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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">5qPTycSLMNysNDGdscqZSBg</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000400766</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220014</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ecocardiografia Terap&#234;utica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1919-164X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bihan</surname>
            <given-names>David Le</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Grupo Fleury</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo Fleury, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: David Le Bihan &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Ecocardiografia - Avenida Doutor En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>david.bihan@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>766</fpage>
      <lpage>767</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Reperfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Reperfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="19"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Desde a sua introdu&#231;&#227;o por Edler e Hertz, a ecocardiografia se tornou o principal exame da proped&#234;utica cardiol&#243;gica. A sua evolu&#231;&#227;o nos &#250;ltimos 50 anos foi marcante, desde as imagens de modo A, modo M, modo bidimensional e Doppler, at&#233; as modernas reconstru&#231;&#245;es tridimensionais e os <italic>softwares</italic> para estudo da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica usados atualmente. Por esse motivo, a ecocardiografia &#233; capaz de fornecer n&#227;o apenas dados diagn&#243;sticos, mas tamb&#233;m importantes informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas, em virtualmente todas as doen&#231;as do cora&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Um dos principais avan&#231;os da ecocardiografia foi o reconhecimento de subst&#226;ncias capazes de aumentar o sinal de ultrassom, para melhor visibiliza&#231;&#227;o das estruturas card&#237;acas, popularmente conhecidas como &#8220;contrastes ecocardiogr&#225;ficos&#8221;. Seu in&#237;cio data do final da d&#233;cada de 60, com a primeira experi&#234;ncia reportada sobre a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de solu&#231;&#227;o salina agitada associada ao ultrassom card&#237;aco.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Essa t&#233;cnica (agita&#231;&#227;o de solu&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica para que fique aerada, permitindo aumento da reflex&#227;o do som) &#233; utilizada at&#233; hoje para detec&#231;&#227;o de comunica&#231;&#245;es intra-card&#237;acas, mas apresenta como inconvenientes a pouca estabilidade intravascular da solu&#231;&#227;o e o fato das bolhas de ar serem eliminadas do corpo durante a passagem do sangue pelos pulm&#245;es impedindo, assim, seu emprego para visualiza&#231;&#227;o de estruturas do cora&#231;&#227;o esquerdo, quando a solu&#231;&#227;o salina agitada &#233; administrada em veia perif&#233;rica.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Entretanto, foi o surgimento de meios de contraste ecocardiogr&#225;fico de segunda gera&#231;&#227;o, de fabrica&#231;&#227;o industrial, que consolidou o emprego dessas subst&#226;ncias na pr&#225;tica ecocardiogr&#225;fica. Esses compostos correspondem a micropart&#237;culas estabilizadas de g&#225;s, que uma vez dentro do meio intravascular n&#227;o modificam a circula&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea, por serem menores que as hem&#225;cias e os capilares. Al&#233;m disso, possuem estabilidade, podendo ser injetadas em veia perif&#233;rica, passando &#237;ntegras pela circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, permitindo n&#227;o apenas a opacifica&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, mas tamb&#233;m a detec&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>-<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> Essas caracter&#237;sticas conferem aos meios de contraste ultrassonogr&#225;fico alta seguran&#231;a, associada &#224; grande melhora da qualidade da imagem, aumentando a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A capacidade dos meios de contraste ecocardiogr&#225;fico atuais de permitir a visibiliza&#231;&#227;o mais n&#237;tida da separa&#231;&#227;o entre o sangue e o mioc&#225;rdio adjacente ocorre por conta de uma propriedade dessas mol&#233;culas, que sofrem oscila&#231;&#227;o volum&#233;trica ao serem submetidas &#224; energia ultrass&#244;nica. Isso acentua a reflex&#227;o do som, por meio do retorno &#224; fonte emissora das ondas sonoras em sua frequ&#234;ncia fundamental e em suas frequ&#234;ncias harm&#244;nicas. Por outro lado, pulsos de energia ultrass&#244;nica de alta intensidade aplicados a esses contrastes levam ao fen&#244;meno de cavita&#231;&#227;o inercial, ou seja, violenta expans&#227;o e colapso dessas micropart&#237;culas, gerando oscila&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o local e fortes ondas de choque no meio intravascular. A cavita&#231;&#227;o inercial &#233; a base f&#237;sica para o fen&#244;meno de sonotromb&#243;lise, que corresponde &#224; capacidade dos pulsos de alta energia ultrass&#244;nica, associados &#224; presen&#231;a do contraste ecocardiogr&#225;fico, levarem &#224; quebra e dissolu&#231;&#227;o de trombos.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> Essa possibilidade foi primeiramente demonstrada em modelos animais.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>,<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> Posteriormente, foi demonstrado que a sonotromb&#243;lise n&#227;o apenas ajudava a dissolu&#231;&#227;o de trombos, mas tamb&#233;m atuava no endot&#233;lio vascular e na microcircula&#231;&#227;o, com libera&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncias vasodilatadoras, incluindo o &#243;xido n&#237;trico.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Esse conhecimento foi o alicerce para utiliza&#231;&#227;o dessa t&#233;cnica em estudos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
    <p>O grupo do professor Mathias e seus colaboradores foi pioneiro no desenvolvimento de ensaios randomizados, para testar a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da sonotromb&#243;lise como tratamento adjuvante no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio- IAM.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>-<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> Esses trabalhos mostraram que utilizando equipamentos de ultrassom e meios de contraste ecocardiogr&#225;fico comercialmente dispon&#237;veis, em pacientes com IAM com supra desnivelamento do segmento ST, randomizados para receber ou n&#227;o sonotromb&#243;lise como tratamento adjuvante &#224; angioplastia prim&#225;ria, foi poss&#237;vel diminuir o fen&#244;meno de obstru&#231;&#227;o microvascular,<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup>aumentar a taxa de recanaliza&#231;&#227;o dos vasos epic&#225;rdicos e diminuir o tamanho da &#225;rea necr&#243;tica,<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> bem como diminuir o remodelamento ventricular e melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em longo prazo.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos, uma nova pe&#231;a de conhecimento foi introduzida por esse mesmo grupo a partir da publica&#231;&#227;o de Tavares et al.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> Utilizando um grupo de 100 pacientes randomizados 1:1 para angioplastia prim&#225;ria ou angioplastia e sonotromb&#243;lise, os autores demonstraram uma melhora, no grupo submetido &#224; sonotromb&#243;lise, do &#237;ndice ecocardiogr&#225;fico de motilidade e da perfus&#227;o ventricular esquerda, em uma avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica realizada 6 meses ap&#243;s o IAM. Esses dois &#237;ndices ecocardiogr&#225;ficos usados como desfecho s&#227;o sabidamente definidores de progn&#243;stico em doen&#231;a coronariana e sua melhora no grupo submetido &#224; sonotromb&#243;lise reflete a capacidade do m&#233;todo de ajudar na dissolu&#231;&#227;o dos trombos em vasos coron&#225;rios epic&#225;rdicos, mas tamb&#233;m de melhorar a microcircula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>,<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> Um importante aspecto que devemos ressaltar &#233; que o trabalho de Tavares B. et al.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> apresenta a caracter&#237;stica &#250;nica de demonstrar a utilidade do uso de contraste ecocardiogr&#225;fico em toda sua amplitude de fun&#231;&#245;es: opacifica&#231;&#227;o ventricular, perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e, finalmente, terap&#234;utica antitromb&#243;tica.</p>
    <p>A sonotromb&#243;lise quebra um paradigma da cardiologia. Certamente, nem mesmo Edler e Hertz imaginaram a amplitude que atingiria a ecocardiografia, que agora deixa o escopo meramente diagn&#243;stico, para se tornar um importante adjuvante terap&#234;utico. Em um pa&#237;s que sofre intensamente o impacto da doen&#231;a obstrutiva coronariana (IAM correspondeu &#224; 7,06% do total de &#243;bitos no ano de 2017)<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> e em que as terapias de reperfus&#227;o conhecidamente eficazes (angioplastia e fibrin&#243;lise) ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis para grande parte da popula&#231;&#227;o em tempo adequado (cerca de um quarto dos pacientes com IAM com supra de ST chegam ao hospital com mais de 6 horas de dor),<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> o surgimento de uma nova alternativa terap&#234;utica adjuvante pode ter forte impacto na sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o. Seguramente, para isso muitas perguntas ainda precisam de respostas: qual o impacto da sonotromb&#243;lise sobre a mortalidade p&#243;s IAM? Existe benef&#237;cio tamb&#233;m para pacientes que realizaram apenas fibrin&#243;lise? Existe benef&#237;cio para as s&#237;ndromes coronarianas sem supra desnivelamento de segmento ST? A sonotromb&#243;lise pode ser iniciada imediatamente ap&#243;s a dor, ainda no servi&#231;o de transporte pr&#233;-hospitalar? Esse caminho de conhecimento ser&#225; longo e levar&#225; alguns anos. No entanto, o trabalho de Tavares B.,<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> publicado nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos representa uma importante contribui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
  </body>
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          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: A Sonotromb&#243;lise Promove Melhora dos &#205;ndices de Motilidade e Perfus&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo ap&#243;s o Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio</italic>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Therapeutic Echocardiography</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1919-164X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bihan</surname>
            <given-names>David Le</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo Fleury, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: David Le Bihan &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Ecocardiografia &#8211; Avenida Doutor En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: david.bihan@incor.usp.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial Acute Infarction/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Reperfusion/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Reperfusion/trends</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Since its introduction by Edler and Hertz, echocardiography has become the main test of cardiologic propedeutic. Over the last 50 years, its evolution has been remarkable, from A-mode, M-mode, two-dimensional and Doppler images to modern three-dimensional reconstructions and softwares for studying myocardial deformation currently used. For this reason, echocardiography can provide diagnostic data and important prognostic information in virtually all heart diseases.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>One of the major advances in echocardiography was the recognition of substances capable of increasing the ultrasound signal for better visualization of cardiac structures, popularly known as &#8220;echocardiographic contrasts.&#8221; Its beginning dates back to the late 1960s, with the first experience reported on the use of agitated saline solution associated with cardiac ultrasound.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> This technique (agitation of a saline solution so that it is aerated, allowing an increase in sound reflection) is still used to detect intracardiac communications. Still, it has as drawbacks the poor intravascular stability of the solution and the fact that air bubbles are eliminated from the body during the passage of blood through the lungs, thus preventing its use for visualization of structures of the left heart when the agitated saline solution is administered in a peripheral vein.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>However, the emergence of industrially manufactured second-generation echocardiographic contrast media consolidated the use of these substances in echocardiographic practice. These compounds correspond to stabilized microparticles of gas, which, once inside the intravascular environment, do not change blood circulation, as they are smaller than red blood cells and capillaries. In addition, they are stable and can be injected into a peripheral vein, passing intact through the pulmonary circulation, allowing left ventricular opacification and the detection of myocardial perfusion.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>-<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> These characteristics give high security to ultrasound contrast media, associated with a great improvement in image quality, increasing diagnostic accuracy.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The ability of current echocardiographic contrast media to allow clearer visualization of the separation between the blood and the adjacent myocardium is due to a property of these molecules, which undergo volumetric oscillation when subjected to ultrasonic energy. This fact accentuates the reflection of sound through the return to the emitting source of sound waves in their fundamental frequency and harmonic frequencies. On the other hand, high-intensityultrasonic energy pulses applied to these contrasts lead to inertial cavitation, that is, violent expansion and collapseof these microparticles, generating local pressure oscillationand strong shock waves in the intravascular environment. Inertial cavitation is the physical basis for the phenomenon of sonothrombolysis, which corresponds to the capacityof high-energy ultrasonic pulses, associated with the presence of echocardiographic contrast, to lead to thrombus dissolution.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> This possibility was first demonstrated in animal models.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>,<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> Subsequently, it was shown that sonothrombolysis helped dissolve thrombi and acted on the vascular endothelium and microcirculation, releasing vasodilating substances, including nitric oxide.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> This knowledge was the foundation for using this technique in clinical studies.</p>
      <p>The group of Professor Mathias and his collaborators pioneered the development of randomized trials to test sonothrombolysis as an adjuvant treatment in acute myocardial infarction - AMI.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>-<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> These studies showed that it was possible to use commercially available ultrasound equipment and echocardiographic contrast media in patients with ST-segment elevation AMI randomized to receive or not sonothrombolysis, as an adjuvant treatment to primary angioplasty, to reduce the phenomenon of microvascular obstruction,<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> increase the rate of recanalization of epicardial vessels and decrease the size of the necrotic area,<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> as well as decrease ventricular remodeling and improve long-term myocardial function.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this edition of the <italic>Arquivos</italic>, a new piece of knowledge was introduced by this same group after the publication by Tavares B. et al.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> Using a group of 100 patients randomized 1:1 to primary angioplasty or angioplasty and sonothrombolysis, the authors demonstrated an improvement in the group undergoing sonothrombolysis in the echocardiographic index of motility and left ventricular perfusion in an echocardiographic evaluation performed 6 months after the AMI. These two echocardiographic indices used as endpoints are known to define the prognosis in coronary heart disease, and their improvement in the group undergoing sonothrombolysis reflects the method&#8217;s ability to help the dissolution of thrombi in epicardial coronary vessels, but also to improve microcirculation.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>,<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> An important aspect that we must emphasize is that the work by Tavares B. et al.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> has the unique characteristic of demonstrating the usefulness of using echocardiographic contrast in all its range of functions: ventricular opacification, myocardial perfusion and, finally, antithrombotic therapy.</p>
      <p>Sonothrombolysis breaks a paradigm of cardiology. Certainly, not even Edler and Hertz imagined the scope that echocardiography would reach, which now leaves the merely diagnostic scope, to become an important therapeutic adjuvant. In a country that suffers intensely from the impact of obstructive coronary disease (AMI corresponded to 7.06% of total deaths in 2017)<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> and where reperfusion therapies that are known to be effective (angioplasty and fibrinolysis) are not yet available to a large part of the population in an adequate time (about a quarter of patients with ST-segment AMI arrive at the hospital with more than 6 hours of pain),<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> the emergence of a new adjuvant therapeutic alternative can have a strong impact on the health of the population. Certainly, many questions still need to be answered: what is the impact of sonothrombolysis on mortality after AMI? Is there a benefit also for patients who underwent only fibrinolysis? Is there a benefit for coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation? Can sonothrombolysis be started immediately after pain, still in the pre-hospital transport service? This path of knowledge will be long and will take some years. However, the work of Tavares B.,<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> published in this edition of the <italic>Arquivos</italic> represents an important contribution.</p>
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            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Sonothrombolysis Promotes Improvement in Left Ventricular Wall Motion and Perfusion Scores after Acute Myocardial Infarction</italic>
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