<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="other" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">GR5dBTHR4kcFsWsC7XPtFLz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000400789</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220179</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220179</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Posicionamento</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Posicionamento sobre Seguran&#231;a Cardiovascular das Vacinas contra COVID-19 - 2022</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6465-0780</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto Graner</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9413-3792</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>M&#250;cio Tavares de</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0676-2033</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Valdigem</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1990-4240</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiane Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2447-2577</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Polanczyk</surname>
            <given-names>Carisi Anne</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial - Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Infus&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">InCor</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Infus&#227;o e Hospital Dia do InCor, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">DEIC</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro,</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (DEIC) - Diretoria 2022-2023, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">SOCESP</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro,</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Projeto Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca da Sociedade de Cardiologia do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (SOCESP),Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Rede D&#8217;Or</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro,</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Rede D&#8217;Or, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro,</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia,Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Biocor Instituto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Nova Lima</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Biocor Instituto, Nova Lima, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>10</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>11</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>12</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologia em Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologia em Sa&#250;de, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label>13</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Moinhos de Vento</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Marechal C&#226;mara, 360/330. CEP 20020-907, Centro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>diretrizes@cardiol.br</email>; <email>carisi.anne@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>789</fpage>
      <lpage>796</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="38"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2">Posicionamento sobre Seguran&#231;a Cardiovascular das Vacinas contra COVID-19 &#8211; 2022</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2">O relat&#243;rio abaixo lista as declara&#231;&#245;es de interesse conforme relatadas &#224; SBC pelos especialistas durante o per&#237;odo de desenvolvimento deste posicionamento, 2022.</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Especialista</th>
              <th align="left">Tipo de relacionamento com a ind&#250;stria</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Bruno Pereira Valdigem</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="bullet">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Nada a ser declarado</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Carisi Anne Polanczyk</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="bullet">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Bayer, Pfizer, Novartis, Roche, Amgen, Bristol.</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Outros relacionamentos</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Bayer, Roche.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Cristiane Nunes Martins</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="bullet">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Nada a ser declarado</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Humberto Graner Moreira</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="bullet">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Novartis: Entresto; Bayer: Xarelto; Pfizer: Eliquis; Libbs: Plenance Eze.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mucio Tavares de Oliveira J&#250;nior</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="bullet">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Sanofi Pasteur: FLUZONE Senior; Torrent: droga experiental. Outros relacionamentos Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Astra Zeneca, Boehringer, Novartis, Torrent Pharma, Sanofi Pasteur, Merck, Biolab.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura Central</label>
        <caption>
          <title>: Posicionamento sobre Seguran&#231;a Cardiovascular das Vacinas contra COVID-19 - 2022</title>
        </caption>
        <attrib>Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022; 118(4):789-796</attrib>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-04-0789-20179-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O Comit&#234; Cient&#237;fico da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, por determina&#231;&#227;o do seu Conselho Administrativo, convocou em grupo de trabalho para monitorar e organizar, de forma continuada e sistem&#225;tica, evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas da seguran&#231;a cardiovascular das vacinas contra COVID-19. O objetivo desse grupo de trabalho &#233; reproduzir dados cientificamente s&#243;lidos, sintetizar a evid&#234;ncia no momento dispon&#237;vel, e oferecer recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o cardiologista brasileiro na forma de posicionamentos da SBC.</p>
      <p>As vacinas para prevenir a infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2 s&#227;o consideradas a abordagem mais efetiva para controlar a pandemia pelo v&#237;rus. Apesar dos tempos ex&#237;guos do desenvolvimento das vacinas contra COVID-19, cada vacina aprovada passou por todas as fases pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicas e cl&#237;nicas (fases I a III) de pesquisa cient&#237;fica.</p>
      <p>Os mesmos crit&#233;rios rigorosos de seguran&#231;a aos quais esses estudos foram submetidos permanecem ativos e vigilantes na chamada &#8220;fase IV&#8221;, ou monitoramento p&#243;s-comercializa&#231;&#227;o. Esta fase &#233; fundamental para avaliar a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos raros que tenham rela&#231;&#227;o causal com as vacinas, pois eles s&#243; ficam evidentes com a aplica&#231;&#227;o em grande n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos.</p>
      <p>Como em outras vacinas, eventos adversos foram observados durante esta fase de monitoramento dos programas de imuniza&#231;&#227;o populacional contra COVID-19, alguns relacionados ao envolvimento do aparelho circulat&#243;rio. A seguir, s&#227;o revisadas as evid&#234;ncias de dois desses efeitos adversos de interesse quanto &#224; sa&#250;de cardiovascular: trombose com trombocitopenia e miocardite induzida pela vacina.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Trombose com trombocitopenia imune induzida por vacina (VITT)</title>
        <p>Em fevereiro de 2021, uma s&#237;ndrome pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tica foi descrita em um pequeno n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos ap&#243;s serem vacinados. Esta s&#237;ndrome recebeu o nome de Trombocitopenia tromb&#243;tica induzida por vacina (VITT &#8211; <italic>vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia</italic>). Duas vacinas que utilizam vetores de adenov&#237;rus foram implicadas em causar VITT:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AstraZeneca, Universidade de Oxford e Serum Institute of India);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Ad26.COV2.S (Janssen; Johnson &amp; Johnson).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Embora seja reconhecida como uma rea&#231;&#227;o adversa a essas vacinas, a <bold>incid&#234;ncia</bold> real de VITT &#233; ainda desconhecida, e evid&#234;ncias apontam para uma complica&#231;&#227;o rara. A maioria dos relatos descreve um pequeno n&#250;mero de casos entre dezenas de milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos vacinados.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>-<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Em janeiro de 2022, um relat&#243;rio do sistema de notifica&#231;&#227;o norte-americano de eventos adversos da vacina (VAERS, <italic>Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System</italic>) identificou 54 casos de trombose entre mais de 14 milh&#245;es de receptores de Ad26.COV2.S, uma incid&#234;ncia de 3,8 por milh&#227;o (aproximadamente 1 em 263.000).<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>,<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> A farmacovigil&#226;ncia para esses desfechos tem sido minuciosa, sugerindo que a apura&#231;&#227;o de casos tem alta confiabilidade.</p>
        <p>Os <bold>fatores de risco</bold> para VITT s&#227;o desconhecidos. Sexo feminino, presen&#231;a de obesidade e idade entre 30 e 50 anos foram propostos como fatores de risco com base nos relat&#243;rios iniciais, mas podem refletir apenas a demografia das popula&#231;&#245;es vacinadas precocemente.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>-<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Nos EUA, o risco de VIITT ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o de Ad26.COV2.S foi estimada em 3,8 casos por milh&#227;o de doses na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, e 9 a 10,6 casos e por milh&#227;o de doses para mulheres de 30 a 49 anos.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>,<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Embora a trombose seja a <bold>apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</bold> na maioria dos casos relatados,<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup>plaquetopenia isolada tamb&#233;m pode ocorrer.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> A trombose da veia cerebral &#233; uma das formas mais comuns de acometimento descritas.</p>
        <p>O <bold>progn&#243;stico</bold> da VITT depende do territ&#243;rio acometido, extens&#227;o da trombose e complica&#231;&#245;es decorrentes, e tempo para o diagn&#243;stico. Em uma s&#233;rie de 220 indiv&#237;duos com VITT definitiva ou prov&#225;vel, a taxa de mortalidade foi de 22%.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Os fatores identificados que conferem maior risco de morte incluem trombose venosa cerebral, trombocitopenia mais acentuada e complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas concomitantes. Nos EUA, a mortalidade relacionada &#224; VITT foi de 0,57 mortes por milh&#227;o de doses de Ad26.COV2.S no geral, e de 1,8 a 1,9 mortes por milh&#227;o de doses em mulheres de 30 a 49 anos.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>,<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Comparativamente, a taxa de mortalidade global por COVID-19 &#233; de 1 a 2%. A incid&#234;ncia de trombose chega a 8% de todos os pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19, e at&#233; 23% em indiv&#237;duos em unidades de terapia intensiva.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Ainda, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que a incid&#234;ncia de trombose da veia cerebral em pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19 foi de 207 por milh&#227;o de casos, muito superior &#224; incid&#234;ncia de casos induzidos por vacina (0,9 a 3,8 por milh&#227;o).<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Assim, existe um consenso de que os benef&#237;cios da vacina&#231;&#227;o <bold>superam os riscos potenciais</bold> de efeitos colaterais raros da vacina, como VITT.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Uma <bold>hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de tromboembolismo venoso</bold> (TEV) ou uma predisposi&#231;&#227;o para TEV <bold>n&#227;o s&#227;o uma contraindica&#231;&#227;o</bold> &#224; vacina&#231;&#227;o com qualquer tipo de vacina. Nenhum estudo demonstrou um risco aumentado de VITT ou outras complica&#231;&#245;es tromb&#243;ticas ap&#243;s vacina&#231;&#227;o nestes indiv&#237;duos;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Para indiv&#237;duos que receberam uma primeira dose da vacina ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 e <bold>n&#227;o desenvolveram VITT</bold>, a recomenda&#231;&#227;o &#233; completar o esquema vacinal com duas doses. N&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que a segunda dose, ou mesmo o refor&#231;o (<italic>booster</italic>), aumente o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es tromb&#243;ticas. Uma revis&#227;o do banco de dados de seguran&#231;a da AstraZeneca na Europa e no Reino Unido identificou uma incid&#234;ncia de 8,1 casos de VITT por um milh&#227;o de primeiras doses, e apenas 2,3 casos por milh&#227;o de segundas doses;<sup>12</sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Para <bold>indiv&#237;duos que tiveram VITT </bold>com uma vacina de vetor de adenov&#237;rus, outra dose n&#227;o deve ser administrada. Recomenda-se fazer a transi&#231;&#227;o do esquema vacinal para uma vacina de RNAm;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>As evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis <bold>n&#227;o</bold> apoiam nenhuma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, laboratorial ou de imagem em <bold>indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos</bold> antes ou ap&#243;s a vacina&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Miocardite induzida por vacina</title>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre miocardite e vacinas &#233; descrita como um evento adverso raro, cuja incid&#234;ncia &#233; observada mais frequentemente ap&#243;s vacina&#231;&#227;o contra var&#237;ola, influenza e hepatite B. Entre 1990 e 2018, apenas 0,1% das mais de 620 mil notifica&#231;&#245;es de rea&#231;&#245;es adversas p&#243;s-vacinas foram atribu&#237;veis &#224; miopericardite nos EUA.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em julho de 2021, os Centros de Controle e Preven&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;as (CDC) relatou uma poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vacinas de RNAm para SARS-CoV-2 e casos de miocardite e pericardite. As duas vacinas que utilizam a tecnologia de RNAm e foram associadas a miocardite s&#227;o:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>BNT162b2 (Pfizer);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>mRNA-1273 (Moderna).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Inicialmente, foi estimada uma taxa de 32,4 casos por milh&#227;o de doses aplicadas, chegando at&#233; a 66,7 por milh&#227;o ap&#243;s a segunda dose entre homens de 12 e 17 anos. A incid&#234;ncia diminu&#237;a significativamente com o aumento da idade e era marcadamente mais baixa entre mulheres de todas as idades.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s relatos iniciais de miopericardite nesse grupo et&#225;rio (de 12 a 17 anos), houve uma maior aten&#231;&#227;o nas pol&#237;ticas de seguran&#231;a e vigil&#226;ncia para este efeito adverso. Nos &#250;ltimos meses, estudos de base populacional foram publicados sobre a ocorr&#234;ncia desse evento p&#243;s-vacina&#231;&#227;o para SARS-CoV-2, descritos a seguir e resumidos na <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos populacionais avaliando miocardite ou miopericardite associada &#224;s vacinas contra COVID-19 que utilizam RNAm</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Autores</th>
                  <th>Pa&#237;s</th>
                  <th>Popula&#231;&#227;o do Estudo</th>
                  <th>Indiv&#237;duos vacinados com vacina RNAm</th>
                  <th>Casos de miocardite confirmada</th>
                  <th>Evento/ 100.000 vacinados (taxa bruta)</th>
                  <th>&#211;bitos</th>
                  <th>Vacina BTN162b2 (Pfizer)</th>
                  <th>Vacina mRNA1273 (Moderna)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Witberg et al.<sup>16</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Israel</td>
                  <td align="center">Banco de dados de servi&#231;o de sa&#250;de de Israel, usu&#225;rios com idade &#8805; 16 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">2.558.421</td>
                  <td align="center">54</td>
                  <td align="center">2,1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">100%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mevorach et al.<sup>17</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Israel</td>
                  <td align="center">Banco de dados do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de de Israel, popula&#231;&#227;o com idade &#8805; 16 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">5.125.635</td>
                  <td align="center">136</td>
                  <td align="center">2,4</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">100%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Husby et al.<sup>19</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Dinamarca</td>
                  <td align="center">Coorte populacional, idade &#8805; 12 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">3.981.109</td>
                  <td align="center">69</td>
                  <td align="center">1,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">87%</td>
                  <td align="center">13%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chua et al.<sup>20</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Hong Kong</td>
                  <td align="center">Dados populacionais que incluiu chineses de 12 a 17 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">178.163</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">18,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">100%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Patone et al.<sup>21</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Gr&#227;-Bretanha</td>
                  <td align="center">Dados do English National Immunisation (NIMS) Database, popula&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 16 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">17.999.580</td>
                  <td align="center">169</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">25*</td>
                  <td align="center">94%</td>
                  <td align="center">6%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Oster et al.<sup>23</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">Registro de vigil&#226;ncia Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), idade &#8805; 12 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">192.405.448</td>
                  <td align="center">1626</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">70%</td>
                  <td align="center">30%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Simone et al.<sup>24</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">Dados do Kaiser Permanente Southern California &#8211; idade &#8805; 18 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">2.392.924</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">50%</td>
                  <td align="center">50%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Montgomery et al.<sup>26</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">Dados do US Military Health Service, idade entre 20 e 51 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">2.810.000</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">N&#227;o dispon&#237;vel</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>* Qualquer morte registrada tendo "miocardite" entre as causas, nos primeiros 28 dias ap&#243;s a primeira ou segunda dose da vacina.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Witberg et al.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> identificaram 54 casos confirmados de miocardite, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios do CDC, entre mais de 2,5 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos vacinados e monitorados por uma organiza&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de de Israel. Entre os pacientes com miocardite, 37 (69%) foram diagnosticados entre tr&#234;s e cinco dias ap&#243;s a segunda dose da vacina. A incid&#234;ncia geral estimada de miocardite (aferida at&#233; 42 dias ap&#243;s a primeira dose de vacina) foi de 2,13 casos por 100.000 pessoas. Essas taxas foram maiores entre homens de 16 e 29 anos, 10,7 casos por 100.000 pessoas. A maioria dos casos de miocardite foi classificada como leve (76%) ou moderada (22%), e houve um caso associado a choque cardiog&#234;nico. Aqueles que apresentavam disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda na admiss&#227;o (29%) apresentaram recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular no seguimento (mediana de 83 dias);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Mevorach et al.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> relataram 136 casos de miocardite, definidos segundo crit&#233;rios da <italic>Brighton</italic> <italic>Collaboration </italic>e do CDC, entre 5,1 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos vacinados com duas doses de BNT162b2 mRNA (Pfizer) em Israel. Desses, 117 (86%) ocorreram ap&#243;s a segunda dose, e 81% deles foram internados nos primeiros sete dias ap&#243;s a vacina&#231;&#227;o. A incid&#234;ncia geral foi de 0,35 casos por 100 000 pessoas nos primeiros 21 dias ap&#243;s a primeira dose, e 2,10 casos por 100.000 pessoas ap&#243;s a segunda dose. A incid&#234;ncia entre homens foi maior, chegando a 0,6 casos por 100 000 pessoas ap&#243;s a primeira dose, e 3,8 casos por 100 000 pessoas ap&#243;s segunda dose. A incid&#234;ncia aumentou para 1,3 e 15,1 por 100.000 pessoas ap&#243;s a primeira e a segunda dose, respectivamente, entre adolescentes do sexo masculino de 16 a 19 anos. A raz&#227;o da compara&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia de miocardite entre vacinados e n&#227;o vacinados ap&#243;s a segunda dose foi de 2,4 (IC 95% 1,1 a 5,0). Entre esses casos identificados, 95% tiveram um curso benigno e autolimitado, e um &#243;bito ocorreu. Recentemente, os mesmos autores investigaram os casos de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por miocardite entre adolescentes de 12 a 15 anos e encontraram 13 casos que poderiam ser relacionados &#224; vacina pelo crit&#233;rio temporal.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> O risco de miocardite entre adolescentes do sexo masculino foi de 0,56 casos por 100 000 ap&#243;s a primeira dose e 8,09 casos por 100 000 ap&#243;s a segunda dose, e entre as mulheres da mesma idade, 0 casos por 100 000 ap&#243;s a primeira dose e 0,69 casos por 100.000 ap&#243;s a segunda dose;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Utilizando dados do sistema nacional de monitoramento de sa&#250;de da Dinamarca, Husby et al.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> acompanharam 4,9 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos acima de 12 anos, entre outubro de 2020 e outubro de 2021, e observaram 269 novos casos de miocardite no per&#237;odo. Entre os 3 482 295 indiv&#237;duos vacinados com BNT162b2 (Pfizer), 48 desenvolveram miocardite ou miopericardite nos primeiros 28 dias ap&#243;s a vacina. A incid&#234;ncia absoluta foi de 1,4 por 100,000 vacinados. O risco de miocardite n&#227;o foi significativamente diferente entre vacinados e n&#227;o vacinados na an&#225;lise prim&#225;ria de 28 dias ap&#243;s a vacina&#231;&#227;o [<italic>hazard ratio</italic> (HR) ajustada 1,34, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%) 0,90 a 2,00], mas foi significativamente maior quando essa foi feita dentro de um per&#237;odo mais curto, 14 dias p&#243;s-exposi&#231;&#227;o (HR 1,89, IC95% 1,23 a 2,90). Diferentemente de outras coortes, o risco de miocardite foi maior entre mulheres do que homens. Entre os 498.814 indiv&#237;duos que receberam mRNA-1273 (Moderna), 21 desenvolveram miocardite ou miopericardite nos primeiros 28 dias (incid&#234;ncia 4,2 por 100.000 indiv&#237;duos vacinados; HR 3,92, IC95% 2,30 a 6,68). A taxa de risco ajustada na popula&#231;&#227;o entre 12 e 39 anos foi de 1,48 (IC95% 0,74 a 2,98) com BNT162b2, e 5,24 (IC95% 2,47 a 11,12) com mRNA-1273. Houve apenas uma morte, e a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, em geral, foi similar aos casos de miocardite ou miopericardite entre n&#227;o vacinados;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Em Hong Kong, Chua et al.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> reportaram 33 casos de miocardite e/ou pericardite entre 178.163 adolescentes de 12 a 17 anos vacinados com BNT162b2 (Pfizer). Destes casos, 29 (87,9%) eram do sexo masculino, e a maioria (81,8%) desenvolveu miocardite/pericardite aguda ap&#243;s a segunda dose. A incid&#234;ncia geral foi de 18,5 por 100 000 adolescentes vacinados. Entre os jovens do sexo masculino, a incid&#234;ncia ap&#243;s a primeira e a segunda dose foi 5,57 e 37,32 por 100 000 pessoas vacinadas, respectivamente. Todos os casos foram leves e se recuperaram espontaneamente;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Patone et al.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> avaliaram os riscos de miocardite, pericardite e arritmias card&#237;acas associadas &#224; vacina&#231;&#227;o contra COVID-19 <italic>versus</italic> infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-Cov2. Eles avaliaram mais de 38,6 milh&#245;es de adultos ingleses, e observaram que 0,001% dos indiv&#237;duos tiveram miocardite nos primeiros 28 dias ap&#243;s qualquer dose de vacina. Neste per&#237;odo, houve um caso excedente de miocardite para vacina BNT162b2 (Pfizer), e seis casos excedentes com mRNA-1273 (Moderna) para cada um milh&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos vacinados. Mesmo este risco aumentado em 10 casos para cada um milh&#227;o de vacinados ap&#243;s uma segunda dose de mRNA-1273, essa taxa ainda foi menor do que os 40 casos de miocardite para cada 1 milh&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com teste positivo para SARS-Cov2. Os mesmos autores ampliaram a an&#225;lise para 42 milh&#245;es de brit&#226;nicos vacinados [dados em pr&#233;-publica&#231;&#227;o (<italic>preprint</italic>)<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup>], mostrando resultados semelhantes com a dose de refor&#231;o das vacinas. Em homens com idade &lt;40 anos, os riscos de miocardite relacionada &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2 e &#224; vacina&#231;&#227;o foram semelhantes, exceto com a vacina mRNA-1273, que ofereceu maior risco de miocardite do que aquele relacionado &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o pelo SARS-CoV-2;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Mais recentemente, em uma an&#225;lise detalhada de casos de miocardite nos EUA, Oster et al.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> conclu&#237;ram que o risco de miocardite ap&#243;s vacinas de RNAm foi maior ap&#243;s a segunda dose entre adolescentes e jovens do sexo masculino. Entre 192 405 448 americanos que receberam um total de 354 100 845 doses de vacina contra COVID-19 com base em RNAm, foram identificados 1 626 casos de miocardite. A maioria dos casos (82%) foi em indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino. Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; BNT162b2 (Pfizer), a incid&#234;ncia foi de 70,6 por cada milh&#227;o de doses aplicadas entre homens de 12 a 15 anos; 105,9 por milh&#227;o em homens de 16 a 17 anos, e 52,4 por milh&#227;o de doses aplicadas em homens de 18 a 24 anos. A maioria dos casos foi considerada leve a moderada, com boa evolu&#231;&#227;o. At&#233; a publica&#231;&#227;o, havia duas notifica&#231;&#245;es de &#243;bitos potencialmente devido &#224; miocardite que ainda estavam sob investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Outros estudos, tamb&#233;m nos EUA, j&#225; haviam relatado uma incid&#234;ncia de 0,58 para cada 100.000 casos num per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o de 10 dias ap&#243;s a segunda dose de ambas as vacinas de RNAm;<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup> e uma estimativa de 6,3 casos excedentes de miocardite para cada um milh&#227;o de doses aplicadas, nas primeiras 3 semanas ap&#243;s vacina&#231;&#227;o com RNAm, em indiv&#237;duos entre 12 e 39 anos.<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup> Em militares norte-americanos, a taxa foi de 0,8 para cada 100.000 doses aplicadas, todas em homens.<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o direta dos estudos acima apresenta limita&#231;&#227;o, pois cada um traz uma peculiaridade, quer seja nos crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos, per&#237;odo considerado, diferentes faixas et&#225;rias inclu&#237;das, al&#233;m de diferen&#231;as metodol&#243;gicas no c&#225;lculo do risco (absoluto ou em excesso). Ainda, em muitas an&#225;lises, h&#225; uma vari&#225;vel que n&#227;o foi estudada, que &#233; a preexist&#234;ncia de miocardite, quer seja por COVID-19 ou por outras causas. Ainda assim, o conjunto de evid&#234;ncias sugere que o risco de miocardite aguda associada &#224; vacina&#231;&#227;o para COVID-19 &#233; real e tem incid&#234;ncia muito baixa, e &#233; mais comumente relatada em jovens do sexo masculino.</p>
        <p>Os <bold>mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos</bold> da inflama&#231;&#227;o e inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdicas observadas com vacinas de RNAm contra COVID-19 n&#227;o est&#227;o bem estabelecidos, mas podem estar relacionados &#224; sequ&#234;ncia gen&#233;tica que codifica a prote&#237;na spike do v&#237;rus SARS-CoV-2 ou &#224; resposta imune (rea&#231;&#245;es de hipersensibilidade, por exemplo) a essas vacinas. O fato de as maiores taxas serem observadas em jovens do sexo masculino, e principalmente ap&#243;s a segunda dose, apoiam a hip&#243;tese de uma resposta imune mal adaptada, que pode ter influ&#234;ncia dos horm&#244;nios sexuais.</p>
        <p>A <bold>apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</bold> &#233; similar a um quadro cl&#225;ssico de miocardite aguda, e inclui dor tor&#225;cica, acompanhado de dispneia ou falta de ar. Al&#233;m disso, a troponina est&#225; elevada em quase a totalidade dos casos, e aproximadamente 70% possuem alguma altera&#231;&#227;o ao eletrocardiograma. Disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica aguda, com queda na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, foi reportada em 6 a 12% dos casos.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>,<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>,<xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>,<xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O progn&#243;stico da miocardite relacionada &#224; vacina &#233; muito favor&#225;vel: na maioria dos casos, &#233; autolimitada, com resolu&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas e normaliza&#231;&#227;o dos exames laboratoriais e eletrocardiograma/ecocardiograma ao longo do seguimento. Na maior revis&#227;o de casos publicada, Kohli et al.<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup> relataram que as complica&#231;&#245;es graves com risco de vida devido permanecem extremamente raros.</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, &#233; preciso colocar sempre em perspectiva a magnitude dos benef&#237;cios da vacina&#231;&#227;o para toda popula&#231;&#227;o, quando se avalia os potenciais eventos adversos relacionados. No estudo brit&#226;nico j&#225; citado, a taxa de miocardite associada &#224; infe&#231;&#227;o pelo SARS-Cov2 com 28 dias de exposi&#231;&#227;o foi de 30 casos por milh&#227;o para a popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, e este n&#250;mero chegava a 73 casos por milh&#227;o em homens acima de 40 anos.<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> Ou seja, <bold>a taxa de miocardite associada &#224; COVID-19 excede a taxa observada com as vacinas na maioria dos levantamentos populacionais. A exce&#231;&#227;o ainda s&#227;o homens mais jovens, particularmente adolescentes, nos quais o risco de miocardite associada &#224;s vacinas excede a taxa de miocardite por COVID-19 na mesma faixa et&#225;ria.</bold><sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>,<xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup><bold> Ainda assim, quando comparadas &#224;s taxas de mortalidade da infec&#231;&#227;o pelo v&#237;rus SARS-Cov2 (0,1 a 1,0 por 100.000 indiv&#237;duos entre 12 e 29 anos), bem como o risco de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, o benef&#237;cio geral da vacina supera o risco de miocardite por ela induzida. </bold></p>
        <p>Importante ressaltar que os indiv&#237;duos infectados pelo Sars-Cov2 t&#234;m risco aumentado para outras condi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares que n&#227;o s&#243; aquelas descritas como eventos adversos da vacina&#231;&#227;o (trombose e miocardite ou miopericardite). Abbasi et al.<sup><xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup> estimaram a ocorr&#234;ncia extra de eventos atribu&#237;dos a COVID-19 em um per&#237;odo de 12 meses comparado a grupo de controle (que n&#227;o tiveram COVID-19). Para cada 1 000 pessoas, COVID-19 foi associada a um extra de: 45 casos de qualquer evento cardiovascular, 23 casos de eventos cardiovasculares maiores (infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral e mortalidade por todas as causas), 20 casos de arritmias e 11 casos de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, 12 casos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, 10 casos de evento tromboemb&#243;licos (5,5 embolias pulmonares e 4 tromboses venosas profundas), 7 casos de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica (5,3 s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas, 3 infartos do mioc&#225;rdio e 2,5 anginas), 4 casos de acidente vascular cerebral, 1,23 casos de doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria card&#237;aca ou peric&#225;rdica.<sup><xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Analisando dados epidemiol&#243;gicos, Gargano et al.<sup><xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref></sup> conclu&#237;ram que os benef&#237;cios proporcionados pela vacina&#231;&#227;o (prevenir a doen&#231;a provocada pelo SARS-Cov2, ou hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es, interna&#231;&#245;es em UTI e &#243;bitos associados) superaram os riscos de miocardite decorrente da vacina em todas as popula&#231;&#245;es para as quais a vacina&#231;&#227;o foi recomendada. O equil&#237;brio risco <italic>versus</italic> benef&#237;cio variou com a idade e sexo. Para cada um milh&#227;o de homens entre 12 e 29 anos que receberam uma segunda dose de vacina de RNAm, poderiam ser evitados 11 000 casos de COVID-19, 560 hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es, 138 interna&#231;&#245;es em UTI, e seis mortes, em compara&#231;&#227;o com 39 a 47 casos esperados de miocardite nessa mesma popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Ainda, evid&#234;ncias mostram que a vacina&#231;&#227;o com a BNT162b2 (Pfizer) tem efic&#225;cia de 91% contra S&#237;ndrome Inflamat&#243;ria Multissist&#234;mica em Crian&#231;as (MIS-C) em adolescentes com idades entre 12 e 18 anos, e protege contra os cursos cl&#237;nicos mais graves da s&#237;ndrome.<sup><xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref></sup> MIS-C &#233; observada a uma taxa de 316 por 1 milh&#227;o de casos de SARS-CoV-2,<sup><xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref></sup> com predom&#237;nio do sexo masculino,<sup><xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref></sup> e frequentemente resulta em interna&#231;&#245;es prolongadas e necessidade de cuidados intensivos, ao contr&#225;rio da maioria dos casos leves de miocardite associada &#224; vacina.</p>
        <p>Por fim, mesmo numa fase de escalada da variante &#212;micron, quando novos questionamentos podem surgir sobre os riscos <italic>versus</italic> benef&#237;cios da vacina&#231;&#227;o em crian&#231;as e adolescentes jovens, uma s&#233;rie de estudos publicados mais recentemente conclu&#237;ram que a vacina&#231;&#227;o com RNAm (particularmente BNT162b2/Pfizer), especialmente quando refor&#231;ada com uma terceira dose, permanece altamente eficaz contra formas graves da COVID-19, incluindo morte.<sup><xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref></sup> Ainda, a terceira dose da vacina confere efic&#225;cia de 82% em evitar atendimentos de urg&#234;ncia e emerg&#234;ncia, e 90% em prevenir hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref></sup> Ou seja, as doses de refor&#231;o ainda oferecem prote&#231;&#227;o adicional contra formas graves tanto das variantes &#212;micron quando Delta,<sup><xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref></sup> que, n&#227;o podemos negligenciar, ainda circula em nosso meio. A <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> descreve as caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos populacionais avaliando miocardite ou miopericardite associada &#224;s vacinas contra COVID-19 que utilizam RNAm.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Manejo da suspeita de miocardite ou miopericardite associada &#224; vacina</title>
        <p>A suspeita de miocardite ou miopericardite deve ser considerada em pacientes vacinados com a BNT162b2 (Pfizer) ou a mRNA-1273 (Moderna) que apresentem sintomas de dor ou desconforto tor&#225;cico (sintoma predominante), dispneia ou taquipneia, fadiga, palpita&#231;&#245;es, s&#237;ncope, inapet&#234;ncia, letargia e tenham sido submetidos a eletrocardiograma, ecocardiograma, dosagem de troponina e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica nuclear, excluindo-se a suspeita de outra causa.<sup><xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref></sup>Em nenhum dos estudos, foram feitas an&#225;lises ou revis&#245;es comparando os tipos de tratamento administrado, e em quase todos o tratamento foi conservador. Al&#233;m dos cuidados gerais, a maioria dos pacientes recebeu ibuprofeno, alguns receberam corticosteroides, e uma minoria corticoide e imunoglobulina. Para pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica induzida pela miocardite, podemos inferir que foi empregada terapia usual com betabloqueadores, inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o de angiotensina ou um bloqueador de angiotensina II ou o sacubitril/valsartan, mais um antagonista de receptor de mineralocorticoide, e talvez um inibidor de SGLT2.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>,<xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>,<xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>,<xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>As vacinas contra COVID-19 s&#227;o seguras e seus benef&#237;cios superam em larga escala os riscos de efeitos adversos relacionados. Os principais efeitos adversos cardiovasculares associados a essas vacinas s&#227;o a VITT e a miocardite. Ao passo em que o primeiro est&#225; associado &#224;s vacinas que utilizam vetor de adenov&#237;rus, o segundo &#233; observado entre as vacinas com tecnologia de RNAm.</p>
      <p>Miocardite associada &#224; vacina permanece um evento adverso raro, embora a incid&#234;ncia entre adolescentes do sexo masculino possa chegar at&#233; 107 casos por milh&#227;o de doses, e excede a incid&#234;ncia de miocardite associada &#224; COVID-19 na mesma parcela da popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>No entanto, como o curso cl&#237;nico da miocardite associada &#224; vacina &#233; geralmente leve e autolimitada, mesmo entre os adolescentes do sexo masculino, a totalidade do efeito protetor da vacina&#231;&#227;o contra COVID-19, particularmente na preven&#231;&#227;o de COVID-19 grave, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, MIS-C e morte, continua a exceder claramente o risco de miocardite induzida.</p>
      <p>Na faixa et&#225;ria pedi&#225;trica, os benef&#237;cios v&#227;o al&#233;m daqueles diretamente relacionados &#224; sa&#250;de do pr&#243;prio paciente, tamb&#233;m diminuindo a transmiss&#227;o da COVID-19 nessa faixa et&#225;ria e, de forma indireta, para indiv&#237;duos mais velhos. A vacina&#231;&#227;o reduz a necessidade de medidas de mitiga&#231;&#227;o nas escolas, minimizando as interrup&#231;&#245;es na educa&#231;&#227;o das crian&#231;as e a manuten&#231;&#227;o de seu bem-estar geral, sa&#250;de e seguran&#231;a.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>&#192; Danielle Borim Rodrigues por todo apoio e compet&#234;ncia na supervis&#227;o do grupo na realiza&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Greinacher A, Thiele T, Warkentin TE, Weisser K, Kyrle PA, Eichinger S. Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia After ChAdOx1 nCov-19 Vaccination. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(22):2092-2101. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2104840.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Greinacher</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thiele</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Warkentin</surname>
              <given-names>TE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weisser</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kyrle</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eichinger</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia After ChAdOx1 nCov-19 Vaccination</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>384</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>2092</fpage>
          <lpage>2101</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa2104840.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. See I, Lale A, Marquez P, Streiff MB, Wheeler AP, Tepper NK, et al. Case Series of Thrombosis With Thrombocytopenia Syndrome After COVID-19 Vaccination-United States, December 2020 to August 2021. Ann Intern Med. 2022:M21-4502. doi: 10.7326/M21-4502.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>See</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lale</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marquez</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Streiff</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wheeler</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tepper</surname>
              <given-names>NK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Case Series of Thrombosis With Thrombocytopenia Syndrome After COVID-19 Vaccination-United States, December 2020 to August 2021</article-title>
          <source>Ann Intern Med</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <fpage>M21</fpage>
          <lpage>4502</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7326/M21-4502.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. See I. Updates on Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (TTS) [Internet]. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Washington: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2021 [cited 16 Mar 2022]. Avaible from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/slides-2021-12-16/02-COVID-See-508.pdf">https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/slides-2021-12-16/02-COVID-See-508.pdf</ext-link></mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>See</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Updates on Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (TTS)</source>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <comment>Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices</comment>
          <publisher-loc>Washington</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</publisher-name>
          <year>2021</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">cited 16 Mar 2022</date-in-citation>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/slides-2021-12-16/02-COVID-See-508.pdf">https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/slides-2021-12-16/02-COVID-See-508.pdf</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Schultz NH, S&#248;rvoll IH, Michelsen AE, Munthe LA, Lund-Johansen F, Ahlen MT, et al. Thrombosis and Thrombocytopenia After ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccination. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(22):2124-30. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2104882.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schultz</surname>
              <given-names>NH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>S&#248;rvoll</surname>
              <given-names>IH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Michelsen</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Munthe</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lund-Johansen</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahlen</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Thrombosis and Thrombocytopenia After ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccination</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>384</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>2124</fpage>
          <lpage>2130</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa2104882.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Pavord S, Scully M, Hunt BJ, et al. Clinical Features of Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis. N Engl J Med 2021; 385:1680.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pavord</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scully</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hunt</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical Features of Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>385</volume>
          <size units="pages">1680</size>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Muir KL, Kallam A, Koepsell SA, Gundabolu K. Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia after Ad26.COV2.S Vaccination. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(20):1964-5. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2105869.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Muir</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kallam</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koepsell</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gundabolu</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia after Ad26.COV2.S Vaccination</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>384</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>1964</fpage>
          <lpage>1965</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMc2105869.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. See I, Su JR, Lale A, Woo EJ, Guh AY, Shimabukuro TT, et al. US Case Reports of Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia after Ad26.COV2.S Vaccination, March 2 to April 21, 2021. JAMA. 2021;325(24):2448-56. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.7517.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>See</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Su</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lale</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Woo</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guh</surname>
              <given-names>AY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shimabukuro</surname>
              <given-names>TT</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>US Case Reports of Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia after Ad26.COV2.S Vaccination, March 2 to April 21, 2021</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>325</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>2448</fpage>
          <lpage>2456</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2021.7517.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Scully M, Singh D, Lown R, Poles A, Solomon T, Levi M, et al. Pathologic Antibodies to Platelet Factor 4 after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccination. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(23):2202-11. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2105385.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Scully</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Singh</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lown</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poles</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Solomon</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pathologic Antibodies to Platelet Factor 4 after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccination</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>384</volume>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <fpage>2202</fpage>
          <lpage>2211</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa2105385.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Nopp S, Moik F, Jilma B, Pabinger I, Ay C. Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2020;4(7):1178-91. doi: 10.1002/rth2.12439.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nopp</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moik</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jilma</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pabinger</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ay</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Res Pract Thromb Haemost</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1178</fpage>
          <lpage>1191</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/rth2.12439.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Bikdeli B, Chatterjee S, Arora S, Monreal M, Jimenez D, Krumholz HM, et al. Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis in the U.S. Population, after Adenovirus-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination, and After COVID-19. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(4):408-11. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.06.001.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bikdeli</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chatterjee</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arora</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Monreal</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jimenez</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krumholz</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis in the U.S. Population, after Adenovirus-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination, and After COVID-19</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>78</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>408</fpage>
          <lpage>411</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2021.06.001.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Mahase E. AstraZeneca Vaccine: Blood Clots are &#8220;extremely rare&#8221; and Benefits Outweigh Risks, Regulators Conclude. BMJ. 2021;373:n931. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n931.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mahase</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>AstraZeneca Vaccine: Blood Clots are &#8220;extremely rare&#8221; and Benefits Outweigh Risks, Regulators Conclude</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>373</volume>
          <size units="pages">n931</size>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj.n931.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Bhuyan P, Medin J, Silva HG, Yadavalli M, Shankar NK, Mullerova H, et al. Very Rare Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia after Second AZD1222 Dose: A Global Safety Database Analysis. Lancet. 2021;398(10300):577-8. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01693-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bhuyan</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Medin</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>HG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yadavalli</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shankar</surname>
              <given-names>NK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mullerova</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Very Rare Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia after Second AZD1222 Dose: A Global Safety Database Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>398</volume>
          <issue>10300</issue>
          <fpage>577</fpage>
          <lpage>578</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01693-7.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Elalamy I, Gerotziafas G, Alamowitch S, Laroche JP, Van Dreden P, Ageno W, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine and Thrombosis: An Expert Consensus on Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia. Thromb Haemost. 2021;121(8):982-991. doi: 10.1055/a-1499-0119.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Elalamy</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gerotziafas</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alamowitch</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laroche</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van Dreden</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ageno</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine and Thrombosis: An Expert Consensus on Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia</article-title>
          <source>Thromb Haemost</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>982</fpage>
          <lpage>991</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1055/a-1499-0119.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Su JR, McNeil MM, Welsh KJ, Marquez PL, Ng C, Yan M, et al. Myopericarditis after Vaccination, Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 1990-2018. Vaccine. 2021;39(5):839-45. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.046.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Su</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McNeil</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Welsh</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marquez</surname>
              <given-names>PL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ng</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yan</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Myopericarditis after Vaccination, Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 1990-2018</article-title>
          <source>Vaccine</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>839</fpage>
          <lpage>845</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.046.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Daley M, Oster M, Shimabukuro T, Lee G, Wallace M, Oliver S. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines [Internet]. Washington: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2021 [cited 16 Mar 2022]. Avaible from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/slides-2021-06.html">https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/slides-2021-06.html</ext-link></mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Daley</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oster</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shimabukuro</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wallace</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliver</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines</source>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <publisher-loc>Washington</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</publisher-name>
          <year>2021</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">cited 16 Mar 2022</date-in-citation>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/slides-2021-06.html">https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/slides-2021-06.html</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Witberg G, Barda N, Hoss S, Richter I, Wiessman M, Aviv Y, et al. Myocarditis after Covid-19 Vaccination in a Large Health Care Organization. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(23):2132-39. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2110737.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Witberg</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barda</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoss</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Richter</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wiessman</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aviv</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Myocarditis after Covid-19 Vaccination in a Large Health Care Organization</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>385</volume>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <fpage>2132</fpage>
          <lpage>2139</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa2110737.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Mevorach D, Anis E, Cedar N, Bromberg M, Haas EJ, Nadir E, et al. Myocarditis after BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine Against Covid-19 in Israel. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(23):2140-9. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2109730...</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mevorach</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anis</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cedar</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bromberg</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haas</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nadir</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Myocarditis after BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine Against Covid-19 in Israel</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>385</volume>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <fpage>2140</fpage>
          <lpage>2149</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa2109730...</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Mevorach D, Anis E, Cedar N, Hasin T, Bromberg M, Goldberg L, et al. Myocarditis after BNT162b2 Vaccination in Israeli Adolescents. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(10):998-9. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2116999.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mevorach</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anis</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cedar</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hasin</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bromberg</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldberg</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Myocarditis after BNT162b2 Vaccination in Israeli Adolescents</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>386</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>998</fpage>
          <lpage>999</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMc2116999.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Husby A, Hansen J V, Fosb&#195;&#184;l E, Thiesson E M, Madsen M, Thomsen R W et al. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and myocarditis or myopericarditis: population based cohort study. BMJ 2021;375:e068665. doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-068665.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Husby</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hansen</surname>
              <given-names>J V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fosb&#195;&#184;l</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thiesson</surname>
              <given-names>E M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Madsen</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thomsen</surname>
              <given-names>R W</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and myocarditis or myopericarditis: population based cohort study</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>375</volume>
          <elocation-id>e068665</elocation-id>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj-2021-068665.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Chua GT, Kwan MYW, Chui CSL, Smith RD, Cheung EC, Tian T, et al. Epidemiology of Acute Myocarditis/Pericarditis in Hong Kong Adolescents Following Comirnaty Vaccination. Clin Infect Dis. 2021:ciab989. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab989.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chua</surname>
              <given-names>GT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kwan</surname>
              <given-names>MYW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chui</surname>
              <given-names>CSL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cheung</surname>
              <given-names>EC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tian</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Epidemiology of Acute Myocarditis/Pericarditis in Hong Kong Adolescents Following Comirnaty Vaccination</article-title>
          <source>Clin Infect Dis</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <size units="pages">ciab989</size>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/cid/ciab989.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Patone M, Mei XW, Handunnetthi L, Dixon S, Zaccardi F, Shankar-Hari M, et al. Risks of Myocarditis, Pericarditis, and Cardiac Arrhythmias Associated with COVID-19 Vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Nat Med. 2022;28(2):410-22. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01630-0.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Patone</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mei</surname>
              <given-names>XW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Handunnetthi</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dixon</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zaccardi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shankar-Hari</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risks of Myocarditis, Pericarditis, and Cardiac Arrhythmias Associated with COVID-19 Vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 Infection</article-title>
          <source>Nat Med</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>410</fpage>
          <lpage>422</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41591-021-01630-0.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Patone M, Mei XW, Handunnetthi L, Dixon S, Zaccardi F, Shankar-Hari M, et al. Risk of Myocarditis Following Sequential COVID-19 Vaccinations by Age and Sex. medRxiv. Published online December 25, 2021. doi:10.1101/2021.12.23.21268276.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Patone</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mei</surname>
              <given-names>XW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Handunnetthi</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dixon</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zaccardi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shankar-Hari</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk of Myocarditis Following Sequential COVID-19 Vaccinations by Age and Sex</article-title>
          <source>medRxiv</source>
          <comment>Published online</comment>
          <month>12</month>
          <day>25</day>
          <year>2021</year>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1101/2021.12.23.21268276.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Oster ME, Shay DK, Su JR, Gee J, Creech CB, Broder KR, et al. Myocarditis Cases Reported After mRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccination in the US From December 2020 to August 2021. JAMA. 2022;327(4):331-40. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.24110.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oster</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shay</surname>
              <given-names>DK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Su</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gee</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Creech</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Broder</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Myocarditis Cases Reported After mRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccination in the US From December 2020 to August 2021</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>327</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>331</fpage>
          <lpage>340</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2021.24110.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Simone A, Herald J, Chen A, et al. Acute myocarditis following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in adults aged 18 years or older. JAMA Intern Med. 2021;181(12):1668-1670.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Simone</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herald</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Acute myocarditis following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in adults aged 18 years or older</article-title>
          <source>JAMA Intern Med</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>181</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1668</fpage>
          <lpage>1670</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Klein NP, Lewis N, Goddard K, Fireman B, Zerbo O, Hanson KE, et al. Surveillance for Adverse Events after COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination. JAMA. 2021;326(14):1390-9. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.15072.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>NP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lewis</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goddard</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fireman</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zerbo</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hanson</surname>
              <given-names>KE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Surveillance for Adverse Events after COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>326</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>1390</fpage>
          <lpage>1399</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2021.15072.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. Montgomery J, Ryan M, Engler R, Hoffman D, McClenathan B, Collins L, et al. Myocarditis Following Immunization with mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines in Members of the US Military. JAMA Cardiol. 2021;6(10):1202-6. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2021.2833.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Montgomery</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ryan</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Engler</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoffman</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McClenathan</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Collins</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Myocarditis Following Immunization with mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines in Members of the US Military</article-title>
          <source>JAMA Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1202</fpage>
          <lpage>1206</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jamacardio.2021.2833.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27. Kohli U, Desai L, Chowdhury D, Harahsheh AS, Yonts AB, Ansong A, et al. mRNA Coronavirus-19 Vaccine-Associated Myopericarditis in Adolescents: A Survey Study. J Pediatr. 2021:S0022-3476(21)01231-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.12.025.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kohli</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Desai</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chowdhury</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harahsheh</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yonts</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ansong</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>mRNA Coronavirus-19 Vaccine-Associated Myopericarditis in Adolescents: A Survey Study</article-title>
          <source>J Pediatr</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <comment>S0022-3476(21)01231-2</comment>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.12.025.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28. Das BB, Kohli U, Ramachandran P, Nguyen HH, Greil G, Hussain T, et al. Myopericarditis after Messenger RNA Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination in Adolescents 12 to 18 Years of Age. J Pediatr. 2021;238:26-32.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.07.044.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Das</surname>
              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kohli</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramachandran</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nguyen</surname>
              <given-names>HH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greil</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hussain</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Myopericarditis after Messenger RNA Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination in Adolescents 12 to 18 Years of Age</article-title>
          <source>J Pediatr</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>238</volume>
          <fpage>26</fpage>
          <lpage>32</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.07.044.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29. Abbasi J. The COVID Heart-One Year after SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Patients Have an Array of Increased Cardiovascular Risks. JAMA. 2022. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.2411. Epub ahead of print.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Abbasi</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The COVID Heart-One Year after SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Patients Have an Array of Increased Cardiovascular Risks</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2022.2411.</issue-id>
          <comment>Epub ahead of print</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30. Gargano JW, Wallace M, Hadler SC, Langley G, Su JR, Oster ME, et al. Use of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine After Reports of Myocarditis Among Vaccine Recipients: Update from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, June 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(27):977-82. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7027e2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gargano</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wallace</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hadler</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Langley</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Su</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oster</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Use of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine After Reports of Myocarditis Among Vaccine Recipients: Update from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, June 2021</article-title>
          <source>MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>70</volume>
          <issue>27</issue>
          <fpage>977</fpage>
          <lpage>982</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15585/mmwr.mm7027e2.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31. Zambrano LD, Newhams MM, Olson SM, Halasa NB, Price AM, Boom JA, et al. Effectiveness of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) mRNA Vaccination Against Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Among Persons Aged 12-18 Years - United States, July-December 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71(2):52-8. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7102e1.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zambrano</surname>
              <given-names>LD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Newhams</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Olson</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Halasa</surname>
              <given-names>NB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Price</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boom</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effectiveness of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) mRNA Vaccination Against Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Among Persons Aged 12-18 Years - United States, July-December 2021</article-title>
          <source>MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>71</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>52</fpage>
          <lpage>58</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15585/mmwr.mm7102e1.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32. Payne AB, Gilani Z, Godfred-Cato S, Belay ED, Feldstein LR, Patel MM, et al. Incidence of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Among US Persons Infected with SARS-CoV-2. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(6):e2116420. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.16420.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Payne</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gilani</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Godfred-Cato</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Belay</surname>
              <given-names>ED</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feldstein</surname>
              <given-names>LR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Patel</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Incidence of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Among US Persons Infected with SARS-CoV-2</article-title>
          <source>JAMA Netw Open</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <elocation-id>e2116420</elocation-id>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.16420.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33. CDC COVID Data Tracker [Internet]. Whassington: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2020 [cited 2002 Mar 16]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#mis-national-surveillance">https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#mis-national-surveillance</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>CDC COVID Data Tracker</collab>
          </person-group>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <publisher-loc>Whassington</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</publisher-name>
          <year>2020</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">cited 2002 Mar 16</date-in-citation>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#mis-national-surveillance">https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#mis-national-surveillance</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34. Johnson AG, Amin AB, Ali AR, Hoots B, Cadwell BL, Arora S, et al. COVID-19 Incidence and Death Rates Among Unvaccinated and Fully Vaccinated Adults with and Without Booster Doses During Periods of Delta and Omicron Variant Emergence - 25 U.S. Jurisdictions, April 4-December 25, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71(4):132-8. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7104e2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amin</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ali</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoots</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cadwell</surname>
              <given-names>BL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arora</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>COVID-19 Incidence and Death Rates Among Unvaccinated and Fully Vaccinated Adults with and Without Booster Doses During Periods of Delta and Omicron Variant Emergence - 25 U.S. Jurisdictions, April 4-December 25, 2021</article-title>
          <source>MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>71</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>132</fpage>
          <lpage>138</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15585/mmwr.mm7104e2.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35. Thompson MG, Natarajan K, Irving SA, Rowley EA, Griggs EP, Gaglani M, et al. Effectiveness of a Third Dose of mRNA Vaccines Against COVID-19-Associated Emergency Department and Urgent Care Encounters and Hospitalizations Among Adults During Periods of Delta and Omicron Variant Predominance - VISION Network, 10 States, August 2021-January 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71(4):139-45. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7104e3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thompson</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Natarajan</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Irving</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rowley</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Griggs</surname>
              <given-names>EP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gaglani</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effectiveness of a Third Dose of mRNA Vaccines Against COVID-19-Associated Emergency Department and Urgent Care Encounters and Hospitalizations Among Adults During Periods of Delta and Omicron Variant Predominance - VISION Network, 10 States, August 2021-January 2022</article-title>
          <source>MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>71</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>139</fpage>
          <lpage>145</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15585/mmwr.mm7104e3.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness in adolescents Aged 12&#8211; 17 Years and Interim Public Health Considerations for Administration of a Booster dose [Internet]. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; 2022 [cited 2002 Mar 16]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/COVID-19-considerations-for-booster-doses-in-adolescents-Feb%202022.pdf">https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/COVID-19-considerations-for-booster-doses-in-adolescents-Feb%202022.pdf</ext-link></mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="report">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness in adolescents Aged 12&#8211; 17 Years and Interim Public Health Considerations for Administration of a Booster dose</source>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <publisher-loc>Stockholm</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control</publisher-name>
          <year>2022</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">cited 2002 Mar 16</date-in-citation>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/COVID-19-considerations-for-booster-doses-in-adolescents-Feb%202022.pdf">https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/COVID-19-considerations-for-booster-doses-in-adolescents-Feb%202022.pdf</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>37. Kim HW, Jenista ER, Wendell DC, Azevedo CF, Campbell MJ, Darty SN, et al. Patients with Acute Myocarditis Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination. JAMA Cardiol. 2021;6(10):1196-1201. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2021.2828.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>HW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jenista</surname>
              <given-names>ER</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wendell</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Azevedo</surname>
              <given-names>CF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campbell</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Darty</surname>
              <given-names>SN</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Patients with Acute Myocarditis Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination</article-title>
          <source>JAMA Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1196</fpage>
          <lpage>1201</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jamacardio.2021.2828.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>38. Gluckman TJ, Bhave NM, Allen LA, et al. 2022 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on Cardiovascular Sequelae of COVID-19 in Adults: Myocarditis and Other Myocardial Involvement, Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection, and Return to Play: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022. Epublished DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.02.003</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gluckman</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bhave</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Allen</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2022 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on Cardiovascular Sequelae of COVID-19 in Adults: Myocarditis and Other Myocardial Involvement, Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection, and Return to Play: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <comment>Epublished DOI</comment>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2022.02.003</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p><bold>Realiza&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Grupo de Trabalho sobre Seguran&#231;a Cardiovascular das Vacinas contra a COVID-19 - Comit&#234; cient&#237;fico da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p><bold>Nota:</bold> Estes posicionamentos se prestam a informar e n&#227;o a substituir o julgamento cl&#237;nico do m&#233;dico que, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, deve determinar o tratamento apropriado para seus pacientes.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Statement</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Position Statement on Cardiovascular Safety of Vaccines Against COVID-19 - 2022</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6465-0780</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto Graner</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9413-3792</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>M&#250;cio Tavares de</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0676-2033</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Valdigem</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1990-4240</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiane Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9001">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2447-2577</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Polanczyk</surname>
            <given-names>Carisi Anne</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10001">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11001">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12001">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13001">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial - Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Infus&#227;o e Hospital Dia do InCor, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (DEIC) - Diretoria 2022-2023, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Projeto Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca da Sociedade de Cardiologia do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (SOCESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Rede D&#8217;Or, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label>8</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9001">
        <label>9</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Biocor Instituto, Nova Lima, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10001">
        <label>10</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11001">
        <label>11</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12001">
        <label>12</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologia em Sa&#250;de, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13001">
        <label>13</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Marechal C&#226;mara, 360/330. Postal Code 20020-907, Centro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: diretrizes@cardiol.br; carisi.anne@gmail.com </corresp>
      </author-notes>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1001">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">Position Statement on Cardiovascular Safety of Vaccines Against COVID-19 &#8211; 2022</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">The report below lists declarations of interest as reported to the SBC by the experts during the period of the development of these statement, 2022.</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Expert</th>
                <th align="left">Type of relationship with industry</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Bruno Pereira Valdigem</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Nothing to be declared</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Carisi Anne Polanczyk</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Financial declaration</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Bayer, Pfizer, Novartis, Roche, Amgen, Bristol.</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Other relationships</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Bayer, Roche.</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cristiane Nunes Martins</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Nothing to be declared</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Humberto Graner Moreira</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Financial declaration</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Novartis: Entresto; Bayer: Xarelto; Pfizer: Eliquis; Libbs: Plenance Eze.</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mucio Tavares de Oliveira J&#250;nior</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Financial declaration</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>B - Research funding under your direct/personal responsibility (directed to the department or institution) from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Sanofi Pasteur: FLUZONE Senior; Torrent: experimental drug.</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Other relationships</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Astra Zeneca, Boehringer, Novartis, Torrent Pharma, Sanofi Pasteur, Merck, Biolab.</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Central Illustration</label>
          <caption>
            <title>: Position Statement on Cardiovascular Safety of Vaccines Against COVID-19 - 2022</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022; 118(4):789-796.</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-04-0789-20179-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The Scientific Committee of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology, by determination of its Administrative Council, has convened a work group to monitor and set up scientific evidence on cardiovascular safety of vaccines against COVID-19 in a continuous and systematic way. This group aims to reproduce scientifically solid data, summarize currently available evidence, and develop recommendations to Brazilian cardiologists in the form of positions of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology.</p>
        <p>Vaccines to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection are considered the most effective strategy to control the pandemic. Despite the short time for vaccine development, each vaccine approved has gone through all preclinical and clinical stages (phase I and II) of clinical research.</p>
        <p>The strict standards of safety applied to these studies are maintained during the so-called &#8220;phase IV&#8221;, or post-marketing surveillance. This stage is crucial for evaluating the occurrence of rare adverse events whose causal relationship with vaccines can only be established after they were administered to a large number of people.</p>
        <p>Like other vaccines, adverse events, including those related to the circulatory system, have been observed during this surveillance phase of immunization programs against COVID-19. Here we review the evidence on two cadiovascular adverse effects &#8211; thrombosis with thrombocytopenia and vaccine-induced myocarditis.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT)</title>
          <p>In February 2021, a post-thrombotic syndrome was described in some vaccinated individualsand the syndrome was named vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT). Two adenovirus-vectored vaccines have been implicated in the cause of VITT:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>ChAdOx1S nCoV-19 (Oxford/AstraZeneca and Serum Institute of India);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Ad26.COV2.S (Janssen; Johnson &amp; Johnson)</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Although recognized as a vaccine adverse event, the real <bold>incidence</bold> of VITT is still unknown, and evidence has suggested it as a rare complication. Most reports have described a small number of cases among tens of millions of vaccinated people.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>-<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> In January 2022, a report of the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) identified 54 cases of thrombosis among more than 14 million Ad26.COV2.S recipients, an incidence of 3.83 per million (approximately 1 in 263,000).<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>,<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>Close surveillance of these outcomes has been made, and suggested high reliability of the reports.</p>
          <p>The <bold>risk factors</bold> for VITT are still unknown. Female sex, obesity, and age between 30 and 50 years have been proposed as risk factors based on initial reports, although they may merely reflect the demography of early-vaccinated populations.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>-<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> In the United States, the risk of VITT after Ad26.COV2.S vaccination was estimated at 3.8 cases per million of doses in the general population, and between nine and 10.6 cases per million of doses for women aged between 30 and 49 years.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>,<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Although thrombosis is the most common <bold>clinical presentation</bold>,<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup>thrombocytopenia alone may also occur.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> Cerebral venous thrombosis is one of the most commonly described.</p>
          <p>The <bold>prognosis</bold> of VITT depends on the site, extension and complication of thrombosis, and time for diagnosis. In a series of 220 individuals with definite or probable VITT, a mortality rate of 22% was reported.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Factors associated with increased risk of death include cerebral venous thrombosis, severe thrombocytopenia and concomitant bleeding complications. In the US, VITT-related mortality was 0.57 deaths per million doses of Ad26.COV2.S in total population, and 1.8-1.9 deaths per million doses among women aged between 30 and 49 years.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>,<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Comparatively, the overall mortality rate of COVID-19 is 1-2%. The incidence of thrombosis reaches 8% of all patients hospitalized for COVID-19, and 23% of intensive care unit patients.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> In addition, there is evidence that the incidence of cerebral venous thrombosis in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 was 207 per million cases, much higher than the incidence of vaccine-induced thrombosis (0.9-3.8 per million cases).<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Therefore, there is a consensus that the benefits of vaccination <bold>surpass the potential ri</bold>sks of rare side effects of the vaccine, like VITT.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Specific recommendations:</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Previous <bold>history of venous thromboembolism</bold> (VTE) or predisposition for VTE <bold>are not contraindications</bold> for COVID-19 vaccination, regardless of the type of vaccine. No study has shown an increased risk of VITT or other thrombotic complications after vaccination in these individuals;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Individuals who received the first dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and <bold>did not develop VITT</bold> should complete the vaccination schedule of two doses. There is no evidence that the second dose (or even the booster) increases the risk of thrombotic complications. A review of AstraZeneca safety database in Europe and United Kingdom identified an incidence of 8.1 cases of VITT per million for the first doses, and of only 2.3 cases per million for the second doses;<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Individuals who received an adenovirus-vectored vaccine and developed VITT should not receive a second dose. A transition to a mRNA vaccine schedule is recommended;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Available evidence <bold>does not</bold> support the performance of any clinical, laboratory or imaging tests in <bold>asymptomatic individuals</bold> before or after vaccination.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vaccine-induced myocarditis</title>
          <p>The association between myocarditis and vaccines has been described as a rare adverse event. Its incidence has been more commonly reported in smallpox, influenza, and hepatitis B vaccines. From 1990 to 2018, only 0.1% of more than 620 thousand notifications of post-vaccine adverse events were attributed to myopericarditis in the United States.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In July 2021, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported a possible association between mRNA vaccines and SARS-CoV-2 in myocarditis and pericarditis. The two mRNA-based vaccines that have been associated with myocarditis are:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>BNT162b2 from Pfizer</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>mRNA-1273 from Moderna</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>First, it was estimated an incidence of 32.4 cases per million doses, 66.7 cases per million doses in males aged 12&#8211;17 years following the second dose. The incidence significantly decreased with age and was markedly lower among women of all ages.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup></p>
          <p>After initial reports of myopericarditis in this age group (12-17 years old), greater attention has been paid to politics of safety and surveillance of this adverse event. In recent months, population-based studies on the occurrence of this event after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 have been published. These studies will be described below and are summarized in <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Characteristics of population-based studies evaluating myocarditis or myopericarditis associated with mRNA vaccines against COVID-19</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Authors</th>
                    <th>Country</th>
                    <th>Study population</th>
                    <th>Individuals vaccinated with mRNA vaccine</th>
                    <th>Number of cases of confirmed myocarditis</th>
                    <th>Event/ 100,000 vaccinated (absolute rate)</th>
                    <th>Deaths</th>
                    <th>BTN162b2 vaccine (Pfizer)</th>
                    <th>mRNA1273 vaccine (Moderna)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Witberg et al.<sup>16</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Israel</td>
                    <td align="center">Database of the health care organization in Israel, of members &#8805; 16 years old</td>
                    <td align="center">2,558,421</td>
                    <td align="center">54</td>
                    <td align="center">2.1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">100%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mevorach et al.<sup>17</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Israel</td>
                    <td align="center">Database of the Israeli Ministry of Health, people &#8805; 16 years old</td>
                    <td align="center">5,125,635</td>
                    <td align="center">136</td>
                    <td align="center">2.4</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">100%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Husby et al.<sup>19</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Denmark</td>
                    <td align="center">Population cohort of people &#8805; 12 years old</td>
                    <td align="center">3,981,109</td>
                    <td align="center">69</td>
                    <td align="center">1.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">87%</td>
                    <td align="center">13%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chua et al.<sup>20</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Hong Kong</td>
                    <td align="center">Population cohort including adolescents aged between 12 and 17 years</td>
                    <td align="center">178,163</td>
                    <td align="center">33</td>
                    <td align="center">18.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">100%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Patone et al.<sup>21</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Great-Britain</td>
                    <td align="center">Data from the English National Immunisation (NIMS) Database, people aged &#8805; 16 years</td>
                    <td align="center">17,999,580</td>
                    <td align="center">169</td>
                    <td align="center">0.9</td>
                    <td align="center">25*</td>
                    <td align="center">94%</td>
                    <td align="center">6%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Oster et al.<sup>23</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), people &#8805; 12 years old</td>
                    <td align="center">192,405,448</td>
                    <td align="center">1626</td>
                    <td align="center">0.85</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">70%</td>
                    <td align="center">30%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Simone et al.<sup>24</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">Data from the Kaiser Permanente Southern California &#8211; members &#8805; 18 years old</td>
                    <td align="center">2,392,924</td>
                    <td align="center">15</td>
                    <td align="center">0.58</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">50%</td>
                    <td align="center">50%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Montgomery et al.<sup>26</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">Data from the US Military Health Service, member aged between 20 and 51 years</td>
                    <td align="center">2,810,000</td>
                    <td align="center">23</td>
                    <td align="center">0.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">Not available</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>* Any death caused by myocarditis (among other causes) registered within 28 days after the first or the second dose of the vaccine.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Witberg et al.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> identified 54 cases that met the CDC criteria for myocarditis among more than 2.5 million vaccinated individuals, who were monitored by a health organization in Israel. Among the patients with myocarditis, 37 (69%) received the diagnosis between three and five days after the second vaccine dose. The estimated incidence of myocarditis (measured within 42 days after the first dose of the vaccine) was 2.13 cases per 100,000 persons. The highest incidence of myocarditis was reported in male patients aged between 16 and 29 years (10.7 cases per 100,000 persons). Most cases of myocarditis were described as mild (76%) or intermediate (22%) as intermediate; one case was associated with cardiogenic shock. Patients who had left ventricular dysfunction on echocardiography during admission (29%) had normal ventricular function after a median follow-up of 83 days.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Mevorach et al.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> reported 136 cases of myocarditis, defined according to the Brighton Collaboration and the CDC criteria among 5.1 million individuals vaccinated with two doses of BNT162b2 mRNA (Pfizer) in Israel. Of these, 117 (85%) presented myocarditis after the second dose, and 81% were hospitalized within seven days after vaccination. The incidence ratio was 0.35 cases per 100,000 within 21 days after the first dose, and 2.10 cases per 100,000 individuals after the second dose. The incidence increased from 1.3 to 15.1 per 100,000 individuals after the first and second dose, respectively, among male teenagers aged between 16 and 19 years. The ratio for the comparison of the incidence of myocarditis between vaccinated and unvaccinated persons after the second dose was 2.35 (95% CI, 1.1 to 5.0). Most (95%) of these cases were self-restricted and had a benign course, and one death has occurred. Recently, the same authors investigated the cases of hospitalization for myocarditis in adolescents aged between 12 and 15 years and found 13 cases possibly related to the vaccine based on a temporal criterion.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> The risk of myocarditis among male adolescents was 0.56 cases per 100,000 after the first dose, and among female adolescents with the same age, the risk was 0 cases per 100,000 after the first dose and 0.69 cases per 100,000 after the second dose.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Using information on vaccinations from the Danish Vaccination Register, Husby et al.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> followed 4.9 million residents aged over 12 years between October 2020 and October 2021, and identified 269 new cases of myocarditis in the period. Of 3,482,295 individuals vaccinated with BNT162b2 (Pfizer), 48 developed myocarditis or myopericarditis within 28 days of vaccination. The absolute incidence was 1.4 per 100,000 vaccinated individuals. The risk of myocarditis was not significantly different between vaccinated and non-vaccinated individuals within 28 days after vaccination (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.34 (95% confidence interval [95%CI] 0.90 to 2.00), but was significantly higher when using a shorter analysis time (14 days post exposure) (HR 1.89; 95%CI 1.23-2.90). Unlike other cohorts, the risk of myocarditis was higher among women than men. Among 498,814 individuals vaccinated with mRNA-1273 (Moderna), 21 developed myocarditis or myopericarditis within 28 days from vaccination date (incidence of 4.2 per 100,000 vaccinated individuals; HR 3.92, 95%CI 2.30-6.68). The adjusted hazard ratio among 12-39-year-old individuals was 1.48 (95%CI0.74-2.98) with BNT162b2, and 5.24 (95%CI 2.47-11.12) with mRNA-1273. .24 (2.47 to 11.12). Only one death occurred, and clinical outcomes were generally similar between vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>In Hong Kong, Chua et al.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> reported 33 cases of myocarditis and/or pericarditis among 178,163 adolescents from 12 to 17 years of age vaccinated with BNT162b2 (Pfizer). Twenty-nine were males and most cases (81.8%) developed acute myocarditis/pericarditis after the second dose. The overall incidence was 18.5 per 100,000 persons vaccinated. The incidence after the first and second doses were 5.57 and 37.32 per 100,000 persons vaccinated, respectively. All patients had mild diseases and recovered spontaneously;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Patone et al.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> evaluated the risks of myocarditis, pericarditis and arrhythmias associated with COVID-19 vaccination <italic>versus</italic> SARS-CoV2 infection. The authors evaluated more than 38.6 million adults in England and observed that 0.001% of individuals had myocarditis in the 28 days following the first or the second dose of the vaccine. In this period, there was one extra myocarditis event per million people vaccinated with BNT162b2 (Pfizer), and six extra myocarditis events per one million with mRNA-1273 (Moderna). Even the extra 10 extra myocarditis events per one million people vaccinated after a second dose of mRNA-1273 would be lower than the extra 40 myocarditis events per one million patients following a SARS-CoV-2 positive test. The same authors expanded their study to include 42 million vaccinated people in England (preprint data),<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> showing similar results following a booster of the vaccines. In men younger than 40 years, similar findings were obtained regarding the risk of myocarditis related to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, except for the mRNA-1273 vaccine, that posed a higher risk than that related to SARS-CoV-2 infection;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>More recently, in a detailed analysis of cases of myocarditis in the United States, Oster et al.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> concluded that the risk of myocarditis following mRNA-based vaccines was higher after the second dose in adolescents and young male adults. Among 192 405 448 persons receiving a total of 354 100 845 mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines, there were 1,626 cases of myocarditis, mostly (82%) in males. Regarding the BNT162b2 vaccine (Pfizer), the incidence of myocarditis was 70.6 per million doses in adolescent males aged 12 to 15 years, 105.9 per million doses in adolescent males aged 16 to 17 years, and 52.4 per million doses in young men aged 18 to 24 years. Most cases were mild or moderate, with a favorable course. Until publication, the were two death notifications potentially duet to myocarditis, still under investigation.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Other studies, also carried out in the United States, have reported an incidence of 0.58 cases per 100,000 within 10 days following the second dose of both mRNA vaccines,<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup> and an estimate of 6.3 extra myocarditis event per one million of doses administered in the first three weeks of vaccination with mRNA vaccine in individuals between 12 and 39 years of age.<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup> In members of the US Military, the incidence of myocarditis was 0.8 per 100,000 of doses administered among male military members.<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The direct comparison of these studies has limitations, due to peculiarities of each study, including differences in diagnostic criteria, study period, age range of populations, methods for risk calculation (absolute or excess risk). In addition, one variable has not been included in several analyses, which is the pre-existence of myocarditis, be it for COVID-19 or due to other causes. Altogether, the available evidence suggests that the risk of acute myocarditis associated with COVID-19 vaccination is real but has a very low incidence and is more commonly reported in young men.</p>
          <p>The <bold>pathophysiological mechanisms</bold> of myocardial inflammation and injury described in mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 have not been well established, and they may be related to gene sequence that encodes the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or to the immune response (e.g. hypersensitivity reactions) to these vaccines. The fact that the highest rates have been observed in young male individuals, and mainly following the second dose, supports the hypothesis of a maladaptive immune response, which may be influenced by sex hormones.</p>
          <p><bold>Clinical presentation</bold> is vaccine-induced myocarditis similar to the classical presentation of acute myocarditis and includes chest pain and dyspnea. Besides, troponin levels are increased in almost all cases, and nearly 70% have some electrocardiographic changes. Acute systolic dysfunction, with a drop in left ventricular ejection fraction, was reported in 6-12% of cases.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>,<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>,<xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>,<xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The <bold>prognosis</bold> of vaccine-related myocarditis is very favorable; in most cases, it is self-limited, with resolution of symptoms and normalization of laboratory tests, electrocardiogram and echocardiogram over the follow-up period. In the most comprehensive review of published cases, Kohli et al.<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup> reported that serious life-threatening complications due to vaccine-related myocarditis remain rare.</p>
          <p>On the other hand, we must always consider the magnitude of the benefits of vaccination to the whole population in the analysis of potential adverse events. In the British study mentioned above, the rate of myocarditis associated with SARS-Cov2 within 28 days of vaccination was 30 cases per million in the general population, and 73 cases per million among men older than 40 years.<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> Thus, <bold>based on most population-based studies currently available, the incidence of myocarditis associated with COVID-19 surpasses the incidence of myocarditis associated with vaccines. One exception is younger men, mainly adolescents, in whom the risk of vaccine-associated myocarditis exceeds that of myocarditis related to COVID-19 at the same age range.</bold><sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>,<xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup><bold> Even so, as compared with mortality rates of SARS-CoV2 infection (0.1 to 1.0 per 100,000 individuals between 12 and 29 years of age), and with the risk of hospitalization, the overall benefits of vaccination overweigh the related risk of myocarditis. </bold></p>
          <p>It is important to highlight that individuals infected with SARS-CoV2 are at increased risk for cardiovascular diseases, other than those recognized as vaccination adverse effects (thrombosis and myocarditis or myopericarditis). Abbasi et al. <sup><xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup> estimated the risks and excess burden of cardiovascular outcomes attributed to COVID-19 in a 12-month-period and compared it to a control group (individuals that did not have COVID-19). For every 1,000 people, COVID-19 was associated with an extra: 45 cases of any cardiovascular event, 23 cases of major adverse cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke, and all-cause mortality), 20 cases of dysrhythmias and 11 cases of atrial fibrillation, 12 cases of heart failure, 10 cases of thromboembolic disorders (5.5 cases of pulmonary embolism and four of deep vein), seven cases of ischemic heart disease thrombosis (5.3 cases of acute coronary disease, three cases of myocardial infarction, and 2.5 incidents of angina), four cases of stroke, 1.23 cases of inflammatory disease of the heart or pericardium.<sup><xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Based on an analysis of epidemiological data, Gargano et al.<sup><xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref></sup> concluded the benefits of COVID-19 vaccination (prevention of SARS-CoV2 infection, and associated hospitalizations, intensive care unit [ICU] admissions and death) outweigh the risks of myocarditis after vaccination in all populations to whom vaccination was recommended. The balance between risk and benefit varied with age and sex. Per million males aged between 12 and 29 years receiving the second dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, 11,000 COVID-19 cases, 560 hospitalizations, 138 ICU admissions, and six deaths due to COVID-19 could be prevented, compared with 39-47 expected myocarditis cases in this population.<sup><xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Also, evidence suggests that BNT162b2 (Pfizer) shows efficacy of 91% against multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS) in adolescents aged 12-18 years and prevents the progression to severe stages.<sup><xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref></sup> The incidence of MIS-C is 316 per million of SARS-CoV-2 infection cases,<sup><xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref></sup> affecting predominantly males,<sup><xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref></sup> frequently resulting in prolonged hospitalizations and need for intensive care, in contrast to most cases of vaccine-associated myocarditis.</p>
          <p>Finally, even with the escalation of the Omicron variant of COVID-19, when new questions about the risks versus benefits of vaccination in children and young adolescents may arise, data from recently published studies have shown that vaccination with mRNA vaccines (particularly BNT162b2/Pfizer), especially when boosted with a third dose, remains highly effective against severe forms of COVID-19, including death.<sup><xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref></sup> Besides, the third dose is 82% effective in preventing the need for urgency and emergency care, and 90% effective in preventing hospitalizations.<sup><xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref></sup> Thus, a booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine also provides additional protection against severe diseases caused by both Omicron and Delta,<sup><xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref></sup> which are still circulating in our environment. <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> describes characteristics of population-based studies evaluating myocarditis or myopericarditis associated with mRNA-based vaccines against COVID-19.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Management of suspected myocarditis or myopericarditis associated with vaccines</title>
          <p>Myocarditis or myopericarditis should be suspected in patients vaccinated with BNT162b2 (Pfizer) or mRNA-1273 (Moderna) who present symptoms of chest pain or discomfort (predominantly), dyspnea or tachypnea, fatigue, palpitations, syncope, inappetence and lethargy, and results of electrocardiogram, echocardiography, nuclear magnetic resonance excluding other suspected causes.<sup><xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref></sup></p>
          <p>None of the studies performed an analysis or a review comparing the types of treatment administered, and in almost all studies treatment was conservative. In addition to general care, most patients received ibuprofen, some received corticosteroids, and a minority received corticosteroids and immunoglobulins. We can infer that patients with systolic dysfunction induced by myocarditis received traditional treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or an angiotensin II receptor blocker or sacubitril/valsartan, combined with a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (perhaps a SGLT2 inhibitor).<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>,<xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>,<xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>,<xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Vaccines against COVID-19 are safe and their benefits far outweigh the risks of associated adverse effects. The main cardiovascular adverse effects associated with these vaccines are VITT and myocarditis. While the former has been associated with adenovirus-vectored vaccines, the latter has been observed in mRNA vaccine recipients.</p>
        <p>Vaccine-related myocarditis remains a rare adverse event, although its incidence among males can reach 107 cases per million doses, higher than myocarditis associated with COVID-19 in this same population.</p>
        <p>However, since the course of myocarditis associated with vaccines is generally mild and self-limited, even in male adolescents, the overall protective effect of COVID-19 vaccines, particularly for the prevention of severe COVID-19, hospitalization, MIS-C and death, still overcomes the risk of vaccine-induced myocarditis.</p>
        <p>As for children, the benefits are beyond those directly related to patient health, by decreasing the risk of direct transmission in this age group and, indirectly, to older individuals. Vaccination reduces the need of mitigation measures at schools, minimizes school interruptions and helps in the maintenance of well-being, health and safety of children.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p><bold>Development:</bold> Work group on Cardiovascular Safety of Vaccines against COVID-19 of the Scientific Committee of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p><bold>Note: </bold>These statements are for information purposes and should not replace the clinical judgment of a physician, who must ultimately determine the appropriate treatment for each patient.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
