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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">SZkCjXm6mGpLJpD6JN6tRPh</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000400743</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220103</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Obesidade e Gordura Epic&#225;rdica Associados &#224; Maior Recorr&#234;ncia de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial ap&#243;s Abla&#231;&#227;o: Apenas Coincid&#234;ncia?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3457-1605</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pisani</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7327-2275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">InCor</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">FMUSP</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Arritmia do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FM USP (HC-FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Cristiano F. Pisani &#8226; Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Arritmia do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FM USP (HC-FMUSP) &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>c.pisani@hc.fm.usp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>743</fpage>
      <lpage>744</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="18"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; a arritmia sustentada mais comum na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e a sua preval&#234;ncia aumenta com a idade.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>&#201; uma condi&#231;&#227;o decorrente de m&#250;ltiplos aspectos fisiopatol&#243;gicos, n&#227;o exclusivamente eletrofisiol&#243;gicos, provenientes de extrass&#237;stoles deflagradas a partir das veias pulmonares. Associa-se a diferentes doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e sist&#234;micas, sendo a obesidade um dos fatores de risco j&#225; comprovadamente conhecido.</p>
    <p>Indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso e obesos apresentam risco maior para ocorr&#234;ncia de FA. Para cada unidade de incremento do IMC, o risco corrigido para incid&#234;ncia de FA aumenta de 3 a 7% em rela&#231;&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos com IMC abaixo de 25.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>,<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Os mecanismos que justificam essa observa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o s&#227;o completamente entendidos e, provavelmente, multifatoriais. Pacientes obesos frequentemente apresentam hipertens&#227;o arterial<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> e apneia obstrutiva do sono associadas, fatores j&#225; considerados como predisponentes &#224; FA.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Um estudo recente demonstrou que a implementa&#231;&#227;o de um programa de controle de peso tem impacto importante no controle cl&#237;nico desta arritmia.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Thanassoulis e colaboradores ressaltaram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a extens&#227;o da gordura epic&#225;rdica e maior ocorr&#234;ncia de FA (odds ratio = 1,28 por desvio padr&#227;o de volume de gordura epic&#225;rdica), por&#233;m essa observa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o se aplica &#224; quantidade de gordura intrator&#225;cica e abdominal.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Portanto, essa associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o pode ser considerada exclusivamente pela exist&#234;ncia de obesidade e suas consequ&#234;ncias. Uma das justificativas &#233; a inflama&#231;&#227;o atrial induzida pela gordura epic&#225;rdica. A FA &#233; uma arritmia associada ao aumento de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, como prote&#237;na C reativa, interleucinas e fator de necrose tumoral.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> Essas subst&#226;ncias podem ser produzidas pelo tecido adiposo atrial, causando inflama&#231;&#227;o no mioc&#225;rdio adjacente. A gordura epic&#225;rdica cont&#233;m n&#237;veis elevados de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias em compara&#231;&#227;o com a gordura subcut&#226;nea, incluindo mast&#243;citos, macr&#243;fagos e linf&#243;citos.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>,<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em um estudo experimental 10 ovelhas alimentadas com dieta hipercal&#243;rica por 36 semanas foram comparadas com um grupo controle, com alimenta&#231;&#227;o convencional. Os animais foram submetidos a estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico e mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico do &#225;trio esquerdo. As ovelhas obesas apresentaram maior volume e press&#227;o do AE, maior heterogeneidade da condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica, aumento na quantidade de eletrogramas atriais fracionados, redu&#231;&#227;o na voltagem dos eletrogramas na parede posterior do AE e maior heterogeneidade de voltagem, sugerindo a presen&#231;a de um substrato fibr&#243;tico atrial como poss&#237;vel determinante dessa associa&#231;&#227;o entre obesidade e FA.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nessa edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Matos et al.,<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> estudaram uma s&#233;rie de 68 pacientes que haviam sido submetidos a angiotomografia de coron&#225;ria, resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca com realce 3D (utilizando software ADAS 3D - Galgo Medical) antes de um primeiro procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Observaram uma fraca, por&#233;m estatisticamente significativa correla&#231;&#227;o entre fibrose atrial no mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico e tecido adiposo epic&#225;rdico medido na tomografia em um corte ao n&#237;vel do tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda (TAE<sub>TC</sub>) - coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman = 0,40, p=0,001.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram seguidos por um per&#237;odo mediano de 22 meses (IIQ 12-31), observando-se recorr&#234;ncia de FA em 31 pacientes (46%). Os que apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia eram mais propensos a apresentar FA n&#227;o parox&#237;stica, tinham maior volume atrial e maiores volumes de tecido adiposo e fibrose atrial. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, no entanto, apenas a TAE<sub>TC</sub> e FA n&#227;o parox&#237;stica associaram-se a maior recorr&#234;ncia. Essa observa&#231;&#227;o &#233; interessante e difere de estudos pr&#233;vios,<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>-<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> nos quais a recorr&#234;ncia relacionou-se &#224; extens&#227;o da fibrose atrial.</p>
    <p>Esses achados corroboram a import&#226;ncia da gordura epic&#225;rdica n&#227;o apenas na gera&#231;&#227;o de fibrose, mas tamb&#233;m como fator inflamat&#243;rio. Ainda, influ&#234;ncias auton&#244;micas poderiam contribuir para maior recorr&#234;ncia da arritmia, pois na gordura epic&#225;rdica est&#227;o localizados os plexos ganglionares que, inclusive, podem ser alvos na abla&#231;&#227;o da FA.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>-<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Apesar do crescente entendimento dos mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos envolvidos na ocorr&#234;ncia de FA, e constante aprimoramento t&#233;cnico dos procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, h&#225; muitos aspectos ainda n&#227;o bem esclarecidos. Entre eles, sua associa&#231;&#227;o com obesidade e extens&#227;o da gordura epic&#225;rdica atrial.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
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          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Rela&#231;&#227;o entre Gordura Epic&#225;rdica e Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial N&#227;o Pode Ser Totalmente Explicada pela Fibrose Atrial Esquerda</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Obesity and Epicardial Fat Associated with Higher Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence After Ablation: Just Coincidence?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3457-1605</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pisani</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7327-2275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Arritmia do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FM USP (HC-FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing address: Cristiano F. Pisani &#8226; Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Arritmia do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FM USP (HC-FMUSP) &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: c.pisani@hc.fm.usp.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia in clinical practice, and its prevalence increases with age.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> It is a condition resulting from multiple pathophysiological aspects, not exclusively electrophysiological, from extrasystoles triggered by the pulmonary veins. It is associated with different cardiovascular and systemic diseases, obesity being a known risk factor.</p>
      <p>Overweight and obese individuals are at greater risk for the occurrence of AF. For each unit of increment in BMI, the corrected risk for incidence of AF increases from 3 to 7% concerning individuals with a BMI below 25.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>,<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> The mechanisms that justify this observation are not fully understood and are probably multifactorial. Obese patients often have arterial hypertension<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> and associated obstructive sleep apnea, factors already considered predisposing to AF.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> A recent study demonstrated that implementing a weight control program has an important impact on the clinical control of this arrhythmia.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Thanassoulis et al. highlighted an association between the extent of epicardial fat and greater occurrence of AF (odds ratio = 1.28 per standard deviation of epicardial fat volume). However, this observation does not apply to the amount of intrathoracic and abdominal fat.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Therefore, this association cannot be considered exclusively by the existence of obesity and its consequences. One of the justifications is the atrial inflammation induced by epicardial fat. AF is an arrhythmia associated with increased inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein, interleukins and tumor necrosis factor.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> These substances can be produced by the atrial adipose tissue, causing inflammation in the adjacent myocardium. Epicardial fat contains higher inflammatory cells levels than subcutaneous fat, including mast cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In an experimental study, 10 sheep fed a hypercaloric diet for 36 weeks were compared with a control group with conventional feeding. The animals were submitted to an electrophysiological study and electroanatomical mapping of the left atrium. Obese sheep presented greater LA volume and pressure, greater electrical conduction heterogeneity, increased amount of fractionated atrial electrograms, reduced voltage of electrograms in the posterior LA wall and greater voltage heterogeneity, suggesting the presence of an atrial fibrotic substrate such as a possible determinant of this association between obesity and AF.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this issue of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Matos et al.,<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> studied 68 patients who had undergone coronary CT angiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging with 3D enhancement (using ADAS 3D software - Galgo Medical) before a first ablation procedure of atrial fibrillation. They observed a weak but statistically significant correlation between atrial fibrosis on electroanatomical mapping and epicardial adipose tissue measured on tomography in a slice at the left main coronary artery (TAE<sub>TC</sub>) - Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.40, p=0.001.</p>
      <p>Patients were followed up for a median period of 22 months (IQI 12-31), with AF recurrence in 31 patients (46%). Those who had recurrence were more likely to have non-paroxysmal AF, had larger atrial volume and larger volumes of adipose tissue and atrial fibrosis. However, in the multivariate analysis, only TAE<sub>TC</sub> and non-paroxysmal AF were associated with greater recurrence. This observation is interesting and differs from previous studies,<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>-<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> in which recurrence was related to the extent of atrial fibrosis.</p>
      <p>These findings corroborate the importance of epicardial fat not only in the generation of fibrosis but also as an inflammatory factor. Furthermore, autonomic influences could contribute to a greater arrhythmia recurrence, as the ganglion plexuses are located in the epicardial fat, which can even be targeted in AF ablation.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>-<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Despite the growing understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the occurrence of AF and the constant technical improvement of catheter ablation procedures, many aspects are still not well understood. Among them is its association with obesity and atrial epicardial fat extension.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editrial related to the article: The Relationship between Epicardial Fat and Atrial Fibrillation Cannot Be Fully Explained by Left Atrial Fibrosis</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
