<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">4x8TTTyVbDmhdpsQWYdpFKK</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005001219</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000400745</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210388</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210388</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Impacto da COVID-19 no Diagn&#243;stico de Doen&#231;as Card&#237;acas na Am&#233;rica Latina Uma Suban&#225;lise do INCAPS COVID</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3913-7181</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cerci</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Julio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vitola</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Vicente</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paez</surname>
            <given-names>Diana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2421-1254</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zuluaga</surname>
            <given-names>Alejandro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3711-1754</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Sommer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sierra-Galan</surname>
            <given-names>Lilia M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carrascosa</surname>
            <given-names>Patricia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6320-1115</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campisi</surname>
            <given-names>Roxana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gutierrez-Villamil</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Peix</surname>
            <given-names>Amalia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chambers</surname>
            <given-names>Duane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Velez</surname>
            <given-names>Mayra S&#225;nches</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alvarado</surname>
            <given-names>Carla M. G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ventura</surname>
            <given-names>Ana C. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maldonado</surname>
            <given-names>Alejandro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castanos</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Diaz</surname>
            <given-names>Teresa C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Herrera</surname>
            <given-names>Yariela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasquez</surname>
            <given-names>Manuel C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">
            <sup>18</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arrieta</surname>
            <given-names>Ana A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mut</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hirschfeld</surname>
            <given-names>Cole</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Malkovskiy</surname>
            <given-names>Eli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4932-0024</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Goebel</surname>
            <given-names>Benjamin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24">
            <sup>23</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cohen</surname>
            <given-names>Yosef</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25">
            <sup>24</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Randazzo</surname>
            <given-names>Michael</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Shaw</surname>
            <given-names>Leslee J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24">
            <sup>23</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Williams</surname>
            <given-names>Michelle C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26">
            <sup>25</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Villines</surname>
            <given-names>Todd C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff27">
            <sup>26</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Better</surname>
            <given-names>Nathan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28">
            <sup>27</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dorbala</surname>
            <given-names>Sharmila</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29">
            <sup>28</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Raggi</surname>
            <given-names>Paolo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff30">
            <sup>29</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pascual</surname>
            <given-names>Thomas N. B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31">
            <sup>30</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pynda</surname>
            <given-names>Yaroslav</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">
            <sup>31</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dondi</surname>
            <given-names>Maurizio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">
            <sup>31</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Einstein</surname>
            <given-names>Andrew J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Quanta Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Quanta Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem - Cardiovascular CT, Curitiba, PR - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">International Atomic Energy Agency</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Division of Human Health</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vienna</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="AT">&#193;ustria</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> International Atomic Energy Agency - Division of Human Health, Vienna - &#193;ustria </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cedimed Quirosalud</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana</institution>
        <country country="CO">Col&#244;mbia</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Cedimed Quirosalud, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana y Col&#244;mbia </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidad CES</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Medelin</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CO">Col&#244;mbia</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidad CES, Medelin - Col&#244;mbia </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label> 4 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Diagn&#243;sticos da Am&#233;rica SA</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Barueri</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Diagn&#243;sticos da Am&#233;rica SA &#8211; DASA, Barueri, SP - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label> 5 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">American British Cowdray Medical Center IAP</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Mexico City</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="MX">M&#233;xico</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> American British Cowdray Medical Center IAP, Mexico City, Mexico City - M&#233;xico </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label> 6 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Diagnostico Maipu</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Buenos Aires</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="AR">Argentina</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Diagnostico Maipu, Buenos Aires - Argentina </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label> 7 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Argentino de Diagnostico y Tratamiento S.A</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Buenos Aires</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="AR">Argentina</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto Argentino de Diagnostico y Tratamiento S.A, Buenos Aires - Argentina </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label> 8 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Fundaci&#243;n Cardioinfantil</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bogota</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CO">Col&#244;mbia</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Fundaci&#243;n Cardioinfantil - Instituto de Cardiologia, Bogota - Col&#244;mbia </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label> 9 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Institute of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Nuclear Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">La Habana</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CU">Cuba</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Institute of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery - Department of Nuclear Medicine, La Habana - Cuba </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label> 10 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Radiology West</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Montego Bay</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="JM">Jamaica</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Radiology West, Montego Bay - Jamaica </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label> 11 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Carlos Andrade Marin Specialty Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Quito</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="EC">Equador</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Carlos Andrade Marin Specialty Hospital, Quito - Equador </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label> 12 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Tecnodiagnosis</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Guatemala</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="GT">Guatemala</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Tecnodiagnosis, Guatemala - Guatemala </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14">
        <label> 13 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Radiology Clinic Brito Mejia Pena</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">San Salvador</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="SV">El Salvador</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Radiology Clinic Brito Mejia Pena, San Salvador - El Salvador </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff15">
        <label> 14 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Servicio de Medicina Nuclear</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Tegucigalpa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="HN">Honduras</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Tegucigalpa - Honduras </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff16">
        <label> 15 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Diagnostico Especializado</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Santo Domingo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="DO">Rep&#250;blica Dominicana</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Centro Diagnostico Especializado, Santo Domingo - Rep&#250;blica Dominicana </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff17">
        <label> 16 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Salud Integral</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Panama City</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PA">Panam&#225;</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Salud Integral, Panama City - Panam&#225; </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff18">
        <label> 17 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santo Tomas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Nuclear Medicine Section</institution>
        <country country="PA">Panam&#225;</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Santo Tomas - Nuclear Medicine Section, Panama - Panam&#225; </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff19">
        <label> 18 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Central</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Prevision Social</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Asuncion</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PY">Paraguai</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Central, Instituto de Prevision Social, Asuncion - Paraguai </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff20">
        <label> 19 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Dr. Rafael Angel Calderon Guardia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">San Jose</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CR">Costa Rica</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Dr. Rafael Angel Calderon Guardia, San Jose - Costa Rica </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff21">
        <label> 20 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Italian Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Nuclear Medicine Service</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Montevideo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="UY">Uruguai</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Italian Hospital - Nuclear Medicine Service, Montevideo - Uruguai </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff22">
        <label> 21 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Columbia University Irving Medical Center</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">New York-Presbyterian Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">New York</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York-Presbyterian Hospital - Department of Medicine, New York - Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff23">
        <label> 22 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Paul and Gloria Milstein Division of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">New York</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Seymour, Paul and Gloria Milstein Division of Cardiology, New York - Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff24">
        <label>23</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Weill Cornell Medical College</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">New York-Presbyterian Hospital</institution>
        <country country="US">Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Weill Cornell Medical College and New York-Presbyterian Hospital,New York - Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff25">
        <label> 24 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Technion Israel Institute of Technology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Haifa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IL">Israel</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa - Israel </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff26">
        <label> 25 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Edinburgh</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Edinburg</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="GB">Reino Unido da Gr&#227;-Bretanha</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburg - Reino Unido da Gr&#227;-Bretanha </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff27">
        <label> 26 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Virginia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Charlottesville</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Virginia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia - Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff28">
        <label> 27 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Royal Melbourne Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Melbourne</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Melbourne</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="AU">Austr&#225;lia</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Royal Melbourne Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne - Austr&#225;lia </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff29">
        <label> 28 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Brigham and Women&#8217;s Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Massachusetts</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Brigham and Women&#8217;s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts - Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff30">
        <label> 29 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Alberta</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Division of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Edmonton</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Alberta</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CA">Canad&#225;</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> University of Alberta - Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiology, Edmonton, Alberta - Canad&#225; </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff31">
        <label> 30 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Philipines Nuclear Research Institute</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Manila</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PH">Filipinas</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Philipines Nuclear Research Institute, Manila - Filipinas </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff32">
        <label> 31 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">International Atomic Energy Agency</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Division of Human Health</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vienna</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="AT">&#193;ustria</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> International Atomic Energy Agency - Division of Human Health, Vienna - &#193;ustria </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Rodrigo Julio Cerci &#8226; Quanta Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem - Cardiovascular CT - Almirante Tamandar&#233;, 1000. CEP 80035-170, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>rjcerci@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Cerci RJ, Vitola JV, Paez D, Shaw LJ, Williams MC, Villines TC, Better N, Raggi P, Pascual TNB, Dondi M, Einstein AJ; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Cerci RJ, Vitola JV, Paez D, Zuluaga A, Bittencourt MS, Sierra-Galan LM, Carrascosa P, Campisi R, Gutierrez-Villamil C, Peix A, Chambers D, Velez MS, Alvarado CMG, Ventura ACF, Maldonado A, Castanos AP, Diaz TC, Herrera Y, Vasquez MC, Arrieta AA, Mut F, Goebel B, Cohen Y, Randazzo M, Shaw LJ, Williams MC, Villines TC, Better N, Dorbala S, Raggi P, Pascual TNB, Pynda Y, Dondi M, Einstein AJ, Malkovskiy E; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Cerci RJ, Paez D, Bittencourt MS, Sierra-Galan LM, Hirschfeld C, Cohen Y, Randazzo M, Shaw LJ, Williams MC, Villines TC, Better N, Dorbala S, Raggi P, Pascual TNB, Pynda Y, Dondi M, Einstein AJ; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Cerci RJ, Bittencourt MS, Hirschfeld C, Randazzo M, Pynda Y, Einstein AJ; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Cerci RJ, Vitola JV, Zuluaga A, Sierra-Galan LM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Cerci RJ, Vitola JV, Paez D, Zuluaga A, Bittencourt MS, Sierra-Galan LM, Carrascosa P, Campisi R, Gutierrez-Villamil C, Peix A, Chambers D, Velez MS, Alvarado CMG, Ventura ACF, Maldonado A, Castanos AP, Diaz TC, Herrera Y, Vasquez MC, Arrieta AA, Mut F, Hirschfeld C, Goebel B, Cohen Y, Randazzo M, Shaw LJ, Williams MC, Villines TC, Better N, Dorbala S, Raggi P, Pascual TNB, Pynda Y, Dondi M, Einstein AJ, Malkovskiy E.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>745</fpage>
      <lpage>753</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>A pandemia de COVID-19 interferiu na presta&#231;&#227;o de atendimento a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares na Am&#233;rica Latina. No entanto, o efeito da pandemia nos volumes de procedimentos card&#237;acos diagn&#243;sticos ainda n&#227;o foi quantificado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p>Avaliar (1) o impacto de COVID-19 nos volumes de diagn&#243;stico card&#237;aco na Am&#233;rica Latina e (2) determinar sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a incid&#234;ncia de casos de COVID-19 e as medidas de distanciamento social.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>A International Atomic Energy Agency realizou uma pesquisa mundial avaliando mudan&#231;as nos volumes diagn&#243;sticos card&#237;acos decorrentes da COVID-19. Foram obtidos os volumes diagn&#243;sticos card&#237;acos dos locais participantes para mar&#231;o e abril de 2020 e comparados com mar&#231;o de 2019. Foram coletados dados de distanciamento social a partir dos Relat&#243;rios de mobilidade da comunidade de Google e a incid&#234;ncia de COVID-19 por pa&#237;s a partir de Our World in Data.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Foram realizadas pesquisas em 194 centros que realizam procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos card&#237;acos, em 19 pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com o m&#234;s de mar&#231;o de 2019, os volumes dos procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos card&#237;acos diminu&#237;ram 36% em mar&#231;o de 2020 e 82% em abril de 2020.As maiores redu&#231;&#245;es ocorreram em rela&#231;&#227;o aos testes de estresse ecocardiogr&#225;fico (91%), testes ergom&#233;tricos de esteira (88%) e escore de c&#225;lcio por tomografia computadorizada (87%), com pequenas varia&#231;&#245;es entre as sub-regi&#245;es da Am&#233;rica Latina. As mudan&#231;as em padr&#245;es de distanciamento social (p &lt; 0,001) estavam mais fortemente associadas com a redu&#231;&#227;o do volume do que a incid&#234;ncia de COVID-19 (p = 0,003).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p>A COVID-19 foi associada a uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos card&#237;acos na Am&#233;rica Latina, a qual foi mais relacionada ao distanciamento social do que ao aumento da incid&#234;ncia da COVID-19. S&#227;o necess&#225;rios melhor equil&#237;brio e timing de medidas de distanciamento social e planejamento para manter o acesso ao atendimento m&#233;dico durante um surto pand&#234;mico, especialmente em regi&#245;es com alta mortalidade cardiovascular.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Teste Card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronav&#237;rus</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Sa&#250;de global</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="28"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec>
      <title>Resumo curto</title>
      <p>A pandemia de COVID-19 foi associada a uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos card&#237;acos na Am&#233;rica Latina em abril de 2020, a qual foi mais relacionada &#224;s medidas distanciamento social do que ao aumento da incid&#234;ncia da COVID-19.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Pontos principais</title>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>Em compara&#231;&#227;o com o m&#234;s de mar&#231;o de 2019, os volumes dos procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos card&#237;acos diminu&#237;ram 36% em mar&#231;o de 2020 e 82% em abril de 2020.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>As mudan&#231;as em padr&#245;es de distanciamento social (p &lt; 0,001) estavam mais fortemente associadas com a redu&#231;&#227;o volume do que a incid&#234;ncia de COVID-19 (p = 0,003).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>S&#227;o necess&#225;rios melhor equil&#237;brio e timing de medidas de distanciamento social e planejamento para manter o acesso ao atendimento m&#233;dico durante um surto pand&#234;mico, especialmente em regi&#245;es com alta mortalidade cardiovascular.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) continuam sendo a causa principal de mortalidade em todo o mundo, inclusive na Am&#233;rica Latina. <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>, <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Embora as taxas de mortalidade tenham diminu&#237;do progressivamente nas &#250;ltimas quatro d&#233;cadas na maioria dos pa&#237;ses de alta renda, o mesmo fen&#244;meno n&#227;o foi observado nos pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda, muitos dos quais se encontram na Am&#233;rica Latina. <sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Uma abordagem abrangente para lidar com as DCV e reduzir a mortalidade associada envolve preven&#231;&#227;o adequada, incluindo controle de fatores de risco, uso apropriado de testes para diagnosticar e orientar o tratamento e o estabelecimento de terapias apropriadas. A Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de recentemente chamou a aten&#231;&#227;o para a interrup&#231;&#227;o mundial da assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de causada pela pandemia de COVID-19, que infelizmente imp&#245;e uma carga adicional ao atendimento de pacientes com DCV em regi&#245;es como a Am&#233;rica Latina que t&#234;m sido gravemente afetadas pela COVID-19. <sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>A International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Division of Human Health visa apoiar os estados membros no combate &#224;s DCV, c&#226;ncer, desnutri&#231;&#227;o e outras doen&#231;as por meio de preven&#231;&#227;o, testes diagn&#243;sticos e tratamento adequados. Nesse sentido, a IAEA coordenou um levantamento mundial de centros de imagem cardiovascular (IAEA <italic>Noninvasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19, INCAPS COVID survey</italic> ), com a finalidade de avaliar o impacto da pandemia na avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica das DCV.</p>
      <p>Os objetivos deste estudo foram: (1) avaliar o impacto da COVID-19 nos volumes de procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos card&#237;acos na Am&#233;rica Latina e (2) determinar sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a incid&#234;ncia de casos de COVID-19, apresenta&#231;&#227;o temporal e interven&#231;&#245;es de distanciamento social. Compreender a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as fases da pandemia, as medidas de distanciamento social e o fornecimento de diagn&#243;stico de DCV na Am&#233;rica Latina &#233; fundamental para melhor preparar para situa&#231;&#245;es semelhantes no futuro.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>Os dados deste estudo foram coletados como parte da pesquisa da IAEA sobre o impacto da COVID-19 em exames de imagem card&#237;aca (INCAPS COVID) e correlacionados com as m&#233;tricas de distanciamento social que est&#227;o publicamente dispon&#237;veis nos Relat&#243;rios de mobilidade da comunidade de Google e a incid&#234;ncia mensal de COVID-19 a partir do banco de dados Our World in Data na Am&#233;rica Latina. <sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> - <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> </sup> A pesquisa INCAPS COVID incluiu perguntas sobre a unidade de sa&#250;de, os profissionais de sa&#250;de, os equipamentos de prote&#231;&#227;o individual, os planos estrat&#233;gicos para reabertura e as altera&#231;&#245;es nos volumes de procedimentos em rela&#231;&#227;o a uma s&#233;rie de procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos cardiovasculares (Ap&#234;ndice).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados</title>
        <p>Com base na metodologia padronizada da IAEA, foi criado um sistema eletr&#244;nico de entrada de dados, empregando uma plataforma segura de software, o International Research Integration System (IRIS, https://iris.iaea.org). No estudo INCAPS COVID, n&#227;o foram coletados dados confidenciais ou espec&#237;ficos dos pacientes e a participa&#231;&#227;o dos locais de estudo foi volunt&#225;ria; portanto, n&#227;o foi considerada necess&#225;ria a avalia&#231;&#227;o por comit&#234; de &#233;tica externo.</p>
        <p>Os participantes foram solicitados a fornecer estimativas dos volumes de procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos card&#237;acos para mar&#231;o de 2019, mar&#231;o de 2020 e abril de 2020, incluindo os seguintes: ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica e transesof&#225;gica, resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC), teste de estresse (teste ergom&#233;trico de esteira, teste de estresse ecocardiogr&#225;fico, tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico [SPECT], tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons [PET] e RMC), estudos de infec&#231;&#227;o por PET, escore de c&#225;lcio por tomografia computadorizada, angiotomografia de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e angiografia coron&#225;ria invasiva. Para fins de an&#225;lise, dividimos a Am&#233;rica Latina nas seguintes sub-regi&#245;es: Am&#233;rica do Sul (Argentina, Bol&#237;via, Brasil, Chile, Col&#244;mbia, Equador, Paraguai, Peru e Uruguai); Am&#233;rica Central e M&#233;xico (Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, M&#233;xico, Nicar&#225;gua, Panam&#225; e El Salvador); e Caribe (Cuba, Jamaica e Rep&#250;blica Dominicana).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Casos de COVID-19 por pa&#237;s</title>
        <p>Os n&#250;meros de casos de COVID-19 para cada pa&#237;s da Am&#233;rica Latina foram baixados do site de acesso aberto Our World in Data (https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus-source-data), que coleta dados de diferentes fontes oficiais em todo o mundo. <sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Our World in Data &#233; um trabalho colaborativo entre pesquisadores da Universidade de Oxford baseado no Oxford Martin Programme on Global Development, que s&#227;o os editores cient&#237;ficos do conte&#250;do do site, e a organiza&#231;&#227;o sem fins lucrativos Global Change Data Lab, que publica e mant&#233;m o site e as ferramentas de dados. Os dados coletados abrangem o per&#237;odo de fevereiro de 2020 a julho de 2020 para melhor refletir a evolu&#231;&#227;o da pandemia na Am&#233;rica Latina. Foi utilizado para an&#225;lise o n&#250;mero de casos novos a cada m&#234;s por milh&#227;o de habitantes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados de mobilidade por pa&#237;s</title>
        <p>Os dados de mobilidade foram baixados dos Relat&#243;rios de mobilidade da comunidade de Google (https://www.google.com/covid19/mobility/) que agregam as tend&#234;ncias de mobilidade em 6 categorias diferentes: varejo e lazer, mercados e farm&#225;cias, parques, esta&#231;&#245;es de transporte p&#250;blico, locais de trabalho e residencial. A linha de base foi o valor mediano, para o dia da semana correspondente, durante o per&#237;odo de 5 semanas entre o dia 3 de janeiro e o dia 6 de fevereiro de 2020. <sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> Google calcula essas informa&#231;&#245;es com base nos dados de usu&#225;rios que optaram pelo hist&#243;rico de localiza&#231;&#227;o por meio de suas contas de Google; portanto, os dados representam uma amostra de todos os usu&#225;rios. Utilizou-se a varia&#231;&#227;o do tempo passado em casa (residencial) por m&#234;s como uma vari&#225;vel do &#8220;&#237;ndice de imobilidade&#8221;, de fevereiro de 2020 a julho de 2020, que reflete mudan&#231;as nos padr&#245;es de distanciamento social durante esse per&#237;odo. Os dados de mobilidade de Cuba n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis e, portanto, n&#227;o foram utilizados nessas an&#225;lises.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As respostas &#224;s perguntas da pesquisa s&#227;o apresentadas como n&#250;meros e porcentagens. O total de procedimentos por centro &#233; apresentado como mediana e intervalo interquartil. A mudan&#231;a percentual no volume de procedimentos foi comparada entre mar&#231;o de 2019 e mar&#231;o ou abril de 2020 utilizando o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Kruskal-Wallis com valores de p assint&#243;ticos e bilaterais. Para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o das mudan&#231;as nos volumes de procedimentos card&#237;acos com as mudan&#231;as na mobilidade e a incid&#234;ncia da COVID-19, constru&#237;mos uma equa&#231;&#227;o de estimativa generalizada utilizando os pa&#237;ses como unidades individuais e os n&#250;meros mensais de exames como o desfecho com o m&#234;s como vari&#225;vel de tempo. Foi realizada a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica com Stata (vers&#227;o 15.1, Stata Corporation, LLC, College Station, Texas), Microsoft Excel (2016) e foram constru&#237;dos mapas coropl&#233;ticos em R (vers&#227;o 4.0.1, R Development Core Team, Viena, &#193;ustria) utilizando os pacotes tmap e rnaturalearth.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Centros e redu&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos</title>
        <p>Foram obtidos dados de 194 centros de interna&#231;&#227;o e ambulat&#243;rios em 19 pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina. Os maiores pa&#237;ses regionais Brasil, Argentina e M&#233;xico tamb&#233;m foram os que contribu&#237;ram com dados do maior n&#250;mero de centros: 70, 54 e 23 centros, respectivamente. As caracter&#237;sticas de todos os centros est&#227;o resumidas na <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> . Em total, foram realizados 198.597 procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos card&#237;acos nos centros participantes durante os tr&#234;s meses considerados.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos centros da Am&#233;rica Latina</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                  <th>Am&#233;rica do Sul</th>
                  <th>Am&#233;rica Central e M&#233;xico</th>
                  <th>Caribe</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Pa&#237;ses</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>9</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>7</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>3</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>N&#250;mero de centros</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>155</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>31</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>8</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Instituto de ensino (n, %)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>69 (44,5)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>21 (67,7)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>4 (50)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Leitos hospitalares (mediana, IIQ)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>202,5 (120 - 400)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>167 (100 - 300)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>168 (80 &#8211; 412,5)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tipo de instituto (n, %)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Hospital, apenas internamento</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (16,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Hospital, apenas ambulat&#243;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0(0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Hospital, interna&#231;&#227;o e ambulat&#243;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (58,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (61,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (50)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Centro de imagem ambulatorial</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (29,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (6,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (25)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Consult&#243;rio m&#233;dico ambulatorial</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (8,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (16,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (25)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Procedimentos totais por centro (mediana, IIQ)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Mar&#231;o 2019</td>
                  <td align="center">157 (67 - 502)</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (38 - 430)</td>
                  <td align="center">173 (53,5 - 559,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Mar&#231;o 2020</td>
                  <td align="center">89 (31 - 253)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (19 - 143)</td>
                  <td align="center">147,5 (24,5 - 343,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Abril 2020</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (7 - 97)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (1 - 53)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (2,5 - 117)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>% Redu&#231;&#227;o de mar&#231;o de 2019 a abril de 2020</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica</td>
                  <td align="center">80,1</td>
                  <td align="center">54,0</td>
                  <td align="center">87,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica</td>
                  <td align="center">81,6</td>
                  <td align="center">88,0</td>
                  <td align="center">89,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> RMC</td>
                  <td align="center">77,2</td>
                  <td align="center">80,9</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Escore de c&#225;lcio por TC</td>
                  <td align="center">81,7</td>
                  <td align="center">96,1</td>
                  <td align="center">99,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> TC coron&#225;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">73,0</td>
                  <td align="center">84,8</td>
                  <td align="center">85,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Angiografia coron&#225;ria invasiva</td>
                  <td align="center">63,8</td>
                  <td align="center">77,7</td>
                  <td align="center">70,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Teste ergom&#233;trico de esteira</td>
                  <td align="center">88,4</td>
                  <td align="center">84,9</td>
                  <td align="center">95,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Teste de estresse ecocardiogr&#225;fico</td>
                  <td align="center">91,1</td>
                  <td align="center">94,5</td>
                  <td align="center">76,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> SPECT</td>
                  <td align="center">84,0</td>
                  <td align="center">81,0</td>
                  <td align="center">97,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> PET</td>
                  <td align="center">62,0</td>
                  <td align="center">90,9</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> RMC de estresse</td>
                  <td align="center">76,3</td>
                  <td align="center">89,2</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>IIQ: intervalo interquartil; PET: tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons; RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca; SPECT: tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico; TC: tomografia computadorizada.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Na Am&#233;rica Latina, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o m&#234;s de mar&#231;o de 2019, os volumes dos procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos card&#237;acos diminu&#237;ram 36% em mar&#231;o de 2020 e 82% em abril de 2020 ( <xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref> &#8211; Mapa). Houve alguma varia&#231;&#227;o entre as regi&#245;es da Am&#233;rica Latina e em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo de procedimento card&#237;aco, com as maiores quedas no m&#234;s de abril de 2020, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos testes de estresse ecocardiogr&#225;fico (91%), testes ergom&#233;tricos de esteira (88%) e escore de c&#225;lcio por tomografia computadorizada (87%) ( <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> ). Foram relatadas as menores redu&#231;&#245;es para angiografia coron&#225;ria invasiva (67%) e PET card&#237;aca (65%). Os volumes de procedimento tamb&#233;m diminu&#237;ram acentuadamente de mar&#231;o de 2020 a abril de 2020. Essas diminui&#231;&#245;es foram significativas (p &lt; 0,001) em combina&#231;&#227;o ( <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref> ) e para cada procedimento. Modelos lineares generalizados separados para as regi&#245;es da Am&#233;rica Latina e em geral encontraram quedas significativas no volume de procedimentos (p &lt; 0,001), usando modelos de regress&#227;o ponderados pelo volume de procedimentos de 2019. Nas 194 instala&#231;&#245;es de nosso estudo, estima-se que 129.030 procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos card&#237;acos, que teriam sido realizados com base nas taxas de procedimentos de mar&#231;o de 2019, n&#227;o foram realizados durante esses dois meses da pandemia.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Mapa com c&#243;digo de cores da Am&#233;rica Latina mostrando a redu&#231;&#227;o dos volumes totais de procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos card&#237;acos por pa&#237;s de mar&#231;o de 2019 a abril de 2020, no come&#231;o da pandemia de COVID-19.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Redu&#231;&#227;o dos volumes totais de procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos card&#237;acos em sub-regi&#245;es da Am&#233;rica Latina: Am&#233;rica do Sul; Am&#233;rica Central e M&#233;xico; e Caribe, em mar&#231;o de 2019, mar&#231;o de 2020 e abril de 2020, no come&#231;o da pandemia de COVID-19.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados de mobilidade, COVID-19 incid&#234;ncia e redu&#231;&#227;o no volume de procedimentos</title>
        <p>O maior aumento de tempo em casa (&#237;ndice de imobilidade) ocorreu durante o m&#234;s de abril de 2020 na maioria dos pa&#237;ses. Houve aumento m&#233;dio de 26,7% em abril que diminuiu para 18,8% em julho, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a linha de base. As exce&#231;&#245;es foram Nicar&#225;gua e Chile, onde a imobilidade aumentou at&#233; junho ( <xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figura 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Painel direito: N&#250;mero de casos novos de COVID-19 por m&#234;s por milh&#227;o de pessoas em 19 pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina. Painel esquerdo: Mudan&#231;a no tempo passado em casa (&#8220;&#237;ndice de imobilidade&#8221;) por m&#234;s, utilizando o per&#237;odo de 5 semanas do dia 3 de janeiro ao dia 6 de fevereiro de 2020 como linha de base em 18 pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina (com exce&#231;&#227;o de Cuba). Nota-se que a maior imobilidade ocorreu em abril de 2020 na maioria dos pa&#237;ses, em concord&#226;ncia com a queda abrupta dos procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos card&#237;acos. Por outro lado, o n&#250;mero de casos novos de COVID-19 por milh&#227;o de pessoas ainda estava aumentando progressivamente de mar&#231;o a julho de 2020 na maioria dos pa&#237;ses.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>No entanto, a pandemia de COVID-19 ainda estava em seus est&#225;gios iniciais na maioria dos pa&#237;ses em abril de 2020, com um total de 199.277 casos at&#233; o final do m&#234;s. Na maioria dos pa&#237;ses, os novos casos mensais de COVID-19 por milh&#227;o de habitantes continuaram aumentando e ainda n&#227;o haviam atingido o pico em julho de 2020 ( <xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figura 3</xref> ). As exce&#231;&#245;es foram Cuba e Jamaica, que atingiram o pico em abril. At&#233; o final de julho, o n&#250;mero de casos aumentou 23,5 vezes, totalizando 4.681.377 casos confirmados de COVID-19. <sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Tanto a redu&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade quanto o aumento da incid&#234;ncia de COVID-19 estiveram associados &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o dos procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos card&#237;acos nos modelos generalizados (p &lt; 0,001). Ao ajustar um modelo multivari&#225;vel, a mobilidade (p &lt; 0,001) foi mais fortemente associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de volume do que a incid&#234;ncia de COVID-19 (p = 0,003).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os resultados mostram uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no n&#250;mero de procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos card&#237;acos realizados na Am&#233;rica Latina durante a pandemia de COVID-19. A maior redu&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos ocorreu no m&#234;s de menor mobilidade (abril), que por sua vez coincidiu com os per&#237;odos mais r&#237;gidos de quarentena de cada pa&#237;s.</p>
      <p>Na maioria dos pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina, o isolamento social foi introduzido em mar&#231;o, mesmo sem um n&#250;mero significativo de casos COVID-19. Em mar&#231;o e abril, houve uma queda maior no n&#250;mero de procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos card&#237;acos realizados na Am&#233;rica Latina, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a Europa Ocidental (queda de 46% em mar&#231;o e 69% em abril) e os Estados Unidos e Canad&#225; (queda de 39% em mar&#231;o e 68% em abril), apesar do fato de que estas regi&#245;es estavam experimentando o primeiro pico da pandemia, enquanto a Am&#233;rica Latina estava apenas nos est&#225;gios iniciais. <sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> At&#233; o final de mar&#231;o, haviam sido notificados menos de 250 casos em 9 pa&#237;ses da regi&#227;o e, desde ent&#227;o, o n&#250;mero de casos continuou aumentando. At&#233; o final de agosto de 2020, o SARS-CoV-2 havia comprometido todos os pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina, com 7,15 milh&#245;es de pessoas afetadas. <sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> O n&#250;mero real de casos pode ser ainda maior, j&#225; que o n&#250;mero de exames por milh&#227;o de pessoas continua baixo. <sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>, <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Al&#233;m da mortalidade direta causada pela COVID-19, houve preocupa&#231;&#245;es crescentes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s consequ&#234;ncias da pandemia de COVID-19 nos sistemas de sa&#250;de. <sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> - <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> </sup> O medo do cont&#225;gio nos hospitais e centros de sa&#250;de pode ter levado &#224; relut&#226;ncia dos pacientes em se submeter a procedimentos de diagn&#243;stico card&#237;aco. Al&#233;m disso, as interven&#231;&#245;es e consultas eletivas tiveram que ser adiadas para priorizar as quest&#245;es relacionadas &#224; COVID-19 e evitar a exposi&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes a um risco desnecess&#225;rio de infec&#231;&#227;o em ambientes hospitalares ou ambulatoriais. <sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>A Am&#233;rica Latina frequentemente enfrenta problemas de sa&#250;de que afetam principalmente os pobres, al&#233;m de sistemas de sa&#250;de que j&#225; est&#227;o fr&#225;geis. <sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>, <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> Nessas condi&#231;&#245;es, o distanciamento social retarda o pico da pandemia para permitir que os pa&#237;ses com recursos de sa&#250;de limitados preparem-se para o diagn&#243;stico e tratamento de pacientes em estado cr&#237;tico. <sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>, <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> Apesar disso, de acordo com Walker e colegas, os pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina que tiveram o primeiro pico da pandemia (Equador, M&#233;xico, Brasil, Chile, Bol&#237;via, Panam&#225;, Peru) ou com curvas de sa&#250;de n&#227;o mitigadas/limitadas (Peru, Chile, M&#233;xico, Equador) registraram uma taxa de mortalidade mais alta por milh&#227;o de habitantes. <sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> Isso poderia ser explicado pela incapacidade desses pa&#237;ses de se prepararem para o pico da pandemia, com seus sistemas de sa&#250;de vulner&#225;veis, resultando assim em altos &#237;ndices de mortalidade. Eventos semelhantes ocorreram em pa&#237;ses europeus atingidos pela primeira onda da pandemia de COVID-19, como a It&#225;lia e a Espanha.</p>
      <p>No n&#237;vel global, aproximadamente 70% das mortes por DCV ocorrem em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda. <sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>, <xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> O grande intervalo de tempo entre o come&#231;o das medidas de distanciamento social e o primeiro pico da pandemia nos pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina limitou o acesso dos pacientes aos procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos card&#237;acos, retardando ainda mais o diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento oportuno das DCV. Na popula&#231;&#227;o da Am&#233;rica Latina, essa cascata de eventos pode aumentar a morbimortalidade cardiovascular, conforme j&#225; tem sido relatado no Brasil. <sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> A presente pesquisa n&#227;o foi projetada para coletar informa&#231;&#245;es sobre desfechos, mas o efeito negativo dos atrasos diagn&#243;sticos provavelmente ser&#225; corroborado em estudos futuros para tais fins. Foi alcan&#231;ada uma conclus&#227;o semelhante pela Sociedade Latino-Americana de Cardiologia Intervencionista que realizou um estudo sobre a pr&#225;tica da Cardiologia Intervencionista durante a pandemia de COVID-19, com foco no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. <sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> Relataram uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 51,2% no atendimento para infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST, com risco de aumento da morbimortalidade subsequente.</p>
      <p>A infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19 pode estar associada a eventos cardiovasculares ou mimetizar doen&#231;a card&#237;aca. <sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref> - <xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref> </sup> Portanto, &#233; essencial, durante a pandemia de COVID-19, manter a disponibilidade de todas as modalidades de diagn&#243;stico card&#237;aco, em pacientes tanto positivos quanto negativos para COVID-19.</p>
      <p>Existem v&#225;rias li&#231;&#245;es que aprendemos para o futuro. Destacamos cinco: 1) Durante uma pandemia, deve ser mantido o acesso aos procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos card&#237;acos, tanto quanto poss&#237;vel, para toda a popula&#231;&#227;o, independentemente do tipo de restri&#231;&#227;o de mobilidade estabelecida em cada pa&#237;s, seguindo rigorosamente os devidos cuidados sanit&#225;rios. 2) Campanhas educativas devem ser estabelecidas na m&#237;dia e nas redes sociais para explicar &#224; comunidade a import&#226;ncia de buscar ajuda rapidamente diante dos sinais de alerta de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, ao mesmo tempo em que se implementam medidas para prevenir a dissemina&#231;&#227;o da COVID-19. 3) &#193;reas n&#227;o COVID (&#8220;azul&#8221;) para o atendimento de patologias n&#227;o COVID e &#225;reas para COVID (&#8220;vermelho&#8221;) para pacientes infectados devem ser estabelecidas nos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de. 4) &#201; necess&#225;rio garantir o acesso mundial aos suprimentos de sa&#250;de, de equipamentos de prote&#231;&#227;o individual a radiotra&#231;adores. <sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup> 5) Os governos devem garantir servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de n&#227;o apenas aos pacientes com COVID, mas tamb&#233;m aos pacientes sem COVID mas com DCV.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>A pesquisa INCAPS COVID-19 avaliou dados dos meses de mar&#231;o e abril de 2020, quando a pandemia ainda estava em fase inicial na maioria dos pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina. Por&#233;m, de acordo com a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>lockdowns</italic>, as datas de reabertura econ&#244;mica e os dados de mobilidade de cada pa&#237;s, abril de 2020 foi o m&#234;s de menor atividade nesses pa&#237;ses. A pesquisa foi realizada em um n&#250;mero limitado de hospitais e centros diagn&#243;sticos de cada pa&#237;s, com participa&#231;&#227;o vari&#225;vel, o que poderia colocar em quest&#227;o a representabilidade dos resultados. Apesar isso, a redu&#231;&#227;o universal do n&#250;mero de procedimentos card&#237;acos n&#227;o invasivos realizados em toda a Am&#233;rica Latina sugere que a nossa amostra &#233; representativa. Finalmente, dados de pesquisa de longo prazo para acompanhar toda a curva da pandemia n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis neste momento.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A COVID-19 foi associada a uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa e abrupta de procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos card&#237;acos na Am&#233;rica Latina, a qual foi mais relacionada &#224;s medidas de distanciamento social do que ao aumento da incid&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a. S&#227;o necess&#225;rios melhor equil&#237;brio e timing de medidas de distanciamento social e planejamento para manter o acesso a atendimento m&#233;dico geral e atendimento cardiovascular em particular durante um surto pand&#234;mico, especialmente em regi&#245;es com alta mortalidade cardiovascular.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>O Grupo de Investigadores do INCAPS COVID, listado por nome no Ap&#234;ndice, agradece &#224;s sociedades profissionais de cardiologia e imagem ao redor do mundo pelo seu apoio na divulga&#231;&#227;o da pesquisa para os seus membros. Estas incluem, mas n&#227;o est&#227;o limitados &#224;s seguintes, em ordem alfab&#233;tica: American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Arab Society of Nuclear Medicine, Australasian Association of Nuclear Medicine Specialists, Australian and New Zealand Society of Nuclear Medicine, Belgian Society of Nuclear Medicine, British Society of Cardiovascular Imaging, Conjoint Committee for the Recognition of Training in CT Coronary Angiography, Consortium of Universities and Institutions in Japan, Danish Society of Cardiology, Gruppo Italiano di Cardiologia Nucleare, Indonesian Society of Nuclear Medicine, Japanese Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Moscow Regional Department of the Russian Nuclear Medicine Society, Philippine Society of Nuclear Medicine, Russian Society of Radiology, Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Medicina Nuclear e Imagen Molecular, Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Nuclear, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, e Thailand Society of Nuclear Medicine.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. World Health Organization [Internet]. Cardiovascular Diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. [cited 2021 Jul 20]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/en/">http://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/en/</ext-link> .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="report">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>World Health Organization</collab>
          </person-group>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <source> Cardiovascular Diseases </source>
          <publisher-loc>Geneva</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>World Health Organization</publisher-name>
          <year>2020</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">cited 2021 Jul 20</date-in-citation>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/en/">http://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/en/</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Lanas F, Ser&#243;n P, Lanas A. Coronary Heart Disease and Risk Factors in Latin America. Glob Heart. 2013;8(4):341-8. doi: 10.1016/j.gheart.2013.11.005.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lanas</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ser&#243;n</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lanas</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary Heart Disease and Risk Factors in Latin America</article-title>
          <source> Glob Heart </source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>341</fpage>
          <lpage>348</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.gheart.2013.11.005</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Benjamin EJ, Blaha MJ, Chiuve SE, Cushman M, Das SR, Deo R, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2017 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;135(10):146-603. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000485.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Benjamin</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blaha</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chiuve</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cushman</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Das</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deo</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2017 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source> Circulation </source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>135</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>146</fpage>
          <lpage>603</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0000000000000485</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. World Health Organiation. [Internet]. World Health Organization Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. [cited 2021 Jul 20]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://covid19.who.int">https://covid19.who.int</ext-link> .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="report">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>World Health Organiation</collab>
          </person-group>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <source> World Health Organization Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard </source>
          <publisher-loc>Geneva</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>World Health Organization</publisher-name>
          <year>2020</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">cited 2021 Jul 20</date-in-citation>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://covid19.who.int">https://covid19.who.int</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19). OurWorldinData. [Internet]. Oxford: OurWorldinData; 2020. [cited 2021 Jul 20]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus">https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus</ext-link> .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="report">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source> OurWorldinData </source>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <publisher-loc>Oxford</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>OurWorldinData</publisher-name>
          <year>2020</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">cited 2021 Jul 20</date-in-citation>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus">https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports. [Internet]. Menlo Park: Google; 2020. [cited 2021 Jul 20]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.google.com/covid19/mobility/data_documentation.html?hl=en">https://www.google.com/covid19/mobility/data_documentation.html?hl=en</ext-link> .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports</collab>
          </person-group>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <source> Menlo Park: Google </source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">cited 2021 Jul 20</date-in-citation>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.google.com/covid19/mobility/data_documentation.html?hl=en">https://www.google.com/covid19/mobility/data_documentation.html?hl=en</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Einstein AJ, Shaw LJ, Hirschfeld C, Williams MC, Villines TC, Better N, et al. International Impact of COVID-19 on the Diagnosis of Heart Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;77(2):173-85. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.10.054.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Einstein</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shaw</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hirschfeld</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Villines</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Better</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>International Impact of COVID-19 on the Diagnosis of Heart Disease</article-title>
          <source> J Am Coll Cardiol </source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>77</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>173</fpage>
          <lpage>185</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2020.10.054</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Oliveira TC, Abranches MV, Lana RM. Food (in)Security in Brazil in the Context of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. Cad Saude Publica. 2020;36(4):e00055220. doi: 10.1590/0102-311X00055220.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abranches</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lana</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Food (in)Security in Brazil in the Context of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic</article-title>
          <source> Cad Saude Publica </source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <elocation-id>e00055220</elocation-id>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0102-311X00055220</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Torres I, Sacoto F. Localising an Asset-Based COVID-19 Response in Ecuador. Lancet. 2020;395(10233):1339. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30851-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Torres</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sacoto</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Localising an Asset-Based COVID-19 Response in Ecuador</article-title>
          <source> Lancet </source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>395</volume>
          <issue>10233</issue>
          <fpage>1339</fpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30851-5</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Rosenbaum L. The Untold Toll - The Pandemic&#8217;s Effects on Patients without Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(24):2368-71. doi: 10.1056/NEJMms2009984.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rosenbaum</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Untold Toll - The Pandemic&#8217;s Effects on Patients without Covid-19</article-title>
          <source> N Engl J Med </source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>382</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>2368</fpage>
          <lpage>2371</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMms2009984</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Baldi E, Sechi GM, Mare C, Canevari F, Brancaglione A, Primi R, et al. Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest during the Covid-19 Outbreak in Italy. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(5):496-8. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2010418.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baldi</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sechi</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mare</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Canevari</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brancaglione</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Primi</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest during the Covid-19 Outbreak in Italy</article-title>
          <source> N Engl J Med </source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>383</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>496</fpage>
          <lpage>498</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMc2010418</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Costa JA, Silveira JA, Santos SCMD, Nogueira PP. Cardiovascular Implications in Patients Infected with Covid-19 and the Importance of Social Isolation to Reduce Dissemination of the Disease. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;114(5):834-8. doi: 10.36660/abc.20200243.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silveira</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>SCMD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nogueira</surname>
              <given-names>PP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular Implications in Patients Infected with Covid-19 and the Importance of Social Isolation to Reduce Dissemination of the Disease</article-title>
          <source> Arq Bras Cardiol </source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>834</fpage>
          <lpage>838</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200243</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Marijon E, Karam N, Jost D, Perrot D, Frattini B, Derkenne C, et al. Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Paris, France: A Population-Based, Observational Study. Lancet Public Health. 2020;5(8):437-43. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30117-1.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marijon</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karam</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jost</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perrot</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frattini</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Derkenne</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Paris, France: A Population-Based, Observational Study</article-title>
          <source> Lancet Public Health </source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>437</fpage>
          <lpage>443</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30117-1</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Litewka SG, Heitman E. Latin American Healthcare Systems in Times of Pandemic. Dev World Bioeth. 2020;20(2):69-73. doi: 10.1111/dewb.12262.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Litewka</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heitman</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Latin American Healthcare Systems in Times of Pandemic</article-title>
          <source> Dev World Bioeth </source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>69</fpage>
          <lpage>73</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/dewb.12262</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. FAO: Hunger Increases in the World and in Latin America and the Caribbean for the Third Consecutive Year. [Internet]. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization; 2018. [cited 2021 Jul 20]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.fao.org/americas/noticias/ver/en/c/1152157">http://www.fao.org/americas/noticias/ver/en/c/1152157</ext-link> .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="report">
          <source> FAO: Hunger Increases in the World and in Latin America and the Caribbean for the Third Consecutive Year </source>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <publisher-loc>Rome</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Food and Agriculture Organization</publisher-name>
          <year>2018</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">cited 2021 Jul 20</date-in-citation>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.fao.org/americas/noticias/ver/en/c/1152157">http://www.fao.org/americas/noticias/ver/en/c/1152157</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Ben&#237;tez MA, Velasco C, Sequeira AR, Henr&#237;quez J, Menezes FM, Paolucci F. Responses to COVID-19 in Five Latin American Countries. Health Policy Technol. 2020;9(4):525-59. doi: 10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.08.014.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ben&#237;tez</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Velasco</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sequeira</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Henr&#237;quez</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Menezes</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paolucci</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Responses to COVID-19 in Five Latin American Countries</article-title>
          <source> Health Policy Technol </source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>525</fpage>
          <lpage>559</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.08.014</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. D&#237;az-Guio DA, Villamil-G&#243;mez WE, Dajud L, P&#233;rez-D&#237;az CE, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Mondragon-Cardona A, et al. Will the Colombian Intensive Care Units Collapse Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic? Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020;38:101746. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101746.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>D&#237;az-Guio</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Villamil-G&#243;mez</surname>
              <given-names>WE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dajud</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>P&#233;rez-D&#237;az</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonilla-Aldana</surname>
              <given-names>DK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mondragon-Cardona</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Will the Colombian Intensive Care Units Collapse Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic?</article-title>
          <source> Travel Med Infect Dis </source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <fpage>101746</fpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101746</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Walker PGT, Whittaker C, Watson OJ, Baguelin M, Winskill P, Hamlet A, et al. The Impact of COVID-19 and Strategies for Mitigation and Suppression in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Science. 2020;369(6502):413-22. doi: 10.1126/science.abc0035.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Walker</surname>
              <given-names>PGT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Whittaker</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Watson</surname>
              <given-names>OJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baguelin</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Winskill</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hamlet</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Impact of COVID-19 and Strategies for Mitigation and Suppression in Low- and Middle-Income Countries</article-title>
          <source> Science </source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>369</volume>
          <issue>6502</issue>
          <fpage>413</fpage>
          <lpage>422</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1126/science.abc0035</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Roth GA, Huffman MD, Moran AE, Feigin V, Mensah GA, Naghavi M, et al. Global and Regional Patterns in Cardiovascular Mortality from 1990 to 2013. Circulation. 2015;132(17):1667-78. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.008720.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Roth</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huffman</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moran</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feigin</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mensah</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Naghavi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Global and Regional Patterns in Cardiovascular Mortality from 1990 to 2013</article-title>
          <source> Circulation </source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>132</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>1667</fpage>
          <lpage>1678</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.008720</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Brant LCC, Nascimento BR, Teixeira RA, Lopes MACQ, Malta DC, Oliveira GMM, et al. Excess of Cardiovascular Deaths During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazilian Capital Cities. Heart. 2020;106(24):1898-905. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317663.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brant</surname>
              <given-names>LCC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nascimento</surname>
              <given-names>BR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teixeira</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>MACQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malta</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>GMM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Excess of Cardiovascular Deaths During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazilian Capital Cities</article-title>
          <source> Heart </source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>106</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>1898</fpage>
          <lpage>1905</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317663</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Mayol J, Artucio C, Batista I, Puentes A, Villegas J, Quizpe R, et al. An International Survey in Latin America on the Practice of Interventional Cardiology During the COVID-19 Pandemic, with a Particular Focus on Myocardial Infarction. Neth Heart J. 2020;28(7-8):424-30. doi: 10.1007/s12471-020-01440-y.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mayol</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Artucio</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Batista</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Puentes</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Villegas</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Quizpe</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>An International Survey in Latin America on the Practice of Interventional Cardiology During the COVID-19 Pandemic, with a Particular Focus on Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source> Neth Heart J </source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>7-8</issue>
          <fpage>424</fpage>
          <lpage>430</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s12471-020-01440-y</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Nishiga M, Wang DW, Han Y, Lewis DB, Wu JC. COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Disease: From Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Perspectives. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020;17(9):543-58. doi: 10.1038/s41569-020-0413-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nishiga</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Han</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lewis</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Disease: From Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Perspectives</article-title>
          <source> Nat Rev Cardiol </source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>543</fpage>
          <lpage>558</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41569-020-0413-9</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Shi S, Qin M, Shen B, Cai Y, Liu T, Yang F, et al. Association of Cardiac Injury with Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(7):802-10. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0950.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Qin</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shen</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cai</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association of Cardiac Injury with Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China</article-title>
          <source> JAMA Cardiol </source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>802</fpage>
          <lpage>810</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0950</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Guo T, Fan Y, Chen M, Wu X, Zhang L, He T, et al. Cardiovascular Implications of Fatal Outcomes of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(7):811-8. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1017.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guo</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fan</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>He</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular Implications of Fatal Outcomes of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)</article-title>
          <source> JAMA Cardiol </source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>811</fpage>
          <lpage>818</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1017</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Shi S, Qin M, Cai Y, Liu T, Shen B, Yang F, et al. Characteristics and Clinical Significance of Myocardial Injury in Patients with Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(22):2070-9. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa408.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Qin</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cai</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shen</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Characteristics and Clinical Significance of Myocardial Injury in Patients with Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019</article-title>
          <source> Eur Heart J </source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>2070</fpage>
          <lpage>2079</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa408</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. ESC Guidance for the Diagnosis and Management of CV Disease during the COVID-19 Pandemic. [Internet]. Bruxelas: Europe Society of Cardiology; 2020. [cited 2021 Jul 20]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.escardio.org/Education/COVID-19-and-Cardiology/ESC-COVID-19-Guidance">https://www.escardio.org/Education/COVID-19-and-Cardiology/ESC-COVID-19-Guidance</ext-link> .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source> ESC Guidance for the Diagnosis and Management of CV Disease during the COVID-19 Pandemic </source>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <publisher-loc>Bruxelas</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Europe Society of Cardiology</publisher-name>
          <year>2020</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">cited 2021 Jul 20</date-in-citation>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.escardio.org/Education/COVID-19-and-Cardiology/ESC-COVID-19-Guidance">https://www.escardio.org/Education/COVID-19-and-Cardiology/ESC-COVID-19-Guidance</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27. Costa IBSDS, Bittar CS, Rizk SI, Ara&#250;jo Filho AE, Santos KAQ, Machado TIV, et al. The Heart and COVID-19: What Cardiologists Need to Know. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;114(5):805-16. doi: 10.36660/abc.20200279.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>IBSDS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bittar</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rizk</surname>
              <given-names>SI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>KAQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Machado</surname>
              <given-names>TIV</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Heart and COVID-19: What Cardiologists Need to Know</article-title>
          <source> Arq Bras Cardiol </source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>805</fpage>
          <lpage>816</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200279</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28. Freudenberg LS, Paez D, Giammarile F, Cerci J, Modiselle M, Pascual TNB, et al. Global Impact of COVID-19 on Nuclear Medicine Departments: An International Survey in April 2020. J Nucl Med. 2020;61(9):1278-83. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.120.249821.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Freudenberg</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paez</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giammarile</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cerci</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Modiselle</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pascual</surname>
              <given-names>TNB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Global Impact of COVID-19 on Nuclear Medicine Departments: An International Survey in April 2020</article-title>
          <source> J Nucl Med </source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>61</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1278</fpage>
          <lpage>1283</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2967/jnumed.120.249821</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn8">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app11">
        <label>Material Suplementar</label>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11802/2021-0388-supplemental-material.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>. </p>
      </app>
    </app-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Impact of COVID-19 on Diagnosis of Heart Disease in Latin America an INCAPS COVID Sub-analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3913-7181</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cerci</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Julio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vitola</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Vicente</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paez</surname>
            <given-names>Diana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2421-1254</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zuluaga</surname>
            <given-names>Alejandro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3711-1754</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Sommer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sierra-Galan</surname>
            <given-names>Lilia M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carrascosa</surname>
            <given-names>Patricia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6320-1115</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campisi</surname>
            <given-names>Roxana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gutierrez-Villamil</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Peix</surname>
            <given-names>Amalia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9001">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chambers</surname>
            <given-names>Duane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10001">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Velez</surname>
            <given-names>Mayra S&#225;nches</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11001">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alvarado</surname>
            <given-names>Carla M. G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12001">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ventura</surname>
            <given-names>Ana C. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13001">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maldonado</surname>
            <given-names>Alejandro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14001">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castanos</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15001">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Diaz</surname>
            <given-names>Teresa C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16001">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Herrera</surname>
            <given-names>Yariela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17001">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasquez</surname>
            <given-names>Manuel C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18001">
            <sup>18</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arrieta</surname>
            <given-names>Ana A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19001">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mut</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20001">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hirschfeld</surname>
            <given-names>Cole</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21001">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Malkovskiy</surname>
            <given-names>Eli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21001">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22001">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4932-0024</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Goebel</surname>
            <given-names>Benjamin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23001">
            <sup>23</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cohen</surname>
            <given-names>Yosef</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24001">
            <sup>24</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Randazzo</surname>
            <given-names>Michael</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21001">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Shaw</surname>
            <given-names>Leslee J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23001">
            <sup>23</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Williams</surname>
            <given-names>Michelle C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25001">
            <sup>25</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Villines</surname>
            <given-names>Todd C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26001">
            <sup>26</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Better</surname>
            <given-names>Nathan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff27001">
            <sup>27</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dorbala</surname>
            <given-names>Sharmila</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28001">
            <sup>28</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Raggi</surname>
            <given-names>Paolo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29001">
            <sup>29</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pascual</surname>
            <given-names>Thomas N. B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff30001">
            <sup>30</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pynda</surname>
            <given-names>Yaroslav</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31001">
            <sup>31</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dondi</surname>
            <given-names>Maurizio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31001">
            <sup>31</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Einstein</surname>
            <given-names>Andrew J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21001">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22001">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Quanta Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem - Cardiovascular CT, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="AT">&#193;ustria</country>
        <institution content-type="original">International Atomic Energy Agency - Division of Human Health, Vienna - &#193;ustria</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="CO">Col&#244;mbia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cedimed Quirosalud, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana y Universidad CES, Medelin - Col&#244;mbia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Diagn&#243;sticos da Am&#233;rica SA &#8211; DASA, Barueri, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="MX">M&#233;xico</country>
        <institution content-type="original">American British Cowdray Medical Center IAP, Mexico City, Mexico City - M&#233;xico</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="AR">Argentina</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Diagnostico Maipu, Buenos Aires - Argentina</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="AR">Argentina</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Argentino de Diagnostico y Tratamiento S.A, Buenos Aires - Argentina</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label>8</label>
        <country country="CO">Col&#244;mbia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Fundaci&#243;n Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiologia, Bogota - Col&#244;mbia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9001">
        <label>9</label>
        <country country="CU">Cuba</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Institute of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery - Department of Nuclear Medicine, La Habana - Cuba</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10001">
        <label>10</label>
        <country country="JM">Jamaica</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Radiology West, Montego Bay - Jamaica</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11001">
        <label>11</label>
        <country country="EC">Equador</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Carlos Andrade Marin Specialty Hospital, Quito - Equador</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12001">
        <label>12</label>
        <country country="GT">Guatemala</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Tecnodiagnosis, Guatemala - Guatemala</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13001">
        <label>13</label>
        <country country="SV">El Salvador</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Radiology Clinic Brito Mejia Pena, San Salvador - El Salvador</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14001">
        <label>14</label>
        <country country="HN">Honduras</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Tegucigalpa - Honduras</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff15001">
        <label>15</label>
        <country country="DO">Rep&#250;blica Dominicana</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Diagnostico Especializado, Santo Domingo - Rep&#250;blica Dominicana</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff16001">
        <label>16</label>
        <country country="PA">Panam&#225;</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Salud Integral, Panama City - Panam&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff17001">
        <label>17</label>
        <country country="PA">Panam&#225;</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santo Tomas - Nuclear Medicine Section, Panama - Panam&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff18001">
        <label>18</label>
        <country country="PY">Paraguai</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Central, Instituto de Prevision Social, Asuncion - Paraguai</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff19001">
        <label>19</label>
        <country country="CR">Costa Rica</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Dr. Rafael Angel Calderon Guardia, San Jose - Costa Rica</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff20001">
        <label>20</label>
        <country country="UY">Uruguai</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Italian Hospital - Nuclear Medicine Service, Montevideo - Uruguai</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff21001">
        <label>21</label>
        <country country="US">Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York-Presbyterian Hospital - Department of Medicine, New York - Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff22001">
        <label>22</label>
        <country country="US">Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Seymour, Paul and Gloria Milstein Division of Cardiology, New York - Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff23001">
        <label>23</label>
        <country country="US">Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Weill Cornell Medical College and New York-Presbyterian Hospital,New York - Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff24001">
        <label>24</label>
        <country country="IL">Israel</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa - Israel</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff25001">
        <label>25</label>
        <country country="GB">Reino Unido da Gr&#227;-Bretanha</country>
        <institution content-type="original">BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburg - Reino Unido da Gr&#227;-Bretanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff26001">
        <label>26</label>
        <country country="US">Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia - Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff27001">
        <label>27</label>
        <country country="AU">Austr&#225;lia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Royal Melbourne Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne - Austr&#225;lia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff28001">
        <label>28</label>
        <country country="US">Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Brigham and Women&#8217;s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts - Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff29001">
        <label>29</label>
        <country country="CA">Canad&#225;</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Alberta - Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiology, Edmonton, Alberta - Canad&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff30001">
        <label>30</label>
        <country country="PH">Filipinas</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Philipines Nuclear Research Institute, Manila - Filipinas</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff31001">
        <label>31</label>
        <country country="AT">&#193;ustria</country>
        <institution content-type="original">International Atomic Energy Agency - Division of Human Health, Vienna - &#193;ustria</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Rodrigo Julio Cerci &#8226; Quanta Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem - Cardiovascular CT - Almirante Tamandar&#233;, 1000. Postal Code 80035-170, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil E-mail: rjcerci@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Cerci RJ, Vitola JV, Paez D, Shaw LJ, Williams MC, Villines TC, Better N, Raggi P, Pascual TNB, Dondi M, Einstein AJ; Acquisition of data: Cerci RJ, Vitola JV, Paez D, Zuluaga A, Bittencourt MS, Sierra-Galan LM, Carrascosa P, Campisi R, Gutierrez-Villamil C, Peix A, Chambers D, Velez MS, Alvarado CMG, Ventura ACF, Maldonado A, Castanos AP, Diaz TC, Herrera Y, Vasquez MC, Arrieta AA, Mut F, Goebel B, Cohen Y, Randazzo M, Shaw LJ, Williams MC, Villines TC, Better N, Dorbala S, Raggi P, Pascual TNB, Pynda Y, Dondi M, Einstein AJ, Malkovskiy E; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Cerci RJ, Paez D, Bittencourt MS, Sierra-Galan LM, Hirschfeld C, Cohen Y, Randazzo M, Shaw LJ, Williams MC, Villines TC, Better N, Dorbala S, Raggi P, Pascual TNB, Pynda Y, Dondi M, Einstein AJ; Statistical analysis: Cerci RJ, Bittencourt MS, Hirschfeld C, Randazzo M, Williams MC, Pynda Y, Einstein AJ; Writing of the manuscript: Cerci RJ, Vitola JV, Zuluaga A, Sierra-Galan LM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Cerci RJ, Vitola JV, Paez D, Zuluaga A, Bittencourt MS, Sierra-Galan LM, Carrascosa P, Campisi R, Gutierrez-Villamil C, Peix A, Chambers D, Velez MS, Alvarado CMG, Ventura ACF, Maldonado A, Castanos AP, Diaz TC, Herrera Y, Vasquez MC, Arrieta AA, Mut F, Hirschfeld C, Goebel B, Cohen Y, Randazzo M, Shaw LJ, Williams MC, Villines TC, Better N, Dorbala S, Raggi P, Pascual TNB, Pynda Y, Dondi M, Einstein AJ, Malkovskiy E.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the delivery of care for cardiovascular diseases in Latin America. However, the effect of the pandemic on the cardiac diagnostic procedure volumes has not been quantified.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To assess (1) the impact of COVID-19 on cardiac diagnostic volumes in Latin America and (2) determine its relationship with COVID-19 case incidence and social distancing measures.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>The International Atomic Energy Agency conducted a worldwide survey assessing changes in cardiac diagnostic volumes resulting from COVID-19. Cardiac diagnostic volumes were obtained from participating sites for March and April 2020 and compared to March 2019. Social distancing data were collected from Google COVID-19 community mobility reports and COVID-19 incidence per country from the Our World in Data.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Surveys were conducted in 194 centers performing cardiac diagnostic procedures, in 19 countries in Latin America. Procedure volumes decreased 36% from March 2019 to March 2020, and 82% from March 2019 to April 2020. The greatest decreases occurred in echocardiogram stress tests (91%), exercise treadmill tests (88%), and computed tomography calcium scores (87%), with slight variations between sub-regions of Latin America. Changes in social distancing patterns (p &lt; 0.001) were more strongly associated with volume reduction than COVID-19 incidence (p = 0.003).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>COVID-19 was associated with a significant reduction in cardiac diagnostic procedures in Latin America, which was more related to social distancing than to the COVID-19 incidence. Better balance and timing of social distancing measures and planning to maintain access to medical care is warranted during a pandemic surge, especially in regions with high cardiovascular mortality.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiac Testing</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronav&#237;rus</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Global Health</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title>Summary statement</title>
        <p>The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a significant reduction in cardiac diagnostic procedures in Latin America in April 2020, which was more related to social distancing measures than to the COVID-19 incidence.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Key points</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Cardiac diagnostic procedure volumes decreased 36% from March 2019 to March 2020, and 82% from March 2019 to April 2020.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Changes in social distancing patterns (p &lt; 0.001) were more strongly associated with volume reduction than COVID-19 incidence (p = 0.003).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A better timing of social distancing measures and planning to maintain access to medical care is warranted during a pandemic surge, especially in high cardiovascular mortality regions.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of mortality worldwide, including in Latin America (LATAM).<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>, <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>While mortality rates have progressively decreased over the past four decades in most high-income countries, the same phenomenon has not been observed in low- and middle-income countries, many of them in the LATAM region.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A comprehensive approach to managing CVD and reducing associated mortality involves adequate prevention, including control of risk factors, appropriate use of tests to diagnose and guide treatment, and the establishment of appropriate therapies. The World Health Organization recently called attention to the worldwide disruption of healthcare caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, which unfortunately imposes an additional burden to CVD patient care in regions such as LATAM that have been severely affected by COVID-19.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Division of Human Health aims to support member states to combat CVD, cancer, malnutrition, and other diseases through the use of appropriate prevention, diagnostic testing and treatment. Accordingly, the IAEA coordinated a worldwide survey of cardiovascular imaging centers (the IAEA Noninvasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19, INCAPS COVID survey), in order to assess the impact of the pandemic on the diagnostic evaluation of CVD.</p>
        <p>The objectives of this study were: (1) to assess the impact of COVID-19 on cardiac diagnostic procedural volumes in LATAM and (2) to determine its relationship with COVID-19 case incidence, temporal presentation, and social distancing interventions. Understanding the relationship of the pandemic phases, social distancing measures, and the provision of CVD diagnosis in LATAM is crucial to being better prepared for similar situations in the future.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>Data for this study were collected as part of the IAEA survey on the impact of COVID-19 on cardiac imaging (INCAPS COVID) and correlated with publicly available social distancing metrics from Google Community Mobility Reports and monthly COVID-19 incidence from Our World in Data database in LATAM.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> - <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> </sup>The INCAPS COVID survey included questions regarding the healthcare facility, healthcare professionals, personal protective equipment, strategic plans for reopening, and changes in procedural volumes for a range of cardiovascular diagnostic procedures (Appendix).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection</title>
          <p>Based on the IAEA standardized methodology, an electronic data entry system was designed to collect data, employing a secure software platform, the International Research Integration System (IRIS, https://iris.iaea.org). In INCAPS COVID no patient-specific or confidential data were collected, and participation by study sites was voluntary; therefore, no external ethics committee review was required.</p>
          <p>Participants were asked to provide estimates of cardiac diagnostic procedure volumes from March 2019, March 2020, and April 2020, including the following: transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), stress testing (exercise treadmill test, echocardiography stress test, single-photon emission computed tomography [SPECT], positron emission tomography [PET], and CMR), PET infection studies, computed tomography calcium score, coronary computed tomography angiography, and invasive coronary angiography. For analysis purposes, we divided LATAM into the following sub-regions: South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay); Central America and Mexico (Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, and El Salvador); and The Caribbean (Cuba, Dominican Republic, and Jamaica).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>COVID-19 cases by country</title>
          <p>Numbers of COVID-19 cases for each LATAM country were downloaded from the open access website Our World in Data (https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus-source-data), which collects data from different official sources worldwide.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>Our World in Data is a collaborative effort between researchers at the University of Oxford based at the Oxford Martin Programme on Global Development, who are the scientific editors of the website content, and the non-profit organization Global Change Data Lab, which publishes and maintains the website and the data tools. Data collected ranged from February 2020 to July 2020 to better reflect the pandemic evolution in LATAM. The number of new cases per million inhabitants per month per country was used for analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mobility data by country</title>
          <p>Mobility data was downloaded from Google Community Mobility Reports (https://www.google.com/covid19/mobility/) that collect mobility trends in 6 different categories: retail and recreation, grocery and pharmacy, parks, transit stations, workplaces, and residential. The baseline was the median value, for the corresponding day of the week, during the 5-week period January 3 to February 6, 2020.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup>Google calculates these insights based on data from users who have opted in to location history for their Google account, so the data represents a sample of all users. We used the change in time spent at home (residential) by month as an &#8220;immobility index&#8221; variable, from February 2020 to July 2020, which reflects changes in social distancing patterns during that period of time. Mobility data from Cuba was not available and, therefore, was not used in these analyses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Survey question responses are presented as numbers and percentages. Total procedures per center are presented as median and interquartile range. Percentage change in procedure volume was compared between March 2019 and March or April 2020 using the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test with asymptotic two-sided p values. In order to evaluate the association of the changes in cardiac procedure volumes with changes in mobility and COVID-19 incidence, we built a generalized estimating equation using countries as individual units and the monthly exam numbers as the outcome with month as a time variable. Statistical analysis was performed in Stata (version 15.1, Stata Corporation, LLC, College Station, Texas), Microsoft Excel (2016), and choropleth maps were constructed in R (version 4.0.1, R Development Core Team, Vienna, Austria) using tmap and rnaturalearth packages.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Centers and procedure reduction</title>
          <p>Data were obtained from 194 inpatient and outpatient centers in 19 countries in LATAM. The larger regional countries Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico were also the countries that contributed data from the largest number of centers: 70, 54, and 23 centers respectively. Characteristics of all centers are summarized in <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> . A total of 198,597 cardiac diagnostic procedures were performed at participating sites during the three months considered.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Characteristics of centers in Latin America</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                    <th>South America</th>
                    <th>Central America and Mexico</th>
                    <th>The Caribbean</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Countries</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>9</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>7</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>3</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Number of centers</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>155</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>31</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>8</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Teaching institution (n, %)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>69 (44.5)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>21 (67.7)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>4 (50)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hospital beds (median, IQR)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>202.5 (120 - 400)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>167 (100 - 300)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>168 (80 &#8211; 412.5)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Type of institution (n, %)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Hospital, inpatient only</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (1.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (16.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Hospital, outpatient only</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (1.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0(0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Hospital, inpatient and outpatient</td>
                    <td align="center">91 (58.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (61.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (50)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Outpatient imaging center</td>
                    <td align="center">45 (29.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (6.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (25)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Outpatient physician practice</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (8.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (16.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (25)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Total procedures per center (median, IQR)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> March 2019</td>
                    <td align="center">157 (67 - 502)</td>
                    <td align="center">91 (38 - 430)</td>
                    <td align="center">173 (53.5 - 559.5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> March 2020</td>
                    <td align="center">89 (31 - 253)</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (19 - 143)</td>
                    <td align="center">147.5 (24.5 - 343.5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> April 2020</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (7 - 97)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (1 - 53)</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (2.5 - 117)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>% Reduction from March 2019 to April 2020</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Transthoracic echocardiogram</td>
                    <td align="center">80.1</td>
                    <td align="center">54.0</td>
                    <td align="center">87.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Transesophageal echocardiogram</td>
                    <td align="center">81.6</td>
                    <td align="center">88.0</td>
                    <td align="center">89.6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Cardiac magnetic resonance</td>
                    <td align="center">77.2</td>
                    <td align="center">80.9</td>
                    <td align="center">100</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Computer tomography calcium score</td>
                    <td align="center">81.7</td>
                    <td align="center">96.1</td>
                    <td align="center">99.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Coronary computed tomography</td>
                    <td align="center">73.0</td>
                    <td align="center">84.8</td>
                    <td align="center">85.9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Invasive coronary angiography</td>
                    <td align="center">63.8</td>
                    <td align="center">77.7</td>
                    <td align="center">70.8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Exercise treadmill test</td>
                    <td align="center">88.4</td>
                    <td align="center">84.9</td>
                    <td align="center">95.6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Echo stress test</td>
                    <td align="center">91.1</td>
                    <td align="center">94.5</td>
                    <td align="center">76.9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> SPECT</td>
                    <td align="center">84.0</td>
                    <td align="center">81.0</td>
                    <td align="center">97.8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> PET</td>
                    <td align="center">62.0</td>
                    <td align="center">90.9</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Stress cardiac magnetic resonance</td>
                    <td align="center">76.3</td>
                    <td align="center">89.2</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>IQR: interquartile range; PET: positron emission tomography; SPECT: single-photon emission computed tomography.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>In LATAM, cardiac diagnostic procedure volumes decreased by 36% from March 2019 to March 2020, and 82% from March 2019 to April 2020 ( <xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref> &#8211; Map). There was some variation between LATAM regions and by type of cardiac procedure, with the greatest decreases from March 2019 to April 2020 in echocardiography stress test (91%), exercise treadmill test (88%), and computed tomography calcium score (87%) ( <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> ). The smallest decreases were reported for invasive coronary angiography (67%) and cardiac PET (65%). Procedure volumes also markedly decreased from March 2020 to April 2020. These decreases were significant (p &lt; 0.001) in combination ( <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref> ) and for each procedure. Separate generalized linear models for LATAM regions and overall found significant declines in procedural volume (p &lt; 0.001), using regression models weighted by 2019 procedural volume. In the 194 facilities in our study, an estimated 129,030 cardiac diagnostic procedures, which would have been performed based on the procedure rates from March 2019, were not performed during these two months of the pandemic.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Color-coded map of Latin America displaying the reduction in total cardiac diagnostic procedure volumes by country from March 2019 to April 2020, in the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            </fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Reduction in total cardiac diagnostic procedure volumes in sub-regions of Latin America: South America; Central America and Mexico; and The Caribbean from March 2019 to March 2020 and April 2020, in the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            </fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mobility data, COVID-19 incidence, and reduction in procedure volume</title>
          <p>The greatest increase in time spent at home (immobility index) occurred during the month of April 2020 in most countries. There was a mean 26.7% increase in April that dropped to 18.8% in July, when compared to baseline. Exceptions were Nicaragua and Chile, where immobility increased until June ( <xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">Figure 3</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Right panel: Number of new COVID-19 cases per million people per month in 19 countries in Latin America. Left panel: Change in time spent at home (&#8220;immobility index&#8221;) per month, using the 5-week period from January 3 to February 6, 2020 as the baseline in 18 countries in Latin America (not including Cuba). Note that the greatest immobility occurred in April 2020 in most countries, in concordance with the abrupt drop in cardiac diagnostic procedures. On the other hand, the number of new COVID-19 cases per million people was still progressively rising from March to July 2020 in most countries.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            </fig>
          </p>
          <p>However, the COVID-19 pandemic was still in its early stages in most countries in April 2020, with a total of 199,277 cases by the end of the month. In most countries, the new monthly COVID-19 cases per million inhabitants continued rising and had not yet peaked by July 2020 ( <xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">Figure 3</xref> ). Exceptions were Cuba and Jamaica, which peaked in April. By the end of July the number of cases rose 23.5 times, totaling 4,681,377 confirmed COVID-19 cases.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Both the reduction in mobility and the increase in COVID-19 incidence were associated with the reduction in cardiac diagnostic procedures in the generalized models (p &lt; 0.001). When fitting a multivariable model, mobility (p &lt; 0.001) was more strongly associated with volume reduction than COVID-19 incidence (p = 0.003).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The results show a significant decrease in the number of cardiac diagnostic procedures performed in LATAM during the COVID-19 pandemic. The greatest decrease in the number of diagnostic procedures occurred in the month with the lowest mobility (April), which in turn coincided with the strictest quarantine periods in each country.</p>
        <p>In most LATAM countries, social isolation was introduced in March, even without a significant number of COVID-19 cases. In March and April, there was a greater decrease in the number of cardiac diagnostic procedures conducted in LATAM, compared to Western Europe (46% decrease in March and 69% in April) and to US/Canada (39% decrease in March and 68% in April), despite the fact that these regions were experiencing the first peak of the pandemic, whereas LATAM was barely in the early stages.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup>By the end of March, fewer than 250 cases had been reported in 9 countries in the region, and, since that time, the number of cases has continued to increase. By late August 2020, SARS-CoV-2 had compromised all LATAM countries, with 7.15 million people affected.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>The real number of cases may be even higher, since the number of tests per million remains low.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>, <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Beyond the direct mortality caused by COVID-19, there were growing concerns regarding the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on health systems.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> - <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> </sup>Fear of contagion in hospitals and health centers could have led to reluctance by patients to undergo cardiac diagnostic procedures. Additionally, elective interventions and consultations had to be postponed to prioritize COVID-19-related issues and avoid exposing patients to an unnecessary risk of infection in hospital or outpatient settings.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>LATAM frequently faces health problems that primarily affect the poor, added to health systems that are already fragile.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>, <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup>In such conditions, social distancing slows the peaking of the pandemic to allow countries with limited health resources to prepare for diagnosis and treatment of critically ill patients.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>, <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup>Nevertheless, according to Walker and colleagues, the LATAM countries that had the earliest first peak of the pandemic (Ecuador, Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Bolivia, Panama, Peru) or with unmitigated/limited health curves (Peru, Chile, Mexico, Ecuador) registered a higher death rate per million inhabitants.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup>This could be explained by the inability of these countries to prepare for the peak of the pandemic, finding their health systems vulnerable and producing high mortality figures. Similar events took place in European countries hit by the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, such as Italy and Spain.</p>
        <p>Globally, approximately 70% of CVD deaths take place in low- and middle-income countries.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>, <xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup>The long time interval between the start of social distancing measures and the first peak of the pandemic in LATAM countries limited patients&#8217; access to cardiac diagnostic procedures, further delaying diagnosis and timely treatment of CVD. In the LATAM population, this cascade of events may increase cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, as has been reported in Brazil.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup>This survey was not designed to collect outcome information, but the negative effect of diagnostic delays will likely be corroborated in future studies for this purpose. A similar conclusion was reached by the Latin American Society of Interventional Cardiology when surveying the practice of Interventional Cardiology during the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on myocardial infarction.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup>They reported a 51.2% reduction in care for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), with the risk of increased mortality and/or morbidity following STEMI.</p>
        <p>COVID-19 infection may be associated with cardiovascular events or mimic heart disease.<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref> - <xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref> </sup>It is therefore essential, during the COVID-19 pandemic, to maintain the availability of all cardiac diagnostic modalities, in patients who are positive or negative for COVID-19.</p>
        <p>There are several lessons we have learned for the future. We highlight five: 1) During a pandemic, access to cardiac diagnostic procedures should be maintained as much as possible for the entire population, regardless of the type of mobility restriction established in each country, strictly following the proper sanitary precautions. 2) Education campaigns should be established in the media and on social networks to explain to the community the importance of seeking help quickly in the face of warning signs of heart disease, while implementing measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19. 3) Non-COVID areas (&#8220;blue&#8221;) for the care of non-COVID pathologies and COVID areas (&#8220;red&#8221;) for infected patients should be established in health services. 4) It is necessary to guarantee worldwide access to health care supplies, from personal protective equipment to radiotracers.<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup>5) Governments should guarantee health services not only for COVID patients but also for non-COVID patients with CVD.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The INCAPS COVID-19 survey evaluated data for the months of March and April 2020, when the pandemic was still in the initial phase in most LATAM countries. However, according to the evolution of lockdowns, the dates of economic reopening, and the mobility data for each country, April 2020 was the month with the least activity in these countries. The survey was carried out in a limited number of hospitals and diagnostic centers in each country, with variable participation, which could put the representability of the results in question. Nevertheless, the universal decrease in the number of non-invasive cardiac procedures carried out throughout LATAM suggests that our sample is representative. Finally, no long-term survey data to follow the entire pandemic curve was available at this point in time.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>COVID-19 was associated with a significant and abrupt reduction in cardiac diagnostic procedures in LATAM, which was more related to social distancing measures than to the increase in disease incidence. Better balance and timing of social distancing measures and planning to maintain access to medical care in general and cardiovascular care in particular is warranted during a pandemic surge, especially in regions with high cardiovascular mortality.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>The INCAPS COVID Investigators Group, listed by name in the Appendix, thanks cardiology and imaging professional societies worldwide for their assistance in disseminating the survey to their memberships. These include, alphabetically, but are not limited to, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Arab Society of Nuclear Medicine, Australasian Association of Nuclear Medicine Specialists, Australian and New Zealand Society of Nuclear Medicine, Belgian Society of Nuclear Medicine, Brazilian Nuclear Medicine Society, British Society of Cardiovascular Imaging, Conjoint Committee for the Recognition of Training in CT Coronary Angiography, Consortium of Universities and Institutions in Japan, Danish Society of Cardiology, Gruppo Italiano di Cardiologia Nucleare, Indonesian Society of Nuclear Medicine, Japanese Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Moscow Regional Department of the Russian Nuclear Medicine Society, Philippine Society of Nuclear Medicine, Russian Society of Radiology, Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Medicina Nuclear e Imagen Molecular, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, and Thailand Society of Nuclear Medicine.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn id="fn6001">
          <p>*Supplemental Materials</p>
          <p>For additional information, please click here.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app1001">
          <label>Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p>For additional information, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11802/2021-0388-supplemental-material.pdf">please click here</ext-link>. </p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
