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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">d8VpW4cZwxQDnRk8cGHwg5p</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005001208</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000400729</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201163</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201163</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Raz&#227;o Neutr&#243;filo-Linf&#243;cito e Aterosclerose da Aorta Abdominal entre Indiv&#237;duos Assintom&#225;ticos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7297-0741</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marin</surname>
            <given-names>B&#225;rbara Said</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1051-9434</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cesena</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Laurinavicius</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Gabriele</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Raul D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3711-1754</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Sommer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein,S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo,S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: B&#225;rbara Said Marin &#8226; Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein - Av. Prof. Francisco Morato, 4.293. CEP 05521-200, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>bsmarin.einstein@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Cesena F, Laurinavicius AG, Santos RD, Bittencourt MS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Bittencourt MS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Marin BS, Cesena F, Laurinavicius AG, Santos RD, Bittencourt MS; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Marin BS, Bittencourt MS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>729</fpage>
      <lpage>734</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito (RNL) tem sido proposta como um marcador inflamat&#243;rio possivelmente associado a aterosclerose coronariana, embora a maioria dos dados atuais seja restrita &#224; fase aguda. Al&#233;m disso, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a RNL e a aterosclerose extracoronariana ainda n&#227;o est&#225; clara.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Analisar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a RNL e aterosclerose da aorta abdominal (AtAA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes assintom&#225;ticos submetidos a um programa de rastreamento. A AtAA foi avaliada atrav&#233;s de ultrassom. Os n&#250;meros absolutos de leuc&#243;citos e linf&#243;citos foram utilizados para calcular a RNL. Foi estabelecido um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> De 36.985 indiv&#237;duos (idade: 42&#177;10 anos, 72% homens), foi identificada a presen&#231;a de AtAA em 7%. Aqueles com AtAA eram mais velhos e tinham maior propens&#227;o a serem homens e diab&#233;ticos. A presen&#231;a de AtAA foi associada a RNL aumentada (odds ratio [OR] 1,17; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC95%] 1,13-1,21). No entanto, a associa&#231;&#227;o deixou de ser significativa quando a an&#225;lise foi ajustada para os fatores de risco (OR 1,02; IC95% 0,97-1,06), principalmente devido &#224; inclus&#227;o da idade no modelo. Quando os neutr&#243;filos e linf&#243;citos foram analisados separadamente, a associa&#231;&#227;o negativa entre os linf&#243;citos e a RNL foi invertida com a inclus&#227;o da idade, o que sugere um forte efeito confundidor da idade na rela&#231;&#227;o entre linf&#243;citos e aterosclerose. Por fim, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os neutr&#243;filos e a AtAA deixou de ser significativa ap&#243;s o ajuste adicional para os fatores de risco tradicionais, mas n&#227;o apenas para a idade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Embora a RNL tenha se associado a AtAA, foi principalmente devido ao efeito confundidor da idade. No geral, os resultados sugerem um papel limitado da contagem de leuc&#243;citos como biomarcador de AtAA.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
        <kwd>Linf&#243;citos, Neutr&#243;filos, Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="21"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o a principal causa de morte no mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A combina&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco, como diabetes, hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia, obesidade e tabagismo, pode causar o desenvolvimento de aterosclerose. Nos est&#225;gios iniciais da forma&#231;&#227;o de placa de ateroma, lipoprote&#237;nas de baixa densidade (<italic>low-density lipoproteins</italic>, LDLs) circulantes, no contexto da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, penetram e se acumulam na t&#250;nica &#237;ntima das art&#233;rias. Quando oxidadas, as part&#237;culas de LDL podem dar in&#237;cio a uma resposta inflamat&#243;ria que culmina no recrutamento de mon&#243;citos/macr&#243;fagos para a regi&#227;o da placa e ativa a imunidade inata e adaptativa. Portanto, o crescimento e as complica&#231;&#245;es das placas ateroscler&#243;ticas s&#227;o uma resposta inflamat&#243;ria imunomediada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>V&#225;rios estudos demonstraram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a contagem de gl&#243;bulos brancos e o risco de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O estado inflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico leva a um aumento dos neutr&#243;filos, e o estresse agudo provocado por complica&#231;&#245;es das placas ateroscler&#243;ticas leva a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o dos linf&#243;citos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Os neutr&#243;filos tamb&#233;m foram associados a uma chance maior de eventos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> enquanto a taxa de linf&#243;citos foi significativamente menor em pacientes com eventos card&#237;acos que ainda apresentavam um risco maior de eventos futuros (por exemplo, DAC, angina inst&#225;vel e morte card&#237;aca).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito (RNL) &#233; um marcador inflamat&#243;rio que tem sido extensamente estudado nos &#250;ltimos anos e aparenta ter um papel importante n&#227;o apenas na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares, mas tamb&#233;m na predi&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cl&#237;nicos no contexto de hemorragias cerebrais,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> eventos card&#237;acos maiores<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> e sepse e doen&#231;as infecciosas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Dessa forma, esse simples &#237;ndice, derivado de um teste de baixo custo e facilmente reproduz&#237;vel, pode conter informa&#231;&#245;es relevantes sobre o risco de desfechos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre a RNL e progn&#243;stico em diferentes tipos de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, como em s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas, arritmias card&#237;acas, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva descompensada, substitui&#231;&#227;o da valva a&#243;rtica transcateter e doen&#231;as valvulares card&#237;acas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> tem sido relatada por diversos autores. No entanto, alguns estudos ainda apresentam limita&#231;&#245;es nas an&#225;lises multivariadas, que nem sempre consideram todos os fatores confundidores, o que compromete os resultados da verdadeira associa&#231;&#227;o entre a RNL e o risco cardiovascular. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o h&#225; dados dispon&#237;veis que correlacionem a RNL com doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica subcl&#237;nica e apliquem a RNL &#224; estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular. Assim, os objetivos deste estudo foram correlacionar a presen&#231;a de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica com a RNL e avaliar se a RNL adiciona discrimina&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de risco tradicionais.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos todos os indiv&#237;duos submetidos a um programa de rastreamento no Centro de Medicina Preventiva do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, em S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil, no per&#237;odo de 2006 a 2015. O programa consiste em avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nica e laboratorial extensas e ultrassom abdominal. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Conselho de Revis&#227;o Institucional, com dispensa de consentimento informado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e laboratorial</title>
        <p>Os dados demogr&#225;ficos, o hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico e o uso de medicamentos foram obtidos atrav&#233;s de question&#225;rios padr&#245;es. O estado de tabagismo foi categorizado em fumante (pelo menos um cigarro nos &#250;ltimos 30 dias) ou ex-fumante e n&#227;o fumante. A altura (m) e o peso (kg) foram aferidos com um estadi&#244;metro e uma balan&#231;a m&#233;dica antropom&#233;trica, respectivamente, para calcular o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup>). A press&#227;o arterial foi aferida tr&#234;s vezes na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada com um esfigmoman&#244;metro aneroide de acordo com o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o recomendado pela <italic>American Heart Association</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A hipertens&#227;o foi definida como n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial &#8805; 140/90 mmHg durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o ou uso de medicamentos para press&#227;o alta. O diabetes melito foi definido como valores de glicemia de jejum &#8805; 5,55 mmol/L ou uso de tratamento medicamentoso para hiperglicemia. A dislipidemia foi definida como n&#237;vel elevado de triglicer&#237;deos (TG) (&#8805; 1,7 mmol/L), n&#237;vel elevado de colesterol LDL (4,12 mmol/L) e baixo n&#237;vel de colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (<italic>high-density lipoprotein</italic>, HDL) (&lt; 1,02 mmol/L para homens e &lt; 1,28 mmol/L para mulheres) ou uso de medicamentos hipolipemiantes. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue ap&#243;s o jejum recomendado de 12 horas. As amostras foram processadas no laborat&#243;rio do Centro de Medicina Preventiva do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein. Os n&#237;veis de colesterol total, TG, colesterol HDL, glicose e c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas foram determinados atrav&#233;s de testes laboratoriais automatizados padr&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> O colesterol LDL foi determinado diretamente ou pela f&#243;rmula de Friedewald<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> para n&#237;veis de TG &#8805; 4,5 mmol/L e &lt; 4,5 mmol/L, respectivamente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ultrassom abdominal</title>
        <p>Foi realizado ultrassom abdominal com abordagem padr&#227;o por radiologistas certificados. A aorta abdominal foi sistematicamente avaliada para a presen&#231;a de aterosclerose. Foi definida como aterosclerose da aorta abdominal (AtAA) a presen&#231;a de placa lip&#237;dica ou de ateroma no relat&#243;rio do ultrassom abdominal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#227;o ou como medianas e intervalos interquartis, conforme apropriado. A normalidade foi avaliada atrav&#233;s de inspe&#231;&#227;o visual de histogramas. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como n&#250;meros absolutos e porcentagens. As diferen&#231;as nas caracter&#237;sticas basais dos indiv&#237;duos de acordo com os quintis da RNL e a presen&#231;a de AtAA foram avaliadas por meio do teste <italic>t</italic> para amostras independentes; da an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) unidirecional para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal; e do teste da soma de postos de Wilcoxon ou do teste de Kruskal-Wallis para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. O teste do qui-quadrado foi utilizado para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. As associa&#231;&#245;es entre RNL, neutr&#243;filos, linf&#243;citos e AtAA foram primeiramente testadas por an&#225;lise multivariada e posteriormente ajustadas para sexo e idade com modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. As an&#225;lises multivariadas adicionais inclu&#237;ram idade, sexo, tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes e dislipidemia. Os testes foram conduzidos com um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas no <italic>software</italic> Stata, vers&#227;o 13.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A amostra do estudo incluiu 36.985 indiv&#237;duos (homens: 71,5%; idade m&#233;dia: 42,3&#177;9,9 anos). As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais basais est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> para todos os pacientes e de acordo com os quintis da RNL.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos participantes do estudo e compara&#231;&#227;o entre os quintis da raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="13%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Total</th>
                <th>Quintil 1</th>
                <th>Quintil 2</th>
                <th>Quintil 3</th>
                <th>Quintil 4</th>
                <th>Quintil 5</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">42,3&#177;9,9</td>
                <td align="center">40,3&#177;9,8</td>
                <td align="center">41,6&#177;9,7</td>
                <td align="center">42,4&#177;9,7</td>
                <td align="center">42,8&#177;9,7</td>
                <td align="center">44,4&#177;10,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                <td align="center">26.248 (71,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">5.144 (70%)</td>
                <td align="center">5.430 (74%)</td>
                <td align="center">5.365 (73%)</td>
                <td align="center">5.317 (72%)</td>
                <td align="center">4.992 (68%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,042</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ex-fumante</td>
                <td align="center">4.790 (13,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">958 (13,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">963 (13,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">956 (13%)</td>
                <td align="center">965 (13,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">948 (12,9%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fumante</td>
                <td align="center">3.759 (10,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">726 (9,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">732 (10%)</td>
                <td align="center">720 (9,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">738 (10,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">843 (11,5%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes melito (%)</td>
                <td align="center">936 (2,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">116 (2%)</td>
                <td align="center">157 (2%)</td>
                <td align="center">178 (2%)</td>
                <td align="center">200 (3%)</td>
                <td align="center">285 (4%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4.819 (13,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">782 (11%)</td>
                <td align="center">841 (11%)</td>
                <td align="center">963 (13%)</td>
                <td align="center">999 (14%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.234 (17%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">26,5&#177;4,3</td>
                <td align="center">26,2&#177;4,2</td>
                <td align="center">26,4&#177;4,3</td>
                <td align="center">26,7&#177;4,3</td>
                <td align="center">26,8&#177;4,4</td>
                <td align="center">26,5&#177;4,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,027</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9.927 (27%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.878 (26%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.990 (27%)</td>
                <td align="center">2.093 (28%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.960 (27%)</td>
                <td align="center">2.006 (27%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos* (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">112 (79-161)</td>
                <td align="center">107 (77-156)</td>
                <td align="center">113 (79-163)</td>
                <td align="center">112 (81-162)</td>
                <td align="center">115 (80-163)</td>
                <td align="center">112 (79-158)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">196,9&#177;37,6</td>
                <td align="center">198,2&#177;37,7</td>
                <td align="center">199&#177;37,3</td>
                <td align="center">197,7&#177;38</td>
                <td align="center">196,8&#177;37,5</td>
                <td align="center">193&#177;37,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,328</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol HDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">49,1&#177;13,6</td>
                <td align="center">50,6&#177;14,7</td>
                <td align="center">49,1&#177;13,5</td>
                <td align="center">48,7&#177;13,3</td>
                <td align="center">48,2&#177;13</td>
                <td align="center">49&#177;13,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol LDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">121,7&#177;34</td>
                <td align="center">121,9&#177;34,3</td>
                <td align="center">123,1&#177;33,7</td>
                <td align="center">122,8&#177;34,2</td>
                <td align="center">122,1&#177;34</td>
                <td align="center">118,6&#177;33,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,122</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Leuc&#243;citos (/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">6.472&#177;1.575</td>
                <td align="center">5.918&#177;1.368</td>
                <td align="center">6.202&#177;1.364</td>
                <td align="center">6.344&#177;1.397</td>
                <td align="center">6.609&#177;1.502</td>
                <td align="center">7.286&#177;1.840</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Neutr&#243;filos (/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">3.600&#177;1.195</td>
                <td align="center">2.616&#177;680</td>
                <td align="center">3.166&#177;718</td>
                <td align="center">3.494&#177;789</td>
                <td align="center">3.906&#177;918</td>
                <td align="center">4.818&#177;1.399</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Linf&#243;citos (/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">2.117&#177;580</td>
                <td align="center">2.554&#177;615</td>
                <td align="center">2.285&#177;515</td>
                <td align="center">2.101&#177;473</td>
                <td align="center">1.949&#177;452</td>
                <td align="center">1.696&#177;430</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prote&#237;na C reativa*</td>
                <td align="center">0,12 (0,06-0,27)</td>
                <td align="center">0,10 (0,05-0,22)</td>
                <td align="center">0,11 (0,06-0,23)</td>
                <td align="center">0,12 (0,06-0,26)</td>
                <td align="center">0,13 (0,07-0,28)</td>
                <td align="center">0,17 (0,08-0,38)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>*Mediana (intervalo interquartil). IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade. Observa&#231;&#227;o: A an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia unidirecional (ANOVA) foi utilizada para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. O teste de Kruskal-Wallis foi utilizado para os triglicer&#237;deos. O teste do qui-quadrado foi utilizado para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os quintis da RNL para os n&#237;veis de colesterol total e colesterol LDL. Os pacientes no quintil mais alto da RNL eram mais velhos e mais propensos a ter diabetes e hipertens&#227;o (p &lt; 0,001 para todos), tendo apresentado a maior contagem de neutr&#243;filos e a menor contagem de linf&#243;citos (p &lt; 0,001 para ambos). Os pacientes no quintil mais baixo da RNL apresentaram o IMC mais baixo (p = 0,027), o n&#237;vel de TG mais baixo (p &lt; 0,001) e o n&#237;vel de colesterol HDL mais alto (p &lt; 0,001). Tamb&#233;m apresentaram a menor contagem de neutr&#243;filos e a maior contagem de linf&#243;citos (p &lt; 0,001 para ambos).</p>
      <p>A AtAA foi identificada por ultrassom em 7% dos pacientes. Em compara&#231;&#227;o aos participantes sem AtAA, aqueles com AtAA eram mais velhos, mais frequentemente do sexo masculino e fumantes ou ex-fumantes e com maior frequ&#234;ncia possu&#237;am um diagn&#243;stico de diabetes, hipertens&#227;o ou dislipidemia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes de acordo com a presen&#231;a de aterosclerose no ultrassom abdominal</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Aterosclerose</th>
                <th>Sem aterosclerose</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">57,2&#177;8,3</td>
                <td align="center">41,2&#177;9,1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2.132 (82%)</td>
                <td align="center">24.476 (71%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ex-fumante</td>
                <td align="center">810 (31,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">4.042 (11,7%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fumante</td>
                <td align="center">379 (14,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">3.444 (10%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes melito (%)</td>
                <td align="center">253 (10%)</td>
                <td align="center">700 (2%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.004 (39%)</td>
                <td align="center">3.896 (11%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">27,3&#177;3,8</td>
                <td align="center">26,4&#177;4,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.419 (55%)</td>
                <td align="center">8.655 (25%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos* (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">128 (91-178)</td>
                <td align="center">110 (78-159)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">196,3&#177;42</td>
                <td align="center">196,9&#177;37,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol HDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">46,5&#177;12,7</td>
                <td align="center">49,2&#177;13,7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol LDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">120,7&#177;37,8</td>
                <td align="center">121,7&#177;33,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Leuc&#243;citos (/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">6.611,7&#177;1.775,5</td>
                <td align="center">6.474,8&#177;1.665,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Neutr&#243;filos (/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">3.732&#177;1.248,6</td>
                <td align="center">3.590,7&#177;1.191,1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Linf&#243;citos (/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">2.077,8&#177;822,5</td>
                <td align="center">2.126,6&#177;592,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>*Mediana (intervalo interquartil). IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; Observa&#231;&#227;o: O teste t foi utilizado para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. O teste de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para os triglicer&#237;deos. O teste do qui-quadrado foi utilizado para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A RNL foi mais alta em pacientes com AtAA em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles sem AtAA. Ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise multivariada, n&#237;veis mais elevados de RNL foram diretamente associados a aterosclerose. Quando analisados separadamente, os neutr&#243;filos foram diretamente associados a AtAA, enquanto os linf&#243;citos foram negativamente associados. No entanto, n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre a RNL e aterosclerose na an&#225;lise multivariada quando ajustada para sexo, idade e fatores de risco, principalmente devido &#224; inclus&#227;o da idade. A associa&#231;&#227;o negativa entre linf&#243;citos e AtAA foi revertida com a inclus&#227;o da idade no modelo, o que sugere a presen&#231;a de um efeito confundidor. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre neutr&#243;filos e AtAA deixou de ser significativa ap&#243;s o ajuste para os fatores de risco tradicionais, mas n&#227;o apenas para a idade.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo demonstrou que n&#227;o h&#225; associa&#231;&#227;o entre RNL e aterosclerose a&#243;rtica ap&#243;s a considera&#231;&#227;o dos confundidores conhecidos. Apesar da associa&#231;&#227;o significativa observada na an&#225;lise univariada, esses efeitos parecem estar amplamente relacionados ao efeito confundidor da idade, uma vez que a RNL est&#225; fortemente correlacionada &#224; idade nesta popula&#231;&#227;o. Coletivamente, este estudo sugere que a RNL n&#227;o serve como um marcador de aterosclerose em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos que participaram de um programa de rastreamento.</p>
      <p>J&#225; se sabe que os biomarcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o associados a um risco maior de eventos cardiovasculares e que algumas terapias anti-inflamat&#243;rias s&#227;o capazes de preveni-los.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes de alto riso &#233; fundamental para explorar o tratamento ideal, sendo que a RNL pode ser um importante biomarcador a ser identificado nesses pacientes, a qual est&#225; associada ao progn&#243;stico em doen&#231;as ateroscler&#243;ticas, bem como em sua preval&#234;ncia, como aponta a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>
              <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> Preval&#234;ncia de aterosclerose de acordo com os quintis da raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito (RNL) (p &lt; 0,001).</italic>
            </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href=""/>
        </fig>
      </p>
      <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre a RNL como um preditor de mortalidade e desfechos coronarianos agudos foi demonstrada por v&#225;rios estudos. Em doen&#231;as agudas, os resultados est&#227;o associados a n&#237;veis elevados de neutr&#243;filos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> os mediadores de respostas a les&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas como infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Esse resultado tamb&#233;m foi demonstrado em estudos sobre doen&#231;a coronariana est&#225;vel. A contagem de linf&#243;citos relativa est&#225; associada &#224; sobrevida de pacientes com DAC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> enquanto outros biomarcadores, como prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR) e leuc&#243;citos, est&#227;o associados a desfechos cr&#244;nicos e agudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A PCR, como a RNL, &#233; um biomarcador associado a inflama&#231;&#227;o e predi&#231;&#227;o de risco de mortalidade. Em modelos de estudo com apenas RNL ou PCR, cada par&#226;metro isolado foi capaz de predizer o risco. No entanto, quando ambos os biomarcadores foram aplicados, houve uma melhora significativa na predi&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Em contrapartida, os resultados deste estudo n&#227;o corroboram esses achados. Embora os resultados de outros estudos afirmem que a RNL seja um preditor independente de mortalidade cardiovascular, a presente an&#225;lise demonstrou que h&#225; um forte fator confundidor relacionado &#224; inclus&#227;o da idade no modelo.</p>
      <p>Como a RNL se correlaciona &#224; idade do paciente, a an&#225;lise deve ser ajustada de acordo. No entanto, at&#233; o momento, n&#227;o encontramos nenhum estudo que tenha realizado tal ajuste. Todas as an&#225;lises s&#227;o baseadas em fatores de risco e progn&#243;stico. Como a idade &#233; um ponto importante de compara&#231;&#227;o entre os pacientes, o ajuste &#233; extremamente necess&#225;rio.</p>
      <p>H&#225; diferen&#231;as entre a popula&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo e de outros estudos. Foi analisado um grupo mais jovem de uma grande popula&#231;&#227;o, o qual possu&#237;a boas condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas e consistia principalmente em homens e pessoas brancas. A maioria dos estudos incluem popula&#231;&#245;es do hemisf&#233;rio Norte, enquanto o presente estudo incluiu uma popula&#231;&#227;o de um pa&#237;s tropical da Am&#233;rica Latina. Al&#233;m disso, foram realizados testes laboratoriais e avalia&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica dos fatores de risco. Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, foram realizados ajustes detalhados para os fatores confundidores. A RNL, os neutr&#243;filos e os linf&#243;citos foram analisados separadamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise multivariada da rela&#231;&#227;o entre a raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito, neutr&#243;filos ou linf&#243;citos e aterosclerose abdominal</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4"><italic>Odds ratio</italic> para aterosclerose (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>N&#227;o ajustado</th>
                <th>Modelo 1</th>
                <th>Modelo 2</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>RNL</td>
                <td align="center">1,17 (1,13-1,21)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 (0,96-1,05)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 (0,95-1,04)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Neutr&#243;filo</td>
                <td align="center">1,07 (1,03-1,11)</td>
                <td align="center">1,05 (1,01-1,10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,99 (0,95-1,04)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Linf&#243;cito</td>
                <td align="center">0,91 (0,87-0,95)</td>
                <td align="center">1,06 (1,02-1,11)</td>
                <td align="center">1,01 (0,97-1,05)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>RNL: raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito. Modelo 1: Ajustado para idade e sexo. Modelo 2: Ajustado para idade, sexo, tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e dislipidemia.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>O presente estudo deve, no entanto, ser compreendido no contexto do seu desenho. Devido ao car&#225;ter transversal dos dados, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel inferir causalidade. A popula&#231;&#227;o selecionada incluiu uma preval&#234;ncia maior de homens, em sua maioria jovens, o que leva a uma baixa preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a e pode atenuar a capacidade de identificar associa&#231;&#245;es. Al&#233;m disso, o foco do presente estudo foi a avalia&#231;&#227;o de aterosclerose a&#243;rtica, que n&#227;o necessariamente possui o mesmo processo fisiopatol&#243;gico da aterosclerose em outros locais, como a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Embora tenha havido associa&#231;&#227;o entre aterosclerose e RNL, foi principalmente devido ao efeito confundidor da idade. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre neutr&#243;filos e linf&#243;citos e aterosclerose deixou de ser significativa ao serem inclu&#237;dos em modelos multivariados. Os resultados sugerem um papel limitado do biomarcador na avalia&#231;&#227;o de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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              <surname>Papa</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Emdin</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Passino</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Michelassi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Battaglia</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cocci</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Predictive Value of Elevated Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio on Cardiac Mortality in Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
          <source>Clin Chim Acta</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>395</volume>
          <season>1-2</season>
          <fpage>27</fpage>
          <lpage>31</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cca.2008.04.019.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Shin HC, Jang JS, Jin HY, Seo JS, Yang TH, Kim DK, et al. Combined Use of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio and C-Reactive Protein Level to Predict Clinical Outcomes in Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Korean Circ J. 2017;47(3):383-91. doi: 10.4070/kcj.2016.0327.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shin</surname>
              <given-names>HC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jang</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jin</surname>
              <given-names>HY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seo</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>DK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Combined Use of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio and C-Reactive Protein Level to Predict Clinical Outcomes in Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</article-title>
          <source>Korean Circ J</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>383</fpage>
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          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4070/kcj.2016.0327.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Neutrophil-To-Lymphocyte Ratio and Abdominal Aortic Atherosclerosis among Asymptomatic Individuals</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7297-0741</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marin</surname>
            <given-names>B&#225;rbara Said</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1051-9434</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cesena</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Laurinavicius</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Gabriele</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Raul D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3711-1754</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Sommer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: B&#225;rbara Said Marin &#8226; Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein - Av. Prof. Francisco Morato, 4.293. Postal code 05521-200, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: bsmarin.einstein@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Cesena F, Laurinavicius AG, Santos RD, Bittencourt MS; Acquisition of data: Bittencourt MS; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Marin BS, Cesena F, Laurinavicius AG, Santos RD, Bittencourt MS; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Marin BS, Bittencourt MS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been proposed as an inflammatory marker that might be associated with coronary atherosclerosis, although most of the current data is restricted to the acute setting. Additionally, the association of NLR with extracoronary atherosclerosis and stable disease remains unclear.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To analyze the association between NLR and abdominal aortic atherosclerosis (AAAt).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> We included asymptomatic individuals who underwent a health screening program. AAAt was measured by ultrasound. Absolute leukocyte and lymphocyte counts were used to calculate the NLR. The level of significance for statistical analysis was 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Among 36,985 individuals (age: 42&#177;10 years, 72% male), AAAt was identified in 7%. Those with AAAt were older and more likely to be male and diabetic. Presence of AAAt was associated with increased NLR (odds ratio [OR] 1.17; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13-1.21). However, this association was no longer significant when the analysis was adjusted for risk factors (OR 1.02; 95% CI 0.97-1.06), mostly due to the inclusion of age in the model. When neutrophils and lymphocytes were analyzed separately, the negative association between lymphocytes and AAAt was inverted once age was accounted for, suggesting a strong confounding effect of age on the relationship between lymphocytes and atherosclerosis. Finally, the association of neutrophils and AAAt lost significance after an additional adjustment for traditional risk factors, but not age alone.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Although the NLR was associated with AAAt, this was largely due to the confounding effect of age. Overall, the results suggest a limited role of leukocyte measurements as biomarkers of AAAt.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
        <kwd>Lymphocytes</kwd>
        <kwd>Neutrophils</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Combinations of risk factors, such as diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, and smoking, can lead to the development of atherosclerosis. In the early stages of atheroma plaque formation, circulating low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), in the context of endothelial dysfunction, penetrate and accumulate in the tunica intima of the arteries. When oxidized, LDL particles may initiate an inflammatory response that culminates with the recruitment of monocytes/macrophages to the plaque region and activate innate and adaptive immunity. Therefore, the growth and complications of atherosclerotic plaques are an immune-mediated inflammatory response.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Many studies have noted the relationship between white blood cell (WBC) count and coronary artery disease (CAD) risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The systemic inflammatory state leads to an increase in neutrophils, and the acute stress caused by complications of atherosclerotic plaques leads to a decrease in lymphocytes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Neutrophils were also associated with a higher chance of events,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> while lymphocytes were significantly lower in patients with cardiac events and who still had a higher risk of future events (eg, CAD, unstable angina, cardiac death).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is an inflammatory marker that has been extensively studied in recent years and appears to play an important role not only in predicting cardiovascular events but also in predicting clinical outcomes in the setting of cerebral hemorrhages,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> major cardiac events,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> and sepsis and infectious diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Therefore, this simple index, derived from an inexpensive and easily reproducible test, may contain significant information regarding the risk of cardiovascular outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The association between NLR and prognosis in different settings of cardiovascular disease, such as acute coronary syndromes, cardiac arrhythmias, congestive heart failure decompensation, transcatheter aortic valve replacement, and valvular heart diseases,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> has been reported by several authors. However, some studies still have limitations in multivariate analyses that do not always consider all the confounding factors, impairing the results of the true association between NLR and cardiovascular risk. Moreover, there are no data available correlating NLR with subclinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and showing the application of NLR in cardiovascular risk stratification. Thus, the objectives of this study were to correlate the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis with NLR and to assess whether NLR adds discrimination to traditional risk factors.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>We included all individuals who underwent a health screening program at the Preventive Medicine Center of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein in S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil, between 2006 and 2015. This program consists of an extensive clinical and laboratory evaluation and abdominal ultrasonography. The study protocol was approved by the local Institutional Review Board and was granted a waiver of informed consent.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical and laboratory assessment</title>
          <p>Demographics, medical history, and medication use were routinely recorded by standardized questionnaires. Smoking status was categorized as current smoker (at least 1 cigarette during the last 30 days) versus former smoker and nonsmoker. Height (m) and weight (kg) were measured with a stadiometer and a standard physician&#8217;s scale, respectively, to calculate body mass index (BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup>). Blood pressure was measured three times in sitting position with an aneroid sphygmomanometer according to the standard method recommended by the American Heart Association.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Hypertension was defined as average blood pressure values &#8805; 140/90 mm Hg during the evaluation or use of blood pressure-lowering medications. Diabetes mellitus was defined as fasting blood glucose level &#8805; 5.55 mmol/L or use of drug treatment for hyperglycemia. Dyslipidemia was defined as elevated triglyceride (TG) level (&#8805; 1.7 mmol/L); elevated LDL-cholesterol level (4.12 mmol/L); and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol level (&lt; 1.02 mmol/L for men or &lt; 1.28 mmol/L for women) or use of lipid-lowering medications. Blood samples were collected after recommended 12-h fasting and processed at the Central Laboratory of the Preventive Medicine Unit of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein. Total cholesterol, TG, HDL-cholesterol, glucose, and blood cells were determined with standardized automated laboratory tests.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> When TG &lt; 4.5 mmol/L, LDL-cholesterol was calculated by the Friedewald formula.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> When TG &#8805; 4.5 mmol/L, LDL-cholesterol was measured directly.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Abdominal ultrasonography</title>
          <p>Abdominal ultrasonography was performed by certified radiologists using a standardized approach. The abdominal aorta was systematically evaluated for the presence of atherosclerosis. Abdominal aortic atherosclerosis (AAAt) was defined by the presence of atheroma or lipid plaque in the abdominal ultrasound report.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables are presented as means and standard deviations or medians and interquartile ranges, as appropriate. Normality was assessed by visual inspection of histograms. Categorical variables are presented as absolute counts and percentages. Differences in baseline characteristics of individuals according to NLR quintiles and the presence of AAAt were evaluated with independent-sample t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for continuous variables with a normal distribution, and Wilcoxon rank-sum or Kruskal Wallis test for those known not to be normally distributed. Chi-square test was used for categorical variables. The associations between NLR, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and AAAt were tested first in a univariate analysis and then adjusted for age and gender with logistic regression models. Additional multivariate analyses included age, gender, smoking status, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Tests were conducted at a significance level of 5%. All analyses were performed with Stata version 13.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The study sample consisted of 36,985 individuals (men: 71.5%; mean age: 42.3&#177;9.9 years). Their baseline demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>, for all the patients and according to NLR quintiles.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of study participants and comparison between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio quintiles</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="13%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Total</th>
                  <th>Quintile 1</th>
                  <th>Quintile 2</th>
                  <th>Quintile 3</th>
                  <th>Quintile 4</th>
                  <th>Quintile 5</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">42.3&#177;9.9</td>
                  <td align="center">40.3&#177;9.8</td>
                  <td align="center">41.6&#177;9.7</td>
                  <td align="center">42.4&#177;9.7</td>
                  <td align="center">42.8&#177;9.7</td>
                  <td align="center">44.4&#177;10.3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26248 (71.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5144 (70%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5430 (74%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5365 (73%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5317 (72%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4992 (68%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.042</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Former</td>
                  <td align="center">4,790 (13.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">958 (13.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">963 (13.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">956 (13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">965 (13.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">948 (12.9%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current</td>
                  <td align="center">3759 (10.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">726 (9.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">732 (10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">720 (9.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">738 (10.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">843 (11.5%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">936 (2.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">116 (2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">157 (2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">178 (2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">200 (3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">285 (4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4819 (13.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">782 (11%)</td>
                  <td align="center">841 (11%)</td>
                  <td align="center">963 (13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">999 (14%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1234 (17%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">26.5&#177;4.3</td>
                  <td align="center">26.2&#177;4.2</td>
                  <td align="center">26.4&#177;4.3</td>
                  <td align="center">26.7&#177;4.3</td>
                  <td align="center">26.8&#177;4.4</td>
                  <td align="center">26.5&#177;4.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.027</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9927 (27%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1878 (26%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1990 (27%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2093 (28%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1960 (27%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2006 (27%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglycerides* (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">112 (79-161)</td>
                  <td align="center">107 (77-156)</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (79-163)</td>
                  <td align="center">112 (81-162)</td>
                  <td align="center">115 (80-163)</td>
                  <td align="center">112 (79-158)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">196.9&#177;37.6</td>
                  <td align="center">198.2&#177;37.7</td>
                  <td align="center">199&#177;37.3</td>
                  <td align="center">197.7&#177;38</td>
                  <td align="center">196.8&#177;37.5</td>
                  <td align="center">193&#177;37.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.328</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">49.1&#177;13.6</td>
                  <td align="center">50.6&#177;14.7</td>
                  <td align="center">49.1&#177;13.5</td>
                  <td align="center">48.7&#177;13.3</td>
                  <td align="center">48.2&#177;13</td>
                  <td align="center">49&#177;13.6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">121.7&#177;34</td>
                  <td align="center">121.9&#177;34.3</td>
                  <td align="center">123.1&#177;33.7</td>
                  <td align="center">122.8&#177;34.2</td>
                  <td align="center">122.1&#177;34</td>
                  <td align="center">118.6&#177;33.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.122</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leukocytes (/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">6472&#177;1,575</td>
                  <td align="center">5918&#177;1368</td>
                  <td align="center">6202&#177;1364</td>
                  <td align="center">6344&#177;1397</td>
                  <td align="center">6609&#177;1502</td>
                  <td align="center">7286&#177;1840</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neutrophils (/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">3600&#177;1195</td>
                  <td align="center">2616&#177;680</td>
                  <td align="center">3166&#177;718</td>
                  <td align="center">3494&#177;789</td>
                  <td align="center">3906&#177;918</td>
                  <td align="center">4818&#177;1399</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lymphocytes (/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">2117&#177;580</td>
                  <td align="center">2554&#177;615</td>
                  <td align="center">2285&#177;515</td>
                  <td align="center">2101&#177;473</td>
                  <td align="center">1949&#177;452</td>
                  <td align="center">1696&#177;430</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>C-reactive protein*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.12 (0.06-0.27)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10 (0.05-0.22)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.11 (0.06-0.23)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.12 (0.06-0.26)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.13 (0.07-0.28)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.17 (0.08-0.38)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>*Median (interquartile range). BMI: body mass index; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein. Note: One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for continuous variables. Kruskal-Wallis test was used for triglycerides. Chi-square test was used for categorical variables.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>There was no difference across NLR quintiles for levels of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. Patients in the highest NRL quintile were older and more likely to have diabetes and hypertension (p &lt; 0.001 for all). They had both the highest neutrophil and lowest lymphocyte counts (p &lt; 0.001 for both). Patients in the lowest NRL quintile had the lowest BMI (p = 0.027), the lowest TG level (p &lt; 0.001), and the highest HDL-cholesterol level (p &lt; 0.001). This group also had the lowest neutrophil and highest lymphocyte counts (p &lt; 0.001 for both).</p>
        <p>AAAt was identified by ultrasound in 7% of the patients. Compared with participants without AAAt, those with AAAt were older, more frequently male and former or current smokers, and more often had a diagnosis of diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Characteristics of patients according to the presence of atherosclerosis on abdominal ultrasonography</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Atherosclerosis</th>
                  <th>No atherosclerosis</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">57.2&#177;8.3</td>
                  <td align="center">41.2&#177;9.1</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2132 (82%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24476 (71%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Former</td>
                  <td align="center">810 (31.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4042 (11.7%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current</td>
                  <td align="center">379 (14.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3444 (10%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">253 (10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">700 (2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1004 (39%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3896 (11%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">27.3&#177;3.8</td>
                  <td align="center">26.4&#177;4.3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1419 (55%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8655 (25%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglycerides* (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">128 (91-178)</td>
                  <td align="center">110 (78-159)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">196.3&#177;42</td>
                  <td align="center">196.9&#177;37.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">46.5&#177;12.7</td>
                  <td align="center">49.2&#177;13.7</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">120.7&#177;37.8</td>
                  <td align="center">121.7&#177;33.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leukocytes (/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">6611.7&#177;1775.5</td>
                  <td align="center">6474.8&#177;1665.2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neutrophils (/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">3732&#177;1248.6</td>
                  <td align="center">3590.7&#177;1191.1</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lymphocytes (/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">2077.8&#177;822.5</td>
                  <td align="center">2126.6&#177;592.9</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>*Median (interquartile range). BMI: body mass index; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein. Note: T-test was used for continuous variables. Mann-Whitney test was used for triglycerides. Chi-square test was used for categorical variables.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The NLR was higher in patients with AAAt compared with those without AAAt. After multivariate analysis, higher NLR levels were directly associated with atherosclerosis. When analyzed separately, neutrophils were directly associated with AAAt, whereas lymphocytes were negatively associated with it. However, the association between NLR and atherosclerosis was lost when adjusted for sex, age, and risk factors. This occurred mainly because of the inclusion of age in multivariate analysis. The negative association between lymphocytes and AAAt was reversed when age was included in the model, suggesting a confounding effect. The association between neutrophils and AAAt lost significance after adjustment for traditional risk factors, but not age alone.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study demonstrated that no association between NLR and aortic atherosclerosis is noted once known confounders are accounted for. Despite the significant association noted in univariate analysis, these effects seemed to be largely related to the confounding effect of age, as NLR strongly correlated with age in our population. Collectively, our study suggests there is no role for NLR as a marker of atherosclerosis in asymptomatic patients who participated in a health screening program.</p>
        <p>We already know that inflammation biomarkers are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events and some anti-inflammatory therapies are able to prevent them.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Identifying the patients who are at highest risk is key for the best therapy to be explored, and an important biomarker to be identified in these patients could be NLR, which is associated with prognosis in atherosclerotic diseases, as well as its prevalence, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Prevalence of atherosclerosis according to neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) quintiles (p &lt; 0.001).</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>The association between NLR as a predictor of mortality and acute coronary outcomes has been demonstrated by many studies. In acute diseases, the results are associated with elevated levels of neutrophils,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> the mediators of myocardial injury responses such as myocardial infarction. This has also been demonstrated in studies addressing stable coronary disease. The relative lymphocyte count is associated with the survival of patients with CAD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> while different biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and leukocytes, are associated with chronic and acute outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> CRP, like NLR, is a biomarker associated with inflammation and prediction of mortality risk. In study models including only NLR or CRP, each parameter alone was able to predict risk. When both were applied, however, there was a significant improvement in prediction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Our results, however, do not support that. While results from other studies claim that NLR is an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality, our analyses showed that there is a strong confounding factor when age is included in the model.</p>
        <p>Since NLR correlates with the patient&#8217;s age, the study analysis should be adjusted for it. In no study to date, however, we have observed such an adjustment. All analyses are based on risk factors and prognosis. Because age is an important point of comparison between patients, adjustment is extremely necessary.</p>
        <p>There are differences between our study population and those of other studies. We approached a younger group from a large population, and this group had good socioeconomic conditions and consisted mostly of men and White people. Most studies address populations from the Northern Hemisphere, while our population lives in a tropical country in Latin America. Also, our study included the systematic evaluation of risk factors and laboratory tests. In statistical analysis, we made detailed adjustments for confounding factors and performed separate analyses for NLR, neutrophils, and lymphocytes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Multivariate analysis of the relationship between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, neutrophils, or lymphocytes and abdominal atherosclerosis</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4">Odds ratio for atherosclerosis (95% confidence interval)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Unadjusted</th>
                  <th>Model 1</th>
                  <th>Model 2</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>NLR</td>
                  <td align="center">1.17 (1.13-1.21)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00 (0.96-1.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00 (0.95-1.04)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neutrophil</td>
                  <td align="center">1.07 (1.03-1.11)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.05 (1.01-1.10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.99 (0.95-1.04)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lymphocyte</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91 (0.87-0.95)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.06 (1.02-1.11)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01 (0.97-1.05)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>NLR: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. Model 1: Adjusted for age and gender. Model 2: Adjusted for age, gender, smoking status, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Our study must, however, be read within the context of its design. Our data are cross-sectional, so we were unable to infer causality. The selected population showed a higher prevalence of men, mostly young, which leads to a low prevalence of the disease and may attenuate the ability to perceive associations. In addition, our study focused on the evaluation of aortic atherosclerosis, which does not necessarily have the same pathophysiological process of atherosclerosis in other territories, such as the coronary artery.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Although atherosclerosis was associated with NLR, this was largely due to the confounding effect of age. The association of neutrophils and lymphocytes with atherosclerosis lost significance once these were included in multivariate models. The results suggest a limited role of the biomarker in the evaluation of subclinical atherosclerosis.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
