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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">7p96ZRBgrk4YS7fwHmjtyNv</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005001210</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000400719</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201240</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201240</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hipertens&#227;o Arterial e Par&#226;metros Lip&#237;dicos, Glic&#237;dicos e de Adiposidade Associados em Adolescentes Escolares do Distrito Federal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3090-7696</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Let&#237;cia Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okamura</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Bassetto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>K&#234;nia Mara Baiocchi de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dutra</surname>
            <given-names>Eliane Said</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Vivian Siqueira Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o - Universidade de Bras&#237;lia, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de Coletiva</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de Coletiva - Universidade de Bras&#237;lia, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Nutri&#231;&#227;o Humana</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Nutri&#231;&#227;o Humana - Universidade de Bras&#237;lia, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Let&#237;cia Rocha Lima &#8226; Universidade de Bras&#237;lia - Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de. CEP 70910-900, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>lrochalima10@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>719</fpage>
      <lpage>726</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) e de outros dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos tem aumentado em indiv&#237;duos jovens. Entretanto, n&#227;o h&#225; estudos representativos sobre esse assunto com a popula&#231;&#227;o do Distrito Federal (DF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Estimar a preval&#234;ncia de HAS e a sua associa&#231;&#227;o com par&#226;metros lip&#237;dicos, glic&#237;dicos e de adiposidade em adolescentes do DF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Trata-se de um estudo observacional transversal com participantes do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA). Foram avaliados press&#227;o arterial, glicemia sangu&#237;nea, hemoglobina glicada, insulina, modelo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da homeostase da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina (HOMA-IR), triglicer&#237;deos, colesterol total, lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade, lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e per&#237;metro da cintura, al&#233;m de vari&#225;veis econ&#244;micas, demogr&#225;ficas e de matura&#231;&#227;o sexual. A an&#225;lise de dados foi feita no <italic>software</italic> Stata e foi dividida nas seguintes etapas: an&#225;lises descritiva, bruta e ajustada. Considerou-se p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos 1.200 adolescentes com m&#233;dia de idade de 14,8 anos. A preval&#234;ncia de HAS foi de 8% (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 6,3; 9,9). A maioria dos par&#226;metros se associou com a PA na an&#225;lise bruta; na ajustada, os par&#226;metros glic&#237;dicos, lip&#237;dicos e de adiposidade mantiveram a associa&#231;&#227;o, tendo IMC e HOMA-IR a maior magnitude na rela&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O estudo revelou elevada preval&#234;ncia de HAS em adolescentes do DF, e os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos apresentaram-se associados a outros marcadores de perfil lip&#237;dico, glic&#237;dico e de adiposidade, evidenciando a relev&#226;ncia da vigil&#226;ncia em sa&#250;de para o planejamento de a&#231;&#245;es efetivas para a revers&#227;o do quadro e preven&#231;&#227;o de novos casos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>Adiposidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Glicemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Lip&#237;deos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>MCTI</funding-source>
          <award-id>FINEP-01090421</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>565037/2010-2</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Departamento de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia a Secretaria de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia e Insumos Estrat&#233;gicos do Minist&#233;rio da S&#225;ude (DECIT/SCTIE/MS) e pelo Fundo Setorial de S&#225;ude (CT-Sa&#250;de) do Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o (MCTI) (protocolos: FINEP-01090421 e CNPq-565037/2010-2).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="45"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis (DCNTs) tornaram-se um problema de grande relev&#226;ncia para a sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, protagonizando o cen&#225;rio epidemiol&#243;gico mundial junto &#224;s doen&#231;as cardiovasculares de ocorr&#234;ncia aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Entre as DCNTs mais prevalentes no mundo, destaca-se a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica caracterizada por n&#237;veis elevados e sustentados da press&#227;o arterial (PA), reconhecida por ser um importante fator de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, al&#233;m de frequentemente estar associada a outros dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos como obesidade, dislipidemias e intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS) estimou, em 2010, que cerca de 600 milh&#245;es de pessoas tinham diagn&#243;stico de HAS, predizendo um crescimento global de 60% dos casos at&#233; 2025.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No Brasil, dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Sa&#250;de (PNS), realizada em 2013, mostraram uma preval&#234;ncia de 21,4% da doen&#231;a na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Paralelamente, tem sido observada uma mudan&#231;a no perfil demogr&#225;fico dos indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, sendo cada vez mais comum a sua presen&#231;a na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As primeiras fases do curso da vida s&#227;o importantes para o desenvolvimento humano, e altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas precoces podem repercutir de maneira negativa na vida adulta, aumentando o risco para o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as e comorbidades ao longo dos anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA), realizado com escolares de todas as regi&#245;es brasileiras nos anos de 2013 e 2014, estimou a preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a em 9,6% dos participantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica com metan&#225;lise, publicada em 2016,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> estimou a preval&#234;ncia de HAS em 8% dos adolescentes brasileiros.</p>
      <p>Tendo em vista esse cen&#225;rio, a import&#226;ncia de monitorar o estado de sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o adolescente para auxiliar a tomada de decis&#227;o em a&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de e, ainda, a inexist&#234;ncia de estudos representativos sobre HAS e outros par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos associados, conduzidos com a popula&#231;&#227;o adolescente do Distrito Federal (DF), o presente estudo se prop&#245;e a estimar a preval&#234;ncia de HAS e investigar sua associa&#231;&#227;o com par&#226;metros lip&#237;dicos, glic&#237;dicos e de adiposidade em adolescentes escolares do DF.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todo</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento e contexto do estudo</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo observacional do tipo transversal realizado com participantes do ERICA entre 2013 e 2014.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade</title>
        <p>Foram considerados eleg&#237;veis adolescentes de 12 a 17 anos, dos tr&#234;s &#250;ltimos anos do Ensino Fundamental e do Ensino M&#233;dio de escolas p&#250;blicas e privadas, localizadas em &#225;reas rurais e urbanas, sem qualquer defici&#234;ncia, provis&#243;ria ou definitiva, que nunca engravidaram e que aceitaram participar das coletas de sangue.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tamanho e sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra</title>
        <p>O ERICA teve representatividade em munic&#237;pios de m&#233;dio e grande porte, em n&#237;vel nacional, regional e para cada capital inclu&#237;da. Outros detalhes sobre a amostra nacional e a representatividade do estudo podem ser encontrados em Vasconcellos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>No DF, a coleta de exames laboratoriais foi realizada em 33 escolas. Para a verifica&#231;&#227;o da adequa&#231;&#227;o do tamanho amostral para este estudo, considerou-se o total de 233.399 alunos no DF em 2009 nos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s anos do Ensino Fundamental e nos tr&#234;s anos do Ensino M&#233;dio,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> a preval&#234;ncia de HAS na popula&#231;&#227;o adolescente escolar brasileira de 9%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> erro aceit&#225;vel de 1,7% e n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a de 95%, totalizando n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de 1.084 adolescentes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Press&#227;o arterial</title>
          <p>As medidas de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD) foram consideradas vari&#225;veis de desfecho. Foi utilizado o aparelho oscilom&#233;trico autom&#225;tico, validado para adolescentes, Omron<sup>&#174;</sup> 705-IT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Foram aferidas tr&#234;s medidas, com intervalo de 3 minutos entre cada uma; por&#233;m, foram consideradas apenas a m&#233;dia da segunda e da terceira medidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Os adolescentes foram classificados de acordo com os valores de PAS e PAD em rela&#231;&#227;o a estatura, sexo e idade, sendo &#8805; percentil 95 classificados com HAS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta de exames laboratoriais</title>
          <p>A determina&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos foi realizada a partir da coleta de amostra sangu&#237;nea por pun&#231;&#227;o venosa, com jejum de 12 horas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A glicose sangu&#237;nea foi determinada a partir do m&#233;todo hexoquinase, e considerou-se valores &#8805; 100 mg/dL elevados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c) foi estimada por cromatografia de troca i&#244;nica, sendo consideradas elevadas as concentra&#231;&#245;es &#8805; 5,8%, valor correspondente ao percentil 90 para a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. A insulina foi determinada pelo m&#233;todo de quimiluminesc&#234;ncia e considerada elevada quando &#8805; 15 mU/L.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
          <p>O modelo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da homeostase da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina (HOMA-IR) foi utilizado para caracterizar a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina (RI)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> e calculado com da seguinte f&#243;rmula: insulina de jejum (mU/L) x (glicose de jejum [mg/dL] x 0,0555)/22,5. Foram considerados elevados os valores de HOMA-IR &#8805; 2,80.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
          <p>O colesterol total (CT) e os triglicer&#237;deos (TG) foram determinados pelo m&#233;todo de cin&#233;tica enzim&#225;tica, sendo consideradas elevadas as dosagens de CT &#8805; 170 mg/dL e TG &#8805; 90 mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Avaliou-se, ainda, a lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL) e lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL), sendo empregado o ensaio calorim&#233;trico enzim&#225;tico. Para LDL, os valores considerados alterados foram &#8805; 110 mg/dL; para HDL, &#8804; 45 mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Par&#226;metros relacionados &#224; adiposidade corporal</title>
          <p>Para aferi&#231;&#227;o de peso e estatura, foram utilizados, respectivamente, balan&#231;a eletr&#244;nica (L&#237;der<sup>&#174;</sup>), com capacidade de 200 kg e precis&#227;o de 50g, e estadi&#244;metro port&#225;til (Alturexata<sup>&#174;</sup>), com precis&#227;o de 1 mm e campo de uso de at&#233; 213 cm. A estatura foi aferida em duplicata, permitindo a varia&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima de 0,5 cm entre as duas medidas. A m&#233;dia foi calculada automaticamente por sistema desenvolvido para uso em <italic>personal digital assistant</italic> (PDA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
          <p>O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado a partir da divis&#227;o do peso (em quilogramas) pelo quadrado da altura (em metros). Foram utilizadas as refer&#234;ncias da OMS<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> para o c&#225;lculo dos escores-Z de IMC/idade, considerando o sexo. Foram considerados os seguintes pontos de corte: escore-Z &lt; &#8722;2 (baixo peso); escore-Z &#8805; &#8722;2 e &lt; 1 (eutrofia); escore-Z &#8805; 1 e &lt; 2 (sobrepeso); escore-Z &#8805; 2 (obesidade).</p>
          <p>Para aferi&#231;&#227;o do per&#237;metro da cintura (PC), foi utilizada fita antropom&#233;trica com resolu&#231;&#227;o milim&#233;trica e 1,5 m de comprimento (Sanny<sup>&#174;</sup>), adotando-se a t&#233;cnica do ponto m&#233;dio entre a crista il&#237;aca e a menor margem costal. A medida foi coletada em duplicata, e a m&#233;dia foi calculada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Os pontos de corte considerados foram os valores &#8805; percentil 90 para a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e econ&#244;micas</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis foram autorreferidas e assim categorizadas: sexo (feminino e masculino), idade (&lt; 15 e &#8805; 15 anos) e cor da pele ou etnia (brancos, pardos, negros, ind&#237;genas, asi&#225;ticos e n&#227;o referido). A localiza&#231;&#227;o (rural e urbana) e a rede de ensino (p&#250;blica e privada) da escola foram identificadas, sendo essa &#250;ltima vari&#225;vel utilizada como <italic>proxy</italic> da classe econ&#244;mica da fam&#237;lia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Matura&#231;&#227;o sexual</title>
          <p>Os adolescentes foram classificados em diferentes est&#225;gios de matura&#231;&#227;o sexual, de acordo com o instrumento proposto por Tanner.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Categorizou-se a partir da caracter&#237;stica mais desenvolvida apontada, sendo os est&#225;gios 4 e 5 classificados como p&#250;beres e os demais, como n&#227;o p&#250;beres.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise dos dados</title>
      <p>Na etapa descritiva, calculou-se a preval&#234;ncia e a distribui&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas de interesse na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, bem como a preval&#234;ncia de HAS em rela&#231;&#227;o a essas caracter&#237;sticas. Tamb&#233;m foi realizada a compara&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es em par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos e antropom&#233;tricos entre os adolescentes com e sem HAS. Os resultados foram apresentados junto aos seus intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC 95%).</p>
      <p>Na fase anal&#237;tica, utilizou-se a t&#233;cnica de regress&#227;o linear para investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre PAS e PAD (vari&#225;veis dependentes) e marcadores laboratoriais e antropom&#233;tricos (vari&#225;veis independentes). Essa fase foi dividida em duas etapas, an&#225;lise bruta e an&#225;lise ajustada, e foram utilizadas as seguintes vari&#225;veis para o ajuste: sexo, idade, est&#225;gio de matura&#231;&#227;o sexual, cor da pele ou etnia, obesidade e rede da escola. Quando a vari&#225;vel independente se referiu ao IMC ou ao PC, n&#227;o houve ajuste pelo <italic>status</italic> de obesidade. Os resultados foram apresentados por meio do coeficiente &#946; da regress&#227;o com IC 95%. A an&#225;lise ajustada foi realizada somente quando a an&#225;lise bruta apresentou p &lt; 0,20, e considerou-se significativo p &lt; 0,05.</p>
      <p>O desenho da amostra complexa e os respectivos pesos amostrais relacionados &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o adolescente estudante do DF foram considerados. Foi utilizado o <italic>software</italic> Stata, vers&#227;o 14.2.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
      <p>O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Bras&#237;lia (CAAE N&#176; 05185212.2.2005.5540). Os participantes foram previamente informados acerca dos objetivos e procedimentos da pesquisa e foram avaliados somente ap&#243;s assinados os Termos de Assentimento pelo estudante e de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido por seus pais ou respons&#225;veis.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram avaliados 1.200 adolescentes de 33 escolas p&#250;blicas e privadas do Distrito Federal (DF). A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 14,8 anos, e a preval&#234;ncia de HAS, de 8,0% (IC 95%: 6,3; 9,9), sendo identificada com maior frequ&#234;ncia em estudantes do sexo masculino, com idade &#8805; 15 anos e que estudavam em escolas da zona rural.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise dos marcadores sangu&#237;neos revelou a hiperglicemia como a altera&#231;&#227;o de menor preval&#234;ncia. A altera&#231;&#227;o mais prevalente foi o baixo valor de HDL. Outras caracter&#237;sticas est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Perfil dos adolescentes escolares e preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes, Distrito Federal, Brasil, 2013&#8211;2014</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">Amostra total</th>
                <th colspan="2">Adolescentes com HAS</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Localiza&#231;&#227;o da escola</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;rea urbana</td>
                <td align="center">97,0</td>
                <td align="center">81,4; 99,5</td>
                <td align="center">7,4</td>
                <td align="center">5,9; 9,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;rea rural</td>
                <td align="center">3,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,4; 18,5</td>
                <td align="center">27,7</td>
                <td align="center">24,6; 30,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Rede de ensino</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rede p&#250;blica</td>
                <td align="center">55,2</td>
                <td align="center">37,5; 71,5</td>
                <td align="center">8,3</td>
                <td align="center">5,8; 11,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rede privada</td>
                <td align="center">44,8</td>
                <td align="center">28,4; 62,4</td>
                <td align="center">7,6</td>
                <td align="center">5,7; 9,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">50,4</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">4,3</td>
                <td align="center">2,8; 6,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">49,6</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">11,8</td>
                <td align="center">9,3; 14,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 15 anos</td>
                <td align="center">47,6</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">5,4</td>
                <td align="center">3,8; 7,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 15 anos</td>
                <td align="center">52,4</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">10,3</td>
                <td align="center">7,7; 13,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Cor da pele/etnia</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Brancos</td>
                <td align="center">35,6</td>
                <td align="center">30,1; 41,3</td>
                <td align="center">8,4</td>
                <td align="center">5,3; 13,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pardos</td>
                <td align="center">53,5</td>
                <td align="center">48,4; 58,4</td>
                <td align="center">7,9</td>
                <td align="center">6,1; 10,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Negros</td>
                <td align="center">6,0</td>
                <td align="center">4,4; 8,2</td>
                <td align="center">8,9</td>
                <td align="center">3,9; 19,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ind&#237;genas</td>
                <td align="center">0,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,0; 0,6</td>
                <td align="center">16,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,5; 71,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Asi&#225;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">2,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,7; 4,1</td>
                <td align="center">3,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,8; 13,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o referido</td>
                <td align="center">2,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,3; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">2,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,3; 18,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Est&#225;gio de matura&#231;&#227;o sexual*</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>P&#250;bere</td>
                <td align="center">81,9</td>
                <td align="center">78,2; 85,0</td>
                <td align="center">8,0</td>
                <td align="center">6,3; 10,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pr&#233;-p&#250;bere</td>
                <td align="center">18,1</td>
                <td align="center">14,9; 21,7</td>
                <td align="center">7,7</td>
                <td align="center">3,6; 15,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Glicose sangu&#237;nea<sup>&#8224;</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 100 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,7; 3,2</td>
                <td align="center">28,1</td>
                <td align="center">8,4; 62,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HbA1c<sup>&#8225;</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 5,8% (&#8805; p90)</td>
                <td align="center">13,6</td>
                <td align="center">10,7; 17,1</td>
                <td align="center">7,5</td>
                <td align="center">3,6; 14,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Insulina<sup>&#167;</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 15 mU/L</td>
                <td align="center">11,3</td>
                <td align="center">8,2; 15,5</td>
                <td align="center">17,6</td>
                <td align="center">11,6; 25,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HOMA-IR<sup>//</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 2,80</td>
                <td align="center">18,2</td>
                <td align="center">13,9; 23,5</td>
                <td align="center">15,7</td>
                <td align="center">10,7; 22,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Triglicer&#237;deos<sup>&#182;</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 90 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">30,5</td>
                <td align="center">27,4; 33,8</td>
                <td align="center">9,4</td>
                <td align="center">6,3; 14,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Colesterol total<sup>&#182;</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 170 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">30,6</td>
                <td align="center">27,6; 33,7</td>
                <td align="center">9,2</td>
                <td align="center">5,9; 13,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>LDL<sup>&#182;</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805;110 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">21,3</td>
                <td align="center">19,0; 23,7</td>
                <td align="center">7,2</td>
                <td align="center">4,7; 10,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HDL<sup>&#182;</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8804; 45 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">41,8</td>
                <td align="center">38,1; 45,4</td>
                <td align="center">9,5</td>
                <td align="center">7,2; 12,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC<sup>#</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Baixo peso e eutrofia</td>
                <td align="center">77,0</td>
                <td align="center">73,8; 79,9</td>
                <td align="center">4,2</td>
                <td align="center">2,9; 6,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sobrepeso</td>
                <td align="center">14,7</td>
                <td align="center">12,3; 17,4</td>
                <td align="center">16,0</td>
                <td align="center">10,8; 23,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">8,3</td>
                <td align="center">6,3; 10,6</td>
                <td align="center">28,6</td>
                <td align="center">18,2; 41,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Per&#237;metro da cintura<sup>**</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o elevado (&lt; p90)</td>
                <td align="center">88,4</td>
                <td align="center">84,8; 91,1</td>
                <td align="center">6,2</td>
                <td align="center">4,8; 7,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Elevado (&#8805; p90)</td>
                <td align="center">11,6</td>
                <td align="center">8,8; 15,1</td>
                <td align="center">21,6</td>
                <td align="center">14,2; 31,3</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; HbA1c: hemoglobina glicada; HOMA-IR: modelo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da homeostase da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal. *Tanner, 1962; <sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup> SBD, 2019; <sup><bold>&#8225;</bold></sup> valores &#8805; 5,8% (correspondente ao percentil 90 para a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada); <sup><bold>&#167;</bold></sup> SBC, 2005; <sup><bold>//</bold></sup> Chissini et al., 2019; <sup><bold>&#182;</bold></sup> SBC, 2017; <sup><bold>#</bold></sup> OMS, 2007; **valores &#8805; 80,8 cm (feminino) ou &#8805; 86,3 cm (masculino).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Observou-se maior preval&#234;ncia de hiperinsulinemia em adolescentes com HAS. Os par&#226;metros de adiposidade foram maiores em escolares com HAS, quando comparados aos sem HAS ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Preval&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es bioqu&#237;micas e do estado nutricional em adolescentes com e sem hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes, Distrito Federal, Brasil, 2013&#8211;2014</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">Adolescentes com HAS</th>
                <th colspan="2">Adolescentes sem HAS</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Par&#226;metro avaliado</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Glicose sangu&#237;nea*</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 100 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">5,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,3; 18,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,5; 2,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HbA1c<sup>&#8224;</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 5,8% (&#8805; p90)</td>
                <td align="center">12,7</td>
                <td align="center">6,0; 25,1</td>
                <td align="center">13,7</td>
                <td align="center">10,9; 17,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Insulina<sup>&#8225;</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 15 mU/L</td>
                <td align="center">25,4</td>
                <td align="center">13,8; 41,8</td>
                <td align="center">10,2</td>
                <td align="center">7,5; 13,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HOMA-IR<sup>&#167;</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 2,80</td>
                <td align="center">35,9</td>
                <td align="center">23,8; 50,1</td>
                <td align="center">16,7</td>
                <td align="center">12,7; 21,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Triglicer&#237;deos<sup>//</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 90 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">36,3</td>
                <td align="center">26,3; 47,6</td>
                <td align="center">30,0</td>
                <td align="center">27,0; 33,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Colesterol total<sup>//</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 170 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">35,1</td>
                <td align="center">23,8; 48,4</td>
                <td align="center">30,2</td>
                <td align="center">27,1; 33,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>LDL<sup>//</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805;110 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">19,2</td>
                <td align="center">12,2; 28,9</td>
                <td align="center">21,4</td>
                <td align="center">19,2; 23,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HDL<sup>//</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8804; 45 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">50,0</td>
                <td align="center">36,3; 63,8</td>
                <td align="center">41,0</td>
                <td align="center">37,6; 44,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC<sup>&#182;</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Baixo peso e eutrofia</td>
                <td align="center">40,7</td>
                <td align="center">29,1; 53,4</td>
                <td align="center">80,1</td>
                <td align="center">77,0; 82,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sobrepeso</td>
                <td align="center">29,6</td>
                <td align="center">20,3; 41,0</td>
                <td align="center">13,4</td>
                <td align="center">11,0; 16,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">29,6</td>
                <td align="center">18,5; 43,8</td>
                <td align="center">6,4</td>
                <td align="center">4,7; 8,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Per&#237;metro da cintura<sup>#</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Elevado (&#8805; p90)</td>
                <td align="center">31,5</td>
                <td align="center">20,0; 45,8</td>
                <td align="center">9,9</td>
                <td align="center">7,5; 12,8</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; HbA1c: hemoglobina glicada; HOMA-IR: modelo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da homeostase da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal. <sup>*</sup>SBD, 2019; <sup>&#8224;</sup>valores &#8805; 5,8% (correspondente ao percentil 90 para a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada); <sup>&#8225;</sup>SBC, 2005; <sup><bold>&#167;</bold></sup> Chissini et al., 2019;<sup><bold>//</bold></sup> SBC, 2017; <sup><bold>&#182;</bold></sup> OMS, 2007; <sup>#</sup>Valores &#8805; 80,8 cm para sexo feminino ou &#8805; 86,3 cm para sexo masculino (correspondente ao percentil 90 para a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A maior parte dos par&#226;metros analisados se associou &#224; PAS e PAD na an&#225;lise bruta. Na an&#225;lise ajustada, par&#226;metros glic&#237;dicos, lip&#237;dicos e de adiposidade mantiveram-se associados, tendo o IMC e o HOMA-IR apresentado maior magnitude nessa rela&#231;&#227;o ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Associa&#231;&#227;o entre par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos e de estado nutricional e a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica em adolescentes. Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes, Distrito Federal, Brasil, 2013&#8211;2014</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Par&#226;metro avaliado</th>
                <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise bruta</th>
                <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise ajustada*</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Coeficiente &#946;</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>Coeficiente &#946;</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAS</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,26<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,13; 0,39</td>
                <td align="center">0,16<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,04; 0,27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HbA1c (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,77<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">-0,84; 4,39</td>
                <td align="center">0,68</td>
                <td align="center">-1,41; 2,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insulina (mU/L)</td>
                <td align="center">0,24<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,03; 0,45</td>
                <td align="center">0,23<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,06; 0,40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HOMA-IR</td>
                <td align="center">1,19<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,17; 2,21</td>
                <td align="center">1,07<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,25; 1,88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TG (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,02; 0,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,03<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,01; 0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CT (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,001</td>
                <td align="center">-0,03; 0,02</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
                <td align="center">-0,02; 0,03</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,18<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">-0,27; -0,09</td>
                <td align="center">-0,06<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">-0,12; -0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1,49<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,28; 1,71</td>
                <td align="center">1,41<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,20; 1,63</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PC (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,68<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,58; 0,79</td>
                <td align="center">0,58<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,48; 0,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAD</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,10<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,01; 0,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,08<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,002; 0,17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HbA1c (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,09<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">-0,56; 2,76</td>
                <td align="center">0,65</td>
                <td align="center">-0,77; 2,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insulina (mU/L)</td>
                <td align="center">0,13<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">-0,05; 0,31</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
                <td align="center">-0,05; 0,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HOMA-IR</td>
                <td align="center">0,62<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">-0,26; 1,51</td>
                <td align="center">0,45</td>
                <td align="center">-0,25; 1,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TG (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,01; 0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,01<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,005; 0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CT (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,00; 0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,02<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,007; 0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,00; 0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,01<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,002; 0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,01</td>
                <td align="center">-0,06; 0,02</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">0,57<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,43; 0,72</td>
                <td align="center">0,56<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,40; 0,72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PC (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,27<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,20; 0,33</td>
                <td align="center">0,25<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,18; 0,33</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; HbA1c: hemoglobina glicada; HOMA-IR: modelo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da homeostase da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina; TG: triglicer&#237;deos; CT: colesterol total; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PC: per&#237;metro da cintura; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica. <sup>&#8224;</sup> p &lt; 0,20; <sup>&#8225;</sup> p &lt; 0,05; <sup>&#167;</sup> p &lt; 0,001; * A an&#225;lise foi ajustada para sexo, idade, est&#225;gio de matura&#231;&#227;o sexual, cor da pele ou etnia, rede de ensino e presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de obesidade.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este &#233; o primeiro estudo a investigar HAS nos adolescentes escolares do DF, e a preval&#234;ncia estimada foi semelhante &#224; encontrada para as regi&#245;es Centro-oeste (8,7, IC 95%: 7,9; 9,6), Norte (8,4, IC 95%: 7,7; 9,2), Nordeste (8,4, IC 95%: 7,6; 9,2), Sudeste (9,8, IC 95%: 8,8; 11,0) e para a amostra nacional do ERICA (9,6, IC 95%: 9,0; 10,3). Foi menor somente que a preval&#234;ncia estimada para a regi&#227;o Sul (12,5, IC 95%: 11,0; 14,2).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Foi verificada, ainda, elevada preval&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es nos demais par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos e de adiposidade investigados, e as associa&#231;&#245;es encontradas podem potencializar o risco cardiovascular nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>De maneira semelhante &#224; amostra nacional do ERICA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> apesar de a maioria dos adolescentes estudarem na zona urbana, a HAS estava mais presente em escolas da zona rural. Uma hip&#243;tese explicativa relaciona-se ao fato de os ambientes rurais muitas vezes terem acesso limitado a servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, dificultando o diagn&#243;stico e tratamento de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas como a HAS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros relacionados ao metabolismo glic&#237;dico dos adolescentes mostrou que altera&#231;&#245;es na glicemia em jejum foram menos prevalentes que nos demais par&#226;metros. No entanto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o isolada da glicemia &#233; insuficiente para descartar altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas, visto que, no in&#237;cio do quadro de RI, pode ocorrer a manuten&#231;&#227;o da glicemia dentro dos n&#237;veis de normalidade como consequ&#234;ncia de uma poss&#237;vel hiperinsulinemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A altera&#231;&#227;o na HbA1c, que foi mais prevalente nesses estudantes, pode ser um melhor marcador na avalia&#231;&#227;o do controle glic&#234;mico, por refletir mudan&#231;as na glicemia a longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>N&#237;veis elevados de glicose sangu&#237;nea favorecem a HAS por meio do aumento de d&#233;bito card&#237;aco causado pela hiperosmolaridade induzida pelo quadro de hiperglicemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> O excesso de glicose sangu&#237;nea tamb&#233;m pode acarretar a gera&#231;&#227;o excessiva de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio (EROs), o que colabora com a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Quando prolongada, a hiperglicemia pode contribuir, ainda, para a gera&#231;&#227;o de produtos finais de glica&#231;&#227;o avan&#231;ada, que pioram o estresse oxidativo por ativar uma cascata pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;ria, aumentando a express&#227;o de EROs e contribuindo para inibi&#231;&#227;o ou redu&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico, o que leva a resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica por vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, verificou-se eleva&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de insulina e HOMA-IR. Andrade et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> sugerem, no entanto, que a RI pode estar relacionada ao desenvolvimento na adolesc&#234;ncia, envolvendo altera&#231;&#245;es hormonais e de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal em indiv&#237;duos de est&#225;gios iniciais da puberdade, podendo ser revertida ap&#243;s o estir&#227;o de crescimento. No entanto, isso n&#227;o explica os resultados encontrados, pois a maior parte da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada encontrava-se na fase final da puberdade. Assim como entre os adolescentes do DF, outros estudos identificaram maiores n&#237;veis de insulina e altera&#231;&#245;es no HOMA-IR em adolescentes com HAS em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os adolescentes com HAS tamb&#233;m apresentaram maior IMC e PC, situa&#231;&#227;o bem estabelecida em outros estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> A adiposidade elevada contribui para o quadro de hipertens&#227;o, entre outros mecanismos, por favorecer o estresse oxidativo a partir da instala&#231;&#227;o de um estado pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio com aumento na express&#227;o de citocinas como interleucina 6 (IL-6) e fator de necrose tumoral &#945;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> A inflama&#231;&#227;o &#233; um mediador importante tanto na instala&#231;&#227;o quanto na manuten&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos elevados pela les&#227;o vascular e renal que pode causar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, indiv&#237;duos com obesidade podem apresentar hiperativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica, com aumento na produ&#231;&#227;o de noradrenalina em n&#237;vel renal e consequente aumento na reabsor&#231;&#227;o tubular de s&#243;dio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> A hiperativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica pode ser ainda mais estimulada pela produ&#231;&#227;o excessiva de leptina, comum em indiv&#237;duos com excesso de adiposidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> A presen&#231;a de tecido adiposo n&#227;o funcionante observada na obesidade pode alterar, ainda, o sistema renina angiotensina, aumentando os n&#237;veis circulantes de angiotensina II e aldosterona, causando altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas que tamb&#233;m contribuem para a eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> justificando a associa&#231;&#227;o observada no estudo.</p>
      <p>A presen&#231;a de marcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial tamb&#233;m s&#227;o perfis caracter&#237;sticos das dislipidemias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Altera&#231;&#245;es de perfil lip&#237;dico e presen&#231;a de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias como IL-6 se relacionam com o aumento da rigidez arterial e consequentemente com a press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea, favorecendo a instala&#231;&#227;o do quadro hipertensivo e aumentando ainda o risco do desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos realizados em outras regi&#245;es do Brasil<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> e do mundo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> corroboram as preval&#234;ncias e associa&#231;&#245;es encontradas no DF, refor&#231;ando a frequ&#234;ncia de fatores associados ao risco cardiovascular em idades cada vez mais precoces.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> O estilo de vida n&#227;o saud&#225;vel da popula&#231;&#227;o adolescente brasileira, principalmente representado pela baixa qualidade da alimenta&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> sedentarismo e elevado tempo de tela,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> al&#233;m do estresse emocional,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> potencializa os riscos apresentados.</p>
      <p>A interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados do ERICA, no entanto, deve levar em considera&#231;&#227;o algumas de suas limita&#231;&#245;es. A preval&#234;ncia de HAS pode ter sido superestimada pelo fato de a press&#227;o ter sido aferida em um &#250;nico dia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Em estudos transversais de grande magnitude como o ERICA essa limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; frequente, j&#225; que aumentar o n&#250;mero de visitas implica em maiores investimentos financeiros e log&#237;sticos. Vale ressaltar que a pr&#243;pria metodologia adotada no dia de coleta pode ter reduzido esse vi&#233;s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar dessa limita&#231;&#227;o, o ERICA contou com processos de monitoramento de qualidade ao longo de todo o per&#237;odo de coleta, al&#233;m de grande cuidado metodol&#243;gico adotado durante a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. Isso contribuiu para a robustez do estudo e a confiabilidade dos resultados encontrados.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia de HAS estimada em adolescentes escolares do DF foi de 8%, associada a par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos e de adiposidade. Esses achados evidenciam as interconex&#245;es metab&#243;licas que podem estar presentes no quadro cl&#237;nico hipertensivo. Nesse contexto, a&#231;&#245;es de promo&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de e preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as s&#227;o fundamentais para se evitar a situa&#231;&#227;o evidenciada no DF, colaborando com a qualidade de vida da popula&#231;&#227;o e com menor impacto ao sistema de sa&#250;de vigente.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Departamento de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia a Secretaria de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia e Insumos Estrat&#233;gicos do Minist&#233;rio da S&#225;ude (DECIT/SCTIE/MS) e pelo Fundo Setorial de S&#225;ude (CT-Sa&#250;de) do Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o (MCTI) (protocolos: FINEP-01090421 e CNPq-565037/2010-2).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hypertension and Associated Lipid, Glucose, and Adiposity Parameters in School-Aged Adolescents in the Federal District, Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3090-7696</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Let&#237;cia Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okamura</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Bassetto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>K&#234;nia Mara Baiocchi de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dutra</surname>
            <given-names>Eliane Said</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Vivian Siqueira Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o - Universidade de Bras&#237;lia, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de Coletiva - Universidade de Bras&#237;lia, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Nutri&#231;&#227;o Humana - Universidade de Bras&#237;lia, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Let&#237;cia Rocha Lima &#8226; Universidade de Bras&#237;lia - Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de. Postal Code 70910-900, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil E-mail: lrochalima10@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn id="fn1001">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Carvalho KMB, Dutra ES, Gon&#231;alves VSS; Acquisition of data: Carvalho KMB, Dutra ES, Gon&#231;alves VSS; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Lima LR, Okamura AB, Gon&#231;alves VSS; Statistical analysis: Lima LR, Gon&#231;alves VSS; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Lima LR, Okamura AB, Carvalho KMB, Dutra ES, Gon&#231;alves VSS.</p>
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The prevalence of hypertension and other metabolic disorders has increased in young individuals. However, no representative studies have been conducted in the population of the Federal District, Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To estimate the prevalence of hypertension and its association with lipid, glucose, and adiposity markers in school-aged adolescents living in the Federal District.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>This cross-sectional study included participants of the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (Portuguese acronym, ERICA). Blood pressure, blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and economic, demographic, and sexual maturity variables were assessed. The data were analyzed in Stata, and the analysis was divided into different stages: descriptive, crude, and adjusted. Significant results were set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>In total, 1,200 adolescents were included, and their mean age was 14.8 years. The prevalence of hypertension was 8% (95% confidence interval: 6.3; 9.9). Most parameters were associated with blood pressure in crude analysis. In adjusted analysis, glucose, lipid, and adiposity markers maintained the associations, and the highest magnitudes were those of BMI and HOMA-IR.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>The study revealed a high prevalence of hypertension in adolescents living in the Federal District, and blood pressure levels were associated with other markers of lipid, glucose, and adiposity profile. The findings indicate the relevance of health surveillance for planning effective actions aimed at reversing this situation and preventing new cases.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
        <kwd>Adiposity</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Glucose</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipids</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) have become a public health problem of great relevance, playing a leading role in the global epidemiological setting together with acute cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> One of the most prevalent NCDs in the world is hypertension, a clinical condition characterized by high and sustained levels of blood pressure. It is known as an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, in addition to being frequently associated with other metabolic disorders such as obesity, dyslipidemia, and glucose intolerance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The World Health Organization (WHO) reported in 2010 that an estimated 600 million people had a diagnosis of hypertension, predicting a 60% global increase in the number of cases by 2025.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In Brazil, 2013 National Health Survey data showed a prevalence of 21.4% for hypertension in the adult population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A concomitant change in the demographic profile of individuals with chronic diseases has been observed, and their presence in children and adolescents is increasingly common.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The first stages of life are important for human development, and early metabolic changes can have a negative impact on adulthood, increasing the risk of developing diseases and comorbidities over the years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (Portuguese acronym, ERICA), which evaluated students from all Brazilian regions during 2013 and 2014, reported an estimated prevalence of 9.6% for hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A 2016 systematic review with meta-analysis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> described an estimated prevalence of 8% for hypertension in Brazilian adolescents.</p>
        <p>Given the importance of monitoring the health status of the adolescent population to assist health care decision-making and the lack of representative studies on hypertension and associated metabolic parameters in the adolescent population of the Federal District, Brazil, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and investigate its association with lipid, glucose, and adiposity parameters in Federal District school-aged adolescents.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and setting</title>
          <p>This cross-sectional study included participants of the ERICA study, conducted during 2013 and 2014.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eligibility criteria</title>
          <p>Adolescents aged 12 to 17 years attending the final three years of middle school and high school in public and private institutions located in rural and urban areas, without any temporary or permanent disability, who had never become pregnant, and who agreed to participate in blood specimen collections were defined as eligible.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample size and participant selection</title>
          <p>ERICA was representative of the adolescent population in large and medium-sized municipalities at the national, regional, and capital levels. Further details about the national sample and the representativeness of the study can be found in Vasconcellos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In the Federal District, blood samples were collected for laboratory testing at 33 schools. The adequacy of sample size for this study was ascertained by calculations including a total of 233,399 students in the Federal District attending in 2009 the final three years of middle school and the three years of high school,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> a prevalence of 9% for hypertension in the Brazilian school-aged adolescent population,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> an acceptable error of 1.7%, and a 95% confidence level. Thus, the minimum number of adolescents was 1,084.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Variables</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Blood pressure</title>
            <p>Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively) measurements were defined as outcome variables. Omron&#174; 705-IT, an automatic oscillometric device validated for adolescents, was used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Three measurements were taken, with a 3-minute interval between each one, but only the mean of the second and third measurements was used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Adolescents were classified according to SBP and DBP values in relation to height, sex, and age, and those with values &#8805; 95th percentile were defined as having hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Bood samples collection for laboratory testing</title>
            <p>Blood samples were collected by venipuncture after a 12-hour fasting period for determination of biochemical markers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Blood glucose was determined by the hexokinase method, and values &#8805; 100 mg/dL were defined as high.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was measured by ion exchange chromatography, and concentrations &#8805; 5.8%, corresponding to the 90th percentile for the study population, were defined as high. Insulin was determined by the chemiluminescence method and defined as high if &#8805; 15 mU/L.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was used to characterize insulin resistance (IR)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> and calculated as follows: fasting insulin (mU/L) x (fasting glucose (mg/dL) x 0.0555)/22.5. HOMA-IR values &#8805; 2.80 were defined as high.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) were determined by an enzyme kinetic assay, and TC &#8805; 170 mg/dL and TG &#8805; 90 mg/dL were defined as high.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were assessed with an enzymatic colorimetric assay, and LDL &#8805; 110 mg/dL and HDL &#8804; 45 mg/dL were defined as abnormal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Adiposity markers</title>
            <p>An electronic scale (L&#237;der&#174;) with a capacity of 200 kg and a precision of 50 g was used to measure weight, and a portable stadiometer (Alturexata&#174;) with a precision of 1 mm and a range of up to 213 cm was used to measure height. Height was measured twice, and the maximum variation between the two measurements should be 0.5 cm. Mean was calculated automatically by a system developed for use in a personal digital assistant (PDA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by dividing weight (kg) by height squared (m). WHO references<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> were used to calculate BMI-for-age z-scores adjusted for sex. The following cutoff points were used: z-score &lt; -2, underweight; z-score &#8805; -2 and &lt; 1, normal weight; z-score &#8805; 1 and &lt; 2, overweight; and z-score &#8805; 2, obesity.</p>
            <p>A measuring tape with a resolution in millimeters and 1.5 m in length (Sanny&#174;) was used to measure waist circumference (WC) at the midpoint between the iliac crest and the lowest rib. Measures were collected twice, and means were calculated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Cutoff points were taken as values &#8805; 90th percentile for the study population.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Demographic and economic variables</title>
            <p>The variables were self-reported and categorized as follows: sex (female or male), age (&lt; 15 or &#8805; 15 years), and skin color or ethnicity (White, Brown, Black, Indigenous, Asian, or not reported). The schools were classified according to setting (rural or urban) and type (public or private), and the latter was used as a proxy for the family&#8217;s economic class.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Sexual maturity</title>
            <p>Adolescents were rated at different stages of sexual maturity according to the Tanner staging scale.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> The most developed characteristic was used for categorization, and stages 4 and 5 were defined as pubescent and the others as prepubescent.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analysis</title>
        <p>In the descriptive stage, the prevalence and distribution of characteristics of interest in the study population were calculated, as well as the prevalence of hypertension in relation to these characteristics. Also, the prevalence of differences in biochemical and anthropometric parameters was compared between adolescents with and without hypertension. The results were accompanied by their respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs).</p>
        <p>In the analytical stage, linear regression was used to investigate the associations between SBP and DBP (dependent variables) and laboratory and anthropometric markers (independent variables). This stage was subdivided into crude analysis and adjusted analysis, and the following variables were used for adjustment: sex, age, sexual maturity stage, skin color or ethnicity, obesity, and type of school. When the independent variable referred to BMI or WC, no adjustment was made for obesity status. The results were reported as &#946; coefficients with their respective 95% CIs. Adjusted analysis was performed only when crude analysis presented p &lt; 0.20, and p &lt; 0.05 was defined as significant.</p>
        <p>The complex sample design and the respective sample weights referring to the Federal District school-aged adolescent population were accounted for. Stata version 14.2 was used for all analyses.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical aspects</title>
        <p>The project was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Bras&#237;lia (certificate number 05185212.2.2005.5540). The participants were previously informed of the study objectives and procedures and were evaluated only after assent and consent forms were signed by the students and by their parents or guardians, respectively.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>In total, 1,200 adolescents studying at 33 public and private schools in the Federal District were evaluated. The mean age was 14.8 years, and the prevalence of hypertension was 8.0% (95% CI: 6.3; 9.9). Hypertension was more frequently found in male students, in those aged &#8805; 15 years, and in those studying at rural schools.</p>
        <p>The analysis of blood markers revealed that hyperglycemia was the least prevalent inadequacy. The most prevalent inadequacy was low HDL value. Other characteristics are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Profile of school-aged adolescents and prevalence of hypertension. Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents, Federal District, Brazil, 2013-2014</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Total sample</th>
                  <th colspan="2">With hypertension</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>School setting</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Urban area</td>
                  <td align="center">97.0</td>
                  <td align="center">81.4; 99.5</td>
                  <td align="center">7.4</td>
                  <td align="center">5.9; 9.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rural area</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.4; 18.5</td>
                  <td align="center">27.7</td>
                  <td align="center">24.6; 30.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Type of school</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Public</td>
                  <td align="center">55.2</td>
                  <td align="center">37.5; 71.5</td>
                  <td align="center">8.3</td>
                  <td align="center">5.8; 11.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Private</td>
                  <td align="center">44.8</td>
                  <td align="center">28.4; 62.4</td>
                  <td align="center">7.6</td>
                  <td align="center">5.7; 9.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sex</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">50.4</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">4.3</td>
                  <td align="center">2.8; 6.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">49.6</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">11.8</td>
                  <td align="center">9.3; 14.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 15 years</td>
                  <td align="center">47.6</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">5.4</td>
                  <td align="center">3.8; 7.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 15 years</td>
                  <td align="center">52.4</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">10.3</td>
                  <td align="center">7.7; 13.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Skin color/ethnicity</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">35.6</td>
                  <td align="center">30.1; 41.3</td>
                  <td align="center">8.4</td>
                  <td align="center">5.3; 13.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Brown</td>
                  <td align="center">53.5</td>
                  <td align="center">48.4; 58.4</td>
                  <td align="center">7.9</td>
                  <td align="center">6.1; 10.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Black</td>
                  <td align="center">6.0</td>
                  <td align="center">4.4; 8.2</td>
                  <td align="center">8.9</td>
                  <td align="center">3.9; 19.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Indigenous</td>
                  <td align="center">0.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0; 0.6</td>
                  <td align="center">16.7</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5; 71.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Asian</td>
                  <td align="center">2.7</td>
                  <td align="center">1.7; 4.1</td>
                  <td align="center">3.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.8; 13.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Not reported</td>
                  <td align="center">2.0</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3; 3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">2.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.3; 18.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Sexual maturity stage*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pubescent</td>
                  <td align="center">81.9</td>
                  <td align="center">78.2; 85.0</td>
                  <td align="center">8.0</td>
                  <td align="center">6.3; 10.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prepubescent</td>
                  <td align="center">18.1</td>
                  <td align="center">14.9; 21.7</td>
                  <td align="center">7.7</td>
                  <td align="center">3.6; 15.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Blood glucose<sup>&#8224;</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 100 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7; 3.2</td>
                  <td align="center">28.1</td>
                  <td align="center">8.4; 62.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HbA1c<sup>&#8225;</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 5.8% (&#8805; 90th pctl)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.6</td>
                  <td align="center">10.7; 17.1</td>
                  <td align="center">7.5</td>
                  <td align="center">3.6; 14.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Insulin<sup>&#167;</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 15 mU/L</td>
                  <td align="center">11.3</td>
                  <td align="center">8.2; 15.5</td>
                  <td align="center">17.6</td>
                  <td align="center">11.6; 25.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HOMA-IR<sup>//</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 2.80</td>
                  <td align="center">18.2</td>
                  <td align="center">13.9; 23.5</td>
                  <td align="center">15.7</td>
                  <td align="center">10.7; 22.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Triglycerides<sup>&#182;</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 90 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">30.5</td>
                  <td align="center">27.4; 33.8</td>
                  <td align="center">9.4</td>
                  <td align="center">6.3; 14.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Total cholesterol<sup>&#182;</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 170 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">30.6</td>
                  <td align="center">27.6; 33.7</td>
                  <td align="center">9.2</td>
                  <td align="center">5.9; 13.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LDL<sup>&#182;</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 110 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">21.3</td>
                  <td align="center">19.0; 23.7</td>
                  <td align="center">7.2</td>
                  <td align="center">4.7; 10.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HDL<sup>&#182;</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8804; 45 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">41.8</td>
                  <td align="center">38.1; 45.4</td>
                  <td align="center">9.5</td>
                  <td align="center">7.2; 12.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI<sup>#</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Underweight and normal weight</td>
                  <td align="center">77.0</td>
                  <td align="center">73.8; 79.9</td>
                  <td align="center">4.2</td>
                  <td align="center">2.9; 6.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Overweight</td>
                  <td align="center">14.7</td>
                  <td align="center">12.3; 17.4</td>
                  <td align="center">16.0</td>
                  <td align="center">10.8; 23.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesity</td>
                  <td align="center">8.3</td>
                  <td align="center">6.3; 10.6</td>
                  <td align="center">28.6</td>
                  <td align="center">18.2; 41.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Waist circumference<sup>**</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Not increased (&lt; 90th pctl)</td>
                  <td align="center">88.4</td>
                  <td align="center">84.8; 91.1</td>
                  <td align="center">6.2</td>
                  <td align="center">4.8; 7.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Increased (&#8805; 90th pctl)</td>
                  <td align="center">11.6</td>
                  <td align="center">8.8; 15.1</td>
                  <td align="center">21.6</td>
                  <td align="center">14.2; 31.3</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; pctl: percentile.<sup>*</sup>Tanner, 1962;<sup>&#8224;</sup>SBD, 2019;<sup>&#8225;</sup>Values &#8805; 5.8% (corresponding to the 90th percentile for the study population);<sup>&#167;</sup>SBC, 2005;<sup>//</sup>Chissini et al., 2019;<sup>&#182;</sup>SBC, 2017;<sup>#</sup>WHO, 2007;<sup>**</sup>Values &#8805; 80.8 cm (female) or &#8805; 86.3 cm (male).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>There was a higher prevalence of hyperinsulinemia in adolescents with hypertension. Adiposity parameters were higher in students with hypertension compared with those without hypertension ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Prevalence of biochemical and nutritional status changes in adolescents with and without hypertension. Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents, Federal District, Brazil, 2013-2014</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Adolescents with hypertension</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Adolescents without hypertension</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Parameter</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Blood glucose*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 100 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">5.4</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3; 18.8</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.5; 2.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HbA1c<sup>&#8224;</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 5.8% (&#8805; 90th pctl)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.7</td>
                  <td align="center">6.0; 25.1</td>
                  <td align="center">13.7</td>
                  <td align="center">10.9; 17.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Insulin<sup>&#8225;</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 15 mU/L</td>
                  <td align="center">25.4</td>
                  <td align="center">13.8; 41.8</td>
                  <td align="center">10.2</td>
                  <td align="center">7.5; 13.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HOMA-IR<sup>&#167;</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 2.80</td>
                  <td align="center">35.9</td>
                  <td align="center">23.8; 50.1</td>
                  <td align="center">16.7</td>
                  <td align="center">12.7; 21.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Triglycerides<sup>//</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 90 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">36.3</td>
                  <td align="center">26.3; 47.6</td>
                  <td align="center">30.0</td>
                  <td align="center">27.0; 33.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Total cholesterol<sup>//</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 170 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">35.1</td>
                  <td align="center">23.8; 48.4</td>
                  <td align="center">30.2</td>
                  <td align="center">27.1; 33.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LDL<sup>//</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 110 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">19.2</td>
                  <td align="center">12.2; 28.9</td>
                  <td align="center">21.4</td>
                  <td align="center">19.2; 23.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HDL<sup>//</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8804; 45 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">50.0</td>
                  <td align="center">36.3; 63.8</td>
                  <td align="center">41.0</td>
                  <td align="center">37.6; 44.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI<sup>&#182;</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Underweight and normal weight</td>
                  <td align="center">40.7</td>
                  <td align="center">29.1; 53.4</td>
                  <td align="center">80.1</td>
                  <td align="center">77.0; 82.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Overweight</td>
                  <td align="center">29.6</td>
                  <td align="center">20.3; 41.0</td>
                  <td align="center">13.4</td>
                  <td align="center">11.0; 16.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesity</td>
                  <td align="center">29.6</td>
                  <td align="center">18.5; 43.8</td>
                  <td align="center">6.4</td>
                  <td align="center">4.7; 8.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Waist circumference<sup>#</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Increased (&#8805; 90th pctl)</td>
                  <td align="center">31.5</td>
                  <td align="center">20.0; 45.8</td>
                  <td align="center">9.9</td>
                  <td align="center">7.5; 12.8</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>BMI: body mass index; CI: HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; pctl: percentile<sup>*</sup>SBD, 2019;<sup>&#8224;</sup>values &#8805; 5,8% (corresponding to the 90th percentile for the study population);<sup>&#8225;</sup>SBC, 2005;<sup>&#167;</sup>Chissini et al., 2019;<sup>//</sup>SBC, 2017;<sup><bold>&#182;</bold></sup> WHO, 2007;<sup>#</sup>Values &#8805; 80,8 cm for female or &#8805; 86,3 cm for male (corresponding to the 90th percentile for the study population).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Most parameters were associated with SBP and DBP in crude analysis. In adjusted analysis, glucose, lipid, and adiposity parameters maintained the associations, and the highest magnitudes were those of BMI and HOMA-IR ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Association between biochemical and nutritional status parameters and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in adolescents. Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents, Federal District, Brazil, 2013-2014</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Crude analysis</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Adjusted analysis*</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Parameter</th>
                  <th>&#946; coefficient</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                  <th>&#946; coefficient</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>SBP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.26<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.13; 0.39</td>
                  <td align="center">0.16<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.04; 0.27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HbA1c (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.77<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">-0.84; 4.39</td>
                  <td align="center">0.68</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.41; 2.78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insulin (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.24<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.03; 0.45</td>
                  <td align="center">0.23<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.06; 0.40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HOMA-IR</td>
                  <td align="center">1.19<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.17; 2.21</td>
                  <td align="center">1.07<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.25; 1.88</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TG (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.02; 0.06</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.01; 0.04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TC (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.03; 0.02</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.008</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.02; 0.03</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.18<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">-0.27; -0.09</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.06<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">-0.12; -0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.49<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1.28; 1.71</td>
                  <td align="center">1.41<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1.20; 1.63</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>WC (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.68<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.58; 0.79</td>
                  <td align="center">0.58<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.48; 0.69</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>DBP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.01; 0.19</td>
                  <td align="center">0.08<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.002; 0.17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HbA1c (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.09<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">-0.56; 2.76</td>
                  <td align="center">0.65</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.77; 2.07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insulin (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.13<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">-0.05; 0.31</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.05; 0.24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HOMA-IR</td>
                  <td align="center">0.62<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">-0.26; 1.51</td>
                  <td align="center">0.45</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.25; 1.16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TG (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.01; 0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.005; 0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TC (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.00; 0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.007; 0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.00; 0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.002; 0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.06; 0.02</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.57<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.43; 0.72</td>
                  <td align="center">0.56<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.40; 0.72</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>WC (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.27<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.20; 0.33</td>
                  <td align="center">0.25<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.18; 0.33</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TG: triglycerides; TC: total cholesterol; WC: waist circumference.<sup>&#8224;</sup>p &lt; 0.20;<sup>&#8225;</sup>p &lt; 0.05;<sup>&#167;</sup>p &lt; 0.001. * Analysis was adjusted for sex, age, sexual maturity stage, skin color or ethnicity, type of school, and presence or absence of obesity.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate hypertension in school-aged adolescents in the Federal District. The estimated prevalence was similar to that found for the Brazilian regions of Midwest (8.7, 95% CI: 7.9; 9.6), North (8.4, 95% CI: 7.7; 9.2), Northeast (8.4, 95% CI: 7.6; 9.2), Southeast (9.8, 95% CI: 8.8; 11.0), and for the national sample of ERICA (9.6, 95% CI: 9.0; 10.3). It was lower than the estimated prevalence for the South (12.5, 95% CI: 11.0; 14.2) only.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A high prevalence of alterations other biochemical and adiposity markers was described, and the reported associations may potentiate cardiovascular risk in this population.</p>
        <p>Similar to the findings of ERICA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> although most adolescents studied in urban areas, hypertension was more common in rural schools. An explanatory hypothesis is that rural environments often have limited access to health care services, which hinders the diagnosis and treatment of chronic diseases such as hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The evaluation of glucose metabolism markers in adolescents showed that high levels in fasting blood glucose were less prevalent than those in other markers. However, the evaluation of blood glucose alone is insufficient to rule out metabolic changes because, at the onset of IR, blood glucose may remain within normal levels as a consequence of a possible hyperinsulinemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Changes in HbA1c, which were more prevalent in these students, may be a better marker in the evaluation of glycemic control as they reflect blood glucose changes in the long term.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>High blood glucose levels favor hypertension through an increase in cardiac output caused by hyperosmolality induced by hyperglycemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Increased blood glucose can also lead to an excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which contributes to endothelial dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> When prolonged, hyperglycemia can also contribute to the generation of advanced glycation end-products, which intensify oxidative stress by activating a proinflammatory cascade. This increases the expression of ROS and contributes to the inhibition or reduction of nitric oxide production, leading to peripheral vascular resistance by vasoconstriction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In addition, there was an increase in insulin and HOMA-IR levels. Andrade et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> suggest, however, that IR may be related to development during adolescence, involving hormonal and body composition changes in the early stages of puberty. They believed this could be reversed after the growth spurt, which does not explain the present results because most of the study population was in the final stage of puberty. Other studies have also reported higher insulin levels and HOMA-IR changes in adolescents with hypertension compared with other groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Adolescents with hypertension also had higher BMI and WC, which is consistent with the findings of other studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> High adiposity contributes to hypertension, among other mechanisms, by favoring oxidative stress with the onset of a proinflammatory state, with increased expression of cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Inflammation is an important mediator both in the onset and in the maintenance of high blood pressure levels because it may cause vascular and renal damage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> In addition, obese individuals may show a greater degree of sympathetic activation, with an increased renal production of norepinephrine and a consequent increase in renal tubular reabsorption of sodium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Sympathetic activation can be further stimulated by an excessive production of leptin, which is common in those with high adiposity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> The presence of nonfunctional adipose tissue in obesity can also affect the renin-angiotensin system by increasing the circulating levels of angiotensin II and aldosterone; this causes hemodynamic changes that also contribute to increased blood pressure blood pressure,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> which explain the association observed in this study.</p>
        <p>The presence of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction markers is also typical of dyslipidemias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Changes in lipid profile and presence of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 are related to increased arterial stiffness and thus to blood pressure, favoring the onset of hypertension and increasing the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The results of studies conducted in other regions of Brazil<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> and the world<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> corroborate the prevalences and associations found in the Federal District, and these findings reinforce the high frequency of cardiovascular risk factors at increasingly earlier ages.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> The unhealthy lifestyle of the Brazilian adolescent population, consisting especially of low food quality,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> sedentary behavior, high screen time,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> and emotional stress,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> potentiate the risks.</p>
        <p>The interpretation of the results of this study is conditioned to some limitations of ERICA. The prevalence of hypertension may have been overestimated because blood pressure was measured on a single day.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> However, in large cross-sectional studies such as ERICA, this is a common limitation as increasing the number of visits implies greater financial and logistics investments. It is worth noting that the methodology adopted on the day of collection may have reduced this bias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite these limitations, ERICA had appropriate quality monitoring processes for fieldwork and great methodological rigor for statistical analysis. These steps contributed to the robustness of the study and the reliability of the results.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The estimated prevalence of hypertension in Federal District school-aged adolescents was 8%, associated with metabolic and adiposity markers. These findings highlight the metabolic links that may be present in hypertension. Within this context, health promotion and disease prevention actions are crucial to avoid epidemiological background reported in the Federal District and to contribute to improve the population&#8217;s quality of life and lower the burden to the health care system.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of Funding: This study was partially funded by Departamento de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia a Secretaria de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia e Insumos Estrat&#233;gicos do Minist&#233;rio da S&#225;ude (DECIT/SCTIE/MS) and Fundo Setorial de S&#225;ude (CT-Sa&#250;de) do Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o (MCTI) (protocols: FINEP-01090421 and CNPq-565037/2010-2).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
