrequency Guided by Echocardiography for Treating Patients with Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Initial Experience</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
