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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">LsvjFHG8Mxgzc6gksxJtq3C</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000400694</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210050</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210050</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mortalidade por Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Intermedi&#225;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7668-4224</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dutra</surname>
            <given-names>Giovanni Possamai</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7443-7270</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Ferraz de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7869-8128</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carmo</surname>
            <given-names>Pl&#237;nio Resende do</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4598-5512</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Petriz</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Luiz Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8313-8766</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Emilia Matos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3098-092X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Basilio de Bragan&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Barra D&#8217;or</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Barra D&#8217;or &#8211; Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UEZO</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio Estadual da Zona Oeste &#8211; UEZO, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira &#8226; R. Prof. Rodolpho P. Rocco, 255 &#8211; Pr&#233;dio do HU 8&#186; andar &#8211; sala 6. CEP 21941-913, UFRJ &#8211; Cidade Universit&#225;ria &#8211; RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Dutra GP,Gomes BFO,Junior PRC,Petriz JLF, Nascimento EM, Pereira BB, Oliveira GMM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>694</fpage>
      <lpage>700</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica da classifica&#231;&#227;o &#8216;insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) intermedi&#225;ria&#8217; permanece incerta.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Analisar as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, comorbidades, complica&#231;&#245;es e mortalidade hospitalar e tardia de pacientes classificados em IC com FE intermedi&#225;ria (ICFEi - FE: 40%-49%) e comparar &#224;s daqueles em IC com FE preservada (ICFEp - FE &gt; 50%) e IC com FE reduzida (ICFEr - FE &lt; 40%) na interna&#231;&#227;o por IC descompensada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Coorte ambispectiva de pacientes internados por IC descompensada em unidade cardiointensiva. Foram avaliadas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, comorbidades, complica&#231;&#245;es e mortalidade hospitalar e tardia. Utilizou-se o software R, com signific&#226;ncia de 5%, para a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos testes qui-quadrado, an&#225;lises de vari&#226;ncia, multivariada de Cox e curva de sobrevida de Kaplan Meier, al&#233;m de t&#233;cnicas de machine learning (Elastic Net, &#225;rvore de sobrevida).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos 519 indiv&#237;duos entre setembro de 2011 e junho de 2019, com m&#233;dia da idade de 74,87&#177;13,56 anos, sendo 57,6% homens. Observou-se frequ&#234;ncia de ICFEp, ICFEi e ICFEr de 25,4%, 27% e 47,6%, respectivamente. O infarto pr&#233;vio foi mais frequente na ICFEi. O tempo m&#233;dio de seguimento foi 2,94&#177;2,55 anos, sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica da mortalidade entre os grupos (53,8%, 52,1% e 57,9%). Na curva de sobrevida, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos ICFEp e ICFEi, nem entre ICFEp e ICFEr, mas houve entre os grupos ICFEi e ICFEr. Idade maior que 77 anos, IC pr&#233;via, hist&#243;ria de readmiss&#227;o, dem&#234;ncia e necessidade de vasopressores foram associadas com maior mortalidade tardia na &#225;rvore de sobrevida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A FE n&#227;o foi selecionada como vari&#225;vel associada a mortalidade nos pacientes com IC descompensada.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Intermedi&#225;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="24"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma complexa s&#237;ndrome cl&#237;nica de car&#225;ter sist&#234;mico, definida como disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca que ocasiona inadequado suprimento sangu&#237;neo para atender &#224;s necessidades metab&#243;licas tissulares.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> &#201; a terceira causa de morte cardiovascular nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos e importante causa de morbidade e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> No Brasil, a taxa de mortalidade por IC em n&#250;meros absolutos apresentou um decl&#237;nio n&#227;o significativo de 2008 a 2015.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> No registro BREATHE, o primeiro registro nacional e multic&#234;ntrico de IC aguda do Brasil, pacientes com IC descompensada apresentaram elevada taxa de mortalidade hospitalar.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> A IC foi a principal causa cardiovascular de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es no Brasil entre 2008 e 2017, com 2.380.133 autoriza&#231;&#245;es de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar pagas, cerca de 21% do total.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A mortalidade relacionada com IC, bem como a necessidade de interna&#231;&#227;o por essa causa, est&#225; intimamente associada com a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, que &#233; empregada para diagn&#243;stico, tratamento e progn&#243;stico dessa s&#237;ndrome. Em 2016, a Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia publicou uma diretriz com nova proposta de classifica&#231;&#227;o da FE, introduzindo o conceito de IC com FE intermedi&#225;ria (ICFEi) para os pacientes com FE entre 40% e 49%.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Nessa classifica&#231;&#227;o, a IC com FE maior do que 50% foi denominada IC com FE preservada (ICFEp) e, quando a FE foi menor que 40%, IC com FE reduzida (ICFEr).<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A relev&#226;ncia para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica da classifica&#231;&#227;o de ICFEi permanece incerta em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mudan&#231;a de abordagem diagn&#243;stica e terap&#234;utica individualizada para essa categoria. O estudo CHART-2, publicado em 2017, com 3.480 pacientes do Registro do Distrito de Tohoku seguidos por 1 ano, demonstrou que as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes com ICFEi eram distintas, sugerindo que a ICFEi representava uma faixa de transi&#231;&#227;o entre ICFEp e ICFEr ou uma sobreposi&#231;&#227;o do limite inferior da ICFEp com o limite superior da ICFEr.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Devido &#224;s d&#250;vidas ainda existentes na literatura, o objetivo deste artigo foi analisar as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, comorbidades, complica&#231;&#245;es e mortalidade hospitalar e tardia de pacientes classificados com ICFEi e compar&#225;-las &#224;s daqueles com ICFEp e ICFEr na interna&#231;&#227;o por IC descompensada. A an&#225;lise desses dados poder&#225; permitir melhor entendimento sobre a import&#226;ncia da ICFEi para a abordagem terap&#234;utica e o progn&#243;stico de pacientes brasileiros hospitalizados por IC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Coorte ambispectiva de pacientes internados em unidade cardiointensiva por IC descompensada no per&#237;odo de setembro de 2011 a junho de 2019. Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com idade superior a 18 anos que preencheram os crit&#233;rios de Framingham e Boston. Foram exclu&#237;das 203 interna&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas, sendo considerada somente a &#250;ltima interna&#231;&#227;o. A informa&#231;&#227;o sobre mortalidade tardia por todas as causas foi extra&#237;da do site da Corregedoria Geral da Justi&#231;a do Rio de Janeiro (http://www4.tjrj.jus.br/SEIDEWEB/default.aspx). Os pacientes foram analisados por 3 anos para o desfecho morte por todas as causas.</p>
      <p>Foram analisadas as seguintes vari&#225;veis: idade, g&#234;nero, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de admiss&#227;o, hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e presen&#231;a de comorbidades, como diabetes, hipertens&#227;o, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular &lt; 60ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>), infarto, IC, acidente vascular cerebral e dem&#234;ncia. Avaliou-se o uso pr&#233;vio de betabloqueadores, inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina (IECA), bloqueador dos receptores de angiotensina (BRA) e nitratos. Foram avaliados: creatinina e BNP de admiss&#227;o, necessidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de angiografia coron&#225;ria, uso de cateter vesical de demora, emprego de vasopressores e tratamento dial&#237;tico.</p>
      <p>As vari&#225;veis foram coletadas em question&#225;rio padronizado. Foi utilizado o ecocardiograma da admiss&#227;o com o m&#233;todo de Teichholz ou Simpson para aferi&#231;&#227;o e classifica&#231;&#227;o da FE. Os pacientes foram separados em tr&#234;s grupos de acordo com a FE, considerando-se ICFEp, ICFEi e ICFEr em conformidade com a classifica&#231;&#227;o proposta pela &#250;ltima diretriz.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O projeto foi submetido ao Conselho de &#201;tica em Pesquisa e aprovado conforme parecer emitido em 18/09/2019 sob o Certificado de Apresenta&#231;&#227;o para Aprecia&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica de n&#250;mero 18502319.3.0000.5249 (Parecer: 3.582.453), com dispensa da utiliza&#231;&#227;o do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, por se tratar de an&#225;lise ambispectiva de banco de dados coletados de forma parcialmente prospectiva.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A normalidade das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi avaliada atrav&#233;s do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Os resultados foram exibidos atrav&#233;s de m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas) ou n&#250;mero de ocorr&#234;ncia com percentual (vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas). Foram utilizados o teste de qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA unidirecional) para comparar m&#233;dias. A curva de Kaplan-Meier foi empregada para analisar a sobreviv&#234;ncia ao longo do tempo, utilizando-se o teste Tarone-Ware para as compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Empregou-se o modelo semi-param&#233;trico de Cox, sequencialmente estimado atrav&#233;s de Elastic Net, t&#233;cnica de regulariza&#231;&#227;o em machine learning, para sele&#231;&#227;o inicial de vari&#225;veis, em seguida reestimado atrav&#233;s de m&#225;xima verossimilhan&#231;a guardando-se as vari&#225;veis significantes. Empregou-se a &#225;rvore de sobrevida (machine learning) para identifica&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis explicativas da mortalidade ao longo do tempo. O software R foi utilizado para as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As larguras dos intervalos de confian&#231;a n&#227;o foram ajustadas para multiplicidade e, portanto, eles n&#227;o devem ser usados para inferir o tratamento definitivo. Os modelos de Cox foram usados para calcular as medidas de associa&#231;&#227;o (riscos relativos) e seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 519 indiv&#237;duos com m&#233;dia de idade de 74,87 &#177; 13,56 anos e maioria de homens (57,6%). As distribui&#231;&#245;es das frequ&#234;ncias de ICFEp, ICFEi e ICFEr foram 25,4%, 27% e 47,6%, respectivamente. Todas as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas exibiram comportamento de normalidade. O sexo masculino foi mais frequente nos grupos com ICFEi e ICFEr comparado ao ICFEp. A ocorr&#234;ncia de IC pr&#233;via e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanente foi significativamente maior na ICFEp, enquanto a de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio foi maior na ICFEi. O uso pr&#233;vio de betabloqueadores foi semelhante entre os grupos, e o de IECA e BRA foi maior nos grupos com ICFEi e ICFEr. Houve um gradiente crescente entre a necessidade do uso de vasopressores e a diminui&#231;&#227;o da FE (<xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada, intermedi&#225;ria e reduzida</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>ICFEp</th>
                <th>ICFEi</th>
                <th>ICFEr</th>
                <th>Total</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">132(25,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">140(27%)</td>
                <td align="center">247(47,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">519</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (m&#233;dia)</td>
                <td align="center">77,8&#177;15,8</td>
                <td align="center">74,2&#177;11,9</td>
                <td align="center">73,6&#177;12,8</td>
                <td align="center">74,8&#177;13,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,13<sup>#</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Homens</td>
                <td align="center">45(34,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">87(62,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">167(67,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">299(57,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FE (m&#233;dia)</td>
                <td align="center">66,9&#177;8,9</td>
                <td align="center">45,1&#177;3,3</td>
                <td align="center">30,3&#177;7,6</td>
                <td align="center">43,6&#177;16,6</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                  <sup>#</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BNP (m&#233;dio)</td>
                <td align="center">3807</td>
                <td align="center">4969</td>
                <td align="center">6301</td>
                <td align="center">5307</td>
                <td align="center">0,17<sup>#</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM</td>
                <td align="center">43(32,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">52(37,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">93(37,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">188(36,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAS</td>
                <td align="center">109(82,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">109(77,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">191(77,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">409(78,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FA permanente</td>
                <td align="center">40(30,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">20(14,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">41(16,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">101(19,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DRC* (TFG &lt;60ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">21(15,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">26(18,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">30(12,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">77(14,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IM *</td>
                <td align="center">22(16,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">48(34,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">65(26,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">135(26,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,004</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IC *</td>
                <td align="center">56(42,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">35(25%)</td>
                <td align="center">96(38,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">187(36%)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,005</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVC*</td>
                <td align="center">12(9,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">9(6,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">37(6,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">37(7,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dem&#234;ncia pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">14(10,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">15(10,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">17(6,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">46(8,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">55(41,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">60(42,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">94(38,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">209(40,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA/BRA pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">13(9,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">48(34,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">73(29,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">134(25,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de vasopressores</td>
                <td align="center">10(7,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">21(15%)</td>
                <td align="center">59(23,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">90(17,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>Valores apresentados como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; ICFEp: IC com FE preservada; ICFEi: IC com FE intermedi&#225;ria; ICFEr: IC com FE reduzida; BRA: bloqueador dos receptores de angiotensina; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral; DM: diabetes mellitus; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; IECA: inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular. (*) existentes quando da interna&#231;&#227;o; # ANOVA, demais vari&#225;veis, qui-quadrado.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>O tempo de seguimento m&#233;dio foi de 2,94 &#177; 2,55 anos. No per&#237;odo de seguimento, 287 (52,3%) pacientes foram a &#243;bito e 75 (14,5%) faleceram durante o per&#237;odo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos (<xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref>). Na an&#225;lise das causas espec&#237;ficas de &#243;bito hospitalar, observou-se maior frequ&#234;ncia das causas infecciosas, representadas pela septicemia e pneumonia, com 7,3% e 4,2% do total de men&#231;&#245;es, respectivamente. Na sequ&#234;ncia, vieram as doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio, representadas pela IC e doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica aguda e cr&#244;nica do cora&#231;&#227;o, que foram respons&#225;veis por 5,6%, 3,7% e 3,4% do total de men&#231;&#245;es, respectivamente.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mortalidade hospitalar e ap&#243;s o seguimento (2,94 anos) em pacientes hospitalizados por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEp), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria (ICFEi) e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-04-0694-10050-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Na curva de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> (<xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref>), o teste Tarone Ware<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> indica que n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;a significativa na compara&#231;&#227;o da sobrevida entre os grupos com ICFEp e ICFEi (p=0,27) e entre aqueles com ICFEp e ICFEr (p=0,21). Por outro lado, houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significante entre os grupos com ICFEi e ICFEr (p=0,02).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Sobrevida (Curva de Kaplan-Meier8) dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEp), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria (ICFEi) e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-04-0694-10050-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise multivariada do modelo de Cox (<xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref>) identificou 13 vari&#225;veis associadas ao risco de morte no tempo de seguimento. Entre essas vari&#225;veis, destacam-se por sua import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica e maior risco relativo: necessidade de monitora&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito urin&#225;rio com cateter vesical de demora, relato de readmiss&#227;o, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;via, dem&#234;ncia e IC pr&#233;vias, necessidade de tratamento dial&#237;tico e uso de vasopressores.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Modelo de Cox para o desfecho mortalidade com seguimento m&#233;dio foi de 2,94 &#177; 2,55 anos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>Coeficiente (RR)</th>
                <th>Intervalo de confian&#231;a 95%</th>
                <th>p valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>HFDAC</td>
                <td align="center">0,56</td>
                <td align="center">0,33 -0,96</td>
                <td align="center">0,037</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Realiza&#231;&#227;o de angiografia coronariana</td>
                <td align="center">0,61</td>
                <td align="center">0,38 - 0,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nitrato pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">0,68</td>
                <td align="center">0,51 - 0,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina de admiss&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
                <td align="center">0,79 - 0.98</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC de admiss&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,98</td>
                <td align="center">0,98 - 0,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">1,03</td>
                <td align="center">1,02 &#8211; 1,04</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de CVD</td>
                <td align="center">1,48</td>
                <td align="center">1,14 - 1,94</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Readmiss&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1,52</td>
                <td align="center">1,18 &#8211; 1,96</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CRVM pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">1,63</td>
                <td align="center">1,13 - 2,35</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dem&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">1,72</td>
                <td align="center">1,21 - 2.44</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IC pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">2,24</td>
                <td align="center">1,73 - 2,90</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tratamento dial&#237;tico</td>
                <td align="center">2,56</td>
                <td align="center">1,62 - 4,04</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Vasopressor</td>
                <td align="center">2,91</td>
                <td align="center">2,06 - 4,11</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>RR: risco relativo; HFDAC: hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; CVD: cateter vesical de demora; CRVM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A &#225;rvore de sobreviv&#234;ncia auxilia na identifica&#231;&#227;o de padr&#245;es de menor sobrevida, considerando todas as vari&#225;veis em conjunto (<xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figura 3</xref>). A idade acima de 77 anos e a necessidade de vasopressores foram associadas com maior mortalidade. O segundo padr&#227;o de maior mortalidade foi dos pacientes com mais de 77 anos que tinham IC pr&#233;via ou dem&#234;ncia. O uso de vasopressor e a readmiss&#227;o foram o terceiro padr&#227;o associado a maior mortalidade independentemente da idade. A creatinina de admiss&#227;o maior que 1,48 mg/dl foi o padr&#227;o subsequente de maior mortalidade.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#193;rvore de sobreviv&#234;ncia dos pacientes internados com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Cradm: creatinina na admiss&#227;o; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-04-0694-10050-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este artigo avaliou uma coorte prospectiva de indiv&#237;duos internados por IC descompensada e empregou intelig&#234;ncia artificial para identificar caracter&#237;sticas pr&#243;prias da ICFEi quanto a mortalidade hospitalar e tardia, relacionando-a com os grupos categorizados conforme a FE. O infarto pr&#233;vio foi mais frequente na ICFEi e n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica de mortalidade entre os grupos no seguimento de 2,94 &#177; 2,55 anos. Na curva de sobrevida, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os pacientes com ICFEp e ICFEi, nem entre aqueles com ICFEp e ICFEr, mas observou-se diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre pacientes com ICFEi e ICFEr. Idade maior que 77 anos, presen&#231;a de IC pr&#233;via, hist&#243;ria de readmiss&#227;o, presen&#231;a de dem&#234;ncia e necessidade de vasopressores foram associadas com maior mortalidade tardia na &#225;rvore de sobrevida. Cabe ressaltar que a FE n&#227;o foi selecionada como vari&#225;vel associada com mortalidade nos pacientes com IC descompensada.</p>
      <p>Metan&#225;lise publicada em 2018, com 606.762 pacientes adultos, comparou a taxa de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e a mortalidade da ICFEi com as da ICFEp e ICFEr. Os resultados sugeriram diferen&#231;as significativas na mortalidade por todas as causas e na mortalidade n&#227;o card&#237;aca entre os pacientes com ICFEr e ICFEi. Por outro lado, a ICFEp diferiu significativamente da ICFEi em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; morte card&#237;aca. A hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o relacionada a IC n&#227;o apresentou distin&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Esse achado foi semelhante ao observado no presente estudo, onde a mortalidade por todas as causas foi diferente entre os grupos da ICFEi e ICFEr. Os autores salientaram a import&#226;ncia das comorbidades concomitantes para os achados relacionados com a mortalidade.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, observamos maior preval&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio nos pacientes com ICFEi, assim como de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanente no grupo da ICFEp.</p>
      <p>Outra metan&#225;lise de 2018, com 109.257 pacientes oriundos de 12 estudos, analisou as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e a mortalidade por todas as causas nos tr&#234;s grupos categorizados de acordo com a FE. Os autores observaram diferen&#231;as marcantes nas caracter&#237;sticas basais, na mortalidade cardiovascular e por todas as causas e na interna&#231;&#227;o por IC entre as tr&#234;s categorias. Nessa metan&#225;lise, os pacientes com ICFEi eram idosos, com predomin&#226;ncia de homens, apresentando menos doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com ICFEr.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Observou-se um gradiente de frequ&#234;ncia entre idade, g&#234;nero, presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o, hipertens&#227;o, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica e redu&#231;&#227;o da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; categoriza&#231;&#227;o da FE. O mesmo ocorreu com o uso de betabloqueadores e IECA. Em aproximadamente 3 anos, as mortes por todas as causas foram em n&#250;mero menor na ICFEi do que na ICFEr, por&#233;m maior do que na ICFEp. De forma similar, a mortalidade de causa cardiovascular e as hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es foram menores na ICFEi quando comparada &#224; ICFEr e discretamente maior quando comparada &#224; ICFEp. Esses achados tamb&#233;m sugerem que a ICFEi, considerando os dados e desfechos, ocupa posi&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria, sendo mais associada a desfechos de pior progn&#243;stico que a ICFEp, por&#233;m menos associada que a ICFEr. Uma observa&#231;&#227;o relevante &#233; que as popula&#231;&#245;es dos estudos inclu&#237;dos eram heterog&#234;neas e observacionais, com amostras de diferentes tamanhos. Somente cinco dos estudos tinham dados de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC e morte cardiovascular, demonstrando que o resultado deve ser interpretado de forma cautelosa.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Cabe salientar que os estudos citados n&#227;o consideraram a rela&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis e suas associa&#231;&#245;es com os desfechos ao longo do tempo, bem como as intera&#231;&#245;es entre todas as vari&#225;veis. A m&#233;dia da idade do nosso estudo foi de aproximadamente 75 anos, pouco elevada em compara&#231;&#227;o com a literatura, com a metan&#225;lise anterior (62 anos) ou o registro BREATHE (64 anos).<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Essa pode ser uma das raz&#245;es do ponto de corte de 77 anos na &#225;rvore de sobrevida. Tamb&#233;m houve predomin&#226;ncia do sexo masculino entre os pacientes com ICFEi e ICFEr.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As causas infecciosas, septicemia e pneumonia, foram listadas como as maiores mortalidades espec&#237;ficas hospitalares nessa amostra. Estudo<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> demonstrou que o progn&#243;stico cardiovascular de IC de in&#237;cio recente melhorou substancialmente entre 2002 e 2014 (raz&#227;o de risco: 0,73; IC95%: 0,68-0,80) para pacientes acima e abaixo da idade de 80 anos. No entanto, naqueles com idade maior que 80 anos, a queda na mortalidade cardiovascular foi totalmente compensada pela mortalidade por causa n&#227;o cardiovascular. O tratamento, nesse caso, mudou a forma como os pacientes idosos morreram, como observado em nosso estudo.</p>
      <p>A presen&#231;a de s&#237;ndrome demencial, especialmente n&#227;o relacionada ao uso de vasopressores na interna&#231;&#227;o, foi um fator de pior progn&#243;stico demonstrado na an&#225;lise de sobreviv&#234;ncia. Estudo recente relatou decl&#237;nio funcional em 15% dos pacientes, sendo, em 80% desses, pr&#233;vio &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o por IC descompensada, que foi associado a maior risco de longo prazo para desfecho composto por hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e morte por todas as causas ou IC, semelhante aos nossos achados.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A presen&#231;a de IC pr&#233;via nesta amostra foi relacionada &#224; maior mortalidade ao longo do tempo, bem como &#224;s readmiss&#245;es por IC e &#224; necessidade de agentes inotr&#243;picos, identificados pela t&#233;cnica de <italic>machine learning</italic>. Essas tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis indicam piora de progn&#243;stico dos pacientes internados por IC descompensada no longo prazo, sendo marcadores de gravidade que independem da FE. Pacientes internados por IC t&#234;m elevada taxa de re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em at&#233; 6 meses (30% a 40%)<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> e o risco de morte ap&#243;s hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC permanece aumentado entre 12 e 18 meses ap&#243;s o evento &#237;ndice,<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> sendo uma das vari&#225;veis utilizadas para indica&#231;&#227;o de transplante card&#237;aco.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> As taxas de readmiss&#227;o por IC em adultos jovens s&#227;o similares &#224;s de idosos, o que sugere que o risco de re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o est&#225; presente independentemente da idade.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Disfun&#231;&#227;o renal cr&#244;nica e IC frequentemente coexistem, compartilhando muitos fatores de risco, como diabetes, hipertens&#227;o e hiperlipidemia, o que agrava o progn&#243;stico da IC cr&#244;nica descompensada.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> A s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal, caracterizada por agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC ou logo ap&#243;s a alta, tamb&#233;m concorre para piorar o progn&#243;stico da IC descompensada.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> A creatinina de admiss&#227;o maior que 1,48 mg/dl foi associada a pior progn&#243;stico nos indiv&#237;duos com idade inferior a 77 anos, representando maior risco para disfun&#231;&#227;o renal, s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal e necessidade de terapia dial&#237;tica.</p>
      <p>Existem v&#225;rios modelos de previs&#227;o de mortalidade para IC, como o <italic>Get With the Guidelines-Heart Failure</italic> (GWTG-HF)<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> e o <italic>Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure</italic> (MAGGIC),<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> com acur&#225;cia insatisfat&#243;ria e sem valida&#231;&#227;o para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Algoritmos que empregam deep learning, como o DAHF, apresentaram melhora da capacidade de predi&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por IC hospitalar e aos 12 e 36 meses ap&#243;s a interna&#231;&#227;o, mas tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram desenvolvidos para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup> A for&#231;a deste estudo reside na sele&#231;&#227;o, por Elastic Net e &#225;rvores de sobrevida (machine learning), de padr&#245;es de apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica associados com pior mortalidade hospitalar e tardia de pacientes internados com IC descompensada em unidade cardiointensiva brasileira.</p>
      <p>Este estudo tem como limita&#231;&#227;o sua realiza&#231;&#227;o em um &#250;nico centro e a aus&#234;ncia de coleta de todas as medica&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o, como o uso de diur&#233;ticos. H&#225;, portanto, potencial vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o inerente aos estudos observacionais. H&#225;, nas m&#250;ltiplas an&#225;lises entre vari&#225;veis independentes e mortalidade, natureza explorat&#243;ria. Tais caracter&#237;sticas podem comprometer a validade externa dos achados. Sobre a validade interna dos dados, as estat&#237;sticas pontuais, como m&#233;dias e riscos relativos, s&#227;o mais importantes. A hip&#243;tese de que a categoriza&#231;&#227;o da FE seria vari&#225;vel preditora de morte hospitalar e tardia nesta amostra n&#227;o foi corroborada pela an&#225;lise empregando <italic>machine learning</italic>. Nesse contexto, a morte relacionada a IC descompensada parece representar a soma do envelhecimento &#224;s fal&#234;ncias org&#226;nicas evolutivas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica da mortalidade entre os grupos no seguimento de 2,94 &#177; 2,55 anos. Na curva de sobrevida, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre ICFEp e ICFEi, nem entre ICFEp e ICFEr, sendo observada diferen&#231;a entre pacientes com ICFEi e ICFEr. A idade maior que 77 anos, IC anterior &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o, hist&#243;ria de readmiss&#227;o, presen&#231;a de dem&#234;ncia, creatinina de admiss&#227;o maior que 1,48 mg/dl e necessidade de vasopressores foram associadas com maior mortalidade tardia na &#225;rvore de sobrevida.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte da tese de mestrado de Giovanni Possamai Dutra pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento: </bold>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mortality from Heart Failure with Mid-Range Ejection Fraction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7668-4224</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dutra</surname>
            <given-names>Giovanni Possamai</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7443-7270</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Ferraz de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7869-8128</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carmo</surname>
            <given-names>Pl&#237;nio Resende do</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4598-5512</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Petriz</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Luiz Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8313-8766</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Emilia Matos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3098-092X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Basilio de Bragan&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Barra D&#8217;or &#8211; Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio Estadual da Zona Oeste &#8211; UEZO, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira &#8226; R. Prof. Rodolpho P. Rocco, 255 &#8211; Pr&#233;dio do HU 8&#186; andar &#8211; sala 6. Postal Code 21941-913, UFRJ &#8211; Cidade Universit&#225;ria &#8211; RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Dutra GP,Gomes BFO,Junior PRC,Petriz JLF,Nascimento EM, Pereira BB, Oliveira GMM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> The prognostic importance of the classification &#8216;heart failure (HF) with mid-range ejection fraction (EF)&#8217; remains uncertain.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To analyze the clinical characteristics, comorbidities, complications, and in-hospital and late mortality of patients classified as having HF with mid-range EF (HFmrEF &#8211; EF: 40%-49%), and to compare them to those of patients with HF with preserved EF (HFpEF &#8211; EF &gt; 50%) and with HF with reduced EF (HFrEF &#8211; EF &lt; 40%) on admission for decompensated HF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Ambispective cohort of patients admitted to the cardiac intensive care unit due to decompensated HF. Clinical characteristics, comorbidities, complications, and in-hospital and late mortality were assessed. The software R was used, with a 5% significance, for the tests chi-square, analysis of variance, Cox multivariate, and Kaplan-Meier survival curve, in addition to machine-learning techniques (Elastic Net and survival tree).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> 519 individuals were included between September 2011 and June 2019 (mean age, 74.87 &#177; 13.56 years; 57.6% were men). The frequencies of HFpEF, HFmrEF and HFrEF were 25.4%, 27% and 47.6%, respectively. Previous infarction was more frequent in HFmrEF. The mean follow-up time was 2.94 &#177; 2.55 years, with no statistical difference in mortality between the groups (53.8%, 52.1%, 57.9%). In the survival curve, there was difference between neither the HFpEF and HFmrEF groups, nor the HFpEF and HFrEF groups, but between the HFmrEF and HFrEF groups. Age over 77 years, previous HF, history of readmission, dementia and need for vasopressors were associated with higher late mortality in the survival tree.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> The EF was not selected as a variable associated with mortality in patients with decompensated HF.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Mid-Range Ejection Fraction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure (HF) is a complex systemic clinical syndrome, defined as cardiac dysfunction that causes inadequate blood supply to meet tissue metabolic needs.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> It is the third cause of cardiovascular death in developed countries and an important cause of morbidity and hospitalization.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> In Brazil, the mortality rate from HF in absolute numbers had a non significant decrease from 2008 to 2015.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> In the BREATHE registry, the first Brazilian multicenter registry of acute HF, patients with decompensated HF had a high in-hospital mortality rate.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Heart failure was the main cardiovascular cause of hospitalizations in Brazil between 2008 and 2017, with 2.380.133 paid authorizations for hospitalization, accounting for 21% of the total number.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Mortality related to HF, as well as the need for admission due to that syndrome, is closely associated with the assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), which is used for HF diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. In 2016, The European Society of Cardiology issued a HF guideline with a new EF classification, introducing the concept of HF with mid-range EF (HFmrEF) for patients with EF ranging from 40% to 49%.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> According to that classification, HF with EF equal to or greater than 50% was named HF with preserved EF (HFpEF), while HF with EF below 40% was named HF with reduced EF (HFrEF).<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The relevance of the HFmrEF classification for clinical practice remains uncertain regarding the change in the individualized diagnostic and therapeutic approach for that category. The CHART-2 Study, published in 2017, with 3480 patients from the &#8216;Registry in the Tohoku District&#8217; followed up for 1 year, has shown that the clinical characteristics of patients with HFmrEF were different, suggesting that HFmrEF represented a transitional status or an overlap zone between HFpEF and HFrEF.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Because of the remaining doubts in the literature, this study aimed to analyze the clinical characteristics, comorbidities, complications, and in-hospital and late mortality of patients classified as having HFmrEF, in addition to compare them to those of patients with HFpEF and HFrEF on admission due to decompensated HF. The analysis of those data can provide better understanding about the importance of HFmrEF for the therapeutic approach and prognosis of Brazilian patients admitted due to HF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>Ambispective cohort of patients admitted to the cardiac intensive care unit due to decompensated HF, from September 2011 to June 2019. Patients aged &gt; 18 years and meeting the Framingham and Boston criteria were included, while 203 multiple admissions were excluded, only the last admission being considered. Information on late all-cause mortality was extracted from the site of the General Internal Affairs of Justice from Rio de Janeiro (http://www4.tjrj.jus.br/SEIDEWEB/default.aspx). Patients were assessed for 3 years regarding the outcome &#8216;death from all causes&#8217;.</p>
        <p>The following variables were assessed: age, sex, heart rate on admission, family history of coronary artery disease and myocardial revascularization, and presence of comorbidities, such as diabetes, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney disease (glomerular filtration rate &lt; 60mL/min/1.73m<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>), infarction, HF, stroke, and dementia. The previous use of beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), and nitrates was evaluated. In addition, the following were assessed: creatinine and BNP levels on admission; need for coronary angiography; use of indwelling urinary catheter and of vasopressors; and dialysis treatment.</p>
        <p>The variables were collected by using a standardized questionnaire. Echocardiogram on admission and the Teichholz&#8217;s formula or Simpson&#8217;s rule were used to measured and classify EF. The patients were separated into three groups according to their EF, considering HFpEF, HFmrEF and HFrEF in accordance with the classification of the last guideline.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study&#8217;s project was submitted to and approved by the Committee on Ethics and Research on 09/18/2019 (certification of presentation for ethical appreciation number 18502319.3.0000.5249; appraisal: 3.582.453). Because this is an ambispective analysis of data collected in a partially prospective way, written informed consent was waived.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The normal distribution of the continuous variables was assessed by use of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The results were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (continuous variables) or number of occurrence and percentage (categorical variables). The means were compared by use of the chi-square test for categorical variables and analysis of variance (1-way ANOVA). The Kaplan-Meier curve was used to analyze survival over time, and the Tarone-Ware test for comparisons between the groups.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The semi-parametric Cox model, sequentially estimated by use of Elastic Net, a machine-learning regularization technique, was used for the initial selection of variables, and then re-estimated by use of maximum likelihood and the significant variables put aside. Survival tree (machine learning) was used to identify the explanatory variables of mortality over time. The software R was used for statistical analyses at 5% significance level.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The widths of the confidence intervals were not adjusted to multiplicity, thus, they should noy be used to infer the definitive treatment. The Cox models were used to calculate the measures of association (relative risks) and their respective 95% confidence intervals.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>This study included 519 individuals with a mean age of 74.87 &#177; 13.56 years, and 57.6% were men. The frequency distributions of HFpEF, HFmrEF and HFrEF were 25.4%, 27%, and 47.6%, respectively. All continuous variables were normally distributed. The male sex was more frequent in the HFmrEF and HFrEF groups as compared to the HFpEF group. The occurrence of previous HF and permanent atrial fibrillation was significantly higher in the HFpEF group, while that of previous myocardial infarction was higher in the HFmrEF group. The previous use of beta-blockers was similar in the groups, while that of ACEI and ARB was higher in the HFmrEF and HFrEF groups. There was an increasing gradient between the need for vasopressor use and the EF reduction (<xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Clinical characteristics of patients with heart failure with preserved, mid-range and reduced ejection fraction</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>HFpEF</th>
                  <th>HFmrEF</th>
                  <th>HFrEF</th>
                  <th>Total</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">132(25.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">140(27%)</td>
                  <td align="center">247(47.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">519</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (mean)</td>
                  <td align="center">77.8&#177;15.8</td>
                  <td align="center">74.2&#177;11.9</td>
                  <td align="center">73.6&#177;12.8</td>
                  <td align="center">74.8&#177;13.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.13<sup>#</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Men</td>
                  <td align="center">45(34.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">87(62.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">167(67.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">299(57.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EF (mean)</td>
                  <td align="center">66.9&#177;8.9</td>
                  <td align="center">45.1&#177;3.3</td>
                  <td align="center">30.3&#177;7.6</td>
                  <td align="center">43.6&#177;16.6</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                    <sup>#</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BNP (mean)</td>
                  <td align="center">3807</td>
                  <td align="center">4969</td>
                  <td align="center">6301</td>
                  <td align="center">5307</td>
                  <td align="center">0.17<sup>#</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM</td>
                  <td align="center">43(32.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">52(37.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">93(37.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">188(36.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.59</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SAH</td>
                  <td align="center">109(82.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">109(77.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">91(77.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">409(78.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Permanent AF</td>
                  <td align="center">40(30.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20(14.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">41(16.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">101(19.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CKD* (GFR &lt;60ml/min/1.73m2)</td>
                  <td align="center">21(15.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26(18.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30(12.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">77(14.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MI *</td>
                  <td align="center">22(16.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">48(34.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">65(26.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">135(26.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.004</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HF *</td>
                  <td align="center">56(42.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35(25%)</td>
                  <td align="center">96(38.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">187(36%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.005</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stroke*</td>
                  <td align="center">12(9.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9(6.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37(6.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37(7.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.59</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous dementia</td>
                  <td align="center">14(10.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15(10.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17(6.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">46(8.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous beta-blocker</td>
                  <td align="center">55(41.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">60(42.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">94(38.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">209(40.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous ACEI/ARB</td>
                  <td align="center">13(9.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">48(34.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">73(29.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">134(25.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Use of vasopressors</td>
                  <td align="center">10(7.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21(15%)</td>
                  <td align="center">59(23.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">90(17.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Values shown as mean and standard deviation. HF: heart failure; EF: ejection fraction; HFpEF: HF with preserved EF; HFmrEF: HF with mid-range EF; HFrEF: HF with reduced EF; ACEI: angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; AF: atrial fibrillation; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; CKD: chronic kidney disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; GFR; glomerular filtration rate; MI: myocardial infarction; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension. (*) on admission; # ANOVA, other variables, chi-square.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The mean follow-up duration was 2.94 &#177; 2.55 years. During follow-up, 287 (52.3%) patients died and, during hospitalization, 75 (14.5%) died, with no statistical difference between groups (<xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref>). When analyzing the specific causes of in-hospital death, there was a higher frequency of infectious causes, represented by septicemia and pneumonia, accounting for 7.3% and 4.2%, respectively. They were followed by diseases of the circulatory system, represented by HF and acute and chronic ischemic heart disease, accounting for 5.6%, 3.7% and 3.4%, respectively.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>In-hospital mortality e ap&#243;s o follow-up (2,94 years) em patients hospitalizados por HFpEF, HFmrEF e HFrEF.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-04-0694-10050-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In the Kaplan-Meier survival curve<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> (<xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref>), the Tarone Ware test<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> shows no significant difference when comparing survival between the HFpEF and HFmrEF groups (p=0.27) and between the HFpEF and HFrEF groups (p=0.21). However, there was a significant statistical difference between the HFmrEF and HFrEF groups (p=0.02).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Kaplan-Meier survival curve8 of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF) and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) during the study period.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-04-0694-10050-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The multivariate analysis of the Cox model (<xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>) identified 13 variables associated with the risk of death during follow-up. Of those variables, the following stand out because of their clinical importance and higher relative risk: need for monitoring of urinary output with indwelling urinary catheter, report of readmission, previous coronary artery bypass grafting surgery, previous dementia and HF, need for dialysis treatment, and use of vasopressors.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cox model for the outcome mortality with mean follow-up of 2.94 &#177; 2.55 years</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>Coefficient (RR)</th>
                  <th>95% confidence interval</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>FHCAD</td>
                  <td align="center">0.56</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33 -0.96</td>
                  <td align="center">0.037</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coronary angiography</td>
                  <td align="center">0.61</td>
                  <td align="center">0.38 - 0.99</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous nitrate</td>
                  <td align="center">0.68</td>
                  <td align="center">0.51 - 0.91</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine on admission</td>
                  <td align="center">0.88</td>
                  <td align="center">0.79 - 0.98</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HR on admission</td>
                  <td align="center">0.98</td>
                  <td align="center">0.98 - 0.99</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">1.03</td>
                  <td align="center">1.02 &#8211; 1.04</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Use of IUC</td>
                  <td align="center">1.48</td>
                  <td align="center">1.14 - 1.94</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Readmission</td>
                  <td align="center">1.52</td>
                  <td align="center">1.18 &#8211; 1.96</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous CABG</td>
                  <td align="center">1.63</td>
                  <td align="center">1.13 - 2.35</td>
                  <td align="center">0.008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dementia</td>
                  <td align="center">1.72</td>
                  <td align="center">1.21 - 2.44</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous HF</td>
                  <td align="center">2.24</td>
                  <td align="center">1.73 - 2.90</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dialysis treatment</td>
                  <td align="center">2.56</td>
                  <td align="center">1.62 - 4.04</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vasopressor</td>
                  <td align="center">2.91</td>
                  <td align="center">2.06 - 4.11</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>RR: relative risk; FHCAD: family history of coronary artery disease; HR: heart rate; IUC: indwelling urinary catheter; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting surgery; HF: heart failure.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The survival tree helps identify the patterns of shorter survival, considering the set of all variables (<xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">Figure 3</xref>). Age over 77 years and need for vasopressors were associated with higher mortality. The second pattern of higher mortality was patients older than 77 years with previous HF or dementia. The use of vasopressors and readmission were the third pattern associated with higher mortality regardless of age. Creatinine on admission over 1.48 mg/dL was the subsequent pattern of higher mortality.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Survival tree of patients admitted due to heart failure. Cradm: creatinine on admission; HF: heart failure.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-04-0694-10050-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study assessed a prospective cohort of patients admitted due to decompensated HF and used artificial intelligence to identify characteristics of HFmrEF regarding in-hospital and late mortality, relating it to the other groups categorized according to EF. Previous infarction was more frequent in HFmrEF and there was no statistical difference in mortality in the groups during the follow-up of 2.94 &#177; 2.55 years. In addition, in the survival curve, patients with HFpEF did not differ from those with HFmrEF, and patients with HFpEF did not differ from those with HFrEF; however, statistical difference was evidenced between patients with HFmrEF and HFrEF. Age over 77 years, presence of previous HF, history of readmission, presence of dementia and need for vasopressors were associated with higher late mortality in the survival tree. It is worth noting that EF was not selected as a variable associated with mortality in patients with decompensated HF.</p>
        <p>Meta-analysis published in 2018, with 606 762 adult patients, compared the hospitalization rate and mortality from HFmrEF to those from HFpEF and HFrEF. The results suggested significant differences in all-cause mortality and noncardiac mortality between the HFrEF and HFmrEF group. In addition, the HFpEF group differed significantly from the HFmrEF group regarding cardiac death. Hospitalization associated with HF showed no difference between the groups.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> This finding was similar to that from the present study, in which all-cause mortality differed between the HFmrEF and HFrEF groups. The authors from the meta-analysis emphasized the importance of concomitant comorbidities for the findings related to mortality.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> In addition, higher prevalence of myocardial infarction was observed in the HFmrEF group, as well as of permanent atrial fibrillation in the HFpEF group.</p>
        <p>Another meta-analysis from 2018 with 109 257 patients from 12 studies analyzed the clinical characteristics, hospitalization, and all-cause mortality in the three groups categorized according to EF. The authors reported significant differences in the baseline characteristics, in cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, and on admission due to HF in the three categories. In that meta-analysis, the patients with HFmrEF were older, mostly men and had less ischemic heart disease as compared to the patients with HFrEF.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> A gradient of frequency was observed in age, sex, presence of ischemic heart disease, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and glomerular filtration rate reduction according to the EF categorization. The same occurred regarding the use of beta-blockers and ACEI. Over approximately 3 years, the number of deaths from all causes was lower in HFmrEF than in HFrEF, but higher than that in HFpEF. Similarly, in HFmrEF, cardiovascular mortality and hospitalizations were lower as compared to HFrEF and slightly higher as compared to HFpEF. These findings suggest that HFmrEF, regarding data and outcomes, occupies a mid-position between HFrEF and HFpEF, more associated with worse prognosis outcomes as compared to HFpEF, but less associated with worse prognosis outcomes as compared to HFrEF. It is worth noting that the studies included were observational with heterogeneous populations and samples of different sizes. Only five studies reported data on hospitalization due to HF and cardiovascular death, indicating that the result should be interpreted carefuly.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is worth noting that the studies cited considered neither the relationship of the variables and their associations with the outcome over time, nor the interactions between all variables. In our study, the mean age was approximately 75 years, higher than that in the literature, in the cited meta-analysis (62 years) or in the BREATHE Registry (64 years).<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> This might explain the cut-off point of 77 years in the survival tree. In addition, there was a predominance of the male sex among patients with HFmrEF and HFrEF.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The infectious causes, septicemia and pneumonia, were listed as having the highest in-hospital specific mortality in the sample. A study<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> has shown that the cardiovascular prognosis of recent-onset HF improved substantially from 2002 to 2014 (hazard ratio: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.68-0.80) for patients younger and older than 80 years. However, among those older than 80 years of age, the drop in cardiovascular mortality was totally compensated by non-cardiovascular mortality, in which case, the treatment changed the way elderly patients died, as observed in our study.</p>
        <p>The presence of dementia syndrome, especially not related to the use of vasopressors on admission, was a factor of worse prognosis evidenced on the survival analysis. A recent study has reported functional decline in 15% of the patients, and, in 80%, that decline occurred prior to admission from decompensated HF and associated with a higher long-term risk for outcome composed by hospitalization and all-cause or HF death, similarly to our findings.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The presence of previous HF in this sample was related to higher mortality, as well as to readmissions due to HF and need for inotropic agents, identified by use of the machine-learning technique. These three variables indicate worse prognosis of patients admitted with decompensated HF and are markers of severity that do not depend on EF. Patients admitted due to HF have a high rate of re-hospitalization in up to 6 months (30% to 40%),<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> and the risk of death after hospitalization due to HF remains increased from 12 to 18 months from the index event,<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> being one of the variables used to indicate heart transplantation.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> The rates of readmission due to HF in young adults are similar to those of the elderly, suggesting that the re-hospitalization risk is present regardless of age.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Chronic kidney dysfunction and HF often coexist and share several risk factors, such as diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia, which compound the prognosis of decompensated chronic HF.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> In addition, the cardiorenal syndrome, characterized by kidney function worsening during hospitalization due to HF or right after discharge, contributes to worsen the prognosis of decompensated HF.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> Creatinine level on admission greater than 1.48 mg/dL has been associated with worse prognosis in individuals under the age of 77 years, representing a higher risk for kidney dysfunction, cardiorenal syndrome and need for dialysis.</p>
        <p>There are several models to predict mortality from HF, such as the <italic>Get With the Guidelines-Heart Failure</italic> (GWTG-HF)<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> and the <italic>Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure</italic> (MAGGIC),<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> with unsatisfactory accuracy and without validation for the Brazilian population. Algorithms using deep learning, such as DAHF, improved the ability to predict mortality from HF during hospitalization and after 12 and 36 months from admission; however, they have not been developed for the Brazilian population.<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup> This study&#8217;s strength resides in the selection, through Elastic Net and survival trees (machine learning), of patterns of clinical presentation associated with worse in-hospital and late mortality in patients admitted with decompensated HF to a Brazilian cardiac intensive care unit.</p>
        <p>One limitation of this study is its single-center nature, in addition to the lack of information on all the medications used prior to admission, such as diuretics. Thus, there is a potential bias of selection inherent in observational studies. There is, in the multiple analyses of the independent variables and mortality, exploratory nature. These characteristics might hinder the external validity of the findings. Regarding internal validity of data, some statistics, such as means and relative risks, are more important. The hypothesis that the EF categorization would be a predictor of in-hospital and late death in this sample was not corroborated by the analysis using machine learning. In this context, death related to decompensated HF seems to represent the sum of aging and progressing organ failures.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>There was no statistical difference in mortality between the groups in the follow-up of 2.94 &#177; 2.55 years. The survival curve showed difference neither between the HFpEF and HFmrEF groups, nor between the HFpEF and HFrEF groups, but between the HFmrEF and HFrEF groups. Age older than 77 years, HF prior to admission, history of readmission, dementia, creatinine level on admission greater than 1.48 mg/dL, and need for vasopressors were associated with higher late mortality on the survival tree.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Giovanni Possamai Dutra, from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding: </bold>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
