<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="editorial" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">xJVMMYwtLWnCcGLzgSXRXfy</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000400692</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20211060</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20211060</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fun&#231;&#227;o Pulmonar e For&#231;a Muscular Inspirat&#243;ria na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca: Elas Podem ser Consideradas Potenciais Marcadores Progn&#243;sticos?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6929-8392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferrari</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">CardioEx</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio (CardioEx) &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Filipe Ferrari &#8226; R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2400. CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>ferrari.filipe88@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>692</fpage>
      <lpage>693</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Respirat&#243;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>M&#250;sculos Respirat&#243;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Toler&#226;ncia ao Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Medi&#231;&#227;o de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome complexa considerada um grande problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Diferentes subtipos de IC s&#227;o classicamente definidos com base na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE).<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Embora seu progn&#243;stico tenha melhorado nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas &#8211; explicado, em parte, pelos grandes avan&#231;os terap&#234;uticos<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> &#8211; a IC persiste com uma alta mortalidade influenciando negativamente a qualidade de vida.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Nesse sentido, sintomas comuns experimentados nessa doen&#231;a, como a falta de ar e a intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, contribuem muito para esse decl&#237;nio acentuado na qualidade de vida dos indiv&#237;duos.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Outra condi&#231;&#227;o, considerada um importante fator de risco que geralmente acompanha a IC, &#233; a disfun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> Os comprometimentos respirat&#243;rios observados na IC podem estar relacionados a diversas raz&#245;es, como comprometimento da mec&#226;nica pulmonar e da difus&#227;o gasosa,<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> al&#233;m de fraqueza muscular respirat&#243;ria &#8211; agravando o aumento da dispneia, sendo uma das principais limita&#231;&#245;es ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A espirometria &#233; um teste amplamente utilizado que permite a an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar &#8211; medindo a quantidade de ar inspirado e expirado ao m&#225;ximo. Como a doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica compartilha sinais e sintomas semelhantes aos da IC, sua identifica&#231;&#227;o em indiv&#237;duos com IC pode ser um desafio; nesse sentido, a espirometria pode ajudar a confirmar o diagn&#243;stico.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da gravidade potencial de algumas doen&#231;as pulmonares, o teste ergom&#233;trico tamb&#233;m pode ser &#250;til, observando uma s&#233;rie de par&#226;metros, como a rela&#231;&#227;o volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado no primeiro segundo/capacidade vital for&#231;ada (VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF).<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> A gravidade da doen&#231;a ainda pode ser classificada com base no VEF<sub>1</sub> quando est&#225; abaixo do limite inferior da normalidade (variando de leve quando &#8805;70% do previsto a muito grave quando &lt;35% do previsto). Embora a pr&#243;pria IC possa levar a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o do VEF<sub>1</sub> e da CVF em cerca de 20% do previsto,<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> al&#233;m do fato de que um VEF<sub>1</sub> pior pode predizer maior mortalidade,<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> evid&#234;ncias convincentes que examinem o papel progn&#243;stico do VEF<sub>1</sub> no cen&#225;rio da IC ainda precisam de mais investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Ramalho et al.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> compartilharam dados de um estudo de coorte com 111 adultos brasileiros (m&#233;dia de idade: 57 anos; 40% mulheres) com IC cr&#244;nica, sem doen&#231;a pulmonar diagnosticada e que realizaram teste de for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria e espirometria; os participantes foram posteriormente acompanhados por uma m&#233;dia de 2,2 anos. Alguns dos objetivos do estudo foram analisar a rela&#231;&#227;o VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF com (a) press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima, (b) FEVE e (c) progn&#243;stico dos pacientes &#8211; este &#250;ltimo definido como um composto de morte cardiovascular (CV), transplante card&#237;aco de emerg&#234;ncia ou implante de dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda. No geral, a FEVE m&#233;dia inicial foi de 38%, mas 24 dos pacientes apresentaram FEVE &gt;50%; a grande maioria da amostra (64%) estava na classe III pela classifica&#231;&#227;o da NYHA. A cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e a doen&#231;a de Chagas foram as principais etiologias observadas (39% e 29%, respectivamente). Os pacientes estavam relativamente bem tratados, recebendo terapia m&#233;dica otimizada (betabloqueadores em 90%, inibidores do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona em 84% e antagonistas dos receptores mineralocorticoides em 66%).</p>
    <p>Este artigo tem v&#225;rias descobertas interessantes que merecem destaque. Tanto a CVF quanto a VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF n&#227;o se correlacionaram com melhor ou pior progn&#243;stico durante o seguimento m&#233;dio. Por outro lado, ap&#243;s uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, uma VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF baixa foi indicada como um potencial marcador de risco para aumento de eventos adversos cardiovasculares maiores nos indiv&#237;duos teoricamente mais graves, ou seja, com FEVE &lt;50%. Al&#233;m disso, um risco maior de eventos cardiovasculares foi observado naqueles com press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima reduzida e VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF (raz&#227;o de risco 1,72; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%, 1,14 a 2,61).</p>
    <p>D&#233;cadas atr&#225;s, Tockman et al.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> relataram o VEF<sub>1</sub> como um preditor independente de mortalidade CV ap&#243;s acompanhar uma coorte de homens aparentemente saud&#225;veis. Em outros estudos observacionais que avaliaram o progn&#243;stico da press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima em pacientes com IC, Hamazaki et al.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> relataram menor incid&#234;ncia de eventos cl&#237;nicos em pacientes com grande variedade de FEVE (maioria na classe funcional II da NYHA) quando uma press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima maior estava presente, ap&#243;s sess&#245;es de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e com seguimento m&#233;dio de 1,8 anos, mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para fatores de confus&#227;o. Meyer et al. sugeriram que a for&#231;a muscular inspirat&#243;ria poderia ser &#250;til na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco dos pacientes.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Apesar dos achados interessantes, que em certa medida corroboram estudos anteriores, o estudo de Ramalho et al.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> n&#227;o permite infer&#234;ncias causais com seguran&#231;a devido ao seu desenho observacional e deve ser interpretado &#224; luz desta e de outras poss&#237;veis limita&#231;&#245;es. Embora esteja bem estabelecido que a IC &#233; comumente caracterizada por anormalidade dos m&#250;sculos respirat&#243;rios, com consequente decl&#237;nio na qualidade de vida e possivelmente pior progn&#243;stico, seria prematuro concluir definitivamente uma associa&#231;&#227;o direta entre a press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima ou VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF com risco aumentado de eventos cardiovasculares nesta popula&#231;&#227;o, independentemente da FEVE. Apesar destes coment&#225;rios, este estudo fornece informa&#231;&#245;es importantes para a literatura e reacende a possibilidade de que a VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF possa ser usada como ferramenta progn&#243;stica, oferecendo informa&#231;&#245;es incrementais no cen&#225;rio da IC, especialmente no grupo de pacientes considerados de maior risco. Ainda assim, seria prudente afirmar que a rela&#231;&#227;o entre esses marcadores e o progn&#243;stico desses indiv&#237;duos permanece incerta.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1.Jorge AJL, Barbetta LMDS, Correia ETO, Martins WA, Leite AR, Saad MAN, et al. Characteristics and Temporal Trends in the Mortality of Different Heart Failure Phenotypes in Primary Care. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021;117(2):300-6. doi: 10.36660/abc.20190912.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jorge</surname>
              <given-names>AJL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbetta</surname>
              <given-names>LMDS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Correia</surname>
              <given-names>ETO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martins</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leite</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saad</surname>
              <given-names>MAN</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title> Characteristics and Temporal Trends in the Mortality of Different Heart Failure Phenotypes in Primary Care</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>117</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>300</fpage>
          <lpage>306</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190912</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2.Iacoviello M, Palazzuoli A, Gronda E. Recent advances in pharmacological treatment of heart failure. Eur J Clin Invest. 2021;51(11):e13624. doi: 10.1111/eci.13624</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Iacoviello</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Palazzuoli</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gronda</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recent advances in pharmacological treatment of heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Clin Invest</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <elocation-id>e13624</elocation-id>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/eci.13624</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3.Fernandes SL, Carvalho RR, Santos LG, S&#225; FM, Ruivo C, Mendes SL, et al. Pathophysiology and Treatment of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: State of the Art and Prospects for the Future. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;114(1):120-9. doi: 10.36660/abc.20190111.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>LG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>S&#225;</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ruivo</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mendes</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title> Pathophysiology and Treatment of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: State of the Art and Prospects for the Future</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>120</fpage>
          <lpage>129</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190111</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4.Groenewegen A, Rutten FH, Mosterd A, Hoes AW. Epidemiology of heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22(8):1342-56. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1858.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Groenewegen</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rutten</surname>
              <given-names>FH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mosterd</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoes</surname>
              <given-names>AW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Epidemiology of heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1342</fpage>
          <lpage>1356</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ejhf.1858</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5.McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, Baumbach A, B&#246;hm M, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(36):3599-726. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McDonagh</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Metra</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adamo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gardner</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baumbach</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>B&#246;hm</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title> 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>36</issue>
          <fpage>3599</fpage>
          <lpage>3726</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6.Hawkins NM, Virani S, Ceconi C. Heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the challenges facing physicians and health services. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(36):2795-803. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht192</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hawkins</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Virani</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ceconi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the challenges facing physicians and health services</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>36</issue>
          <fpage>2795</fpage>
          <lpage>2803</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/eht192</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7.Agostoni P, Bussotti M, Cattadori G, Margutti E, Contini M, Muratori M, et al. Gas diffusion and alveolar-capillary unit in chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(21):2538-43. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehl302.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Agostoni</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bussotti</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cattadori</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Margutti</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Contini</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Muratori</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Gas diffusion and alveolar-capillary unit in chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>2538</fpage>
          <lpage>2543</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehl302</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8.Gomes Neto M, Ferrari F, Helal L, Lopes AA, Carvalho VO, Stein R. The impact of high-intensity inspiratory muscle training on exercise capacity and inspiratory muscle strength in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil. 2018;32(11):1482-92. doi: 10.1177/0269215518784345</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gomes</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferrari</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Helal</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>VO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stein</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title> The impact of high-intensity inspiratory muscle training on exercise capacity and inspiratory muscle strength in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Clin Rehabil</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1482</fpage>
          <lpage>1492</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/0269215518784345</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9.Plesner LL, Dalsgaard M, Schou M, K&#248;ber L, Vestbo J, Kj&#248;ller E, et al. The prognostic significance of lung function in stable heart failure outpatients. Clin Cardiol. 2017;40(11):1145-51. doi: 10.1002/clc.22802.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Plesner</surname>
              <given-names>LL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dalsgaard</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schou</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>K&#248;ber</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vestbo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kj&#248;ller</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The prognostic significance of lung function in stable heart failure outpatients</article-title>
          <source>Clin Cardiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1145</fpage>
          <lpage>1151</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/clc.22802</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10.Bektas S, Franssen FME, van Empel V, Uszko-Lencer N, Boyne J, Knackstedt C, et al. Impact of airflow limitation in chronic heart failure. Neth Heart J. 2017;25(5):335-42. doi: 10.1007/s12471-017-0965-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bektas</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Franssen</surname>
              <given-names>FME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Empel</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Uszko-Lencer</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boyne</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Knackstedt</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of airflow limitation in chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Neth Heart J</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>335</fpage>
          <lpage>342</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s12471-017-0965-4</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11.Heidorn MW, Steck S, M&#252;ller F, Tr&#246;bs SO, Buch G, Schulz A, et al. FEV1 Predicts Cardiac Status and Outcome in Chronic Heart Failure. Chest. 2022;161(1):179-89.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Heidorn</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steck</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>M&#252;ller</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tr&#246;bs</surname>
              <given-names>SO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buch</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schulz</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>FEV1 Predicts Cardiac Status and Outcome in Chronic Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Chest</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>161</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>179</fpage>
          <lpage>189</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12.Ramalho SHR, Balbuena de Lima AC, da Silva FM, Souza FSJ, Cahalin LP, Cipriano GB, et al.Relationship of Lung Function and Inspiratory Strength with Exercise Capacity and Prognosis in Heart Failure. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022; 118(4):680-691.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ramalho</surname>
              <given-names>SHR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Balbuena de Lima</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>da Silva</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>FSJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cahalin</surname>
              <given-names>LP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cipriano</surname>
              <given-names>GB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Relationship of Lung Function and Inspiratory Strength with Exercise Capacity and Prognosis in Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>118</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>680</fpage>
          <lpage>691</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13.Tockman MS, Pearson JD, Fleg JL, Metter EJ, Kao SY, Rampal KG, et al. Rapid decline in FEV1. A new risk factor for coronary heart disease mortality. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151(2 Pt 1):390-8. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.151.2.7842197.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tockman</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pearson</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fleg</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Metter</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kao</surname>
              <given-names>SY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rampal</surname>
              <given-names>KG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Rapid decline in FEV1. A new risk factor for coronary heart disease mortality</article-title>
          <source>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>151</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <supplement>Pt 1</supplement>
          <fpage>390</fpage>
          <lpage>398</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1164/ajrccm.151.2.7842197</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14.Hamazaki N, Kamiya K, Yamamoto S, Nozaki K, Ichikawa T, Matsuzawa R, et al. Changes in Respiratory Muscle Strength Following Cardiac Rehabilitation for Prognosis in Patients with Heart Failure. J Clin Med. 2020;9(4):952. doi: 10.3390/jcm9040952.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hamazaki</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kamiya</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yamamoto</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nozaki</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ichikawa</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsuzawa</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Changes in Respiratory Muscle Strength Following Cardiac Rehabilitation for Prognosis in Patients with Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Med</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>952</fpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/jcm9040952</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15.Meyer FJ, Borst MM, Zugck C, Kirschke A, Schellberg D, K&#252;bler W, et al. Respiratory muscle dysfunction in congestive heart failure: clinical correlation and prognostic significance. Circulation. 2001;103(17):2153-8. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.103.17.2153.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Meyer</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borst</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zugck</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kirschke</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schellberg</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>K&#252;bler</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Respiratory muscle dysfunction in congestive heart failure: clinical correlation and prognostic significance</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>103</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>2153</fpage>
          <lpage>2158</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.cir.103.17.2153</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Rela&#231;&#227;o da Fun&#231;&#227;o Pulmonar e da For&#231;a Inspirat&#243;ria com Capacidade Aer&#243;bica e com Progn&#243;stico na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Lung Function and Inspiratory Muscle Strength in Heart Failure: Can They be Considered Potential Prognostic Markers?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6929-8392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferrari</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio (CardioEx) &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Filipe Ferrari &#8226; R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2400. Postal Code 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: ferrari.filipe88@cardiol.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Respiratory Insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Respiratory Muscles</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Function</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Tolerance</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Assessment</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) is a complex syndrome considered a major public health problem. Different HF subtypes are classically defined based on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Although its prognosis has improved in recent decades &#8211; explained, in part, by major therapeutic advances<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> &#8211; HF persists with a high burden of mortality and negatively influences the quality of life.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> In this sense, common symptoms experienced in this disease, such as shortness of breath and exercise intolerance, contribute greatly to this sharp decline in the quality of life of individuals.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Another condition, considered an important risk factor, which usually accompanies HF, is pulmonary dysfunction.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> The respiratory impairments observed in HF may be related to several reasons, such as an impairment of lung mechanics and gas diffusion,<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> as well as respiratory muscle weakness &#8211; aggravating increased dyspnea, being a major limitation on physical exercise.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Spirometry is a widely used test that allows the analysis of lung function &#8211; by measuring the amount of air inhaled and exhaled to the maximum. Because chronic obstructive pulmonary disease shares similar signs and symptoms with HF, its identification in individuals with HF can be challenging; in this sense, spirometry can help confirm the diagnosis.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> About evaluating the potential severity of some lung diseases, the exercise test can also be useful, observing a series of parameters, such as the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity (FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC).<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> The severity of the disease can still be classified based on FEV<sub>1</sub> when it is below the lower limit of normal (ranging from mild when &#8805;70% of predicted to very severe when &lt;35% of predicted). Although HF itself can lead to a decrease in FEV<sub>1</sub> and FVC of about 20% of predicted,<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> in addition to the fact that a worse FEV<sub>1</sub> may predict higher mortality,<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> convincing evidence examining the prognostic role of FEV<sub>1</sub> in the HF setting still needs further investigation.</p>
      <p>In this issue of the ABC, Ramalho et al.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> shared data from a cohort study of 111 Brazilian adults (mean age: 57 years; 40% women) with chronic HF, no diagnosed lung disease, and who underwent a test of respiratory muscle strength and spirometry; participants were subsequently followed for a mean of 2.2 years. Some of the aims of the study were to analyze the FEV1/FVC ratio with (a) maximal inspiratory pressure, (b) LVEF, and (c) patients&#8217; prognosis &#8211; the latter being defined as a composite of cardiovascular (CV) death, emergency heart transplantation or left ventricular assist device implantation. Overall, the initial mean LVEF was 38%, but 24 of the patients had an LVEF &gt;50%; the vast majority of the sample (64%) was in class III using the NYHA classification. Ischemic heart disease and Chagas&#8217; disease were the main etiologies observed (39% and 29%, respectively). The patients were relatively well treated, receiving optimal medical therapy (beta-blockers in 90%, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors in 84%, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in 66%).</p>
      <p>This article has several interesting findings worth highlighting. Both FVC and FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC did not correlate with a better or worse prognosis during the mean follow-up. On the other hand, after a sensitivity analysis, a low FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC was indicated to be a potential risk marker for increased major adverse CV events in the theoretically more severe individuals, i.e., with LVEF &lt;50%. Furthermore, a higher risk of CV events was observed in those with both reduced maximal inspiratory pressure and FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC (hazard ratio 1.72; 95% confidence interval, 1.14 to 2.61).</p>
      <p>Decades ago, Tockman et al.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> reported FEV<sub>1</sub> as an independent predictor for CV mortality after following a cohort of apparently healthy men. In other observational studies that evaluated the prognosis of maximal inspiratory pressure in patients with HF, Hamazaki et al.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> reported a lower incidence of clinical events in patients with a wide variety of LVEF (majority in NYHA functional class II) when a higher maximal inspiratory pressure was present, after cardiac rehabilitation sessions and at a mean follow-up of 1.8 years, even after adjustment for confounding factors. Meyer et al. suggested that inspiratory muscle strength could be useful in risk stratification of patients.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Despite interesting findings, which to some extent corroborate previous studies, the study by Ramalho et al.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> does not allow us to make causal inferences safely due to its observational design. It should be interpreted in light of this and other possible limitations. Although it is well established that HF is commonly characterized by abnormality of respiratory muscles, the consequent decline in quality of life, and possibly worse prognosis, it would be premature to definitively conclude a direct association between maximal inspiratory pressure or FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC with increased risk of CV events in this population, regardless of LVEF. Despite these comments, this study provides important information to the literature, and it rekindles the possibility that FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC can be used as a prognostic tool, offering incremental information in the HF scenario, especially in the group of patients considered at higher risk. Still, it would be prudent to state that the relationship between these markers and the prognosis of these individuals remains uncertain.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn id="fn1001">
          <label/>
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Relationship of Lung Function and Inspiratory Strength with Exercise Capacity and Prognosis in Heart Failure</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
