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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">58gxqWymFX3S4hHjtzrbdHN</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000400756</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200651</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200651</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Sonotromb&#243;lise Promove Melhora dos &#205;ndices de Motilidade e Perfus&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo ap&#243;s o Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tavares</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9083-8269</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aguiar</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Osman</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2449-0764</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tsutsui</surname>
            <given-names>Jeane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Mucio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3777-1947</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Soeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre de Matos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nicolau</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>PoChiang</surname>
            <given-names>Hsu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sbano</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4505-3344</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramirez</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0201-6754</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mathias</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Jeane Tsutsui &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Rua Fidalga, 618, apt. 84. CEP 05303-000, Vila Leopoldina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>jeane.tsutsui@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Tsutsui J, Sbano J, Ramirez J, Kalil Filho R, Mathias W; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Tavares BG, Aguiar MO, Oliveira M, Soeiro AM, Nicolau J, Ribeiro H, PoChiang H; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Tavares BG, Sbano J, Rochitte CE, Lopes B, Mathias W; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Mathias W; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Tavares BG, Tsutsui J, Soeiro AM, Mathias W; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Tsutsui J, Nicolau J, Ribeiro H, Ramirez J, Kalil Filho R, Mathias W.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>756</fpage>
      <lpage>765</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>Demonstrou-se recentemente que a aplica&#231;&#227;o de ultrassom de alta energia com microbolhas, t&#233;cnica conhecida como sonotromb&#243;lise, causa a dissolu&#231;&#227;o de trombos intravasculares e aumenta a taxa de recanaliza&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAM-CSST).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p>Avaliar o efeito da sonotromb&#243;lise nos &#237;ndices de motilidade e perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdicas em pacientes com IAM-CSST, utilizando a ecocardiografia com perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em tempo real (EPMTR).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo</title>
          <p>Uma centena de pacientes com IAM-CSST foram randomizados em dois grupos: Terapia (50 pacientes tratados com sonotromb&#243;lise e angioplastia coron&#225;ria prim&#225;ria) e Controle (50 pacientes tratados com angioplastia coron&#225;ria prim&#225;ria). Os pacientes realizaram EPMTR para analisar a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE), o &#237;ndice de escore de motilidade segmentar (IEMS) e o n&#250;mero de segmentos com defeito de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, 72 horas ap&#243;s o IAM-CSST e com 6 meses de acompanhamento. Foi considerado significativo p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Pacientes tratados com sonotromb&#243;lise apresentaram FEVE mais alta que o grupo Controle em 72 horas (50 &#177; 10% <italic>vs.</italic> 44 &#177; 10%; p = 0,006), e essa melhora foi mantida em seis meses (53 &#177; 10% <italic>vs.</italic> 48 &#177; 12%; p = 0,008). O IEMS foi similar nos grupos Terapia e Controle em 72 horas (1,62 &#177; 0,39 <italic>vs.</italic> 1,75 &#177; 0,40; p = 0,09), mas tornou-se menor no grupo Terapia em 6 meses (1,46 &#177; 0,36 <italic>vs.</italic> 1,64 &#177; 0,44; p = 0,02). O n&#250;mero de segmentos com defeito de perfus&#227;o n&#227;o foi diferente entre os grupos em 72 horas (5,92 &#177; 3,47 <italic>vs.</italic> 6,94 &#177; 3,39; p = 0,15), mas ficou menor no grupo Terapia em 6 meses (4,64 &#177; 3,31 <italic>vs.</italic> 6,57 &#177; 4,29; p = 0,01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>A sonotromb&#243;lise em pacientes com IAM-CSST resulta na melhora dos &#237;ndices de motilidade e perfus&#227;o ventricular ao longo do tempo.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Sonotromb&#243;lise</kwd>
        <kwd>Microbolhas</kwd>
        <kwd>Meios de Contraste</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Embolia Pulmonar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>No Brasil, as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por aproximadamente 28% de todos os &#243;bitos anuais, metade deles por s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas. <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> As terapias dispon&#237;veis atualmente para recanaliza&#231;&#227;o no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio incluem fibrin&#243;lise farmacol&#243;gica e interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea, as quais t&#234;m melhorado o progn&#243;stico de pacientes. Infelizmente, no Brasil, tais t&#233;cnicas est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis apenas para cerca de 40% da popula&#231;&#227;o. Ainda assim, quando o paciente &#233; submetido a uma destas terapias de elei&#231;&#227;o, a ocorr&#234;ncia de <italic>no-reflow</italic> (morte celular extensa na &#225;rea infartada) est&#225; presente em aproximadamente 60% dos pacientes tratados. <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>A restaura&#231;&#227;o da pat&#234;ncia da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, o mais rapidamente poss&#237;vel, &#233; determinante e tem consequ&#234;ncias importantes nos resultados de melhora da qualidade e quantidade de vida e da redu&#231;&#227;o de interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares e dos custos ao sistema de sa&#250;de. <sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> - <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>A sonotromb&#243;lise &#233; uma terapia inovadora, que consiste na infus&#227;o endovenosa cont&#237;nua de microbolhas, associada &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o intermitentemente de ultrassom de alta energia, o que resulta em ruptura das microbolhas e na lise de trombo intravascular. <sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> - <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup> Uma potencial aplica&#231;&#227;o da sonotromb&#243;lise, demonstrada em estudos experimentais, &#233; destinada &#224; recanaliza&#231;&#227;o de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria no contexto de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM). <sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Apesar da ampla base de estudos em animais, poucas an&#225;lises tentaram demonstrar a sua efic&#225;cia em seres humanos. Uma primeira tentativa ocorreu pelo uso isolado do ultrassom na recanaliza&#231;&#227;o de art&#233;rias epic&#225;rdicas em pacientes com IAM, no estudo PLUS, sem sucesso. <sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> Uma experi&#234;ncia inicial em n&#250;mero restrito de pacientes, tamb&#233;m por feita por Slikkerveer e colaboradores no IAM, demonstrou exequibilidade e aus&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es. <sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Nosso grupo demonstrou, de forma pioneira e em 30 pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAM-CSST), que a sonotromb&#243;lise &#233; uma terapia segura e resulta em aumento da recanaliza&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica e melhora da microcircula&#231;&#227;o coronariana. <sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Mais recentemente, realizamos o estudo <italic>Microvascular Recovery with Ultrasound in Acute Myocardial Infarction</italic> (MRUSMI), <sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> desenhado para investigar os efeitos cl&#237;nicos da aplica&#231;&#227;o de ultrassom diagn&#243;stico, com alto &#237;ndice mec&#226;nico associado a microbolhas, em 100 pacientes com IAM-CSST randomizados em grupo controle e que receberam terapia com sonotromb&#243;lise. Nesse estudo, publicado recentemente, demonstrou-se que os pacientes tratados com o procedimento antes e imediatamente ap&#243;s a angioplastia coron&#225;ria prim&#225;ria apresentaram maior taxa de recanaliza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria pr&#233;-angioplastia e menor tamanho de infarto, o que foi constatado atrav&#233;s de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica.</p>
      <p>A Ecocardiografia com Perfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica em Tempo Real (EPMTR) &#233; uma t&#233;cnica que permite a an&#225;lise simult&#226;nea da motilidade segmentar e da perfus&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, e tem sido utilizada para diagn&#243;stico e avalia&#231;&#227;o de progn&#243;stico de pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. <sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> - <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref> </sup> Como os efeitos da sonotromb&#243;lise nos &#237;ndices de motilidade e perfus&#227;o a longo prazo ainda n&#227;o foram estudados, propomos avaliar seu efeito nos &#237;ndices de motilidade e n&#250;mero de segmentos com defeito de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica passados 72 horas e seis meses do tratamento de pacientes IAM-CSST, utilizando a EPMTR.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todo</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo de estudo</title>
        <p>Os 100 pacientes desse estudo fazem parte do ensaio Recupera&#231;&#227;o Microvascular com Ultrassom no Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio ( <italic>Microvascular Recovery with Ultrasound in Acute Myocardial Infarction</italic> &#8211; MRUSMI; Clinical Trials.gov # NCT02410330), que foi desenhado para investigar se a aplica&#231;&#227;o de impulsos de alto &#237;ndice mec&#226;nico (IM) de um transdutor de ultrassom diagn&#243;stico durante a infus&#227;o de microbolhas comercialmente dispon&#237;veis em pacientes com IAM-CSST aumentaria precocemente as taxas de pat&#234;ncia epic&#225;rdica e o fluxo microvascular. <sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> Trata-se de um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado e prospectivo. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o do estudo foram: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, cardiomiopatia conhecida, doen&#231;a valvar significativa, uso de terapia fibrinol&#237;tica antes da chegada ao departamento de emerg&#234;ncia, alergia ao contraste ecocardiogr&#225;fico Definity <sup>&#174;</sup> e dor precordial maior que 12 horas na chegada.</p>
        <p>Entre maio de 2014 e julho de 2018, 3.479 pacientes com IAM-CSST chegaram ao Departamento de Emerg&#234;ncia da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. Destes, 303 indiv&#237;duos apresentavam crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o para o protocolo de estudo e 100 pacientes chegaram quando o ultrassom diagn&#243;stico de emerg&#234;ncia podia ser aplicado antes e ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (per&#237;odo das 7h &#224;s 19h, de segunda a sexta-feira), conforme demonstrado na <xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref> . Os 100 pacientes com IAM-CSST foram randomizados de forma aleat&#243;ria atrav&#233;s de <italic>site</italic> espec&#237;fico (www.random.org, plano de randomiza&#231;&#227;o #4544). O procedimento foi simples, mantido sob os cuidados exclusivos da enfermeira-coordenadora do estudo e desconhecido de todos os participantes at&#233; o momento de aceite do paciente em participar do mesmo.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma do estudo MRUSMI (Microvascular Recovery with Ultrasound in Acute Myocardial Infarction).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-04-0756-00651-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Todos os pacientes receberam tratamento medicamentoso de acordo com o protocolo da institui&#231;&#227;o e com as diretrizes de tratamento de IAM-CSST. <sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> Os pacientes do grupo Terapia (n = 50) receberam ultrassom diagn&#243;stico com m&#250;ltiplos impulsos de alto IM guiados por imagem (1,8 MHz; &#237;ndice mec&#226;nico 1,1-1,3; dura&#231;&#227;o de pulso de 3 useg), aplicados nas janelas apicais 4, 2 e 3 c&#226;maras. O <italic>frame rate</italic> foi de 25 Hz. O ultrassom foi realizado com infus&#227;o de microbolhas comercialmente dispon&#237;veis (5% Definity <sup>&#174;</sup> ) a 1,5 ml/min. Os impulsos de alto IM foram aplicados durante breves intervalos, repetidamente, ap&#243;s imagens de baixo IM detectarem microbolhas na microvasculatura mioc&#225;rdica. Os intervalos entre os impulsos de alto IM variaram de 5 a 15 segundos, dependendo do tempo necess&#225;rio para o repreenchimento mioc&#225;rdico pelo contraste. Os pacientes do grupo controle (n = 50) realizaram ecocardiograma com imagens diagn&#243;sticas, usando um transdutor de ultrassom diagn&#243;stico de 1,8 MHz com imagens de baixo IM (0,18) e <italic>frame rate</italic> de 25 Hz limitados, n&#227;o mais que 3, e impulsos diagn&#243;sticos de alto IM para avaliar a motilidade regional de parede e a perfus&#227;o microvascular antes e ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea. O ultrassom foi realizado com infus&#227;o de microbolhas comercialmente dispon&#237;veis (5% Definity <sup>&#174;</sup> ) a 1,5 ml/min.</p>
        <p>Para fins de avalia&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de escore de motilidade segmentar (IEMS) e n&#250;mero de segmentos com defeito de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ao longo do tempo, todos os pacientes realizaram EPMTR 72 horas ap&#243;s a randomiza&#231;&#227;o e em seis meses de acompanhamento ( <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref> ). A <xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figura 3</xref> ilustra exemplo de imagem do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em 2 c&#226;maras com defeito de perfus&#227;o apical antes da aplica&#231;&#227;o da sonotromb&#243;lise. Com 15 minutos de procedimento, houve desaparecimento do defeito de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Protocolo de estudo. Os pacientes avaliados participaram do ensaio MRUSMI (Microvascular Recovery with Ultrasound in Acute Myocardial Infarction), randomizados para receber tratamento com sonotromb&#243;lise associada a angioplastia coron&#225;ria prim&#225;ria (grupo terapia) ou tratamento convencional com angioplastia coron&#225;ria prim&#225;ria (grupo controle). Os pacientes de ambos os grupos realizaram Ecocardiografia com Perfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica em Tempo Real (EPMTR) 72 horas e 6 meses ap&#243;s a randomiza&#231;&#227;o, para avalia&#231;&#227;o de volumes ventriculares, fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdicas. IM: &#237;ndice mec&#226;nico; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VDF: volume diast&#243;lico final; VSF: volume sist&#243;lico final; IEMS: &#237;ndice de escore de motilidade segmentar.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-04-0756-00651-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Imagem de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em tempo real demonstrando defeito de perfus&#227;o em regi&#227;o apical do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em paciente com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e supradesnivelamento do segmento ST antes do in&#237;cio da sonotromb&#243;lise (imagem &#224; esquerda, seta). Ap&#243;s 15 minutos da sonotromb&#243;lise, houve desaparecimento do defeito de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. O paciente apresentou recanaliza&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica com a sonotromb&#243;lise.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-04-0756-00651-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Esse estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (CAPPesq), sob o protocolo n <sup>o</sup> 0578/11. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque de 1975, atualizada no ano de 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia com Perfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica em Tempo Real (EPMTR)</title>
        <p>O estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi realizado com equipamento IE 33 (Philips Medical Systems, Bothell, WA, USA), equipados com transdutores transtor&#225;cicos de banda larga com 2-5 MHz e <italic>software</italic> de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. O foco foi fixado ao n&#237;vel da valva mitral em todos os estudos. O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi avaliado em tr&#234;s planos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos padr&#245;es: apicais quatro, duas e tr&#234;s c&#226;maras, definindo-se 17 segmentos, de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do <italic>Cardiac Imaging Committe of the Concil on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association</italic> . <sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> Todos os ecocardiogramas foram analisados em <italic>software</italic> espec&#237;fico Q-Station 3.2.2. (Philips Medical Systems, Bothell, WA, USA) ap&#243;s o adequado armazenamento digital. Para a an&#225;lise da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, foram adquiridas imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas atrav&#233;s de <italic>software</italic> espec&#237;fico de imagem com perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em tempo real. As imagens foram ajustadas antes da inje&#231;&#227;o do contraste para minimizar os artefatos, em decorr&#234;ncia da mobilidade card&#237;aca. Uma sequ&#234;ncia de pulsos ultrass&#244;nicos, com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de IM elevado e maior que 1,0 ( <italic>Flash</italic> ), foram disparados manualmente no pico de intensidade do contraste para destruir microbolhas dentro do mioc&#225;rdio. Na sequ&#234;ncia, foram analisadas as imagens com baixo &#237;ndice mec&#226;nico (0,1) pelo per&#237;odo de, ao menos, 15 ciclos card&#237;acos consecutivos para permitir o posterior repreenchimento mioc&#225;rdico. O paciente avaliado apresentou recanaliza&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica. Para medir a intensidade de sinal pela EPMTR, sequ&#234;ncias representativas de imagens precedendo e seguindo a imagem de <italic>flash</italic> foram digitalmente capturadas, armazenadas em disco &#243;ptico e posteriormente analisadas. Imagens diagn&#243;sticas de baixo IM com contraste ultrassonogr&#225;fico foram utilizadas para avaliar a perfus&#227;o microvascular, motilidade regional de parede e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) 72 horas ap&#243;s a randomiza&#231;&#227;o e em seis meses de acompanhamento ( <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da motilidade segmentar e perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdicas</title>
        <p>As imagens contrastadas foram usadas para calcular medidas da FEVE, volume diast&#243;lico final e volume sist&#243;lico final pelo m&#233;todo biplanar de Simpson, de acordo com as diretrizes da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia. <sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> O &#237;ndice de escore de motilidade segmentar (IEMS) foi avaliado por meio de an&#225;lise do espessamento da parede de cada segmento mioc&#225;rdico em todas as tr&#234;s janelas apicais real&#231;adas por contraste, e foi calculado atrav&#233;s da somat&#243;ria do valor dado a cada segmento (1 = contratilidade normal, 2 = hipocinesia, 3 = acinesia e 4 = discinesia), dividida pelo n&#250;mero total de segmentos analisados. A an&#225;lise da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi realizada usando um sistema de escore, sendo considerado o &#237;ndice 1 para repreenchimento do contraste no mioc&#225;rdio em 4 segundos da aplica&#231;&#227;o do impulso de alto IM, o escore 2 (ligeira redu&#231;&#227;o) quando o repreenchimento completo na &#225;rea de risco demorou mais que 4 segundos ap&#243;s o impulso de alto IM, e o escore 3, definido como praticamente sem repreenchimento de contraste mioc&#225;rdio durante 10 segundos ap&#243;s o impulso de alto IM. Um escore de 3 foi considerado obstru&#231;&#227;o microvascular. <sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> Para an&#225;lises comparativas entre os grupos terapia e controle, foram avaliados o n&#250;mero de segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos com escore 2 ou 3 no per&#237;odo de 72 horas ap&#243;s o tratamento e em seis meses de acompanhamento.</p>
        <p>Todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es de FEVE, motilidade de parede e perfus&#227;o microvascular foram feitas por um revisor ecocardiografista experiente e independente (WMJ), de forma cega ao tratamento atribu&#237;do no momento das mensura&#231;&#245;es. O profissional n&#227;o tinha conhecimento da sequ&#234;ncia de randomiza&#231;&#227;o, que foi aberta somente ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino das an&#225;lises da FEVE, motilidade de parede e perfus&#227;o microvascular. Em estudo publicado anteriormente, houve valida&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade intraobservador para medidas do volume diast&#243;lico final (correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse de 0,949; p &lt; 0,001), volume sist&#243;lico final (correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse de 0,987; p &lt; 0,001) e FEVE (correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse de 0,817; p &lt; 0,001). <sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>O c&#225;lculo amostral foi realizado com base em dados do estudo-piloto <sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> e amostra de 100 pacientes, considerando 20% de poss&#237;veis perdas, visando alcan&#231;ar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica com p &lt; 0,05 e poder de 80% atrav&#233;s de premissas comparativas entre os grupos terapia e controle na resolu&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST de 80% <italic>vs.</italic> 50%, aumento da pat&#234;ncia angiogr&#225;fica precoce, em pelo menos 50% <italic>vs.</italic> 20% e redu&#231;&#227;o de 30% na &#225;rea de infarto pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas em tabelas, descrevendo suas frequ&#234;ncias absolutas (n) e relativas (%). O teste de qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher foram usados para avaliar sua associa&#231;&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas em tabelas descrevendo suas m&#233;dias e desvio-padr&#227;o. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov avaliou se a distribui&#231;&#227;o era normal. Nos dois grupos de pacientes randomizados, mudan&#231;as no IEMS, n&#250;mero de segmentos com defeito de perfus&#227;o e FEVE entre os momentos 72 horas e 6 meses foram comparados atrav&#233;s de uso de teste t n&#227;o pareado. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os momentos 6 meses e 72 horas, nos grupos terapia e controle, foram realizadas pelo teste t Student pareado. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas com o aux&#237;lio de SPSS 17.0 para Windows. Foi considerado estatisticamente significativo p &lt; 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A m&#233;dia et&#225;ria dos pacientes randomizados foi de 59 anos e n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo nos grupos estudados. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na preval&#234;ncia de diabetes, hipertens&#227;o arterial, dislipidemia e tabagismo ( <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> ). A distribui&#231;&#227;o do territ&#243;rio arterial do IAM-CSST foi semelhante nos grupos controle e terapia ( <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes dos grupos Controle e Terapia</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Total</th>
                <th colspan="2">Grupos</th>
                <th rowspan="3">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Controle</th>
                <th>Terapia</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">59,06 <underline>+</underline> 10,39</td>
                <td align="center">59,04 <underline>+</underline> 11,01</td>
                <td align="center">59,08 <underline>+</underline> 9,85</td>
                <td align="center">0,985 <sup>(1)</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Altura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">167,70 <underline>+</underline> 8,47</td>
                <td align="center">169,04 <underline>+</underline> 8,30</td>
                <td align="center">166,36 <underline>+</underline> 8,51</td>
                <td align="center">0,114 <sup>(1)</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso (Kg)</td>
                <td align="center">75,49 <underline>+</underline> 16,23</td>
                <td align="center">76,61 <underline>+</underline> 16,32</td>
                <td align="center">74,40 <underline>+</underline> 16,24</td>
                <td align="center">0,501 <sup>(1)</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ASC (m <sup>2</sup> )</td>
                <td align="center">1,84 <underline>+</underline> 0,22</td>
                <td align="center">1,87 <underline>+</underline> 0,22</td>
                <td align="center">1,82 <underline>+</underline> 0,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,313 <sup>(1)</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">72 (72,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (80,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (64,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,075 <sup>(2)</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ICP pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">8 (8,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (10,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,715 <sup>(3)</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">44 (44,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (40,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (48,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,20 <sup>(2)</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">35 (35,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (30,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (40,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,295 <sup>(2)</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">32 (32,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (22,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (42,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,032 <sup>(2)</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">56 (56,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (56,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (56,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000 <sup>(2)</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Medica&#231;&#227;o em uso</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico</td>
                <td align="center">98 (98,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (100,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (96,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,495 <sup>(3)</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatina</td>
                <td align="center">33 (33,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (28,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (38,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,288 <sup>(2)</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nitrato</td>
                <td align="center">52 (52,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (50,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (54,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,689 <sup>(2)</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">19 (19,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (10,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (28,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,022 <sup>(2)</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueador de canal de c&#225;lcio</td>
                <td align="center">9 (9,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (8,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (10,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000 <sup>(3)</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA</td>
                <td align="center">20 (20,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (18,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (22,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,617 <sup>(2)</sup> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>Vari&#225;veis expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o ou n&#250;mero (%). <sup>(1)</sup> Teste t Student n&#227;o pareado; <sup>(2)</sup> teste de qui-quadrado; <sup>(3)</sup> teste exato de Fisher. ASC: &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; IECA: inibidor de enzima de convers&#227;o de angiotensina.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o de territ&#243;rio arterial do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>Grupo controle</th>
                <th>Grupo terapia</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>ADA</td>
                <td align="center">26 (52%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (52%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,83 <sup>(1)</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ACD</td>
                <td align="center">14 (28%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (34%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ACX</td>
                <td align="center">10 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (14%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>Vari&#225;veis expressas como n&#250;mero (%). <sup>(1)</sup> Teste de qui-quadrado. ADA: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior; ACD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; ACX: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria circunflexa.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref> demonstra os valores de volumes ventriculares e FEVE da popula&#231;&#227;o total e dos grupos controle e terapia, nos momentos 72 horas e ap&#243;s 6 meses da randomiza&#231;&#227;o. O grupo que recebeu sonotromb&#243;lise (grupo terapia) apresentou menores volumes diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico final e maior FEVE que o grupo controle, 72 horas ap&#243;s o IAM-CSST. Todos os pacientes realizaram EPMTR no acompanhamento, sendo que essa diferen&#231;a foi mantida em 6 meses de acompanhamento.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Volumes e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o obtidos pela ecocardiografia com perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em tempo real 72 horas e 6 meses ap&#243;s a randomiza&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Total</th>
                <th colspan="2">Grupos</th>
                <th rowspan="3">p (entre grupos controle e terapia)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Controle</th>
                <th>Terapia</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>72 horas</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VDF (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">108 &#177; 35</td>
                <td align="center">114 &#177; 40</td>
                <td align="center">102 &#177; 29</td>
                <td align="center">0,096 <sup>(1)</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VSF (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">59 &#177; 30</td>
                <td align="center">66 &#177; 34</td>
                <td align="center">53&#177;23</td>
                <td align="center">0,022 <sup>(1)</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">47 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">44 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">50&#177;10</td>
                <td align="center">0,006 <sup>(1)</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IEMS</td>
                <td align="center">1,68 &#177; 0,39</td>
                <td align="center">1,75 &#177; 0,40</td>
                <td align="center">1,62 &#177; 0,39</td>
                <td align="center">0,09 <sup>(1)</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>#Segmentos com defeito de perfus&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">6,42 &#177; 3,49</td>
                <td align="center">5,92 &#177; 3,47</td>
                <td align="center">6,94 &#177; 3,39</td>
                <td align="center">0,15 <sup>(1)</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6 meses</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VDF (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">122 &#177; 47</td>
                <td align="center">136 &#177; 52*</td>
                <td align="center">109 &#177; 36</td>
                <td align="center">0,003 <sup>(1)</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VSF (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">66 &#177; 39</td>
                <td align="center">76 &#177; 45*</td>
                <td align="center">55 &#177; 29</td>
                <td align="center">0,006 <sup>(1)</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">50 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">47 &#177; 12*</td>
                <td align="center">53 &#177; 10*</td>
                <td align="center">0,008 <sup>(1)</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IEMS</td>
                <td align="center">1,52 &#177; 0,37</td>
                <td align="center">1,64 &#177; 0,44*</td>
                <td align="center">1,46 &#177; 0,36*</td>
                <td align="center">0,02 <sup>(1)</sup> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>#Segmentos com defeito de perfus&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">5,86 &#177; 3,84</td>
                <td align="center">6,57 &#177; 4,29</td>
                <td align="center">4,64 &#177; 3,31*</td>
                <td align="center">0,01 <sup>(1)</sup> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>Vari&#225;veis expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o. <sup>(1)</sup> Teste t Student n&#227;o pareado entre grupos controle e terapia. *p &lt; 0,05 pelo teste t Student pareado (compara&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros entre 6 meses e 72 horas). VDF: volume diast&#243;lico final; VSF: volume sist&#243;lico final; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IEMS: &#237;ndice de escore de motilidade segmentar.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos terapia e controle em rela&#231;&#227;o ao IEMS no momento 72 horas (1,62 &#177; 0,39 <italic>vs.</italic> 1,75 &#177; 0,40; p = 0,09). No entanto, ap&#243;s 6 meses de acompanhamento, o grupo Terapia evoluiu com menor IEMS que o grupo controle (1,46 &#177; 0,36 <italic>vs.</italic> 1,64 &#177; 0,44; p = 0,02), como demonstrado na <xref rid="f04" ref-type="fig">Figura 4</xref> . O menor valor de IEMS demonstra melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica obtida pela EPMTR, n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a entre o n&#250;mero de segmentos com defeito de perfus&#227;o entre os grupos terapia e controle 72 horas ap&#243;s o IAM-CSST (5,92 &#177; 3,47 <italic>vs.</italic> 6,94 &#177; 3,39; p = 0,15). Entretanto, ap&#243;s 6 meses de acompanhamento, o grupo terapia apresentou menor n&#250;mero de segmentos com defeito de perfus&#227;o que o grupo controle (4,64 &#177; 3,31 <italic>vs.</italic> 6,57 &#177; 4,29; p = 0,01), como demonstrado na <xref rid="f05" ref-type="fig">Figura 5</xref> . No per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de 17 meses, 8 pacientes (16%) morreram no grupo controle e 8 pacientes (16%) no grupo terapia.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; &#205;ndice de escore de motilidade segmentar nos grupos controle e terapia, avaliados pela ecocardiografia com perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em tempo real 72 horas e 6 meses ap&#243;s a randomiza&#231;&#227;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>* Teste T Student n&#227;o pareado</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-04-0756-00651-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; N&#250;mero de segmentos com defeito de perfus&#227;o nos grupos Controle e Terapia, avaliados pela ecocardiografia com perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em tempo real 72 horas e 6 meses ap&#243;s a randomiza&#231;&#227;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-04-0756-00651-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este &#233; o primeiro estudo em humanos que avaliou o efeito da sonotromb&#243;lise na fun&#231;&#227;o e perfus&#227;o ventricular esquerda em acompanhamento de 6 meses ap&#243;s o IAM-CSST. Utilizando a EPMTR, demonstramos que os pacientes com IAM-CSST e tratados com essa nova terapia apresentaram melhora ao longo do tempo do IEMS e do n&#250;mero de segmentos com defeito de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Os resultados do estudo MRUSMI demonstraram que os tempos porta-bal&#227;o n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os grupos controle e terapia (78 &#177; 32 min <italic>vs.</italic> 77 &#177; 26 min, respectivamente; p = 0,42). A recanaliza&#231;&#227;o do vaso culpado no primeiro angiograma, antes da angioplastia prim&#225;ria, foi observada em 24/50 (48%) pacientes do grupo Terapia, em compara&#231;&#227;o com 10/50 (20%) do grupo Controle (p &lt; 0,001). O grupo Terapia apresentou menor tamanho de infarto pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, realizada 72 horas ap&#243;s o IAM-CSST, que o grupo Controle (29 &#177; 22 gramas <italic>vs.</italic> 40 &#177; 20 gramas; p = 0.026). <sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Tais efeitos ben&#233;ficos foram evidentes a n&#237;vel microvascular, a melhora do fluxo capilar foi observada imediatamente ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea. At&#233; ent&#227;o, n&#227;o havia sido avaliado o comportamento do IEMS e o n&#250;mero de segmentos com defeito de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ao longo do tempo. Nossos resultados confirmam que a recanaliza&#231;&#227;o precoce e a melhora da microcircula&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria obtidas com a sonotromb&#243;lise possuem benef&#237;cios adicionais aos pacientes com IAM-CSST, quando comparadas aos pacientes que receberam tratamento convencional com angioplastia prim&#225;ria.</p>
      <p>O ultrassom transtor&#225;cico com alta energia tem sido estudado como um tratamento adjuvante aos fibrinol&#237;ticos na abordagem de trombos arteriais, bem como um m&#233;todo isolado no tratamento de trombos vasculares. <sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref> , <xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref> </sup> Um mecanismo proposto de como o ultrassom dissolve o trombo &#233; induzir a cavita&#231;&#227;o, <sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref> , <xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref> </sup> que &#233; a gera&#231;&#227;o ultrass&#244;nica dos corpos de gases que expandem, retraem e leva a for&#231;as de cisalhamento, que perturbam o meio e possuem o potencial de romper trombos. Estudos que se utilizam de sistemas baseados em cateteres, capazes de liberar ultrassom na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, provaram-se capazes de dissolver trombos sem o uso de um agente fibrinol&#237;tico. Esse tipo de sistema, de baixa frequ&#234;ncia ultrass&#244;nica (45 KHz) e alta energia liberadas atrav&#233;s da ponta de um cateter de 1,6 mil&#237;metros, demonstrou recanalizar com sucesso a art&#233;ria descendente anterior de doentes que sofreram um infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio de parede anterior. <sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup> A fim de superar as limita&#231;&#245;es do ultrassom nas s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas, estudos experimentais t&#234;m demonstrado que a associa&#231;&#227;o da administra&#231;&#227;o de microbolhas sob o efeito do ultrassom pode acelerar a dissolu&#231;&#227;o de trombos. Microbolhas de g&#225;s s&#227;o pequenas microesferas, que apresentam propriedades ac&#250;sticas espec&#237;ficas e tornam-se muito &#250;teis como agentes de contraste ultrassonogr&#225;fico para o diagn&#243;stico por imagem. Ao agirem como n&#250;cleos de cavita&#231;&#227;o, as microbolhas reduzem o limiar de pico de press&#227;o negativa necess&#225;rio para induzir a mesma. Dessa forma, a destrui&#231;&#227;o de microbolhas mediada por ultrassom pode acelerar ainda mais a dissolu&#231;&#227;o de trombos. Em modelos animais de trombose da art&#233;ria il&#237;aca, o ultrassom transcut&#226;neo de baixa frequ&#234;ncia, associado a microbolhas injetadas via intravenosa, produziram taxas de recanaliza&#231;&#227;o de mais de 90%, sem a necessidade de um agente trombol&#237;tico. <sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup> Em um estudo pr&#233;-cl&#237;nico em 45 porcos, demonstrou-se que, durante uma infus&#227;o intravenosa cont&#237;nua de microbolhas que cont&#233;m perfluorocarbonos, a energia ultrass&#244;nica emitida por um transdutor de ultrassom diagn&#243;stico &#233; capaz de restaurar o fluxo da microcircula&#231;&#227;o e melhorar as taxas de recanaliza&#231;&#227;o de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. <sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup> Um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado (PLUS &#8211; <italic>Perfusion by Thrombolytic and Ultrasound</italic> ) que procurou avaliar o valor adicional do ultrassom terap&#234;utico, sem microbolhas e apenas em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, foi interrompido. <sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> Recomendaram a interrup&#231;&#227;o do estudo em julho de 2003 por causa da baixa probabilidade de diferen&#231;as significativas no grau de fluxo coron&#225;rio pelo escore de TIMI ( <italic>Trombolysis in Myocardial Infarction</italic> ) ou pela resolu&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST com o tratamento pelo ultrassom. Hoje, sabemos que a causa do insucesso deste estudo foi possivelmente a falta da associa&#231;&#227;o do ultrassom intermitente com as microbolhas. Sem a presen&#231;a dessas, n&#227;o h&#225; cavita&#231;&#227;o inercial tissular e libera&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico suficientes, a fim de promover sonotromb&#243;lise e redu&#231;&#227;o do <italic>no-reflow</italic> de forma eficaz. <sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> Mathias et al., <sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> em 2016, publicaram estudo-piloto da avalia&#231;&#227;o de 30 pacientes, em que foi demonstrada a seguran&#231;a e a exequibilidade da aplica&#231;&#227;o de ultrassom com alto IM e infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua de microbolhas para recanaliza&#231;&#227;o precoce e melhora da microcircula&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria em pacientes com IAM-CSST. <sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Tais achados foram confirmados no estudo MRUSMI, ampliando a popula&#231;&#227;o para 100 pacientes. <sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> Os impulsos de alto IM, utilizados para melhorar a recanaliza&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica e microvascular no atual estudo, s&#227;o parte de um recurso-padr&#227;o em sistema ultrassonogr&#225;fico e normalmente usado para avaliar a perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e a motilidade regional de parede. <sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> - <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref> </sup> Os impulsos de alto IM causam cavita&#231;&#227;o nas microbolhas (aumento e colapso) durante o per&#237;odo de insona&#231;&#227;o, que finalmente as rompem. <sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Tal crescimento e colapso causam tens&#227;o de cisalhamento em regi&#245;es pr&#243;ximas &#224;s microbolhas, que, no caso de um trombo, resulta em dissolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Os motivos pelos quais a sonotromb&#243;lise pode resultar em melhora do IEMS e de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em 6 meses pode estar associada a v&#225;rios fatores, ainda n&#227;o conhecidos totalmente. O principal fator parece ser a recanaliza&#231;&#227;o precoce das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea, observada no estudo MRUSMI (48% no grupo Terapia <italic>vs.</italic> 20% no grupo Controle). Uma menor &#225;rea de infarto, tamb&#233;m pela resson&#226;ncia foi observada em 72 horas no grupo Terapia. Outro poss&#237;vel efeito poderia estar relacionado &#224; indu&#231;&#227;o de libera&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico. <sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup> Novos estudos multic&#234;ntricos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para esclarecer os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos e comprovar os benef&#237;cios da sonotromb&#243;lise em pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas. Vale ressaltar o potencial dessa nova op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica para o tratamento de condi&#231;&#245;es tromb&#243;ticas agudas. <sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref> , <xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref> </sup> </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Como o presente estudo foi uma suban&#225;lise do ensaio MRUSMI, os demais dados relacionados aos resultados angiogr&#225;ficos, e os dados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e relacionados aos biomarcadores card&#237;acos foram previamente relatados. Nossos resultados foram limitados aos achados da EPMTR, com foco na an&#225;lise do IEMS e no n&#250;mero de segmentos com defeito de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Entretanto, enfatizamos o ineditismo dos achados e a import&#226;ncia desses efeitos em 6 meses de acompanhamento dos pacientes com IAM-CSST tratados com sonotromb&#243;lise. Trata-se de um estudo unic&#234;ntrico, realizado com um pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes e que deve ser ampliado para avalia&#231;&#245;es multic&#234;ntricas, a fim de comprovar os achados dessa iniciativa pioneira. Outro ponto que poderia ser levantado como limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo &#233; a subjetividade da an&#225;lise da motilidade segmentar e da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Entretanto, ressaltamos a ampla aplica&#231;&#227;o de tais &#237;ndices na rotina da pr&#225;tica ecocardiogr&#225;fica, e que os pesquisadores envolvidos no estudo apresentam grande experi&#234;ncia na t&#233;cnica de EPMTR. <sup><xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref> - <xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref> </sup> </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A sonotromb&#243;lise &#233; uma nova abordagem terap&#234;utica no tratamento de pacientes com IAM-CSST, que resulta em melhora do &#237;ndice de motilidade de parede do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e redu&#231;&#227;o do defeito de perfus&#227;o ao longo do tempo.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Bruno Garcia Tavares pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: Este estudo foi apoiado pela FAPESP (Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo) na forma de projeto tem&#225;tico e pela Lantheus Medical Imaging, Bothell, USA.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sonothrombolysis Promotes Improvement in Left Ventricular Wall Motion and Perfusion Scores after Acute Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tavares</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9083-8269</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aguiar</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Osman</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2449-0764</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tsutsui</surname>
            <given-names>Jeane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Mucio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3777-1947</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Soeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre de Matos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nicolau</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>PoChiang</surname>
            <given-names>Hsu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sbano</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4505-3344</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramirez</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0201-6754</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mathias</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Jeane Tsutsui &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Rua Fidalga, 618, apt. 84. Postal Code 05303-000, Vila Leopoldina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: jeane.tsutsui@incor.usp.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Tsutsui J, Sbano J, Ramirez J, Kalil Filho R, Mathias W; Acquisition of data: Tavares BG, Aguiar MO, Oliveira M, Soeiro AM, Nicolau J, Ribeiro H, PoChiang H; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Tavares BG, Sbano J, Rochitte CE, Lopes B, Mathias W; Obtaining financing: Mathias W; Writing of the manuscript: Tavares BG, Tsutsui J, Soeiro AM, Mathias W; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Tsutsui J, Nicolau J, Ribeiro H, Ramirez J, Kalil Filho R, Mathias W.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>It has recently been demonstrated that the application of high-energy ultrasound and microbubbles, in a technique known as sonothrombolysis, dissolves intravascular thrombi and increases the angiographic recanalization rate in patients with ST-segment&#8211;elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To evaluate the effects of sonothrombolysis on left ventricular wall motion and myocardial perfusion in patients with STEMI, using real-time myocardial perfusion echocardiography (RTMPE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>One hundred patients with STEMI were randomized into the following 2 groups: therapy (50 patients treated with sonothrombolysis and primary coronary angioplasty) and control (50 patients treated with primary coronary angioplasty). The patients underwent RTMPE for analysis of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), wall motion score index (WMSI), and number of segments with myocardial perfusion defects 72 hours after STEMI and at 6 months of follow-up. P &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Patients treated with sonothrombolysis had higher LVEF than the control group at 72 hours (50% &#177; 10% versus 44% &#177; 10%; p = 0.006), and this difference was maintained at 6 months of follow-up (53% &#177; 10% versus 48% &#177; 12%; p = 0.008). The WMSI was similar in the therapy and control groups at 72 hours (1.62 &#177; 0.39 versus 1.75 &#177; 0.40; p = 0.09), but it was lower in the therapy group at 6 months (1.46 &#177; 0.36 versus 1.64 &#177; 0.44; p = 0.02). The number of segments with perfusion defects on RTMPE was similar in therapy and control group at 72 hours (5.92 &#177; 3.47 versus 6.94 &#177; 3.39; p = 0.15), but it was lower in the therapy group at 6 months (4.64 &#177; 3.31 versus 6.57 &#177; 4.29; p = 0.01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Sonothrombolysis in patients with STEMI resulted in improved wall motion and ventricular perfusion scores over time.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Sonothrombolysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Microbubbles</kwd>
        <kwd>Contrast Media</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Function Left</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Embolism</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>In Brazil, cardiovascular diseases are responsible for approximately 28% of all deaths annually, half of which are due to acute coronary syndromes. <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> The therapies that are currently available for recanalization in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) include pharmacological fibrinolysis and percutaneous coronary intervention, which show improved prognosis of patients with AMI. Unfortunately, in Brazil, these techniques are only available to approximately 40% of the population. Nevertheless, if the patient is treated by one of these choice therapies, the phenomenon of no-reflow (extensive cellular death in the infarcted area) occurs in approximately 60% of patients treated. <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Restoring the patency of the coronary artery as quickly as possible is decisive, and it has important consequences in the results of improved quality of life and longevity, reduced hospitalization, and reduced costs to the health system. <sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> - <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>Sonothrombolysis is an innovative therapy, which consists of continuous intravenous infusion of microbubbles associated with intermittent application of high-energy ultrasound, resulting in rupture of the microbubbles and lysis of the intravascular thrombus. <sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> - <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup> A potential application of sonothrombolysis that has been demonstrated in experimental studies is recanalization of the coronary artery in the context of AMI. <sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> In spite of a wide array of studies in animals, few studies have attempted to demonstrate the efficacy of sonothrombolysis in human beings. An initial attempt took place with the use of ultrasound alone in the recanalization of epicardial arteries in patients with AMI, which was unsuccessfully tested in the Perfusion by Thrombolytic and Ultrasound (PLUS) trial. <sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> In an initial experience in a restricted number of patients, Slikkerveer et al. also demonstrated its feasibility and absence of complications in patients with AMI. <sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> In a groundbreaking manner, our group has demonstrated, in 30 patients with ST-segment&#8211;elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), that sonothrombolysis is a safe therapy and that it results in increased angiographic recanalization and improved coronary microcirculation. <sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> More recently, we carried out the Microvascular Recovery with Ultrasound in Acute Myocardial Infarction (MRUSMI) trial, designed to investigate the clinical effects of the application of diagnostic ultrasound with a high mechanical index (MI), associated with microbubbles in 100 patients with STEMI, who were randomized into a control group and a therapy group of patients who received sonothrombolysis. This recently published study <sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> demonstrated that the patients who were treated with sonothrombolysis before and immediately after primary coronary angioplasty showed greater pre-angioplasty coronary recanalization rate and reduced infarct size, as demonstrated by magnetic resonance.</p>
        <p>Real-time myocardial perfusion echocardiography (RTMPE) is a technique that allows for simultaneous analysis of left ventricular wall motion and perfusion, which has been used for diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of patients with coronary artery disease. <sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> - <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref> </sup> As the effects of sonothrombolysis on long-term wall motion and perfusion scores have not yet been studied, we proposed an evaluation of the effect of sonothrombolysis on scores that measure wall motion and number of segments with myocardial perfusion defects 72 hours and 6 months after treatment of patients with STEMI, using RTMPE.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Protocol</title>
          <p>The 100 patients in this study are part of the MRUSMI trial (ClinicalTrials.gov # NCT02410330), which was designed to investigate whether the application of high-MI impulses, from a diagnostic ultrasound transducer, during the infusion of commercially available microbubbles, in patients with STEMI, would increase early epicardial patency rates and microvascular flow. <sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> This is a randomized, prospective clinical trial. Exclusion criteria for the study were prior AMI, known cardiomyopathy, significant valve disease, use of fibrinolytic therapy before arrival at the emergency department, allergy to Definity&#174; echocardiographic contrast, and chest pain lasting more than 12 hours upon arrival.</p>
          <p>From May 2014 to July 2018, 3479 patients with STEMI arrived at the emergency department of our institution. Of these, 303 met the inclusion criteria for the study protocol, and 100 arrived at a time when it was possible to apply the emergency diagnostic ultrasound before and after percutaneous coronary intervention (7:00 am to 7:00 pm, Monday through Friday), as shown in <xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref> . The 100 patients with STEMI were randomized, using a randomization website (www.random.org, randomization plan # 4544). Simple randomization was used. It was kept under the exclusive care of the nurse who coordinated the study, and it was unknown to all participants until the moment the patients accepted to participate in the study.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Flowchart of the Microvascular Recovery with Ultrasound in Acute Myocardial Infarction (MRUSMI) trial. AMI: acute myocardial infarction; NSTEMI: non&#8211;ST-segment&#8211;elevation myocardial infarction; STEMI: ST-segment&#8211;elevation myocardial infarction.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-04-0756-00651-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>All patients received medical treatment in accordance with the institutional protocol, which follows STEMI treatment guidelines. <sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> Patients in the therapy group (n = 50) received diagnostic ultrasound with multiple image-guided, high-MI impulses (1.8 MHz; MI 1.1 to 1.3; 3 &#181;sec pulse duration) applied in the apical 4-, 2-, and 3-chamber views. The frame rate was 25 Hz. The ultrasound was performed with an infusion of commercially available microbubbles (5% Definity&#174;) at 1.5 ml/min. The high-MI pulses were applied repeatedly during brief intervals, after low-MI images had detected microbubbles in the myocardial microvasculature. The intervals between high-MI impulses ranged from 5 to 15 seconds, depending on the time required for myocardial contrast replenishment. The patients in the control group (n = 50) underwent echocardiography with diagnostic images using a 1.8-MHz diagnostic ultrasound transducer with low-MI (0.18) images, frame rate of 25 Hz, and limited (no more than 3), high-MI diagnostic impulses to evaluate regional wall motion and microvascular perfusion before and after percutaneous coronary intervention. Ultrasound was performed with an infusion of commercially available microbubbles (5% Definity&#174;) at 1.5 ml/min.</p>
          <p>In order to evaluate wall motion score index (WMSI) and the number of segments with myocardial perfusion defects over time, all patients underwent RTMPE 72 hours after randomization and at 6 months of follow-up ( <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref> ). <xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">Figure 3</xref> illustrates an example of an image of the left ventricle in 2- chamber view with apical perfusion defect before the application of sonothrombolysis. After 15 minutes of sonothrombolysis, the myocardial perfusion defect disappeared.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Study protocol. The evaluated patients participated in the Microvascular Recovery with Ultrasound in Acute Myocardial Infarction (MRUSMI) trial, randomized to receive treatment with sonothrombolysis associated with primary coronary angioplasty (therapy group) or conventional treatment with primary coronary angioplasty (control group). Patients in both groups underwent real-time myocardial perfusion echocardiography (RTMPE) 72 hours and 6 months after randomization, for evaluation of ventricular volumes, systolic function, and myocardial perfusion. EDV: end-diastolic volume; ESV: end-systolic volume; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MI: mechanical index; WMSI: wall motion score index.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-04-0756-00651-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Real-time myocardial perfusion imaging demonstrating perfusion defect in the apical region of the left ventricle of a patient with ST-segment&#8211;elevation myocardial infarction before initiating sonothrombolysis (left image, arrow). After 15 minutes of sonothrombolysis, the myocardial perfusion defects disappeared. The patient showed angiographic recanalization with sonothrombolysis. LV: left ventricle.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-04-0756-00651-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of S&#227;o Paulo (CAPPesq, acronym in Portuguese), under protocol number 0578/11. All procedures involved in this study are in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki of 1975, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Real-time myocardial perfusion echocardiography (RTMPE)</title>
          <p>Echocardiography study was conducted with IE 33 equipment (Philips Medical Systems, Bothell, WA, USA), equipped with wide-band, 2-to-5&#8211;MHz, transthoracic transducers and myocardial perfusion software. In all studies, focus was set at the level of the mitral valve. The left ventricle was evaluated in 3 standard echocardiographic planes, namely, apical 4-, 2-, and 3-chamber views, defining 17 segments, as recommended by the Cardiac Imaging Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association. <sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> All echocardiograms were analyzed on Q-Station 3.2.2 specific software (Philips Medical Systems, Bothell, WA, USA) after appropriate digital storage. For analysis of myocardial perfusion, echocardiography images were acquired with specific imaging software with real-time myocardial perfusion. The images were adjusted before injection of contrast to minimize the artifacts due to cardiac mobility. A sequence of ultrasound pulses, with the use of elevated MI, greater than 1.0 (flash), were manually fired at the peak of contrast intensity to destroy microbubbles within the myocardium. Then, images with low MI (0.1) were analyzed for at least 15 consecutive cardiac cycles to allow for subsequent myocardial replenishment. The patient showed angiographic recanalization. To measure signal strength via RTMPE, representative sequences of images preceding and following the flash image were digitally captured, stored on an optical disk, and analyzed at a later moment. Diagnostic low-MI images with ultrasound contrast were used to assess microvascular perfusion, regional wall motion, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), 72 hours after randomization and at 6 months of follow-up ( <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Evaluation of myocardial wall motion and perfusion</title>
          <p>The contrasted images were used to calculate measurements of LVEF, end-diastolic volume, and end-systolic volume, using Simpson&#8217;s biplane method, in accordance with the guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography. <sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> The WMSI was evaluated by analyzing the wall thickening of each myocardial segment in all 3 apical windows, highlighted by contrast. This score was calculated by summing the values attributed to each segment (1 = normal kinesia, 2 = hypokinesia, 3 = akinesia, and 4 = dyskinesia), divided by the total number of segments analyzed. Analysis of myocardial perfusion was carried out using a scoring system, where myocardial contrast replenishment within 4 seconds of application of high-MI impulse was assigned a value of 1; when complete replenishment in the risk area took more than 4 seconds after the application of high-MI impulse, a value of 2 (mild reduction) was assigned; and, when there was practically no myocardial contrast replenishment for 10 seconds after the high-MI impulse, a value of 3 was assigned. A score of 3 was considered microvascular obstruction. <sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> For comparative analysis between the therapy and control groups, the number of myocardial segments with scores of 2 or 3 was evaluated at 72 hours after treatment and at 6 months of follow-up.</p>
          <p>All evaluations of LVEF, wall motion, and microvascular perfusion were carried out by an experienced, independent echocardiographic reviewer (WMJ), who was blinded to the treatment given at the moment of the measurements. The reviewer knew nothing about the randomization sequence, which was opened only after the conclusion of analyses of LVEF, wall motion, and microvascular perfusion. In a previously published study, intraobserver variability was validated for measurements of end-diastolic volume (intraclass correlation of 0.949; p &lt; 0.001), end-systolic volume (intraclass correlation of 0.987; p &lt; 0.001), and LVEF (intraclass correlation of 0.817; p &lt; 0.001). <sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>The sample calculation was based on data from the pilot study. <sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> A sample size of 100 patients was calculated, including 20% possible losses, to achieve statistical significance of p &lt; 0.05 and power of 80%, using comparative assumptions between the therapy and control groups, ST-segment resolution of 80% versus 50%, an increase in early angiographic patency of at least 50% versus 20%, and a 30% reduction in the infarcted area on magnetic resonance imaging.</p>
          <p>Categorical variables were shown in tables describing their absolute (n) and relative (%) frequency, and chi-square test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test was used to evaluate their association. Continuous variables were shown in tables describing their means and standard deviation. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test evaluated whether distribution was normal. In both groups of randomized patients, changes in WMSI, number of segments with perfusion defects, and LVEF between 72 hours and 6 months were compared using the unpaired t test. Comparisons between 6 months and 72 hours, in the therapy and control groups, were made by paired Student t test. All analyses were carried out with the assistance of SPSS 17.0 for Windows. P &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Average age of randomized patients was 59 years, and there were no differences in relation to sex between the study groups. There were also no differences regarding prevalence of diabetes, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and tobacco use ( <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> ). The distribution of the STEMI arterial territory was similar in the control and therapy groups ( <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical characteristics of patients in the control and therapy groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variables</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Total</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Groups</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Control</th>
                  <th>Therapy</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">59.06 <underline>+</underline> 10.39</td>
                  <td align="center">59.04 <underline>+</underline> 11.01</td>
                  <td align="center">59.08 <underline>+</underline> 9.85</td>
                  <td align="center">0.985 <sup>(1)</sup> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Height (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">167.70 <underline>+</underline> 8.47</td>
                  <td align="center">169.04 <underline>+</underline> 8.30</td>
                  <td align="center">166.36 <underline>+</underline> 8.51</td>
                  <td align="center">0.114 <sup>(1)</sup> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Weight (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">75.49 <underline>+</underline> 16.23</td>
                  <td align="center">76.61 <underline>+</underline> 16.32</td>
                  <td align="center">74.40 <underline>+</underline> 16.24</td>
                  <td align="center">0.501 <sup>(1)</sup> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BSA (m2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.84 <underline>+</underline> 0.22</td>
                  <td align="center">1.87 <underline>+</underline> 0.22</td>
                  <td align="center">1.82 <underline>+</underline> 0.22</td>
                  <td align="center">0.313 <sup>(1)</sup> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male sex</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (72.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (80.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (64.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.075 <sup>(2)</sup> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior PCI</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (8.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (6.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (10.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.715 <sup>(3)</sup> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tobacco use</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (44.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (40.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (48.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20 <sup>(2)</sup> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (35.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (30.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (40.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.295 <sup>(2)</sup> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (32.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (22.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (42.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.032 <sup>(2)</sup> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (56.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (56.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (56.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000 <sup>(2)</sup> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Medication use</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aspirin</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (98.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (100.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (96.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.495 <sup>(3)</sup> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statins</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (33.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (28.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (38.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.288 <sup>(2)</sup> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nitrate</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (52.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (50.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (54.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.689 <sup>(2)</sup> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betablocker</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (19.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (10.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (28.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.022 <sup>(2)</sup> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Calcium channel blocker</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (9.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (8.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (10.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000 <sup>(3)</sup> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEI</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (20.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (18.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (22.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.617 <sup>(2)</sup> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Variables expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or number (%). <sup>(1)</sup> Unpaired Student&#8217;s t test; <sup>(2)</sup> Chi-square test; <sup>(3)</sup> Fisher&#8217;s exact test. ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; BSA: body surface area; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribution of the ST-segment&#8211;elevation myocardial infarction arterial territory</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>Control group</th>
                  <th>Therapy group</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>ADA</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (52%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (52%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.83 <sup>(1)</sup> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RCA</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (28%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (34%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CXA</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (14%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Variables expressed as number (%). <sup>(1)</sup> Chi-square test. ADA; anterior descending coronary artery; CXA: circumflex artery; RCA: right coronary artery.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref rid="t3001" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref> shows the values of ventricular volumes and LVEF in the total population and in the control and therapy groups, at 72 hours and 6 months after randomization. The group that received sonothrombolysis (therapy group) had lower end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes and higher LVEF than the control group 72 hours after STEMI. All patients underwent RTMPE at follow-up, and this difference was maintained at 6 months of follow-up.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Volumes and ejection fraction obtained by real-time myocardial perfusion echocardiography at 72 hours and 6 months after randomization</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variables</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Total</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Groups</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p (between control and therapy groups)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Control</th>
                  <th>Therapy</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>72 hours</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EDV (mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">108 &#177; 35</td>
                  <td align="center">114 &#177; 40</td>
                  <td align="center">102 &#177; 29</td>
                  <td align="center">0.096 <sup>(1)</sup> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ESV (mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 &#177; 30</td>
                  <td align="center">66 &#177; 34</td>
                  <td align="center">53&#177;23</td>
                  <td align="center">0.022 <sup>(1)</sup> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">44 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">50&#177;10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.006 <sup>(1)</sup> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>WMSI</td>
                  <td align="center">1.68 &#177; 0.39</td>
                  <td align="center">1.75 &#177; 0.40</td>
                  <td align="center">1.62 &#177; 0.39</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09 <sup>(1)</sup> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Number of segments with perfusion defects</td>
                  <td align="center">6.42 &#177; 3.49</td>
                  <td align="center">5.92 &#177; 3.47</td>
                  <td align="center">6.94 &#177; 3.39</td>
                  <td align="center">0.15 <sup>(1)</sup> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6 months</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EDV (mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">122 &#177; 47</td>
                  <td align="center">136 &#177; 52*</td>
                  <td align="center">109 &#177; 36</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003 <sup>(1)</sup> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ESV (mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 &#177; 39</td>
                  <td align="center">76 &#177; 45*</td>
                  <td align="center">55 &#177; 29</td>
                  <td align="center">0.006 <sup>(1)</sup> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">47 &#177; 12*</td>
                  <td align="center">53 &#177; 10*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.008 <sup>(1)</sup> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>WMSI</td>
                  <td align="center">1.52 &#177; 0.37</td>
                  <td align="center">1.64 &#177; 0.44*</td>
                  <td align="center">1.46 &#177; 0.36*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02 <sup>(1)</sup> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Number of segments with perfusion defects</td>
                  <td align="center">5.86 &#177; 3.84</td>
                  <td align="center">6.57 &#177; 4.29</td>
                  <td align="center">4.64 &#177; 3.31*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01 <sup>(1)</sup> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Variables expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. <sup>(1)</sup> Unpaired Student&#8217;s t test between control and therapy groups. *p &lt; 0.05 on paired Student&#8217;s t test (comparison of parameters between 6 months and 72 hours). EDV: end-diastolic volume; ESV: end-systolic volume; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; WMSI: wall motion score index.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>There were no significant differences between the therapy and control groups in relation to WMSI at 72 hours (1.62 &#177; 0.39 versus 1.75 &#177; 0.40; p = 0.09), but, after 6 months of follow-up, the therapy group evolved with lower WMSI than the control group (1.46 &#177; 0.36 versus 1.64 &#177; 0.44; p = 0.02), as shown in <xref rid="f04001" ref-type="fig">Figure 4</xref> . The decreased WMSI values demonstrate improved left ventricular function. In relation to myocardial perfusion obtained by RTMPE, no differences were observed between the number of segments with perfusion defects between the therapy and control groups 72 hours after STEMI (5.92 &#177; 3.47 versus 6.94 &#177; 3.39; p = 0.15), but, at 6 months of follow-up, the therapy group showed a lower number of segments with perfusion defects than the control group (4.64 &#177; 3.31 versus 6.57 &#177; 4.29; p = 0.01), as shown in <xref rid="f05001" ref-type="fig">Figure 5</xref> . In the mean period of 17 months, 8 patients (16%) died in the control group, and 8 patients (16%) died in the therapy group.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Wall motion score index in the control and therapy groups evaluated by real-time myocardial perfusion echocardiography 72 hours and 6 months after randomization.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>* Unpaired Student&#8217;s t test</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-04-0756-00651-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Number of segments with perfusion defects in the control and therapy groups evaluated by real-time myocardial perfusion echocardiography 72 hours and 6 months after randomization.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-04-0756-00651-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This is the first study in human beings to evaluate the effects of sonothrombolysis on left ventricular function and perfusion at 6 months of follow-up after STEMI. Using RTMPE, we have demonstrated that patients with STEMI treated with this novel therapy showed improvements over time with respect to WMSI and the number of segments with myocardial perfusion defects. The results of the MRUSMI trial demonstrated that door-to-balloon times were not different between the control and therapy groups (78 &#177; 32 minutes versus 77 &#177; 26 minutes, respectively; p = 0.42). Recanalization of the culprit vessel at first angiography before primary angioplasty was observed in 24/50 (48%) patients of the therapy group in comparison with 10/50 (20%) in the control group (p &lt; 0.001). On magnetic resonance conducted 72 hours after STEMI, the therapy group showed lower infarct size than the control group (29 &#177; 22 grams versus 40 &#177; 20 grams; p = 0.026). <sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>These beneficial effects were evident on the microvascular level, with improved capillary flow observed immediately after percutaneous coronary intervention. Prior to this, the behavior of the WMSI and the number of segments with myocardial perfusion defects over time had not been evaluated. Our results confirm that the early recanalization and improved coronary microcirculation obtained with sonothrombolysis have additional benefits for patients with STEMI, when compared to patients who received conventional treatment with primary angioplasty.</p>
        <p>High-energy transthoracic ultrasound has been studied as an adjunctive treatment to fibrinolytic drugs in the approach to arterial thrombi and as an isolated method for treating vascular thrombi. <sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref> , <xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref> </sup> A proposed mechanism for explaining how ultrasound dissolves thrombi is by inducing cavitation. <sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref> , <xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref> </sup> Cavitation is the ultrasonic generation of gas bodies that expand and retract. This leads to shear forces that disrupt the environment, with the potential to rupture thrombi. Studies using catheter-based systems capable of releasing ultrasound into the coronary artery have proven that they were able to dissolve thrombi without the use of a fibrinolytic agent. This type of high-energy, low-frequency ultrasonic system, with 45 kHz, delivered through the tip of a 1.6-mm catheter has been shown to successfully recanalize the anterior descending artery of patients who had AMI of the anterior wall. <sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup> In order to overcome the limitations of ultrasound in acute coronary syndromes, experimental studies have demonstrated that the association of administration of microbubbles under the effect of ultrasound can accelerate thrombi dissolution. Gas microbubbles are small microspheres that have specific acoustic properties that make them highly useful as ultrasound contrast agents for diagnostic imaging. Because they act as cavitation nuclei, microbubbles reduce the peak negative pressure threshold required to induce cavitation. In this manner, the destruction of microbubbles mediated by ultrasound may further accelerate thrombi dissolution. In animal models of thrombosed iliofemoral arteries, low-frequency transcutaneous ultrasound associated with intravenously injected microbubbles produced recanalization rates above 90%, without requiring a thrombolytic agent. <sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup> In a preclinical study of 45 pigs, it was demonstrated that, during a continuous intravenous infusion of microbubbles containing perfluorocarbon gas, the ultrasonic energy emitted by a diagnostic ultrasound transducer was able to restore microcirculation flow and improve coronary artery recanalization rates. <sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup> The randomized clinical PLUS trial, which attempted to evaluate the additional value of therapeutic ultrasound alone, without microbubbles, in patients with AMI, was interrupted. <sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> Interruption of the study was recommended in July 2003 due to the low likelihood of significant differences in coronary flow grade on the Trombolysis in Myocardial Infarction score or ST-segment resolution with treatment by ultrasound. We now know that a possible cause of the study&#8217;s failure was the fact that it did not associate intermittent ultrasound with microbubbles. Without the latter, there is not enough tissue inertial cavitation and release of nitric oxide to promote sonothrombolysis and reduce no-reflow effectively. <sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> Mathias et al., <sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> in 2016, published a pilot study evaluating 30 patients, demonstrating the safety and feasibility of the application of high-MI ultrasound and continuous infusion of microbubbles for early recanalization and improved coronary microcirculation in patients with STEMI. <sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> These findings were confirmed in the MRUSMI trial, increasing the population to 100 patients. <sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> The high-MI impulses used to improve epicardial and microvascular recanalization in this study are part of a standard resource in an ultrasound system that is normally used to evaluate myocardial perfusion and regional wall motion. <sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> - <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref> </sup> These high-MI impulses cause cavitation in microbubbles (increase and collapse) during the period of insonation that finally ruptures them. <sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> This growth and collapse cause shear tension in regions close to the microbubbles, which, in the case of a thrombus, results in its dissolution.</p>
        <p>The reasons as to why sonothrombolysis can result in improved WMSI and myocardial perfusion in 6 months can be associated with several factors that are not yet fully known. The main factor seems to be the early recanalization of the coronary arteries, before performing percutaneous coronary intervention, as observed in the MRUSMI trial (48% in the therapy group versus 20% in the control group). Moreover, a smaller infarcted area was observed on magnetic resonance at 72 hours in the therapy group. Another possible effect could be related to the induction of nitric oxide release. <sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup> Future multicenter studies are needed to clarify the pathophysiological mechanisms and to prove the benefits of sonothrombolysis in patients with acute coronary syndromes. It is worth underscoring the potential of this new therapeutic option for treating acute thrombotic conditions. <sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref> , <xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref> </sup> </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>Given that this study was a sub-analysis of the MRUSMI trial, the remaining data pertaining to results related to angiography, electrocardiography, and cardiac biomarkers have been previously reported. Our results were limited to the findings of RTMPE, with a focus on analysis of WMSI and the number of segments with myocardial perfusion defects. That notwithstanding, we emphasize the novelty of these findings, as well as the importance of these effects at 6 months of follow-up in patients with STEMI who were treated by sonothrombolysis. This is a single-center study, with a small number of patients, and it should be extended to multicenter evaluations in order to confirm the findings of this pioneering study. Another point that could be raised as a study limitation is regarding the fact that analysis of wall motion and myocardial perfusion may be considered to be subjective; however, we highlight the widespread application of these scores in routine echocardiography practice, as well as the fact that the researchers involved in this study have ample experience with the technique of RTMPE. <sup><xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref> - <xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref> </sup> </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Sonothrombolysis is a new therapeutic approach for treating patients with STEMI that results in improved left ventricular wall motion score and reduced perfusion defects over time.</p>
      </sec>
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      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Bruno Garcia Tavares, from Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
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      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4001">
          <p>Sources of Funding: This study was supported by grants as a Thematic Project by FAPESP (Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo) and Lantheus Medical Imaging, Bothell, USA.</p>
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