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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">5L54CbkWFrQkd9pHMg6R7Nj</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000500858</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220210</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220210</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Qual &#233; o Cen&#225;rio Atual da Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca no Brasil e em Portugal?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2357-5176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3688-2108</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Milani</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Fitcordis Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Fitcordis Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Maria</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">CHULN</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Maria, CHULN, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Medicina Lisboa</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Medicina Lisboa, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Ricardo Stein &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. CEP 90035-903, Servi&#231;o de Fisiatria/T&#233;rreo, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>kuqui.r@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>858</fpage>
      <lpage>860</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o Secund&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="18"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Brasil e Portugal t&#234;m muito em comum e est&#227;o ligados por fortes la&#231;os de uma hist&#243;ria que come&#231;ou a ser escrita h&#225; mais de cinco s&#233;culos. A l&#237;ngua &#233; a mesma, embora existam diferen&#231;as marcantes no sotaque, assim como no vocabul&#225;rio. A ponte a&#233;rea entre os dois pa&#237;ses &#233; intensa (&#224; parte, a pandemia de COVID-19) e cidad&#227;os vindos dos dois lados do Oceano Atl&#226;ntico habitam ou visitam cidades do al&#233;m-mar. Enfim, o sangue portugu&#234;s corre nas veias (e nas art&#233;rias) de muitos brasileiros e, nos &#250;ltimos anos, uma verdadeira onda de brasileiros imigrou para Portugal, percorrendo o caminho inverso &#224;quele feito por Pedro &#193;lvares Cabral, quando este e suas embarca&#231;&#245;es chegaram a &#8220;Terra Brasilis&#8221;.</p>
    <p>Agora, talvez confuso, quem l&#234; este texto possa se perguntar: Mas qual a rela&#231;&#227;o das linhas acima com a reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (RC)? Qual &#233; o verdadeiro motivo para este texto ser escrito por uma portuguesa e dois brasileiros, todos cardiologistas e adeptos da RC? Na verdade, o objetivo &#233; tra&#231;ar um breve perfil do que ocorre com a RC nos dois pa&#237;ses, tentando informar o leitor a respeito de uma realidade absolutamente desconectada daquela que vemos em outras &#225;reas da Cardiologia. Sem inveja, mas com preocupa&#231;&#227;o enquanto reabilitadores, vemos a Cardiologia florescer em termos de medicamentos e dispositivos que mudam a qualidade e a quantidade de vida dos pacientes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> terap&#234;uticas baseadas nas melhores evid&#234;ncias sendo descritas em Diretrizes, procedimentos invasivos que salvam vidas ou diminuem significativos danos, al&#233;m de vermos a medicina personalizada &#8220;batendo na porta&#8221; e prometendo uma potencial revolu&#231;&#227;o no manejo de doen&#231;as monog&#234;nicas e polig&#234;nicas. Enfim, onde h&#225; investimento, divulga&#231;&#227;o e marketing, a Cardiologia &#233; um exemplo inequ&#237;voco de sucesso.</p>
    <p>&#201; importante salientar que, apesar de ainda se encontrar nos bastidores da terap&#234;utica cardiol&#243;gica, a RC, em diferentes cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia de sa&#250;de na qual tanto a classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o quanto o n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia n&#227;o deixam nada a desejar, quando comparada com situa&#231;&#245;es auspiciosas como as descritas no par&#225;grafo acima. Revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas e metan&#225;lises<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> t&#234;m mostrado que a sua implementa&#231;&#227;o pode ter um impacto imenso na vida das pessoas, sendo uma a&#231;&#227;o &#250;til para a sociedade como um todo. Agora, perguntamos: Se um paciente com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica n&#227;o &#233; antiagregado (seja l&#225; com que f&#225;rmaco for), o que pensar&#237;amos do cardiologista que cuida desse paciente? Ou se um paciente com dislipidemia com colesterol total de 267 mg/dL e LDL de 191 mg/dL n&#227;o recebesse uma prescri&#231;&#227;o de estatina? Ou ainda e &#8220;indo mais fundo&#8221;, se um paciente com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) com supradesnivelamento de ST n&#227;o fosse reperfundido, estando dispon&#237;vel um hemodinamista e uma sala de hemodin&#226;mica? Imaginamos que o caso iria para o conselho de &#233;tica m&#233;dica... e com toda raz&#227;o! No entanto, s&#227;o poucos aqueles no meio m&#233;dico que conseguem vislumbrar o enorme vazio que fica, enquanto conduta baseada nas melhores evid&#234;ncias, que &#233; <underline>N&#195;O</underline> encaminhar um paciente isqu&#234;mico ap&#243;s um IAM ou um paciente com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) de qualquer etiologia para um servi&#231;o de RC. Embora, em teoria seja absolutamente entendida a indica&#231;&#227;o, na pr&#225;tica ela &#233; extremamente subutilizada, seja em Portugal seja no Brasil, como veremos nos par&#225;grafos abaixo.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Qual &#233; o cen&#225;rio atual da reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca no Brasil?</title>
      <p>No Brasil o cen&#225;rio &#233; alarmante, sendo o n&#250;mero de programas de RC documentados extremamente insuficiente para a necessidade cl&#237;nica, o que certamente &#233; prejudicial para a sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira com doen&#231;as card&#237;acas cr&#244;nicas. Vamos &#224;s evid&#234;ncias: em um estudo publicado em 2020, Britto et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> estimaram que no Brasil haja apenas uma vaga em um servi&#231;o de RC para cada 99 pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, sendo esta disponibilidade quase tr&#234;s vezes menor do que a observada em outros 32 pa&#237;ses avaliados (uma vaga para cada 32,7 pacientes). Em outro estudo que avaliou a disponibilidade e a densidade mundial da RC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> este tipo de servi&#231;o foi identificado em 111/203 pa&#237;ses e a rela&#231;&#227;o global de vagas para cada paciente com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica foi de 1:11, o que demonstra uma triste realidade.</p>
      <p>Dados n&#227;o publicados sobre a disponibilidade de servi&#231;os de RC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> identificaram o funcionamento de apenas 59 programas de RC no Brasil, sendo a maioria destes (71%) concentrados nas regi&#245;es Sul (20%) e Sudeste (51%) do pa&#237;s, o que demonstra n&#227;o s&#243; a escassez, como tamb&#233;m a heterogeneidade na distribui&#231;&#227;o nacional. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vagas dispon&#237;veis, a situa&#231;&#227;o fica ainda mais concentrada, visto que 69% delas est&#227;o na regi&#227;o Sudeste, o que exp&#245;e a grande lacuna de vagas e servi&#231;os nas demais regi&#245;es brasileiras. A partir dos dados supracitados, os autores tamb&#233;m calcularam a disponibilidade nacional de vagas de RC para atendimentos ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar: o n&#250;mero de vagas para atender estes pacientes ap&#243;s o evento cardiovascular representou menos de 2% da necessidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Para complicar ainda mais a j&#225; cr&#237;tica situa&#231;&#227;o brasileira, no que diz respeito &#224; pouca disponibilidade de servi&#231;os de RC, o in&#237;cio da pandemia COVID-19 impactou seriamente na funcionalidade destes servi&#231;os, sendo que 81% dos programas de RC relataram interrup&#231;&#227;o ou encerramento de suas atividades assistenciais, acrescido de mais 14% de servi&#231;os que reduziram o n&#250;mero de vagas at&#233; ent&#227;o disponibilizadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> N&#227;o h&#225; informa&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas sobre o retorno do funcionamento destes servi&#231;os at&#233; o presente momento, por&#233;m, informalmente, estima-se que a capacidade de atendimento ainda n&#227;o tenha retornado ao n&#237;vel pr&#233;-pandemia. Al&#233;m disso, os servi&#231;os de RC que reiniciaram suas atividades passaram a receber um novo fluxo de pacientes p&#243;s-COVID-19, o que pode ter reduzido ainda mais a disponibilidade de vagas para os pacientes portadores de cardiopatias cr&#244;nicas ou agudas ap&#243;s alta hospitalar, piorando ainda mais o cen&#225;rio &#8220;catastr&#243;fico&#8221; da RC no Brasil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Qual &#233; o cen&#225;rio atual da reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em Portugal?</title>
      <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos a RC tem apresentado progressiva melhora, tanto em n&#250;mero quanto em qualidade. No entanto, &#233; sabido que ainda est&#225; longe do ideal. Neste cen&#225;rio, o Grupo de Estudos de Fisiologia de Esfor&#231;o e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca da Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia tem realizado question&#225;rios recorrentes aos Centros de RC para avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o da RC em Portugal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> No &#250;ltimo inqu&#233;rito, datado de 2019,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> foram registrados 25 centros (33% de aumento do n&#250;mero em rela&#231;&#227;o a 2014)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> com programas de RC, assim considerados de acordo com padr&#245;es nacionais e europeus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Destes, 11 centros localizam-se na regi&#227;o norte, 1 na regi&#227;o central, 12 na regi&#227;o da grande Lisboa e 1 no sul do pa&#237;s. Verifica-se que esta concentra&#231;&#227;o de centros diz respeito &#224;s grandes cidades e regi&#227;o litor&#226;nea do pa&#237;s, o que reflete a grande heterogeneidade com manifesta car&#234;ncia de centros de reabilita&#231;&#227;o em regi&#245;es rurais, nas pequenas cidades e vilas, assim como no interior, o que vai contra &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de para a igualdade no acesso &#224; Sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Se considerarmos que anualmente cerca de 10.000 portugueses t&#234;m alta hospitalar por infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e se estes fossem distribu&#237;dos uniformemente no territ&#243;rio nacional (o que n&#227;o &#233; o caso), teoricamente cada centro de reabilita&#231;&#227;o teria que reabilitar 400 pacientes, s&#243; em rela&#231;&#227;o a esta patologia (excluindo-se outras causas de doen&#231;a cardiovascular). Partindo do princ&#237;pio que os programas de fase 2 teriam 3 meses de dura&#231;&#227;o, quantos e quais os centros seriam capazes de reabilitar 100 pacientes de cada vez, adicionando a&#237; os n&#250;meros de pacientes com outras patologias? E como conseguir uma fase 3 a longo prazo?</p>
      <p>N&#227;o &#233; s&#243; na distribui&#231;&#227;o geogr&#225;fica dos centros em territ&#243;rio Portugu&#234;s que se verifica essa grande heterogeneidade, mas tamb&#233;m nos tipos de programas institu&#237;dos, com desenho e dura&#231;&#227;o vari&#225;vel. Em sua maioria, programas de fase 2 apresentam uma frequ&#234;ncia semanal de duas a tr&#234;s sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio (podendo variar de 12 at&#233; 36 semanas). Por sua vez, os programas de fase 3 t&#234;m uma frequ&#234;ncia de uma a tr&#234;s sess&#245;es semanais, com op&#231;&#227;o de prazo de longa dura&#231;&#227;o em alguns casos. Todos os centros t&#234;m equipes multidisciplinares, incluindo sempre cardiologista, frequentemente na coordena&#231;&#227;o dos programas. Al&#233;m do exerc&#237;cio, os programas inclu&#237;ram sempre aconselhamento nutricional, a maioria com controle de fatores de risco, alguns com cessa&#231;&#227;o tab&#225;gica e com interven&#231;&#227;o psicol&#243;gica. Em outras palavras, isto demanda na prepara&#231;&#227;o de equipes com capacidade para intervir atrav&#233;s dos v&#225;rios componentes da RC, o que j&#225; &#233; uma realidade em alguns hospitais e universidades, como acontece com o Mestrado em Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular da Faculdade de Medicina de Universidade de Lisboa,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> curso de forma&#231;&#227;o avan&#231;ada destinado a diferentes especialistas. Ali&#225;s, a oferta de profissionais habilitados pode inclusive ser fator primordial no aparecimento de novos programas de RC.</p>
      <p>Outro dado interessante &#233; que em 2019,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> verificou-se um aumento de 13% nos pacientes que foram encaminhados para RC, comparativamente ao question&#225;rio pr&#233;vio de 2014,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> sobretudo no sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de. Entretanto, apesar do aumento num&#233;rico de pacientes reabilitados, apenas 9,3% daqueles com alguma s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA &#8211; causa mais frequente de indica&#231;&#227;o de reabilita&#231;&#227;o), foram de fato reabilitados. Sendo assim, se pensarmos que 100% destes pacientes deveriam participar de programas de RC para melhorar a qualidade de vida e reduzir o reinfarto e a mortalidade,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> estaremos diante de um cen&#225;rio deveras sub&#243;timo. Por sua vez, a IC de diferentes etiologias foi a segunda indica&#231;&#227;o mais frequente para a fase 2 e 3 (com aumento de 1,8% em rela&#231;&#227;o ao question&#225;rio pr&#233;vio de 2014),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> incluindo-se a&#237; a reabilita&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s implanta&#231;&#227;o de dispositivos card&#237;acos (aumento de 3,1%). Seguramente, o encaminhamento para programas de RC em pacientes ap&#243;s SCA ou com diagn&#243;stico de IC necessita ser melhorado, assim como a oferta e a capacita&#231;&#227;o dos centros.</p>
      <p>Causas para n&#227;o ades&#227;o dos pacientes aos programas de RC em Portugal, como em outros pa&#237;ses, s&#227;o a dificuldade de transporte, dist&#226;ncia ao centro de reabilita&#231;&#227;o, problemas financeiros, falta de suporte familiar, falta de motiva&#231;&#227;o, desconhecimento dos benef&#237;cios e riscos do exerc&#237;cio, assim como problemas laborais. E para dificultar um pouco mais, nos &#250;ltimos dois anos, a pandemia COVID-19 veio juntar-se &#224;s causas de n&#227;o ades&#227;o, fazendo com que alguns centros desenvolvessem programas &#224; dist&#226;ncia para tentar minimizar o obst&#225;culo de isolamento social.</p>
      <p>Por fim, apesar de melhorias significativas, a RC em Portugal ainda est&#225; longe do que seria o desej&#225;vel, tanto no encaminhamento, quanto no que diz respeito a uma melhor distribui&#231;&#227;o de programas pelo pa&#237;s.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O panorama da RC no Brasil e em Portugal ainda &#233; deficiente e necessita grande investimento, em especial se considerarmos que esta interven&#231;&#227;o de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria &#233; essencial e pode salvar vidas. Neste contexto e para uma implementa&#231;&#227;o efetiva necessitamos:</p>
      <list list-type="order">
        <list-item>
          <p>Promover a divulga&#231;&#227;o adequada da RC atrav&#233;s dos meios de comunica&#231;&#227;o, assim como estimular pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de por meio das sociedades cient&#237;ficas e dos pr&#243;prios profissionais de sa&#250;de, tanto a n&#237;vel individual, quanto institucional;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Aumentar o encaminhamento por meio da educa&#231;&#227;o para a preven&#231;&#227;o de profissionais de sa&#250;de e da cria&#231;&#227;o de um sistema de referenciamento dos pacientes, com indica&#231;&#227;o t&#227;o cedo quanto na alta hospitalar;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Combater as causas para n&#227;o ades&#227;o dos pacientes aos programas de RC, tais como: a) dificuldade de transporte e a dist&#226;ncia ao centro de reabilita&#231;&#227;o; b) problemas financeiros e falta de suporte familiar; c) falta de motiva&#231;&#227;o e desconhecimento dos benef&#237;cios e riscos do exerc&#237;cio; d) problemas de hor&#225;rio laboral.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>Finalmente, &#233; claro para n&#243;s que se todos os agentes potencialmente envolvidos no processo de implementa&#231;&#227;o de programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o nos dois pa&#237;ses (governo, agentes de sa&#250;de, sociedade civil, entre outros), investirem &#8220;um quinh&#227;o&#8221;, o resultado ir&#225; muito al&#233;m &#8220;do milh&#227;o&#8221;. Ou seja, ao se fazer uma medicina embasada nas melhores evid&#234;ncias e com um custo relativamente baixo, o resultado pode ser um ganho substancial de vidas, redu&#231;&#227;o de sofrimento e at&#233; diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa em gastos com a sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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        <label>1</label>
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              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
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          <lpage>1939</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/2047487316671181.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>What is the Current Scenario of Cardiac Rehabilitation in Brazil and Portugal?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2357-5176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3688-2108</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Milani</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Fitcordis Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Maria, CHULN, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Medicina Lisboa, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Ricardo Stein &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Postal Code 90035-903, Servi&#231;o de Fisiatria/T&#233;rreo, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: kuqui.r@gmail.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Rehabilitation</kwd>
        <kwd>Secondary Prevention</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Brazil and Portugal have a great deal in common, and they are bound by strong ties, with a history that began to be written over five centuries ago. They share a language, although there are pronounced differences in accent, as well as vocabulary. Air traffic between both countries is intense (much lower during the Covid-19 pandemic), and citizens from both sides of the Atlantic Ocean inhabit or visit cities on the other side. Finally, Portuguese blood runs in the veins (and arteries) of many Brazilians, and, in recent years, a wave of Brazilians have immigrated to Portugal, retracing the path taken by Pedro &#193;lvares Cabral, when he and his 13 vessels first arrived in the land that would receive the name &#8220; <italic>Terra Brasilis</italic> &#8221;.</p>
      <p>Confused readers may now be asking themselves, &#8220;What is the relationship between the last paragraph and cardiac rehabilitation (CR)? What is the real reason that this text was written by one Portuguese and two Brazilian authors, who are all cardiologists and advocates of CR?&#8221; In truth, the objective is to sketch a brief profile of what is taking place with CR in both countries, attempting to inform readers about a reality that is absolutely disconnected from what we see in other areas of cardiology. Speaking not out of envy, but rather out of concern as rehabilitators, we see cardiology flourish in terms of medications and devices that change the quality and quantity of patients&#8217; lives,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> therapies based on the best evidence described in the guidelines, and invasive procedures that save lives or significantly reduce damage, in addition to observing that personalized medicine is &#8220;knocking on the door&#8221; and promising a potential revolution in the management of monogenic and polygenic diseases. In short, wherever there is investment, dissemination, and marketing, cardiology is an unmistakable example of success.</p>
      <p>It is important to underscore that, even though it is still behind the scenes in cardiological therapy, CR, in different clinical scenarios,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> is a health strategy for which both the class of recommendation and the level of evidence have left no doubt, when compared to auspicious situations such as those described in the preceding paragraph. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> have shown that the implementation of CR can have an immense impact on people&#8217;s lives, and it is a useful action for society as a whole. Now, we ask: If a patient with ischemic heart disease does not receive antiplatelet therapy (with any medication whatsoever), what would people think of the cardiologist taking care of this patient? Or what if a patient with dyslipidemia, with total cholesterol of 267 mg/dL and LDL of 191 mg/dL, did not receive a statin prescription? Or, to push things even further, if a patient with an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with ST elevation did not receive reperfusion therapy, while a hemodynamist and a hemodynamics room were available? The case would imaginably end up before the medical ethics board, and rightfully so! However, few people in the medical field are able to envision the enormous void that remains regarding a conduct based on the best evidence, namely, <italic>not</italic> referring patients who are ischemic after an AMI or patients with heart failure (HF) of any etiology to a CR service. In this case, although the indication is fully understood in theory, it is extremely under-applied in practice, both in Portugal and in Brazil, as we will see in the following paragraphs.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>What is the current scenario of cardiac rehabilitation in Brazil?</title>
        <p>The scenario in Brazil is alarming. The number of documented CR programs is extremely insufficient in relation to the clinical need, and this is certainly harmful to the health of the Brazilian population with chronic heart diseases. Let&#8217;s look at the evidence: In a study published in 2020, Britto et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> estimated that, in Brazil, there is only 1 spot in a CR service for every 99 patients with ischemic heart disease, meaning that the availability is almost 3 times lower than that observed in another 32 countries evaluated (1 spot for every 32.7 patients). In another study that evaluated the worldwide availability and density of CR,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> this type of service was identified in 111 out of 203 countries, and the global ratio of spots for each patient with ischemic heart disease was 1 to 11, which demonstrates a sad reality.</p>
        <p>Unpublished data on the availability of CR<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> identified the operation of only 59 CR programs in Brazil; most of them (71%) were concentrated in the South (20%) and Southeast (51%) Regions of the country, which demonstrates not only the scarcity, but also the heterogeneity in the national distribution. In relation to available spots, the situation is even more concentrated, since 69% of them are in the Southeast Region, which exposes the large gap in spots and services in other Brazilian regions. Based on these data, the authors also calculated the national availability of CR spots for care after hospital discharge. The number of spots to provide care for these patients after a cardiovascular event represented less than 2% of the need.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>To further complicate the already critical situation in Brazil, with regard to the limited availability of CR services, the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic has had a serious impact on the functionality of these services, with 81% of CR programs reporting interruption or termination of their care activities, in addition to another 14% of services that reduced the number of spots that were available up to that time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> There is no scientific information regarding the return of these services to date; however, informally, it is estimated that the service capacity has not yet returned to the pre-pandemic level. Furthermore, the CR services that resumed their activities began to receive a new flow of post-COVID-19 patients, which may have further reduced the availability of spots for patients with chronic or acute heart diseases after hospital discharge, making the &#8220;catastrophic&#8221; scenario of CR in Brazil even worse.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>What is the current scenario of cardiac rehabilitation in Portugal?</title>
        <p>In recent years, CR has shown progressive improvement, both in number and in quality. However, it is known that it is still far from ideal. In this scenario, the Study Group on Exercise Physiology and Cardiac Rehabilitation of the Portuguese Society of Cardiology has applied recurring questionnaires at CR centers to assess the evolution of CR in Portugal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In the latest survey, dated 2019,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> 25 centers with CR programs were registered (a 33% increase in relation to 2014),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> which is thus considered in accordance with national and European standards.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Concerning these centers, 11 are located in the North Region, 1 in the Central Region, 12 in the Greater Lisbon Region, and 1 in the South Region. This concentration of centers is related to larger cities and the coastal region of the country, which reflects the great heterogeneity, with a manifest lack of rehabilitation centers in rural regions, small towns, and villages, as well as in the interior, which goes against the recommendations of the World Health Organization for equal access to health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> If we consider that approximately 10,000 people in Portugal are discharged from the hospital annually due to myocardial infarction, and, if they were evenly distributed throughout the national territory (which is not the case), theoretically, each rehabilitation center would have to rehabilitate 400 patients, only in relation to this disease (excluding other causes of cardiovascular disease). Assuming that phase 2 programs last 3 months, how many and which centers would be able to rehabilitate 100 patients at a time, adding to that the numbers of patients with other diseases? And how to achieve phase 3 in the long term?</p>
        <p>It is not only in the geographical distribution of centers throughout the territory of Portugal that this great heterogeneity is observed, but also in the types of programs instituted, with varying design and duration. Most phase 2 programs have a weekly frequency of 2 to 3 exercise sessions (ranging from 12 to 36 weeks). In turn, phase 3 programs have a frequency of 1 to 3 sessions per week, with a very long-term option in some cases. All centers have multidisciplinary teams, always including a cardiologist, who often coordinates the programs. In addition to exercise, the programs always included nutritional counseling, most with risk factor control, some with smoking cessation and psychological intervention. In other words, this demands the preparation of teams capable of intervening through the various components of CR, which is already a reality in some hospitals and universities, as is the case with the Masters in Cardiovascular Rehabilitation at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lisbon,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> a postgraduate program geared toward different specialists. In fact, the availability of qualified professionals may even be a key factor in the emergence of new CR programs.</p>
        <p>Another interesting piece of data is that, in 2019,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> a 13% increase was found in the number of patients who were referred for CR, when compared to the previous questionnaire from 2014,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> especially in the public health system. However, despite the increase in the number of rehabilitated patients, only 9.3% of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), which is the most frequent cause of rehabilitation, were actually rehabilitated. Therefore, if we consider that 100% of these patients should participate in CR programs to improve their quality of life and reduce reinfarction and mortality,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> we are facing a truly suboptimal scenario. In turn, HF of different etiologies was the second most frequent indication for phases 2 and 3 (with 1.8% increase in relation to the previous 2014 questionnaire),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> including rehabilitation after implantation of cardiac devices (a 3.1% increase). Certainly, the referral to CR programs of patients after ACS or patients with diagnosis of HF needs to be improved, in addition to the availability and training of the centers.</p>
        <p>The causes for non-adherence of patients to CR programs in Portugal, as in other countries, are transportation difficulties, distance to the rehabilitation center, financial problems, lack of family support, lack of motivation, lack of knowledge regarding the benefits and risks of exercise, and labor problems. Further posing difficulties, in the past 2 years, the COVID-19 pandemic has been added to the causes of non-adherence, leading some centers to develop distance programs to attempt to minimize the obstacle of social isolation.</p>
        <p>Finally, in spite of significant improvements, CR in Portugal is still far from what would be desirable, both in terms of referral and in terms of better distribution of programs throughout the country.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The scenario of CR in Brazil and Portugal is still inadequate, and it requires great investment, especially if we consider that this secondary prevention intervention is essential and can save lives. In this context, for effective implementation we need the following:</p>
        <p>To promote adequate dissemination of CR through the media and to encourage health policies through scientific societies and health professionals, both individually and institutionally;</p>
        <p>To increase referral by means of prevention education for health professionals and the creation of a patient referral system, with indication as early as hospital discharge;</p>
        <p>To combat the causes of non-adherence of patients to CR programs, such as: a) transportation difficulties and distances to rehabilitation centers; b) financial problems and lack of family support; c) lack of motivation and lack of knowledge regarding the benefits and risks of exercise; d) work problems.</p>
        <p>Finally, it is clear to us that if all the agents potentially involved in the process of implementing rehabilitation programs in both countries (governments, health agents, civil society, and others) invest a fair share, the returns will far exceed the principal. In other words, by practicing medicine based on the best evidence, with a relatively low cost, the result can be a substantial gain in lives, reduced suffering, and even a significant decrease in population health expenditures.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
