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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">dztyYXNFr9vmFjhYmShBSGM</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000400701</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220170</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220170</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Progn&#243;stico de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Intermedi&#225;ria: Uma Hist&#243;ria ou uma Vers&#227;o?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5834-7275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Latado</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia &#8211; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Adriana Lopes Latado &#8226; Universidade Federal da Bahia &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia &#8211; Sede Master. Pra&#231;a XV de novembro, s/n - Largo do Terreiro de Jesus. CEP 40026-010. Salvador, Bahia, Brazil E-mail: <email>adrianalatado@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>701</fpage>
      <lpage>702</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca/epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A categoria &#8220;insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria&#8221; (ICFEi), ou seja, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) entre 40-49%, foi descrita pela primeira vez em 2016 nas Diretrizes da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia sobre a s&#237;ndrome.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> A partir da&#237;, grande parte da comunidade cardiol&#243;gica mundial adotou a classifica&#231;&#227;o da IC em tr&#234;s categorias de FEVE (reduzida, intermedi&#225;ria e preservada), incluindo a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (2018),<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> apesar das incertezas existentes sobre o real significado da nova classifica&#231;&#227;o e, mais importante, qual seria o impacto da identifica&#231;&#227;o do subgrupo ICFEi na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Diferentemente da maioria, a American Heart Association e o American College of Cardiology (2013) t&#234;m utilizado a terminologia IC &#8216;borderline&#8217; com FEVE preservada (ICFEp) para definir pacientes com FEVE entre 41 e 49%, o que n&#227;o foi atualizado no documento de 2017.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nesse contexto, em 2021, diversas sociedades internacionais de cardiologia publicaram um relat&#243;rio propondo uma defini&#231;&#227;o e classifica&#231;&#227;o universal da IC. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o por FEVE, embora atrativa do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico e epidemiol&#243;gico, os autores revisaram as limita&#231;&#245;es de seu uso sob diferentes aspectos e propuseram categorias de IC nas quais a estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica seria diferente. ICFEi passou a ser sin&#244;nimo de IC com FVE &#8220;levemente reduzida&#8221;, o que tamb&#233;m foi adotado pela atualiza&#231;&#227;o das Diretrizes Brasileiras de IC, 2021.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, um grande volume de pesquisas cl&#237;nicas tem sido publicado para compreender melhor a popula&#231;&#227;o com ICFEi quanto &#224; sua morbidade e progn&#243;stico. Os pacientes classificados como &#8216;intermedi&#225;rios&#8217; parecem apresentar uma sobreposi&#231;&#227;o nas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, biomarcadores, achados de imagem card&#237;aca e desfechos cl&#237;nicos em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles com IC com FVE reduzida (ICFEr) e ICFEp havendo, entretanto, uma tend&#234;ncia de maior similaridade com pacientes portadores de ICFEr. Pacientes com ICFEi, como ICFEr, s&#227;o mais jovens do que em ICFEp e apresentam maior preval&#234;ncia de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e sexo masculino, enquanto, em geral, apresentam menor propor&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> No entanto, essa descri&#231;&#227;o pode variar dependendo na coorte estudada ou nos cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos avaliados (por exemplo, pacientes ambulatoriais ou internados).<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos desfechos cl&#237;nicos, estudos observaram maior mortalidade total na ICFEr, e os pacientes com ICFEi, em geral, estavam na situa&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria ou mais pr&#243;xima dos casos de ICFEp.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Por outro lado, uma metan&#225;lise recente (2021) de 27 estudos prospectivos encontrou que a mortalidade anual total foi significativamente menor na ICFEi (37,5%) do que na ICFEr (43,7%) e na ICFEp (47,3%). A mortalidade cardiovascular, por sua vez, foi menor na ICFEp, maior na ICFEr e intermedi&#225;ria na ICFEi, grupo que teve a menor incid&#234;ncia de interna&#231;&#227;o por IC.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O progn&#243;stico da IC, por outro lado, n&#227;o est&#225; necessariamente relacionado &#224; FEVE.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> A ICFEi representa, em m&#233;dia, 10-20% dos casos de IC e, em muitos pacientes, a FEVE intermedi&#225;ria representa um estado transit&#243;rio e din&#226;mico, no qual se pode estar diante de uma recupera&#231;&#227;o de ICFEr ou de uma piora em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; ICFEr.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> O tema ainda &#233; bastante controverso, sendo necess&#225;rios novos estudos, envolvendo popula&#231;&#245;es de diferentes regi&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas e cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos variados.</p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o, Dutra et al.,<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> avaliaram o progn&#243;stico de uma coorte ambispectiva de 519 pacientes com IC descompensada internados na unidade de terapia intensiva de um &#250;nico centro brasileiro durante um seguimento m&#233;dio de quase tr&#234;s anos.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Do total da amostra, 27,0%, 25,4% e 47,6% tinham ICFEi, ICFEp e ICFEr, respectivamente. A m&#233;dia de idade foi elevada, sendo os pacientes com ICFEi e ICFEr levemente mais jovens do que aqueles com ICFEp, mas sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Semelhante a outros artigos, sexo masculino foi mais frequente em ICFEi e ICFEr, e a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foi significativamente mais prevalente na ICFEp. A mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi alta (14,5%), predominantemente por causas n&#227;o cardiovasculares, assim como a mortalidade a longo prazo (52,3%). Os autores observaram menor mortalidade na ICFEi em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ICFEr, o que foi estatisticamente significativo. Al&#233;m disso, finalmente, eles identificaram &#8216;padr&#245;es&#8217; (grupos de vari&#225;veis) associados &#224; pior sobrevida, sendo a combina&#231;&#227;o idade de admiss&#227;o &gt; 77 anos e necessidade de terapia vasopressora a de pior progn&#243;stico. Dem&#234;ncia, IC pr&#233;via, readmiss&#227;o hospitalar e creatinina s&#233;rica basal &gt;1,48 mg/dL tamb&#233;m foram associados, isoladamente ou em grupos, a maior mortalidade no seguimento tardio.</p>
    <p>O estudo de Dutra et al.,<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> &#233; &#250;til e pertinente para investigar um conte&#250;do t&#227;o atual e controverso em representantes da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es impedem conclus&#245;es definitivas, a maioria j&#225; discutida pelos autores na publica&#231;&#227;o, mas o estudo acrescenta informa&#231;&#245;es que agregam dados anteriores, tamb&#233;m explorat&#243;rios em sua maioria, no avan&#231;o da compreens&#227;o da ICFEi. Em 2021, Petersen et al. publicaram os resultados do seguimento de uma coorte prospectiva (n=380) de IC descompensada internada em hospital terci&#225;rio do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, na qual 31,8%, 16,6% e 51,6% apresentavam ICFEr, ICFEi e ICFEP, respectivamente.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> Os pacientes eram mais jovens e apresentaram menor mortalidade hospitalar (7,6%) do que no estudo de Dutra et al.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Para a mortalidade total a longo prazo (desfecho prim&#225;rio), os &#237;ndices tamb&#233;m foram elevados, sem detectar diferen&#231;as entre as categorias de IC. A causa cardiovascular foi a principal respons&#225;vel pelos &#243;bitos observados e, em modelos explorat&#243;rios multivariados, a ICFEi e a ICFEr foram associadas a maior risco de mortalidade cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>Embora o estudo de Dutra et al.,<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> n&#227;o conclua definitivamente sobre as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, etiol&#243;gicas ou progn&#243;sticas da ICFEi, seus dados alimentam a lacuna de conhecimento sobre esse subgrupo de pacientes com IC. Em breve, esperamos que novas e consistentes evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas nos informem se os pacientes com ICFEi s&#227;o intermedi&#225;rios de dois extremos ou, de fato, de um subgrupo espec&#237;fico.</p>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Mortalidade por Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Intermedi&#225;ria</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prognosis of Heart Failure with Mid-Range Ejection Fraction: A Story or a Version?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5834-7275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Latado</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia - Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia - Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Adriana Lopes Latado &#8226; Universidade Federal da Bahia &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia &#8211; Sede Master. Pra&#231;a XV de novembro, s/n - Largo do Terreiro de Jesus. CEP 40026-010. Salvador, Bahia, Brazil E-mail: adrianalatado@cardiol.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart failure/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure/epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The category &#8220;heart failure (HF) with mid-range ejection fraction&#8221; (HFmrEF), i.e., with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) between 40-49%, was first described in 2016 in the European Society of Cardiology Guidelines on the syndrome.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> After that, much of the worldwide cardiology community has adopted HF&#8217;s classification into three categories of LVEF (reduced, mid-range and preserved), including the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (2018),<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> despite existing uncertainties about the real meaning of the new classification and, more importantly, what the identification of HFmrEF subgroup would impact on clinical practice. Unlike most, the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology (2013) has used &#8216;borderline&#8217; HF with preserved LVEF (HFpEF) to define patients with LVEF between 41 and 49%, which was not updated in the document of 2017.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this context, in 2021, different international cardiological societies published a report proposing a universal definition and classification of HF. Regarding the classification by LVEF, although attractive from a clinical and epidemiological point of view, authors reviewed the limitations of its use from different aspects and proposed HF categories in which therapeutic strategy would be different. HFmrEF became synonymous with &#8220;lightly reduced&#8221; LVEF HF, now including LVEF between 41-49%, which was also adopted by Brazilian HF Guidelines update, 2021.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In recent years, a large volume of clinical research has been published to understand better the HFmrEF population concerning its morbidity and prognosis. Patients classified as &#8216;intermediate&#8217; seem to exhibit an overlap in clinical features, biomarkers, cardiac imaging findings and clinical outcomes compared to those with reduced LVEF HF (HFrEF) and HFpEF. However, there is a tendency towards greater similarity with patients with HFrEF. Patients with HFmrEF, such as HFrEF, are younger than in HFpEF and exhibit a higher prevalence of ischemic heart disease and male gender, while, in general, they have a lower proportion of atrial fibrillation.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> However, this description may vary depending on the cohort studied or the clinical scenarios evaluated (e.g., outpatients or inpatients).<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Regarding clinical outcomes, studies have observed higher total mortality in HFrEF, and patients with HFmrEF, in general, were in the intermediate situation or closer to the cases of HFpEF.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> On the other hand, a recent meta-analysis (2021) of 27 prospective studies found that total annual mortality was significantly lower in HFmrEF (37.5%) than in HFrEF (43.7%) and HFpEF (47.3%). Cardiovascular mortality, in turn, was lower in HFpEF, higher in HFrEF and intermediate in HFmrEF, the group that had the lowest incidence of hospitalization for HF.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>HF prognosis, on the other hand, is not necessarily related to the LVEF.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> HFmrEF accounts, on average, for 10-20% of HF cases, and in many patients, intermediate LVEF represents a transitional and dynamic state, in which one can be facing recovery from trough HFrEF or a worsening towards trough HFrEF.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> The topic is still quite controversial, making new studies necessary, involving populations from different geographic regions and varied clinical scenarios.</p>
      <p>In this issue, Dutra et al.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> evaluated the prognosis of an ambispective cohort of 519 patients with decompensated HF admitted to the intensive care unit of a single Brazilian center during a mean follow-up of almost three years.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Of the total sample, 27.0%, 25.4% and 47.6% had HFmrEF, HFpEF and HFrEF, respectively. The mean age was high, with patients with HFmrEF and HFrEF slightly younger than those with HFpEF. Like other articles, male gender was more frequent in HFmrEF and HFrEF, and atrial fibrillation was significantly more prevalent in HFpEF. In-hospital mortality was high (14.5%), predominantly for noncardiovascular causes, as was mortality at long-term (52.3%). The authors observed lower mortality in HFmrEF compared to HFrEF, which was statistically significant. Furthermore, finally, they identified &#8216;patterns&#8217; (groups of variables) associated with worse survival, with the combination of age at admission &gt; 77 years and the need for vasopressor therapy being the one with the worst prognosis. Dementia, prior HF, hospital readmission and baseline serum creatinine &gt;1.48 mg/dL were also associated, alone or in groups, with higher mortality at late follow-up.</p>
      <p>The study by Dutra et al.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> is useful and pertinent to investigating such a current and controversial content in representatives of the Brazilian population. Some limitations preclude definitive conclusions, most of which have already been discussed by the authors in the publication, but the study adds information that joins previous data, also exploratory for the most part, in advancing the understanding of HFmrEF. In 2021, Petersen et al. published the follow-up results of a prospective cohort (n=380) of decompensated HF admitted to a tertiary hospital in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in which 31.8%, 16.6% and 51.6% had HFrEF, HFmrEF and HFpEF, respectively.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> Patients were younger and had lower in-hospital mortality (7.6%) than in the study of Dutra et al.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> For total long-term mortality (primary outcome), the rates were also high, without detecting differences between the categories of HF. The cardiovascular cause was the main responsible for these observed deaths, and in exploratory multivariate models, HFmrEF and HFrEF were associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular mortality.</p>
      <p>Although the study by Dutra et al.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> does not definitively conclude on the clinical, etiological or prognostic characteristics of HFmrEF, their data feed the knowledge gap about this subgroup of patients with HF. Soon, we hope that new and consistent scientific evidence will inform us whether HFmrEF patients are intermediaries of two extremes or, indeed, a specific subgroup.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Mortality from Heart Failure with Mid-Range Ejection Fraction</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
