<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">HBXfwD6ZxX7B3L78RGgLq8q</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005001206</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000400680</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201130</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201130</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rela&#231;&#227;o da Fun&#231;&#227;o Pulmonar e da For&#231;a Inspirat&#243;ria com Capacidade Aer&#243;bica e com Progn&#243;stico na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8444-2655</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramalho</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Henrique Rodolpho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandra Correa Gervazoni Balbuena de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiola Maria Ferreira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Fausto Stauffer Junqueira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cahalin</surname>
            <given-names>Lawrence Patrick</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cipriano</surname>
            <given-names>Graziella Fran&#231;a Bernardelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6323-7003</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cipriano</surname>
            <given-names>Gerson</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologias em Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologias em Sa&#250;de - Universidade de Bras&#237;lia, Bras&#237;lia,DF - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Reabilita&#231;&#227;o - Universidade de Bras&#237;lia,Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Miami</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Miller School of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Miami</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Miami - Miller School of Medicine,Miami - EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Sergio Henrique Rodolpho Ramalho, MD, MSc &#8226; Universidade de Bras&#237;lia &#8211; Faculdade de Ceil&#226;ndia &#8211; Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiologia - Campus Universit&#225;rio, Centro Metropolitano &#8211; CEP 72220-275, Ceil&#226;ndia Sul, Bras&#237;lie, DF &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>shrramalho@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Ramalho SHR, Lima ACGB, Cipriano GFB, Cipriano Junior G; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Ramalho SHR, Lima ACGB, Silva FMF, Souza FSJ, Cipriano GFB, Cipriano Junior G; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Ramalho SHR, Cahalin LP, Cipriano GFB, Cipriano Junior G; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Ramalho SHR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Lima ACGB, Cipriano GFB, Cipriano Junior G; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Ramalho SHR; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Ramalho SHR, Lima ACGB, Silva FMF, Souza FSJ, Cahalin LP, Cipriano GFB, Cipriano Junior G.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>680</fpage>
      <lpage>691</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A espirometria &#233; subutilizada na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) e n&#227;o est&#225; claro o grau de associa&#231;&#227;o de cada defeito com a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio e com o progn&#243;stico desses pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Determinar a rela&#231;&#227;o da %CVF prevista (ppCVF) e do VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF cont&#237;nuos com: 1) press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima (PIm&#225;x), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) e desempenho ao exerc&#237;cio; e 2) progn&#243;stico, para o desfecho composto de morte cardiovascular, transplante card&#237;aco ou implante de dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia ventricular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Coorte de 111 participantes com IC (est&#225;gios AHA C/D) sem pneumopatia; foram submetidos a espirometria, manovacuometria e teste cardiopulmonar m&#225;ximo. As magnitudes de associa&#231;&#227;o foram verificadas por regress&#245;es lineares e de Cox (HR; IC 95%), ajustadas para idade/sexo, e p &lt;0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Com idade m&#233;dia 57&#177;12 anos, 60% eram homens, 64% em NYHAIII. A cada aumento de 10% no VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF [&#946; 7% (IC 95%: 3-10)] e no ppCVF [4% (2-6)], foi associado &#224; reserva ventilat&#243;ria (VRes); no entanto, apenas o ppCVF associado &#224; PIm&#225;x [3,8cmH<sub>2</sub>O (0,3-7,3)], &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) [2,1% (0,5-3,8)] e ao VO<sub>2</sub> pico [0,5mL/kg/min (0,1-1,0)], considerando idade/sexo. Em 2,2 anos (m&#233;dia), ocorreram 22 eventos; tanto FEV1/FVC (HR 1,44; IC 95%: 0,97-2,13) quanto ppCVF (HR 1,13; 0,89-1,43) n&#227;o foram associados ao desfecho. Apenas no subgrupo FEVE &#8804;50% (n=87, 20 eventos), VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF (HR 1,50; 1,01-2,23), mas n&#227;o ppCVF, foi associado a risco.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Na IC cr&#244;nica, ppCVF reduzido associou-se a menor PIm&#225;x, FEVE, VRes e VO<sub>2</sub> pico, mas n&#227;o distinguiu pior progn&#243;stico em 2,2 anos de acompanhamento. Entretanto, VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF associou-se apenas com VRes, e, em participantes com FEVE &#8804;50%, o VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF reduzido mostrou pior progn&#243;stico proporcional. Portanto, VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF e ppFVC contribuem para melhor fenotipagem de pacientes com IC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Respirat&#243;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>M&#250;sculos Respirat&#243;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Toler&#226;ncia ao Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Medi&#231;&#227;o de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="36"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) e a disfun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar frequentemente coexistem, emergindo de v&#225;rios mecanismos: espessamento septal e congest&#227;o parenquimatosa; redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o vascular pulmonar e hipoperfus&#227;o microvascular; desregula&#231;&#227;o e remodela&#231;&#227;o das vias a&#233;reas; fraqueza muscular inspirat&#243;ria e perif&#233;rica; desequil&#237;brio dos quimio, ergo e metaborreflexos para controle ventilat&#243;rio; cardiomegalia; e diminui&#231;&#227;o da condut&#226;ncia br&#244;nquica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No entanto, a espirometria &#233; amplamente subutilizada na IC. Mesmo quando IC e doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC) coexistem, 80% dos indiv&#237;duos realizam ecocardiografia, mas &lt;50% realizam espirometria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es ventilat&#243;rias subcl&#237;nicas est&#227;o presentes nos est&#225;gios iniciais da IC, contribuindo para dispneia e intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A obstru&#231;&#227;o das vias a&#233;reas pode ser encontrada principalmente em pacientes n&#227;o compensados, e defeitos restritivos s&#227;o descritos, sobretudo, em indiv&#237;duos cr&#244;nicos e est&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O reconhecimento de altera&#231;&#245;es espirom&#233;tricas de base fundamenta a interpreta&#231;&#227;o do teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar (CPX) para o diagn&#243;stico diferencial de limita&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e tamb&#233;m identifica o risco de mortalidade em IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEP) ou IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFER).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No entanto, a associa&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros espirom&#233;tricos com a limita&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio e progn&#243;stico na IC ainda &#233; controversa,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> dado o seu uso em diferentes fen&#243;tipos e estados de gravidade da IC, a poss&#237;vel contribui&#231;&#227;o diferencial de cada defeito obstrutivo e restritivo e as potenciais rela&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o lineares e pouco exploradas entre as disfun&#231;&#245;es pulmonares e card&#237;acas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; que, na IC est&#225;vel cr&#244;nica, o comprometimento da capacidade vital for&#231;ada (CVF) e da rela&#231;&#227;o do volume expirado for&#231;ado em 1 segundo (VEF<sub>1</sub>)/CVF se associam de forma diferente com outros par&#226;metros funcionais em repouso e no exerc&#237;cio e, consequentemente, com pior progn&#243;stico. Portanto, os objetivos foram (1) definir at&#233; que ponto o VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF e CVF se associam com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE), for&#231;a respirat&#243;ria e respostas ao exerc&#237;cio; e (2) determinar suas associa&#231;&#245;es com a incid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares maiores (morte cardiovascular, transplante card&#237;aco e dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda (DAVE).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo e caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</title>
        <p>Esta coorte incluiu 158 pacientes consecutivos com IC encaminhados ao laborat&#243;rio de fisiologia (Universidade de Bras&#237;lia, Bras&#237;lia, Brasil) para CPX de junho de 2015 a julho de 2016, que foram seguidos at&#233; julho de 2018, correspondendo a pelo menos 24 meses de acompanhamento. Pacientes diagnosticados com IC, independentemente da etiologia ou FEVE, deveriam estar clinicamente est&#225;veis por pelo menos 3 meses antes da inclus&#227;o no estudo (sem descompensa&#231;&#227;o ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o), sem doen&#231;a pulmonar diagnosticada (asma, DPOC, enfisema ou em uso de broncodilatadores), sem condi&#231;&#245;es clinicas que impossibilitassem um CPX m&#225;ximo em cicloerg&#244;metro. Os participantes foram submetidos &#224; ecocardiograma (HD 11XE, Phillips, Amsterdam, Holanda) at&#233; 1 m&#234;s antes da inclus&#227;o. Para esta an&#225;lise, inclu&#237;mos 111 pacientes com IC, considerando dados espirom&#233;tricos incompletos em 43 participantes, e 4 n&#227;o conseguiram manobras com qualidade m&#237;nima para interpreta&#231;&#227;o adequada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>No primeiro dia, os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, seguida de avalia&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a respirat&#243;ria e espirometria ap&#243;s 30 minutos de repouso. O CPX foi realizado no dia seguinte. O ecocardiograma foi realizado de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar (PSAP) foi estimada a partir da velocidade de pico do jato de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide com Doppler, quando dispon&#237;vel. Hipertens&#227;o e diabetes foram definidos com base no autorrelato, uso de medicamentos ou medidas elevadas na consulta (press&#227;o arterial &#8805;140/90 mmHg e glicemia de jejum &#8805;126 ou glicose aleat&#243;ria &#8805;200mg/dL, respectivamente). Dislipidemia foi definida como LD L&#8805;160mg/dL ou uso de hipolipemiante. O tabagismo foi autorrelatado. O cardiologista assistente informou a etiologia prim&#225;ria da IC e a prescri&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica.</p>
        <p>Todos os participantes assinaram um termo de consentimento informado e a aprova&#231;&#227;o do conselho de revis&#227;o institucional foi obtida no Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade de Bras&#237;lia (CAAE 50414115.4.0000.0030).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e for&#231;a respirat&#243;ria</title>
        <p>A espirometria foi realizada de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es-padr&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> VEF<sub>1</sub> foi obtido a partir do volume de g&#225;s exalado no primeiro segundo da expira&#231;&#227;o. A CVF foi obtida a partir do volume de g&#225;s vigorosamente exalado ap&#243;s uma inspira&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima (Microlab, Carefusion, Yorba Linda, USA). A melhor de cinco tentativas foi utilizada. Os par&#226;metros de refer&#234;ncia derivaram de equa&#231;&#245;es brasileiras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> O VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF e o percentual do previsto da CVF (ppCVF) foram considerados as principais exposi&#231;&#245;es prim&#225;rias como vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas na an&#225;lise principal. Em an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, tamb&#233;m analisamos os tercis de cada padr&#227;o espirom&#233;trico e, ainda, a dicotomiza&#231;&#227;o em padr&#245;es obstrutivo e n&#227;o obstrutivo (VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF&#8804;70 e &gt;70, respectivamente) e padr&#245;es restritivos e n&#227;o restritivos (ppCVF &lt;80% e &#8805;80%, respectivamente). A for&#231;a muscular inspirat&#243;ria (PIm&#225;x) e expirat&#243;ria (PEm&#225;x) m&#225;ximas foram medidas de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> obtidas com um transdutor digital (MVD300, Globalmed, Porto Alegre, Brasil). Os participantes estavam na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada usando clipe nasal e bocal. A PIm&#225;x foi determinada com um esfor&#231;o inspirat&#243;rio m&#225;ximo a partir do volume mais pr&#243;ximo poss&#237;vel ao residual, contra uma via a&#233;rea oclu&#237;da, com escape a&#233;reo m&#237;nimo (2mm). A PEm&#225;x foi determinada com um esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio m&#225;ximo a partir do mais pr&#243;ximo poss&#237;vel da capacidade, contra uma via a&#233;rea obstru&#237;da. Foram realizadas tr&#234;s a cinco manobras reprodut&#237;veis (&#8804;10% da varia&#231;&#227;o entre os valores), sustentadas por pelo menos 1 segundo cada; foram separadas por 1 minuto de descanso e o maior valor foi utilizado para an&#225;lise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A PIm&#225;x baixa foi considerada quando a PIm&#225;x era &#8804;80cmH<sub>2</sub>O em homens e &#8804;60cmH<sub>2</sub>O em mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar</title>
        <p>Os pacientes foram submetidos a um CPX m&#225;ximo, sintoma-limitado,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> usando o protocolo de rampa com cicloerg&#244;metro (Corival, Lode, Holanda) e um analisador metab&#243;lico de gases expirados (Quark CPET, Cosmed, It&#225;lia). Calibra&#231;&#227;o de gases e volumes foi realizada antes de cada teste. A ventila&#231;&#227;o-minuto (VE), o consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>) e a produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono (VCO<sub>2</sub>) foram adquiridos respira&#231;&#227;o por respira&#231;&#227;o e a m&#233;dia foi calculada em intervalos de 10 segundos. O limiar anaer&#243;bio ventilat&#243;rio (LAV) foi determinado pelo m&#233;todo V-<italic>slope</italic>. O VO<sub>2</sub> de pico foi definido como a maior m&#233;dia de 10 segundos durante o plat&#244; final, se o paciente o atingiu, ou a maior m&#233;dia de 20 segundos no minuto final do teste sintoma-limitado. O VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>-<italic>slope</italic> foi calculado a partir de uma regress&#227;o linear, entre a VE e a VCO<sub>2</sub> desde o in&#237;cio do teste at&#233; o pico do exerc&#237;cio. Devido &#224; fadiga relatada nos testes preliminares de VVM (ventila&#231;&#227;o volunt&#225;ria m&#225;xima) (n&#227;o exibidos), subestimando resultados de manobras for&#231;adas subsequentes ou limitando a realiza&#231;&#227;o de medida reprodut&#237;vel, especialmente nos pacientes mais avan&#231;ados, n&#227;o conseguimos utilizar a VVM como padr&#227;o em toda a coorte, para garantir a comparabilidade. Portanto, a reserva ventilat&#243;ria foi estimada a partir do VEF<sub>1</sub> (calculada como 100-[VE/(VEF<sub>1&#215;</sub>40)&#215;100]).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A pot&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria foi calculada a partir do produto do VO<sub>2</sub> pico e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica m&#225;xima e a pot&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria calculada pelo quociente entre a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica m&#225;xima e a Ve/VCO<sub>2</sub>-<italic>slope.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Eventos incidentais</title>
        <p>O desfecho incidental foi composto de mortalidade cardiovascular, transplante card&#237;aco de urg&#234;ncia ou implanta&#231;&#227;o de DAVE ap&#243;s a inclus&#227;o no estudo. A vigil&#226;ncia dos eventos ocorreu a cada 3 meses, por meio telef&#244;nico, revisando prontu&#225;rios hospitalares ou confirma&#231;&#227;o de registros de atestados de &#243;bito.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Abordagem estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas gerais foram descritas usando m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e n&#250;meros absolutos e porcentagens para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado e todas as vari&#225;veis mostraram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Para a an&#225;lise transversal, foi utilizada regress&#227;o linear para avaliar associa&#231;&#245;es entre VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF e ppCVF, como vari&#225;veis de exposi&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nuas, com estrutura card&#237;aca, for&#231;a respirat&#243;ria e par&#226;metros do CPX como vari&#225;veis dependentes, em modelos n&#227;o ajustados e ajustados por idade e sexo, exibidos como coeficiente-&#223; e intervalo de confian&#231;a 95% (95%IC), para cada 10 pontos percentuais de aumento no par&#226;metro espirom&#233;trico. Considerando a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e a independ&#234;ncia das observa&#231;&#245;es dentro de cada modelo (correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson &lt;0,35 entre cada exposi&#231;&#227;o e desfecho), as premissas foram verificadas para a regress&#227;o linear. Para abordar potenciais associa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o lineares, tamb&#233;m testamos modelos polinomiais (<italic>splines</italic>) c&#250;bicos restritos usando 3 a 7 n&#243;s, n&#227;o ajustados e ajustados para idade e sexo.</p>
        <p>Para an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, as vari&#225;veis de exposi&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foram categorizadas em: a) tercis sexo-espec&#237;ficos para VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF e ppCVF, sendo o primeiro tercil representando a pior fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, e o terceiro tercil, a melhor fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar; e b) grupos dicot&#244;micos, comparando padr&#245;es obstrutivos (VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF &#8804;70) com n&#227;o obstrutivos (VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF &gt;70) e padr&#245;es restritivos (ppCVF &lt;80%) com n&#227;o restritivos (ppCVF &#8805;80%). Regress&#245;es lineares e log&#237;sticas e teste de Qui-quadrado para tend&#234;ncia foram usados para avaliar as associa&#231;&#245;es. Para verificar poss&#237;veis assimetrias entre participantes inclu&#237;dos e exclu&#237;dos, esses grupos foram comparados usando o Qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e teste <italic>t</italic> para amostras independentes para cont&#237;nuas.</p>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise prospectiva, regress&#227;o de Cox foi utilizada para determinar a magnitude da associa&#231;&#227;o entre a redu&#231;&#227;o de 10 pontos percentuais na fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar com o a incid&#234;ncia do desfecho composto, mostrado como <italic>hazard ratio</italic> (HR) e IC 95%. Associa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o lineares foram investigadas usando regress&#227;o c&#250;bica restrita (<italic>spline</italic>) com o n&#250;mero de n&#243;s selecionados para minimizar o modelo AIC (3 a 7 n&#243;s testados). A presun&#231;&#227;o de riscos proporcionais foi testada para todos os modelos usando res&#237;duos de Schoenfeld, e nenhuma viola&#231;&#227;o foi detectada.</p>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise prospectiva, a regress&#227;o de Cox foi usada para determinar a magnitude da associa&#231;&#227;o da diminui&#231;&#227;o de 10 pontos percentuais na vari&#225;vel da espirometria com o desfecho composto incidental, mostrado como raz&#227;o de risco (HR) e IC 95%. As associa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o lineares foram investigadas usando regress&#227;o spline c&#250;bica restrita com o n&#250;mero de n&#243;s selecionados para minimizar o modelo AIC (3 a 7 n&#243;s testados). A suposi&#231;&#227;o de riscos proporcionais foi testada para todos os modelos usando res&#237;duos de Schoenfeld, e nenhuma viola&#231;&#227;o foi detectada. Como abordagem de sensibilidade, regress&#245;es de Cox foram realizadas restringindo 4 subgrupos: FEVE &#8804;50%; FEVE &gt;50%; PIm&#225;x baixa; e PIm&#225;x normal.</p>
        <p>Um valor de p bicaudal &lt;0,05 foi considerado significativo para todas as an&#225;lises. Foi utilizado o programa STATA vers&#227;o 14.2 (Stata Corp LP, College Station, Texas, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Entre os 111 participantes com IC, a etiologia isqu&#234;mica foi predominante, est&#225;gios American Heart Association C ou D, tratados de acordo com as diretrizes, dentre os quais 24 apresentaram FEVE &gt;50% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Aproximadamente metade dos indiv&#237;duos apresentava um padr&#227;o restritivo (ppCVF &lt;80%); um quarto, um padr&#227;o obstrutivo (VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF&#8804;70); e 14 indiv&#237;duos (13%), disfun&#231;&#245;es combinadas; enquanto, em 40 deles (36%), a espirometria era normal. Dos 26 (23%) pacientes com &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) maior que 30kg/m<sup>2</sup>, 15 (65%) apresentaram um ppCVF &lt;80%. Entre 57 pacientes com ppCVF &lt;80% (51%), 15 tinham IMC &gt;30kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Baixa PIm&#225;x foi um achado frequente. O VO<sub>2</sub> de pico m&#233;dio foi baixo, mesmo garantindo crit&#233;rios de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo. A fadiga muscular geral ou a de membros inferiores foram sintomas limitantes, n&#227;o houve sibil&#226;ncia ou cianose. Cinco pacientes apresentaram reserva ventilat&#243;ria inferior a 20%, dentre eles 4 com 10% a 15%; com dist&#250;rbios basais restritivos (3) ou combinados (2) e FEVE &lt;34%. Entre estes, o intervalo RQ foi 1,09 e 1,22. Aqueles n&#227;o inclu&#237;dos por falta de dados ou por espirometria de m&#225; qualidade apresentaram caracter&#237;sticas semelhantes aos inclu&#237;dos, exceto pela m&#233;dia de idade mais jovem (51,6&#177;14,2 anos) (Tabela Suplementar S1).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (n=111). Valores s&#227;o mostrados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou n (%)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Participantes, n</th>
                <th>111</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dados demogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">57,4 &#177; 11,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (60%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Etiologia, n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Chagas</td>
                <td align="center">32 (29%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">43 (39%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idiop&#225;tica</td>
                <td align="center">23 (21%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outra</td>
                <td align="center">13 (12%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">26,6 &#177; 4,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC &gt;30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (23%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (57%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (18%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fumantes ativos, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (26%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (40%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NYHA, n(%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>I</td>
                <td align="center">15 (13%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>II</td>
                <td align="center">25 (22%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>III</td>
                <td align="center">71 (64%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Medica&#231;&#245;es e dispositivos</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueadores, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (90%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA/BRA, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">94 (84%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espironolactona, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">73 (66%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Digoxina, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (20%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatina, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (63%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Furosemida, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (60%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Marca-passo/CDI, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (22%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VEF<sub>1</sub>, L</td>
                <td align="center">2.3 &#177; 0.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CVF, L</td>
                <td align="center">3.0 &#177; 0.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Porcentagem prevista da CVF, %</td>
                <td align="center">80 &#177; 17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Porcentagem prevista da CVF &lt;80%</td>
                <td align="center">57 (51%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF</td>
                <td align="center">75 &#177; 9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF &#8804;70</td>
                <td align="center">28 (25%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PEm&#225;x, cmH<sub>2</sub>O</td>
                <td align="center">84,7 &#177; 40,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PIm&#225;x, cmH<sub>2</sub>O</td>
                <td align="center">75,4 &#177; 35,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PIm&#225;x reduzida, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (49%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ecocardiograma</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE, %</td>
                <td align="center">38,4 &#177; 15,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE &gt;50%, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (23%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Volume do AE indexado, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">44,7 &#177; 16,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PSAP estimada, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">38,9 &#177; 12,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Teste cardiopulmonar</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pot&#234;ncia de pico, W</td>
                <td align="center">80,3 &#177; 30,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de pico, bpm</td>
                <td align="center">118 &#177; 26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de pico, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">151 &#177; 25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VO<sub>2</sub> absoluto de pico, mL/min</td>
                <td align="center">966 &#177;401</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VO<sub>2</sub> relativo de pico, mL/kg/min</td>
                <td align="center">13,4 &#177; 4,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RER</td>
                <td align="center">1,23 &#177; 0,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VO<sub>2</sub> absoluto no LAV, mL/min</td>
                <td align="center">618 &#177; 281</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VO<sub>2</sub> relativo no LAV, mL/kg/min</td>
                <td align="center">8,6 &#177; 3,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pulso de O<sub>2</sub>, mL/batimento</td>
                <td align="center">8.4 &#177; 3.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>OUES</td>
                <td align="center">1145 &#177; 465</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VE max, (L/min)</td>
                <td align="center">45.0 &#177; 16.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Reserva ventilat&#243;ria, %</td>
                <td align="center">48 &#177; 19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic></td>
                <td align="center">37.3 &#177; 8.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Poder circulat&#243;rio, mmHg.mL/kg/min</td>
                <td align="center">2165 &#177; 1024</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Poder ventilat&#243;rio, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">4.3 &#177; 1.4</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; VEF<sub>1</sub>: volume expirado for&#231;ado em 1 segundo; CVF: capacidade vital for&#231;ada; NYHA: classe funcional da New York Heart Association; IECA: inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueadores do receptor da angiotensina II; CDI: cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel; PEm&#225;x: press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima; PIm&#225;x: press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar; VO<sub>2</sub>: consumo de oxig&#234;nio; OUES: curva da efici&#234;ncia de capta&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio; VE: ventila&#231;&#227;o minuto; VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope: VE/produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono; RER: raz&#227;o de troca respirat&#243;ria; LAV: limiar anaer&#243;bio ventilat&#243;rio.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o do VEF1/CVF com vari&#225;veis funcionais e com progn&#243;stico</title>
        <p>Em modelos cont&#237;nuos, o VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF foi proporcionalmente associado ao VEF<sub>1</sub> e &#224; reserva ventilat&#243;ria pelo CPX, de modo que, a cada aumento de 10 pontos percentuais no VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF, houve aumento de 200mL (IC 95% 100-310mL, p &lt;0,001) em VEF<sub>1</sub> e de 7 pontos percentuais (IC 95% 3-10%; p &lt;0,001) de aumento na reserva ventilat&#243;ria, ap&#243;s ajuste para idade e sexo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Embora a PIm&#225;x baixa fosse um achado comum em indiv&#237;duos com padr&#227;o obstrutivo (n=15, 54%), a frequ&#234;ncia foi semelhante quando comparada ao padr&#227;o n&#227;o obstrutivo (n=36, 47%; p=0,54), e a PIm&#225;x n&#227;o foi associada ao VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF cont&#237;nuo (p=0,90). Al&#233;m disso, foi observada uma associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o linear entre VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF e VEF<sub>1</sub>, de forma que essa rela&#231;&#227;o &#233; mais robusta se VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF for inferior a 75% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1A</xref>). Nenhuma outra m&#233;trica de estrutura ou fun&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar foi associada com VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF. Esses achados foram consistentes tamb&#233;m entre os tercis VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF (Tabela Suplementar S2).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Rela&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua entre os par&#226;metros espirom&#233;tricos (por aumento de 10 pontos percentuais em cada VEF1/CVF e ppCVF) e a fun&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar em participantes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="3">Fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e pulmonar</th>
                  <th colspan="2">VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF</th>
                  <th colspan="2">% prevista da CVF</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Coeficiente (95%IC)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>Coeficiente (95%IC)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">VEF<sub>1</sub>, <italic>L</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">Modelo 1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24 (0,10; 0,38)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,25 (0,18; 0,31)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Modelo 2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20 (0,10; 0,31)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23 (0,19; 0,27)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">PEm&#225;x <italic>cmH</italic><sub><italic>2</italic></sub><italic>O</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">Modelo 1</td>
                  <td align="center">2,7 (-6,6; 11,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,57</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,9 (-5,8; 4,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,73</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Modelo 2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6 (-7,5;8,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,88</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,5 (-5,8; 2,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">PIm&#225;x, <italic>cmH</italic><sub><italic>2</italic></sub><italic>O</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">Modelo 1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9 (-0,6; 8,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81</td>
                  <td align="center">4,1 (0,2; 8,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Modelo 2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4 (-6,1; 6,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90</td>
                  <td align="center">3,8 (0,3; 7,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,031</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">FEVE, <italic>%</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">Modelo 1</td>
                  <td align="center">1,9 (-1,0; 4,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20</td>
                  <td align="center">2,2 (0,6; 3,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Modelo 2</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6 (-1,4; 4,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,28</td>
                  <td align="center">2,1 (0,5; 3,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,013</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Pot&#234;ncia pico, <italic>W</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">Modelo 1</td>
                  <td align="center">1,5 (-4,6; 7,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,63</td>
                  <td align="center">4,2 (0,9; 7,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Modelo 2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3 (-4,3; 4,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89</td>
                  <td align="center">3,5 (1,1; 6,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">VO<sub>2</sub> absoluto de pico, <italic>mL/min</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">Modelo 1</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (-50; 111)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,45</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (-9; 78)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Modelo 2</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (-49; 86)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,59</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (-9; 63)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">VO<sub>2</sub> relativo de pico, <italic>mL/kg/min</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">Modelo 1</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,3 (-1,3; 0,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,47</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6 (0,1; 1,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Modelo 2</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,4 (-1,3; 0,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5 (0,1; 1,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.028</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Raz&#227;o de troca ventilat&#243;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">Modelo 1</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,01 (-0,05; 0,02)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02 (-0,003; 0,04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Modelo 2</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,01 (-0,05; 0,02)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,40</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01 (-0,003; 0,03)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">VO<sub>2</sub> absoluto no LAV, <italic>mL/min</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">Modelo 1</td>
                  <td align="center">-8 (-66; 49)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,77</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (-20; 44)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Modelo 2</td>
                  <td align="center">-12 (-67; 44)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,68</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (-18; 44)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">VO<sub>2</sub> relativo no LAV, <italic>mL/kg/min</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">Modelo 1</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,7 (-1,4; -0,004)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2 (-0,2; 0,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Modelo 2</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,7 (-1,4; 0,007)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2 (-0,2; 0,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Pulso de O<sub>2</sub>, <italic>mL/batimento</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">Modelo 1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4 (-0,2; 1,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,21</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1 (-0,2; 0,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Modelo 2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4 (-0,2; 0,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1 (0,2; 0,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,47</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">OUES</td>
                  <td align="center">Modelo 1</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (-31; 155)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (-32; 70)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,47</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Modelo 2</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (-34; 130)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,25</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (-36; 54)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">VE m&#225;x, <italic>L/min</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">Modelo 1</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,4 (-3,7; 2,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6 (-0,2; 3,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Modelo 2</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,6 (-3,3; 2,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,68</td>
                  <td align="center">1,5 (0,02; 2,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Reserva ventilat&#243;ria, <italic>%</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">Modelo 1</td>
                  <td align="center">7,4 (3,9; 10,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">4,6 (2,8; 6,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Modelo 2</td>
                  <td align="center">6,8 (3,3; 10,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">4,3 (2,5; 6,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">Modelo 1</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,2 (-2,0; 1,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,6 (-1,6; 0,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Modelo 2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2 (-1,6; 2,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,5 (-1,5; 0,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Pot. circulat&#243;ria, <italic>mmHg.mL/kg/min</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">Modelo 1</td>
                  <td align="center">-20 (-202; 163)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,83</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (-14; 183)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Modelo 2</td>
                  <td align="center">-43 ( -212; 125)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (-19; 163)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Pot. ventilat&#243;ria, <italic>mmHg</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">Modelo 1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08 (-0,20; 0,35)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.59</td>
                  <td align="center">0.12 (-0,03; 0,27)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Modelo 2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04 (-0,22; 0,31)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.76</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10 (-0,04; 0,24)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,17</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>VEF<sub>1</sub>: volume expirado for&#231;ado em 1 segundo; CVF: capacidade vital for&#231;ada; PEm&#225;x: press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima; PIm&#225;x: press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo do VE; VO<sub>2</sub>: consumo de oxig&#234;nio; LAV: limiar anaer&#243;bio ventilat&#243;rio; OUES: curva da efici&#234;ncia de capta&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio; VE: ventila&#231;&#227;o minuto; VCO<sub>2</sub>: produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono; Pot.: pot&#234;ncia. Modelo 1: n&#227;o ajustado; Modelo 2: idade e sexo. Nota: valores de p se referem &#224; respectiva an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Associa&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua da VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF (azul) e do percentual previsto da CVF (vermelho-claro) com VEF<sub>1</sub>, FEVE, PIm&#225;x e VO<sub>2</sub> de usando splines c&#250;bicos restritos. Modelos foram constru&#237;dos usando splines c&#250;bicos restritos com 3 n&#243;s. *p &lt;0,05 em modelos adicionalmente ajustados para idade e sexo.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>No seguimento m&#233;dio de 2,2&#177;0,7 anos, 15 indiv&#237;duos tiveram morte cardiovascular, 3 foram transplantados e 4 tiveram implante de DAVE. Houve tend&#234;ncia de menor VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF aumentar o risco para o desfecho composto, por&#233;m n&#227;o foi linearmente significativo quando considerados a idade e o sexo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). Por outro lado, houve associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o linear entre VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF e o desfecho composto, de forma que o risco diminui quando VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF &gt;75 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Associa&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas basais com a incid&#234;ncia do desfecho composto (mortalidade cardiovascular, transplante card&#237;aco e implante de dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda; 22 eventos) entre participantes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (n=111), acompanhados por 2,2&#177;0,7 anos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>Eventos</th>
                  <th>N&#227;o ajustado HR (95%IC)*</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>Ajuste por sexo e idade HR (95%IC)*</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>VEF</bold>
                    <sub>
                      <bold>1</bold>
                    </sub>
                    <bold>/CVF</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obstrutivo</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">2,45 (1,05-5,77)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">p=0,039</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">2,28 (0,95-5,44)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">p=0,064</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o obstrutivo</td>
                  <td align="center">83</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cont&#237;nuo</td>
                  <td align="center">111</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                  <td align="center">1,48 (1,00-2,18)</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0,050</td>
                  <td align="center">1,44 (0,97-2,13)</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0,069</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ppCVF</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Restritivo</td>
                  <td align="center">57</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">1,83 (0,77-4,37)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">p=0,172</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">1,86 (0,78-4,44)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">p=0,163</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o restritivo</td>
                  <td align="center">54</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cont&#237;nuo</td>
                  <td align="center">111</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                  <td align="center">1,16 (0,92-1,46)</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0,207</td>
                  <td align="center">1,13 (0,89-1,43)</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0,306</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>*por 10 unidades de redu&#231;&#227;o. Nota: valores de p se referem &#224; respectiva an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Associa&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;nuas de VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF (azul) e percentual previsto da CVF (vermelho) basais com o desfecho composto (morte cardiovascular, transplante card&#237;aco e implante de dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia ventricular), em tempo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento de 2,2&#177;0,7 anos (22 eventos). Modelos foram constru&#237;dos para a vari&#225;vel prim&#225;ria de exposi&#231;&#227;o (VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF e percentual previsto da CVF) usando splines c&#250;bicos restritos com 3 n&#243;s. Linear corresponde &#224; an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox. *p &lt;0,05 em modelos adicionalmente ajustados para idade e sexo.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>Duas an&#225;lises de sensibilidade foram realizadas. Primeiramente, excluindo aqueles com FEVE &gt;50% (n=24), dentre os 87 sujeitos restantes, 20 eventos ocorreram. Nesse cen&#225;rio, cada redu&#231;&#227;o de 10 pontos percentuais no VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF foi associada a um aumento de 50% na probabilidade de o desfecho composto incidir por ano de observa&#231;&#227;o, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o a idade e o sexo (p=0,04) (Figura Suplementar S1). Entre aqueles com FEVE &gt;50%, apenas dois eventos ocorreram. Em segundo lugar, entre indiv&#237;duos com baixa PIm&#225;x (n=51, 13 eventos), VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF reduzido foi associado a maior risco para o desfecho prim&#225;rio (HR 1,72; 1,14-2,61; p=0,009), enquanto no subgrupo com PIm&#225;x normal (n=57, seis eventos), n&#227;o foi associado ao desfecho (HR 0,98; 0,36-2,69) (Figura Suplementar S1)</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o da porcentagem da CVF prevista com vari&#225;veis funcionais e com progn&#243;stico</title>
        <p>Considerando a idade e o sexo, cada aumento de 10 pontos percentuais no ppCVF ajustado foi proporcionalmente associado a um aumento linear no VEF<sub>1</sub>, de 230mL (IC 95% 190-270mL, p &lt;0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). A PIm&#225;x tamb&#233;m aumentou 3,8cmH<sub>2</sub>O (IC 95% 0,3-7,3, p = 0,03), mas a an&#225;lise n&#227;o linear mostrou que essa associa&#231;&#227;o foi mais robusta para ppCVF &lt;80% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1G</xref>). A PIm&#225;x baixa foi mais frequente em indiv&#237;duos com IC com padr&#227;o restritivo (n=34, 65%) quando comparados &#224;queles sem padr&#227;o restritivo (n=17, 32%; p &lt;0,001). A FEVE aumentou aproximadamente 2 pontos percentuais para cada aumento de 10 pontos percentuais no ppCVF, que tamb&#233;m foi mais proeminente quando ppCVF &lt;80% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1F</xref>). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao CPX, quanto maior o ppCVF, maior a pot&#234;ncia de pico, o VO<sub>2</sub> de pico relativo e a reserva ventilat&#243;ria nos modelos ajustados. Nenhuma outra m&#233;trica de estrutura ou fun&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar foi associada ao ppCVF, como vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>) ou categorizada em tercis (Tabela Suplementar S3).</p>
        <p>O ppFVC mais baixo n&#227;o foi capaz de distinguir indiv&#237;duos com IC sob maior risco para o desfecho composto na an&#225;lise prim&#225;ria (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>) ou de sensibilidade (Figura Suplementar S2).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em uma coorte de mundo real de 111 indiv&#237;duos com IC cr&#244;nica de classes C ou D, dentro de uma ampla faixa de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, investigamos como o espectro de dist&#250;rbios espirom&#233;tricos normal a grave se relacionava com as m&#233;tricas funcionais de repouso e de exerc&#237;cio, e com eventos cardiovasculares incidentais maiores. Em todas as faixas de obstru&#231;&#227;o das vias a&#233;reas e de comprometimento da capacidade vital, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o a idade e o sexo, tanto o VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF baixo quanto o ppCVF foram associados &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da reserva ventilat&#243;ria ao exerc&#237;cio, mas apenas o ppCVF baixo foi associado &#224; menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, fraqueza inspirat&#243;ria e menor capacidade de exerc&#237;cio, que foi mais proeminente quando o ppCVF foi inferior a 80%. Embora tais disfun&#231;&#245;es pulmonares fossem comuns, o risco para o desfecho composto de morte cardiovascular, transplante card&#237;aco ou implante de DAVE teve associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o linear apenas com VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF, mas n&#227;o com ppCVF, sugerindo um melhor progn&#243;stico com padr&#227;o n&#227;o obstrutivo (VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF &gt;75%). Al&#233;m disso, entre os subgrupos de baixa FEVE e baixa PIm&#225;x, apenas o VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF reduzido distinguiu um risco maior. Portanto, VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF e ppCVF fenotipam aspectos cl&#237;nicos de pacientes com IC de maneira diferente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Resumo visual dos achados principais: VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF e ppCVF caracterizam de forma diferencial pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VEF<sub>1</sub>: volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado em 1 segundo; ppCVF: percentual previsto da capacidade vital for&#231;ada; PIm&#225;x: press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima; CV: cardiovascular; DAVE: dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda; HR: hazard ratio. Apesar de a ppCVF estar associada a outras vari&#225;veis funcionais al&#233;m da reserva ventilat&#243;ria, apenas o VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF foi associado a progn&#243;stico de curto prazo, particularmente para aqueles com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida, sugerindo que cada marcador agrega diferentes informa&#231;&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o aos fen&#243;tipos da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href=""/>
        </fig>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o de fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar de repouso com desempenho ao exerc&#237;cio</title>
        <p>Os efeitos diretos da IC nas vias a&#233;reas, como congest&#227;o vascular, edema parenquimatoso e alveolar e fibrose intersticial, est&#227;o relacionados &#224; constri&#231;&#227;o aguda/subaguda do di&#226;metro das vias a&#233;reas e &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o subaguda/cr&#244;nica do volume pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Como resultado, o VEF<sub>1</sub> e a CVF diminuem de forma independente ou paralela, sugerindo que mesmo a disfun&#231;&#227;o subcl&#237;nica pode contribuir de forma diferente para a intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio. Consequentemente, o VEF<sub>1</sub> se associa de forma mais robusta &#224; capacidade aer&#243;bia (VO<sub>2</sub> de pico) do que a FEVE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Portanto, espera-se que a ventila&#231;&#227;o volunt&#225;ria m&#225;xima (derivada do VEF<sub>1</sub>) seja prejudicada na IC, proporcionalmente &#224; gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar subjacente. No entanto, a intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio em indiv&#237;duos com IC &#233; multifatorial, e a reserva ventilat&#243;ria reduzida no pico expressa apenas parcialmente a contribui&#231;&#227;o pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> De fato, observamos que a reserva ventilat&#243;ria aumentou 7 e 4 pontos percentuais para cada aumento de 10 pontos percentuais no VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF e na ppFVC, respectivamente. No entanto, a reserva ventilat&#243;ria foi t&#227;o baixa quanto 38% e 39%, em m&#233;dia, nos tercis inferiores de VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF e ppCVF, respectivamente; valores maiores que os 20% esperados para assumir inequivocamente uma restri&#231;&#227;o ventilat&#243;ria no pico do exerc&#237;cio, sugerindo a limita&#231;&#227;o cardiocirculat&#243;ria como origem prim&#225;ria &#8211; mas n&#227;o &#250;nica &#8211; da limita&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o em nossos pacientes.</p>
        <p>Par&#226;metros como OUES e VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic> s&#227;o menos dependentes do pico de esfor&#231;o e s&#227;o mais sens&#237;veis para distinguir restri&#231;&#245;es ventilat&#243;rias de cardiocirculat&#243;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Os valores m&#233;dios reduzidos do OUES, elevados de VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic> e reduzidos do pulso de O<sub>2</sub> em nosso estudo, na verdade, sugerem uma limita&#231;&#227;o cardiocirculat&#243;ria predominante, mas a falta de associa&#231;&#227;o entre VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF e ppCVF em repouso com outras vari&#225;veis ventilat&#243;rias de exerc&#237;cio, incluindo efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria, foi contr&#225;ria &#224; nossa hip&#243;tese <italic>a priori</italic>. Portanto, a capacidade da espirometria de repouso para determinar precisamente a contribui&#231;&#227;o ventilat&#243;ria para limita&#231;&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio, al&#233;m da reserva ventilat&#243;ria, pode ser limitada, sobrepujada pelo componente cardiocirculat&#243;rio nos est&#225;gios de IC mais avan&#231;ados, como em nossa coorte, composta de pacientes em est&#225;gios C/D, predominantemente em NYHA III (64%) e VO<sub>2</sub> pico m&#233;dio de 13mL/kg/min.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s outras vari&#225;veis funcionais, apenas o ppCVF, mas n&#227;o o VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF, foi adicionalmente associado &#224; PIm&#225;x em repouso, mas n&#227;o &#224; PEm&#225;x, &#224; FEVE e ao pico de pot&#234;ncia e VO<sub>2</sub> pico relativo, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o a idade e o sexo.</p>
        <p>Possivelmente, dadas as caracter&#237;sticas graves, mas est&#225;veis dos indiv&#237;duos com IC neste estudo, as correla&#231;&#245;es discrepantes para cada exposi&#231;&#227;o poderiam resultar da influ&#234;ncia prim&#225;ria da IC na redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade pulmonar total, diminuindo desproporcionalmente a CVF em rela&#231;&#227;o ao VEF<sub>1</sub>, atenuando, portanto, o efeito do VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF para prever as respostas do exerc&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Assim, um padr&#227;o restritivo &#233; comum na s&#237;ndrome de IC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> particularmente em ICFER.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a rela&#231;&#227;o direta do ppCVF com a FEVE apoia a hip&#243;tese de que um cora&#231;&#227;o potencial aumentado e disfuncional est&#225; relacionado ao volume pulmonar reduzido devido aos efeitos de ocupa&#231;&#227;o de espa&#231;o e de congest&#227;o vascular e parenquimatosa mencionados anteriormente. Tais altera&#231;&#245;es, agravadas pela fraqueza inspirat&#243;ria, podem comprometer a mec&#226;nica respirat&#243;ria em resposta &#224;s demandas crescentes, reduzindo ainda mais a complac&#234;ncia pulmonar, e todas podem contribuir para a limita&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio, representada pelo baixo VO<sub>2</sub> de pico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Curiosamente, apenas o ppCVF foi associado a PIm&#225;x. Na IC, a redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade vital est&#225; associada &#224; baixa PIm&#225;x e &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o diafragm&#225;tica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> que desempenha papel significativo na limita&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio na ICFER<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> e na ICFEP<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> e demonstra relev&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica independente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Consistentemente com nossos achados, a disfun&#231;&#227;o e as anormalidades estruturais da musculatura esquel&#233;tica generalizada, diafragm&#225;tica em particular, contribuem amplamente para a intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio em ambas, ICFER e ICFEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Automaticidade e constante sobrecarga de trabalho, mesmo em estado de repouso, caracterizam unicamente a predisposi&#231;&#227;o do diafragma &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o precoce na s&#237;ndrome de IC, que &#233; mais proeminente que a de outros m&#250;sculos expirat&#243;rios e/ou perif&#233;ricos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e progn&#243;stico cardiovascular</title>
        <p>O decl&#237;nio da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, mesmo subcl&#237;nico, mostrou-se associado &#224; incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em popula&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o selecionadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, em indiv&#237;duos com ICFER est&#225;vel, a espirometria previu significativamente mortalidade por qualquer causa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Olson et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> estudaram 134 indiv&#237;duos com ICFER com VO<sub>2</sub> pico de 19mL/kg/min e 66% eram NYHA classes I e II, e mostraram que quanto menor VEF<sub>1</sub> ou CVF, menores as taxas de sobrevida. Em contraste, na ICFER avan&#231;ada pr&#233;-transplante, Georgiopoulou et al. demonstraram que a espirometria n&#227;o forneceu informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Em nossa coorte, posicionada entre os estudos anteriores quanto &#224; gravidade dos participantes, o VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF cont&#237;nuo e o ppCVF n&#227;o foram capazes de distinguir indiv&#237;duos com IC com risco aumentado para eventos cardiovasculares maiores em modelos lineares.</p>
        <p>Provavelmente, dados os est&#225;gios cr&#244;nicos da IC e a limita&#231;&#227;o cardiocirculat&#243;ria predominante do CPX conforme demonstrado, a contribui&#231;&#227;o do comprometimento ventilat&#243;rio forneceu poucas informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas adicionais considerando todo o espectro de FEVE na IC. Tentando abordar a potencial rela&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica desta complexa intera&#231;&#227;o biol&#243;gica, investigamos associa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o lineares para poss&#237;veis intervalos ou limites sob risco diferencial, em todo o espectro de ambas as exposi&#231;&#245;es. Encontramos associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o linear entre VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF e o desfecho composto, em que indiv&#237;duos com IC com VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF maior que 75% diminu&#237;ram a probabilidade de apresentar eventos cardiovasculares maiores em uma m&#233;dia de 2,2 anos de acompanhamento. Podemos supor que: 1) a DPOC, a principal causa de obstru&#231;&#227;o das vias a&#233;reas que frequentemente coexiste com a IC, poderia n&#227;o ter sido detectada, aumentando a carga de risco;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> ou 2) dos efeitos prim&#225;rios da IC no sistema respirat&#243;rio, as altera&#231;&#245;es do VEF<sub>1</sub> podem ser mais sens&#237;veis que a CVF em per&#237;odos mais curtos, influenciadas por altera&#231;&#245;es din&#226;micas em br&#244;nquios de calibres pequenos e m&#233;dios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> A capacidade vital reduzida, como marca registrada da IC avan&#231;ada,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> foi menos sens&#237;vel para distinguir o risco de eventos incidentais ao longo deste tempo de acompanhamento.</p>
        <p>Contribui&#231;&#245;es potenciais da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar para a incid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares tamb&#233;m parecem diferir entre os fen&#243;tipos ICFEP e ICFER. Restringindo a an&#225;lise a um subconjunto de indiv&#237;duos com LVEF &#8804;50%, uma diminui&#231;&#227;o no VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF, mas n&#227;o na ppCVF, identificou maior risco para o desfecho composto, enquanto nenhuma conclus&#227;o p&#244;de ser feita para aqueles com FEVE &gt;50% com apenas dois eventos. Da mesma forma, no subconjunto de fraqueza inspirat&#243;ria, a redu&#231;&#227;o do VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF distinguiu maior risco de eventos cardiovasculares maiores, o que n&#227;o foi observado entre aqueles sem fraqueza ou em todo o espectro ppCVF. Poder&#237;amos especular que a fisiopatologia do padr&#227;o obstrutivo impactou negativamente principalmente aqueles com FEVE reduzida e com fraqueza inspirat&#243;ria.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>V&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es devem ser observadas. Como um estudo observacional, a causalidade n&#227;o p&#244;de ser abordada e podem existir fatores de confus&#227;o residuais e n&#227;o medidos para as observa&#231;&#245;es descritas. Apenas um subconjunto de pacientes foi inclu&#237;do, com espirometria completa, necess&#225;ria para este estudo e, dada a idade mais jovem daqueles exclu&#237;dos, vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o involunt&#225;rio poderia estar presente. As medidas espirom&#233;tricas foram realizadas sem broncodilatadores, de forma que a obstru&#231;&#227;o revers&#237;vel permaneceu indetect&#225;vel; al&#233;m disso, os padr&#245;es restritivos foram baseados apenas na CVF, porque medidas mais precisas e diretas de volumes e capacidades n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis, o que poderia ter limitado a capacidade de detectar a verdadeira restri&#231;&#227;o de volume pulmonar, por&#233;m poderia aumentar a validade externa dos achados. Al&#233;m disso, um mecanismo importante de limita&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio pode ser devido ao aprisionamento de ar, que n&#227;o pode ser detectado pela espirometria.</p>
        <p>Infelizmente, a VVM medida n&#227;o foi vi&#225;vel para todos os participantes, o que pode ter influenciado m&#233;tricas de reserva ventilat&#243;ria, provavelmente subestimadas, embora apenas 5 participantes tiveram &lt;20% de reserva ventilat&#243;ria. No entanto, trocamos resultados potencialmente n&#227;o confi&#225;veis, por valores uniformes e compar&#225;veis em toda a coorte usando a medida de MVV estimada. Apesar de uma correla&#231;&#227;o razo&#225;vel entre FEV<sub>1</sub> e MVV (r<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> = 0,82),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> reconhecemos que o VVM deve ser realizado antes do CPX em n&#237;vel individual, sempre que poss&#237;vel.</p>
        <p>Tamb&#233;m reconhecemos que a baixa satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio durante o exerc&#237;cio pode representar um desacoplamento de ventila&#231;&#227;o-perfus&#227;o ou restri&#231;&#227;o ventilat&#243;ria, o que n&#227;o &#233; exclusivamente, mas mais frequentemente associada ao comprometimento do sistema respirat&#243;rio, particularmente DPOC avan&#231;ada, doen&#231;as pulmonares intersticiais e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> condi&#231;&#245;es exclu&#237;das no in&#237;cio do estudo. No entanto, um ox&#237;metro compat&#237;vel com nosso sistema de CPX estava indispon&#237;vel durante a aquisi&#231;&#227;o de dados, e o transdutor digital existente produziu valores n&#227;o confi&#225;veis. Portanto, recorremos ao exame f&#237;sico normal (sem sibil&#226;ncia ou cianose no pico de esfor&#231;o) para supor que a hip&#243;xia era improv&#225;vel.</p>
        <p>Por fim, o tempo de acompanhamento relativamente curto e, consequentemente, a taxa de eventos podem ter limitado a capacidade de detectar associa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas com ppCVF, mas n&#227;o com VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF, devido ao comportamento mais cr&#244;nico do primeiro.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Implica&#231;&#245;es para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica</title>
        <p>A espirometria e a manovacuometria s&#227;o ferramentas de fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar amplamente dispon&#237;veis, embora subutilizadas na IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> A interpreta&#231;&#227;o de defeitos ventilat&#243;rios pode ser desafiadora nesses indiv&#237;duos, particularmente naqueles com ICFEP, cuja varia&#231;&#227;o fenot&#237;pica pode sobrepor sintomas card&#237;acos e pulmonares, e menos dados s&#227;o dispon&#237;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No entanto, podem fornecer valiosas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o impacto da IC no sistema respirat&#243;rio, diferenciando-se da doen&#231;a pulmonar n&#227;o diagnosticada (e subtratada), interpretando melhor a CPX, identificando potenciais alvos terap&#234;uticos (reabilita&#231;&#227;o, treinamento ventilat&#243;rio) e definindo fatores progn&#243;sticos, enfatizando que a espirometria &#233; uma ferramenta dispon&#237;vel e vi&#225;vel, que deve ser realizada previamente ao CPX e para apoiar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco na IC. Altera&#231;&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas e em est&#225;gios iniciais da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar podem predizer eventos cardiovasculares futuros. Somando-se a esse conhecimento, nosso estudo sugere que, tamb&#233;m na IC mais cr&#244;nica e est&#225;vel, a presen&#231;a e o tipo de disfun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar auxiliam na melhor interpreta&#231;&#227;o das respostas ao exerc&#237;cio e na identifica&#231;&#227;o de sujeitos sob maior risco.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em uma coorte do mundo real com indiv&#237;duos com IC cr&#244;nica, com ampla faixa de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF e ppCVF foram diretamente associados &#224; reserva ventilat&#243;ria no exerc&#237;cio, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o a idade e o sexo. No entanto, apenas ppCVF reduzida foi adicionalmente associada a baixa fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, fraqueza inspirat&#243;ria e baixa capacidade de exerc&#237;cio. Em seguimento m&#233;dio de 2,2 anos, apenas o VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF, mas n&#227;o a ppCVF, distinguiu indiv&#237;duos com IC sob maior risco de eventos cardiovasculares maiores, sendo mais proeminentes entre aqueles com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida e baixa press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria. Portanto, VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF e ppCVF adicionam informa&#231;&#245;es distintas sobre os fen&#243;tipos de IC.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimento</title>
      <p>Agradecemos a todos os pacientes que aceitaram participar do nosso estudo, doando-nos seu tempo e esperan&#231;a de melhorar o entendimento da IC, em busca de uma assist&#234;ncia de melhor qualidade.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Neder JA, Rocha A, Berton DC, O&#8217;Donnell DE. Clinical and Physiologic Implications of Negative Cardiopulmonary Interactions in Coexisting Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-Heart Failure. Clin Chest Med. 2019;40(2):421-38. doi: 10.1016/j.ccm.2019.02.006.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Neder</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rocha</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berton</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O&#8217;Donnell</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical and Physiologic Implications of Negative Cardiopulmonary Interactions in Coexisting Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Clin Chest Med</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>421</fpage>
          <lpage>438</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ccm.2019.02.006.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Cundrle I Jr, Olson LJ, Johnson BD. Pulmonary Limitations in Heart Failure. Clin Chest Med. 2019;40(2):439-48. doi: 10.1016/j.ccm.2019.02.010.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cundrle</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Olson</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>BD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pulmonary Limitations in Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Clin Chest Med</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>439</fpage>
          <lpage>448</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ccm.2019.02.010.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Lalande S, Cross TJ, Keller-Ross ML, Morris NR, Johnson BD, Taylor BJ. Exercise Intolerance in Heart Failure: Central Role for the Pulmonary System. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2020;48(1):11-9. doi: 10.1249/JES.0000000000000208.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lalande</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cross</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Keller-Ross</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morris</surname>
              <given-names>NR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>BD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taylor</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise Intolerance in Heart Failure: Central Role for the Pulmonary System</article-title>
          <source>Exerc Sport Sci Rev</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>11</fpage>
          <lpage>19</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1249/JES.0000000000000208.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Canepa M, Straburzynska-Migaj E, Drozdz J, Fernandez-Vivancos C, Pinilla JMG, Nyolczas N, et al. Characteristics, Treatments and 1-year Prognosis of Hospitalized and Ambulatory Heart Failure Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in the European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure Long-Term Registry. Eur J Heart Fail. 2018;20(1):100-10. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.964.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Canepa</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Straburzynska-Migaj</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drozdz</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandez-Vivancos</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinilla</surname>
              <given-names>JMG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nyolczas</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Characteristics, Treatments and 1-year Prognosis of Hospitalized and Ambulatory Heart Failure Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in the European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure Long-Term Registry</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>100</fpage>
          <lpage>110</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ejhf.964.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Lawson CA, Mamas MA, Jones PW, Teece L, McCann G, Khunti K, et al. Association of Medication Intensity and Stages of Airflow Limitation With the Risk of Hospitalization or Death in Patients with Heart Failure and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(8):e185489. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.5489.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lawson</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mamas</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jones</surname>
              <given-names>PW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teece</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McCann</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khunti</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association of Medication Intensity and Stages of Airflow Limitation With the Risk of Hospitalization or Death in Patients with Heart Failure and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease</article-title>
          <source>JAMA Netw Open</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <elocation-id>e185489</elocation-id>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.5489.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Damarla M, Celli BR, Mullerova HX, Pinto-Plata VM. Discrepancy in the Use of Confirmatory Tests in Patients Hospitalized with the Diagnosis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or Congestive Heart Failure. Respir Care. 2006;51(10):1120-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Damarla</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Celli</surname>
              <given-names>BR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mullerova</surname>
              <given-names>HX</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinto-Plata</surname>
              <given-names>VM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Discrepancy in the Use of Confirmatory Tests in Patients Hospitalized with the Diagnosis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or Congestive Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Respir Care</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1120</fpage>
          <lpage>1124</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Johnson BD, Beck KC, Olson LJ, O&#8217;Malley KA, Allison TG, Squires RW, et al. Ventilatory Constraints during Exercise in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure. Chest. 2000;117(2):321-32. doi: 10.1378/chest.117.2.321.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>BD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beck</surname>
              <given-names>KC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Olson</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O&#8217;Malley</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Allison</surname>
              <given-names>TG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Squires</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ventilatory Constraints during Exercise in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Chest</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>117</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>321</fpage>
          <lpage>332</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1378/chest.117.2.321.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Tzani P, Piepoli MF, Longo F, Aiello M, Serra W, Maurizio AR, et al. Resting Lung Function in the Assessment of the Exercise Capacity in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure. Am J Med Sci. 2010;339(3):210-5. doi: 10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181c78540.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tzani</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piepoli</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Longo</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aiello</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Serra</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maurizio</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Resting Lung Function in the Assessment of the Exercise Capacity in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Am J Med Sci</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>339</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>210</fpage>
          <lpage>215</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181c78540.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Magnussen H, Canepa M, Zambito PE, Brusasco V, Meinertz T, Rosenkranz S. What Can We Learn from Pulmonary Function Testing in Heart Failure? Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19(10):1222-9. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.946.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Magnussen</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Canepa</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zambito</surname>
              <given-names>PE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brusasco</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meinertz</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosenkranz</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>What Can We Learn from Pulmonary Function Testing in Heart Failure?</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1222</fpage>
          <lpage>1229</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ejhf.946.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Iversen KK, Kjaergaard J, Akkan D, Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C, Hassager C, et al. The Prognostic Importance of Lung Function in Patients Admitted with Heart Failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2010;12(7):685-91. doi: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfq050.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Iversen</surname>
              <given-names>KK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kjaergaard</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Akkan</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kober</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Torp-Pedersen</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hassager</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Prognostic Importance of Lung Function in Patients Admitted with Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>685</fpage>
          <lpage>691</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurjhf/hfq050.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Andrea R, L&#243;pez-Giraldo A, Falces C, L&#243;pez T, Sanchis L, Gistau C, et al. Pulmonary Function Predicts Mortality and Hospitalizations in Outpatients with Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction. Respir Med. 2018;134:124-9. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2017.12.004.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Andrea</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>L&#243;pez-Giraldo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Falces</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>L&#243;pez</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sanchis</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gistau</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pulmonary Function Predicts Mortality and Hospitalizations in Outpatients with Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction</article-title>
          <source>Respir Med</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>134</volume>
          <fpage>124</fpage>
          <lpage>129</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.rmed.2017.12.004.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Ramalho SHR, Shah AM. Lung Function and Cardiovascular Disease: A Link. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2021;31(2):93-8. doi: 10.1016/j.tcm.2019.12.009.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ramalho</surname>
              <given-names>SHR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shah</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Lung Function and Cardiovascular Disease: A Link</article-title>
          <source>Trends Cardiovasc Med</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>93</fpage>
          <lpage>98</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tcm.2019.12.009.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Miller MR, Hankinson J, Brusasco V, Burgos F, Casaburi R, Coates A, et al. Standardisation of Spirometry. Eur Respir J. 2005;26(2):319-38. doi: 10.1183/09031936.05.00034805.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hankinson</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brusasco</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burgos</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casaburi</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coates</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Standardisation of Spirometry</article-title>
          <source>Eur Respir J</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>319</fpage>
          <lpage>338</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1183/09031936.05.00034805.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, et al. Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015;28(1):1-39. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2014.10.003.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lang</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Badano</surname>
              <given-names>LP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mor-Avi</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Afilalo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Armstrong</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ernande</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>39</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2014.10.003.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Neder JA, Andreoni S, Castelo-Filho A, Nery LE. Reference Values for Lung Function Tests. I. Static Volumes. Braz J Med Biol Res. 1999;32(6):703-17. doi: 10.1590/s0100-879x1999000600006.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Neder</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andreoni</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Castelo-Filho</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nery</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reference Values for Lung Function Tests. I. Static Volumes</article-title>
          <source>Braz J Med Biol Res</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>703</fpage>
          <lpage>717</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/s0100-879x1999000600006.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Neder JA, Andreoni S, Lerario MC, Nery LE. Reference Values for Lung Function Tests. II. Maximal Respiratory Pressures and Voluntary Ventilation. Braz J Med Biol Res. 1999;32(6):719-27. doi: 10.1590/s0100-879x1999000600007.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Neder</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andreoni</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lerario</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nery</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reference Values for Lung Function Tests. II. Maximal Respiratory Pressures and Voluntary Ventilation</article-title>
          <source>Braz J Med Biol Res</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>719</fpage>
          <lpage>727</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/s0100-879x1999000600007.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Caruso P, Albuquerque AL, Santana PV, Cardenas LZ, Ferreira JG, Prina E, et al. Diagnostic Methods to Assess Inspiratory and Expiratory Muscle Strength. J Bras Pneumol. 2015;41(2):110-23. doi: 10.1590/S1806-37132015000004474.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Caruso</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santana</surname>
              <given-names>PV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cardenas</surname>
              <given-names>LZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prina</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diagnostic Methods to Assess Inspiratory and Expiratory Muscle Strength</article-title>
          <source>J Bras Pneumol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>110</fpage>
          <lpage>123</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S1806-37132015000004474.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Guazzi M, Adams V, Conraads V, Halle M, Mezzani A, Vanhees L, et al. EACPR/AHA Scientific Statement. Clinical Recommendations for Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Data Assessment in Specific Patient Populations. Circulation. 2012;126(18):2261-74. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e31826fb946.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guazzi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Conraads</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Halle</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mezzani</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vanhees</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>EACPR/AHA Scientific Statement. Clinical Recommendations for Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Data Assessment in Specific Patient Populations</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>126</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>2261</fpage>
          <lpage>2274</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0b013e31826fb946.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Castello-Sim&#245;es V, Minatel V, Karsten M, Sim&#245;es RP, Perseguini NM, Milan JC, et al. Circulatory and Ventilatory Power: Characterization in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2015;104(6):476-85. doi: 10.5935/abc.20150035.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Castello-Sim&#245;es</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Minatel</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karsten</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perseguini</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Milan</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Circulatory and Ventilatory Power: Characterization in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>104</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>476</fpage>
          <lpage>485</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150035.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Barron AJ, Medlow KI, Giannoni A, Unsworth B, Coats AJ, Mayet J, et al. Reduced Confounding by Impaired Ventilatory Function with Oxygen Uptake Efficiency Slope and VE/VCO2 Slope Rather Than Peak Oxygen Consumption to Assess Exercise Physiology in Suspected Heart Failure. Congest Heart Fail. 2010;16(6):259-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-7133.2010.00183.x.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barron</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Medlow</surname>
              <given-names>KI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giannoni</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Unsworth</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coats</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mayet</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reduced Confounding by Impaired Ventilatory Function with Oxygen Uptake Efficiency Slope and VE/VCO2 Slope Rather Than Peak Oxygen Consumption to Assess Exercise Physiology in Suspected Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Congest Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>259</fpage>
          <lpage>264</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1751-7133.2010.00183.x.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Barron A, Francis DP, Mayet J, Ewert R, Obst A, Mason M, et al. Oxygen Uptake Efficiency Slope and Breathing Reserve, Not Anaerobic Threshold, Discriminate between Patients with Cardiovascular Disease Over Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. JACC Heart Fail. 2016;4(4):252-61. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2015.11.003.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barron</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Francis</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mayet</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ewert</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Obst</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mason</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Oxygen Uptake Efficiency Slope and Breathing Reserve, Not Anaerobic Threshold, Discriminate between Patients with Cardiovascular Disease Over Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease</article-title>
          <source>JACC Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>252</fpage>
          <lpage>261</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jchf.2015.11.003.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Ingle L, Shelton RJ, Cleland JG, Clark AL. Poor Relationship Between Exercise Capacity and Spirometric Measurements in Patients with More Symptomatic Heart Failure. J Card Fail. 2005;11(8):619-23. doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2005.06.430.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ingle</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shelton</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cleland</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clark</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Poor Relationship Between Exercise Capacity and Spirometric Measurements in Patients with More Symptomatic Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>J Card Fail</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>619</fpage>
          <lpage>623</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cardfail.2005.06.430.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Hawkins NM, Virani S, Ceconi C. Heart Failure and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: The Challenges Facing Physicians and Health Services. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(36):2795-803. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht192.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hawkins</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Virani</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ceconi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart Failure and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: The Challenges Facing Physicians and Health Services</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>36</issue>
          <fpage>2795</fpage>
          <lpage>2803</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/eht192.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Miyagi M, Kinugasa Y, Sota T, Yamada K, Ishisugi T, Hirai M, et al. Diaphragm Muscle Dysfunction in Patients with Heart Failure. J Card Fail. 2018;24(4):209-16. doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2017.12.004.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Miyagi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kinugasa</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sota</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yamada</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ishisugi</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hirai</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diaphragm Muscle Dysfunction in Patients with Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>J Card Fail</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>209</fpage>
          <lpage>216</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cardfail.2017.12.004.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Nakagawa NK, Diz MA, Kawauchi TS, Andrade GN, Umeda IIK, Murakami FM, et al. Risk Factors for Inspiratory Muscle Weakness in Chronic Heart Failure. Respir Care. 2020;65(4):507-16. doi: 10.4187/respcare.06766.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nakagawa</surname>
              <given-names>NK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diz</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kawauchi</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>GN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Umeda</surname>
              <given-names>IIK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murakami</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk Factors for Inspiratory Muscle Weakness in Chronic Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Respir Care</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>65</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>507</fpage>
          <lpage>516</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4187/respcare.06766.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. Ribeiro JP, Chiappa GR, Neder JA, Frankenstein L. Respiratory Muscle Function and Exercise Intolerance in Heart Failure. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2009;6(2):95-101. doi: 10.1007/s11897-009-0015-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chiappa</surname>
              <given-names>GR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neder</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frankenstein</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Respiratory Muscle Function and Exercise Intolerance in Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Curr Heart Fail Rep</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>95</fpage>
          <lpage>101</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11897-009-0015-7.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27. Dall&#8217;Ago P, Chiappa GR, Guths H, Stein R, Ribeiro JP. Inspiratory Muscle Training in Patients with Heart Failure and Inspiratory Muscle Weakness: A Randomized Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(4):757-63. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.09.052.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dall&#8217;Ago</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chiappa</surname>
              <given-names>GR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guths</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stein</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Inspiratory Muscle Training in Patients with Heart Failure and Inspiratory Muscle Weakness: A Randomized Trial</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>757</fpage>
          <lpage>763</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2005.09.052.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28. Yamada K, Kinugasa Y, Sota T, Miyagi M, Sugihara S, Kato M, et al. Inspiratory Muscle Weakness is Associated with Exercise Intolerance in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Preliminary Study. J Card Fail. 2016;22(1):38-47. doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2015.10.010.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yamada</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kinugasa</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sota</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miyagi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sugihara</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kato</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Inspiratory Muscle Weakness is Associated with Exercise Intolerance in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Preliminary Study</article-title>
          <source>J Card Fail</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>38</fpage>
          <lpage>47</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cardfail.2015.10.010.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29. Ramalho SHR, Cipriano G Jr, Vieira PJC, Nakano EY, Winkelmann ER, Callegaro CC, et al. Inspiratory Muscle Strength and Six-Minute Walking Distance in Heart Failure: Prognostic Utility in a 10 Years Follow up Cohort Study. PLoS One. 2019;14(8):e0220638. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220638.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ramalho</surname>
              <given-names>SHR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cipriano</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vieira</surname>
              <given-names>PJC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakano</surname>
              <given-names>EY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Winkelmann</surname>
              <given-names>ER</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Callegaro</surname>
              <given-names>CC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Inspiratory Muscle Strength and Six-Minute Walking Distance in Heart Failure: Prognostic Utility in a 10 Years Follow up Cohort Study</article-title>
          <source>PLoS One</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <elocation-id>e0220638</elocation-id>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0220638.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30. Tucker WJ, Haykowsky MJ, Seo Y, Stehling E, Forman DE. Impaired Exercise Tolerance in Heart Failure: Role of Skeletal Muscle Morphology and Function. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2018;15(6):323-31. doi: 10.1007/s11897-018-0408-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tucker</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haykowsky</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seo</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stehling</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Forman</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impaired Exercise Tolerance in Heart Failure: Role of Skeletal Muscle Morphology and Function</article-title>
          <source>Curr Heart Fail Rep</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>323</fpage>
          <lpage>331</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11897-018-0408-6.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31. Kelley RC, Ferreira LF. Diaphragm Abnormalities in Heart Failure and Aging: Mechanisms and Integration of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Pathophysiology. Heart Fail Rev. 2017;22(2):191-207. doi: 10.1007/s10741-016-9549-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kelley</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diaphragm Abnormalities in Heart Failure and Aging: Mechanisms and Integration of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Pathophysiology</article-title>
          <source>Heart Fail Rev</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>191</fpage>
          <lpage>207</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10741-016-9549-4.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32. Cuttica MJ, Colangelo LA, Dransfield MT, Bhatt SP, Rana JS, Jacobs DR Jr, et al. Lung Function in Young Adults and Risk of Cardiovascular Events Over 29 Years: The CARDIA Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(24):e010672. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.118.010672.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cuttica</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colangelo</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dransfield</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bhatt</surname>
              <given-names>SP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rana</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jacobs</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Lung Function in Young Adults and Risk of Cardiovascular Events Over 29 Years: The CARDIA Study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <elocation-id>e010672</elocation-id>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/JAHA.118.010672.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33. Silvestre OM, Nadruz W Jr, Roca GQ, Claggett B, Solomon SD, Mirabelli MC, et al. Declining Lung Function and Cardiovascular Risk: The ARIC Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(10):1109-22. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.06.049.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Silvestre</surname>
              <given-names>OM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nadruz</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roca</surname>
              <given-names>GQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Claggett</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Solomon</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mirabelli</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Declining Lung Function and Cardiovascular Risk: The ARIC Study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1109</fpage>
          <lpage>1122</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2018.06.049.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34. Olson TP, Denzer DL, Sinnett WL, Wilson T, Johnson BD. Prognostic Value of Resting Pulmonary Function in Heart Failure. Clin Med Insights Circ Respir Pulm Med. 2013;7:35-43. doi: 10.4137/CCRPM.S12525.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Olson</surname>
              <given-names>TP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Denzer</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sinnett</surname>
              <given-names>WL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilson</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>BD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognostic Value of Resting Pulmonary Function in Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Clin Med Insights Circ Respir Pulm Med</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <fpage>35</fpage>
          <lpage>43</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4137/CCRPM.S12525.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35. Georgiopoulou VV, Deka A, Li S, Niazi AA, Farooq K, Kalogeropoulos AP, et al. Pulmonary Function Testing and Outcomes in Subjects with Heart Failure Listed for Heart Transplantation. Respir Care. 2015;60(5):731-9. doi: 10.4187/respcare.03709.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Georgiopoulou</surname>
              <given-names>VV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deka</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Niazi</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farooq</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kalogeropoulos</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pulmonary Function Testing and Outcomes in Subjects with Heart Failure Listed for Heart Transplantation</article-title>
          <source>Respir Care</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>731</fpage>
          <lpage>739</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4187/respcare.03709.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36. Dillard TA, Hnatiuk OW, McCumber TR. Maximum Voluntary Ventilation. Spirometric Determinants in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients and Normal Subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993;147(4):870-5. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/147.4.870.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dillard</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hnatiuk</surname>
              <given-names>OW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McCumber</surname>
              <given-names>TR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Maximum Voluntary Ventilation. Spirometric Determinants in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients and Normal Subjects</article-title>
          <source>Am Rev Respir Dis</source>
          <year>1993</year>
          <volume>147</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>870</fpage>
          <lpage>875</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1164/ajrccm/147.4.870.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Sergio Henrique Rodolpho Ramalho pela Universidade de Bras&#237;lia.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1">
        <label>*</label>
        <p> Material suplementar</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11804/2020-1130-supplementary-material.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Capes e CNPq.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Relationship of Lung Function and Inspiratory Strength with Exercise Capacity and Prognosis in Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8444-2655</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramalho</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Henrique Rodolpho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandra Correa Gervazoni Balbuena de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiola Maria Ferreira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Fausto Stauffer Junqueira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cahalin</surname>
            <given-names>Lawrence Patrick</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cipriano</surname>
            <given-names>Graziella Fran&#231;a Bernardelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6323-7003</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cipriano</surname>
            <given-names>Gerson</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologias em Sa&#250;de - Universidade de Bras&#237;lia, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Reabilita&#231;&#227;o - Universidade de Bras&#237;lia, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Miami - Miller School of Medicine, Miami - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Sergio Henrique Rodolpho Ramalho &#8226; Universidade de Bras&#237;lia &#8211; Faculdade de Ceil&#226;ndia &#8211; Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiologia - Campus Universit&#225;rio, Centro Metropolitano &#8211; Postal Code 72220-275, Ceil&#226;ndia Sul, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: shrramalho@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Ramalho SHR, Lima ACGB, Cipriano GFB, Cipriano Junior G; Acquisition of data: Ramalho SHR, Lima ACGB, Silva FMF, Souza FSJ, Cipriano GFB, Cipriano Junior G; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Ramalho SHR, Cahalin LP, Cipriano GFB, Cipriano Junior G; Statistical analysis: Ramalho SHR; Obtaining financing: Lima ACGB, Cipriano GFB, Cipriano Junior G; Writing of the manuscript: Ramalho SHR; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Ramalho SHR, Lima ACGB, Silva FMF, Souza FSJ, Cahalin LP, Cipriano GFB, Cipriano Junior G.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Spirometry is underused in heart failure (HF) and the extent to which each defect associates with exercise capacity and prognosis is unclear.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To determine the distinct relationship of continuous %predicted FVC (ppFVC) and FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC with: 1) maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), exercise performance; and 2) prognosis for the composite of cardiovascular death, heart transplantation or left ventricular assist device implant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> A cohort of 111 HF participants (AHA stages C/D) without diagnosed pneumopathy, spirometry, manovacuometry and maximum cardiopulmonary test. The association magnitudes were verified by linear and Cox (HR; 95% CI) regressions, age/sex adjusted. A p&lt;0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Age was 57&#177;12 years, 60% men, 64% in NYHA III. Every 10%-point increase in FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC [&#946; 7% (95% CI: 3&#8211;10)] and ppFVC [4% (2-6)] associated with ventilatory reserve (VRes), however only ppFVC associated with MIP [3.8 cmH<sub>2</sub>O (0.3-7.3)], LVEF [2.1% (0.5-3.8)] and VO<sub>2</sub>peak [0.5 mL/kg/min (0.1&#8211;1.0)], accounting for age/sex. In 2.2 years (mean), 22 events occurred, and neither FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC (HR 1.44; 95% CI: 0.97&#8211;2.13) nor ppFVC (HR 1.13; 0.89&#8211;1.43) was significantly associated with the outcome. Only in the LVEF &#8804;50% subgroup (n=87, 20 events), FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC (HR 1.50; 1.01&#8211;2.23), but not ppFVC, was associated with greater risk.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> In chronic HF, reduced ppFVC associated with lower MIP, LVEF, VRes and VO<sub>2</sub>peak, but no distinct poorer prognosis over 2.2 years of follow-up. Distinctively, FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC was associated only with VRes, and, in participants with LVEF &#8804;50%, FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC reduction proportionally worsened prognosis. Therefore, FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC and ppFVC add supplementary information regarding HF phenotyping.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Respiratory Insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Respiratory Muscles</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Function</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Tolerance</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Assessment</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure (HF) and poor lung function frequently coexist, emerging from several mechanisms: septal thickening and parenchymal congestion; impaired pulmonary vascular function and microvascular hypoperfusion; airway dysregulation and remodeling; inspiratory and peripheral skeletal muscle weakness; imbalanced chemo-, ergo- and metaboreflex for ventilatory control; heart enlargement; and decreased bronchial conductance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, spirometry is largely underused in HF. Even in co-prevalent HF and in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 80% of the individuals performed echocardiography, but &lt;50% undergo spirometry.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Subclinical ventilatory alterations are present in early HF stages, contributing to dyspnea and exercise intolerance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Airway obstruction can be found mostly in non-compensated states and restrictive defects are described, particularly in chronic and stable subjects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> It must be acknowledged that baseline spirometric defects improve cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPX) interpretation for differential diagnosis of effort limitation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and identify mortality risk in HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) or HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, the association of spirometry parameters with exercise limitation and prognosis in HF is still controversial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> given its use in variable HF severity status and phenotypes, the possible differential contribution of each obstructive and restrictive defects, and the poorly explored potential of non-linear relationships between dynamic lung and heart dysfunctions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> We hypothesized that in chronic stable HF, impaired forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expired volume in 1 second (FEV<sub>1</sub>)/FVC ratio is differently associated with other functional parameters at rest and in exercise, and consequently with poorer prognosis. Therefore, we aimed to (1) define the extent to which FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC and FVC are associated with left ventricular ejection fraction, respiratory strength and exercise responses; and (2) determine their associations with major incidental cardiovascular events (cardiovascular death, heart transplant and left ventricular assist device-LVAD).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Population and Clinical Characteristics</title>
          <p>This cohort enrolled 158 consecutive HF subjects referred to the Laboratory of Physiology (Universidade de Bras&#237;lia, Bras&#237;lia, Brazil) for CPX from June 2015 to July 2016, followed up to at least over 24 pre-planned months. Subjects with HF, regardless of etiology or LVEF, were enrolled. They were required to be clinically stable in the previous three months (no decompensation or hospitalizations), free from diagnosed pulmonary disease (COPD, emphysema or use of bronchodilators), without medical conditions which precluded a maximal cycle-ergometer CPX. Participants had echocardiography (HD 11XE, Phillips, Amsterdam, Netherlands) done within one month from enrollment. For this analysis, we included 111 HF subjects, as spirometry data were unavailable for 43 participants, and 4 of them were unable to perform the spirometry maneuvers adequately, therefore without interpretable quality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
          <p>On the first day, subjects underwent clinical evaluation, followed by respiratory strength assessment, and spirometry after a 30-minute rest. CPX was performed on the following day. Echocardiography was performed according to standard recommendations;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) was estimated from Doppler-echocardiography tricuspid regurgitation jet peak velocity, when available. Hypertension and diabetes were defined based on self-report, use of medication, or measurements at the medical appointment (blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg and fasting glucose &#8805;126 or random glucose &#8805;200 mg/dL, respectively). Dyslipidemia was defined as LDL &#8805;160 mg/dL or use of lipid-lowering agents. Smoking status was self-reported. The referring cardiologist informed the primary HF etiology and pharmacological prescription.</p>
          <p>All participants signed a written informed consent and institutional review board approval was obtained from the Ethics Review Board of Universidade de Brasilia (CAAE 50414115.4.0000.0030).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessment of Pulmonary Function and Respiratory Strength</title>
          <p>Spirometry was performed according to recommendations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> FEV<sub>1</sub> was obtained from the volume of exhaled gas on the first second of expiration. FVC was obtained from the volume of gas vigorously exhaled after maximal inspiratory effort (Microlab, Carefusion, Yorba Linda, USA). The best of 5 forced expirations was used. Predicted reference values were derived from Brazilian equations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The continuous FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC and percent predicted FVC (ppFVC) were considered the main primary exposures. As a sensitivity approach, we also analyzed terciles of each metric, and dichotomic obstructive and non-obstructive patterns (FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC &#8804;70 and &gt;70 respectively), and restrictive and non-restrictive patterns (ppFVC &lt;80% and &#8805;80%, respectively).</p>
          <p>Maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) were measured according to standard recommendations,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> and were obtained with a digital transducer (MVD300&#174;, Globalmed. Porto Alegre. Brazil). Subjects were sitting. and used a nose clip and a mouthpiece. MIP was determined at the maximum inspiration effort from near the residual volume, against an occluded airway with a minor air leak (2 mm). MEP was determined at the maximum expiration effort from near the vital capacity, against an occluded airway. Three to 5 reproducible (&#8804;10% of variation between values) maneuvers were performed, sustained for at least 1 second each. They were separated by 1-minute rest and the highest value was used for analysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Low MIP was considered when MIP was &#8804; 80 cmH<sub>2</sub>O in men and &#8804;60 cmH<sub>2</sub>O in women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test</title>
          <p>Subjects underwent a maximum symptom-limited CPX,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> using cycle-ergometer ramp protocol (Corival, Lode, Netherlands) and ventilatory expired gas analysis cart (Quark CPET, Cosmed, Italy). Volume and gas calibration was performed before each test. Minute ventilation (VE), oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2</sub>), and carbon dioxide output (VCO<sub>2</sub>) were acquired breath-by-breath and averaged over 10-second intervals. The ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT) was determined by the V-slope method. Peak VO<sub>2</sub> was expressed as the highest 10-second averaged sample obtained during the final plateau, if the patient reached it, or the highest 20-seconds average sample from the final minute of a symptom-limited test, if not. The VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope was calculated from a linear regression equation, from the start of the test to the exercise peak. Given the fatigue reported in preliminary MVV tests (not shown) underestimating subsequent forced maneuvers or the inability to perform a sustained and reproductible measurement, particularly in patients at a more advanced stage of the disease, we were unable to use the gold-standard measured MVV uniformly to ensure comparability. Therefore, the ventilatory reserve was estimated from FEV<sub>1</sub> (calculated as 100-[VE/(FEV<sub>1</sub>x40)100]).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Circulatory power was calculated from the VO<sub>2</sub> and systolic blood pressure product at peak, and ventilatory power from the quotient of peak systolic blood pressure and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Incidental Events</title>
          <p>The incidental endpoint was composite and included cardiovascular mortality, heart transplantation or LVAD implantation after enrollment in the study. Surveillance occurred every three months by making telephone calls, reviewing medical charts or by confirmation from local death certificate services.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Approach</title>
          <p>Characteristics were described using mean and standard deviation for continuous variables, and absolute numbers and percentages for categorical variables. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was applied and continuous variables showed normal distribution. For the cross-sectional analysis, linear regression assessed the associations between FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC and ppFVC exposures, and cardiac structure, respiratory strength and CPX variables as outcomes, in unadjusted and age- and sex-adjusted models, shown as &#223;-coefficient and 95% confidence interval (95% CI), per 10 percentage points increase in each spirometry variable. As the continuous variables were normally distributed and observations within each model were independent from each other (Pearson&#8217;s bivariate correlation coefficients &lt;0.35 between each exposure and outcome), linear regression assumptions were verified. To address potential non-linear cardiopulmonary associations, we also tested restricted cubic spline models using 3 to 7 knots, unadjusted and age- and sex-adjusted.</p>
          <p>For sensitivity analysis, we determined the following categories: a) sex-specific terciles of FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC and ppFVC, with the first tercile representing the worst and the third tercile, the best lung function; and b) dichotomic obstructive (FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC &#8804;70) and non-obstructive (FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC&gt;70) spirometry patterns or restrictive (ppFVC &lt;80%) and non-restrictive (ppFVC &#8805;80%) patterns. Linear and logistic regressions and chi-square tests for trend were used to assess associations. To address potential asymmetries between included and excluded subjects, these groups were compared using the chi-square test for categorical variables, and the independent samples t-test for continuous variables.</p>
          <p>For the prospective analysis, Cox regression was used to determine the magnitude of association of 10-percentage points decrease in spirometry variable with incidental composite endpoint, shown as hazard ratio (HR) and 95% CI. Non-linear associations were investigated using restricted cubic spline regression with the number of knots selected to minimize the AIC model (3 to 7 knots tested). The proportional hazards assumption was tested for all models using Schoenfeld residuals, and no violations were detected. As a sensitivity approach, four Cox regression sub-analyses were performed for each spirometric exposure, restricting them exclusively to subjects with: LVEF &#8804;50%; LVEF &gt;50%; low MIP; and normal MIP.</p>
          <p>A two-sided p-value &lt;0.05 was considered significant for all analyses. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata software version 14.2 (Stata Corp LP, College Station, Texas, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Among the 111 HF subjects, ischemic etiology was predominant, AHA stages C or D, treated according to guidelines, including 24 subjects with LVEF &gt;50% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). Approximately half of the subjects had restrictive (ppFVC &lt;80%) pattern, one quarter had obstructive (FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC &#8804;70) pattern and 14 subjects (13%) had combined dysfunctions, while 40 of them (36%) had normal spirometry. From the 26 (23%) patients with body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, 15 of them (65%) showed a ppFVC &lt;80%. Among 57 patients with ppFVC &lt;80% (51%), 15 had BMI&gt;30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Low MIP was a frequent finding. The average peak VO<sub>2</sub> was low, assuring a maximal effort criterion. General or leg muscle fatigue were the overall limiting symptoms. No wheezing or cyanosis was observed. Five patients had ventilatory reserve lower than 20%, including 4 with 10% to 15%; they had baseline restrictive (3) or combined (2) spirometric defects and LVEF &lt;34%. Among them, RQ range was 1.09 and 1.22. Subjects not included due to missing or poor-quality spirometry had similar characteristics as the included subjects, except for younger mean age (51.6&#177;14.2 years). (Supplemental Table S1).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Characteristics of heart failure population at baseline (n=111). Values expressed as mean&#177;SD or n (%)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Subjects, n</th>
                  <th>111</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Demographics and clinical characteristics</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years</td>
                  <td align="center">57.4 &#177; 11.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (60%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Etiology, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chagas</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (29%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ischemic</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (39%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idiopathic</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (21%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Other</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (12%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">26.6 &#177; 4.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI &gt;30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (23%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Medical history</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (57%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (18%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current smokers, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (26%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (40%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NYHA, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (13%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>II</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (22%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (64%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Medications and devices</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta-blockers, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (90%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEi/ARB, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">94 (84%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Spironolactone, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (66%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Digoxin, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (20%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statin, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (63%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Furosemide, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (60%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pacemaker/ICD, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (22%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Pulmonary function</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEV<sub>1</sub>, L</td>
                  <td align="center">2.3 &#177; 0.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FVC, L</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 &#177; 0.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Percent predicted FVC, %</td>
                  <td align="center">80 &#177; 17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Percent predicted FVC &lt;80%</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (51%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEV1/FVC</td>
                  <td align="center">75 &#177; 9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC &#8804;70</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (25%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MEP, cmH<sub>2</sub>O</td>
                  <td align="center">84.7 &#177; 40.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MIP, cmH<sub>2</sub>O</td>
                  <td align="center">75.4 &#177; 35.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Low MIP, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (49%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Echocardiographic characteristics</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF, %</td>
                  <td align="center">38.4 &#177; 15.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF &gt;50%, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (23%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LA volume index, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">44.7 &#177; 16.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Estimated PASP, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">38.9 &#177; 12.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Cardiopulmonary test</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peak power, W</td>
                  <td align="center">80.3 &#177; 30.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peak heart rate, bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">118 &#177; 26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peak systolic pressure, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">151 &#177; 25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Absolute peak VO<sub>2</sub>, mL/min</td>
                  <td align="center">966 &#177;401</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Relative peak VO<sub>2</sub>, mL/kg/min</td>
                  <td align="center">13.4 &#177; 4.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RER</td>
                  <td align="center">1.23 &#177; 0.18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Absolute VO<sub>2</sub> at VAT, mL/min</td>
                  <td align="center">618 &#177; 281</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Relative VO<sub>2</sub> at VAT, mL/kg/min</td>
                  <td align="center">8.6 &#177; 3.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>O<sub>2</sub> pulse, mL/beat</td>
                  <td align="center">8.4 &#177; 3.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>OUES</td>
                  <td align="center">1145 &#177; 465</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VE max, (L/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">45.0 &#177; 16.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ventilatory reserve, %</td>
                  <td align="center">48 &#177; 19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VE/VCO2 slope</td>
                  <td align="center">37.3 &#177; 8.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Circulatory power, mmHg.mL/kg/min</td>
                  <td align="center">2165 &#177; 1024</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ventilatory power, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">4.3 &#177; 1.4</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>BMI: body mass index; FEV<sub>1</sub>: forced expired volume in 1 second; FVC: forced vital capacity; NYHA: New York Heart Association functional class; ACEi: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blockers; ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator; MEP: maximal expiratory pressure; MIP: maximal inspiratory pressure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LA: left atrium; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; VO<sub>2</sub>: oxygen consumption; OUES: oxygen uptake efficiency slope; VE: minute ventilation; VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope: VE/carbon dioxide production; RER: respiratory exchange ratio; VAT: ventilatory anaerobic threshold.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Relationship of FEV1/FVC with Functional Variables and Prognosis</title>
          <p>Modeled continuously, FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC was proportionally associated with FEV<sub>1</sub> and with the ventilatory reserve from CPX, such that every 10-percentage points increase in FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC, was associated with 200 mL (95% CI 100&#8211;310 mL, p&lt;0.001) FEV<sub>1</sub> increase, and with 7% points (95% CI 3&#8211;10%; p&lt;0.001) increase in estimated ventilatory reserve, after adjusting for age and gender (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). Although low MIP was a common finding in subjects with an obstructive pattern (n=15, 54%), the frequency was similar compared to the non-obstructive pattern (n=36, 47%; p=0.54), and MIP was not associated with continuous FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC (p=0.90). Additionally, a non-linear association was observed between FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC and FEV<sub>1</sub>, such that this relationship is more robust if FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC is below 75% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1A</xref>). No other cardiopulmonary structure or function metric was associated with FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC. These findings were also consistent across FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC terciles (Supplemental Table S2).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Continuous relationship of spirometric patterns (per 10-percentage points increase in each FEV1/FVC and ppFVC) with cardiopulmonary function in heart failure subjects at baseline</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="17%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="3">Cardiac and pulmonary function</th>
                    <th colspan="2">FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC</th>
                    <th colspan="2">% Predicted FVC</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Coefficient (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>Coefficient (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">FEV<sup>1</sup>, L</td>
                    <td align="center">Model 1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.24 (0.10; 0.38)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.25 (0.18; 0.31)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Model 2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.20 (0.10; 0.31)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.23 (0.19; 0.27)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">MEP cmH<sub>2</sub>O</td>
                    <td align="center">Model 1</td>
                    <td align="center">2.7 (-6.6; 11.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.57</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.9 (-5.8; 4.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.73</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Model 2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.6 (-7.5;8.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.88</td>
                    <td align="center">-1.5 (-5.8; 2.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.50</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">MIP, cmH<sub>2</sub>O</td>
                    <td align="center">Model 1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.9 (-0.6; 8.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.81</td>
                    <td align="center">4.1 (0.2; 8.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Model 2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.4 (-6.1; 6.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.90</td>
                    <td align="center">3.8 (0.3; 7.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.031</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">LV ejection fraction, %</td>
                    <td align="center">Model 1</td>
                    <td align="center">1.9 (-1.0; 4.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.20</td>
                    <td align="center">2.2 (0.6; 3.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.007</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Model 2</td>
                    <td align="center">1.6 (-1.4; 4.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.28</td>
                    <td align="center">2.1 (0.5; 3.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.013</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">Peak power, W</td>
                    <td align="center">Model 1</td>
                    <td align="center">1.5 (-4.6; 7.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.63</td>
                    <td align="center">4.2 (0.9; 7.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.012</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Model 2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.3 (-4.3; 4.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.89</td>
                    <td align="center">3.5 (1.1; 6.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">Absolute peak VO<sub>2</sub>, mL/min</td>
                    <td align="center">Model 1</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (-50; 111)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.45</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (-9; 78)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.11</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Model 2</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (-49; 86)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.59</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (-9; 63)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.14</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">Relative peak VO<sub>2</sub>, mL/kg/min</td>
                    <td align="center">Model 1</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.3 (-1.3; 0.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.47</td>
                    <td align="center">0.6 (0.1; 1.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Model 2</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.4 (-1.3; 0.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.30</td>
                    <td align="center">0.5 (0.1; 1.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.028</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">Respiratory exchange ratio</td>
                    <td align="center">Model 1</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.01 (-0.05; 0.02)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.48</td>
                    <td align="center">0.02 (-0.003; 0.04)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.09</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Model 2</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.01 (-0.05; 0.02)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.40</td>
                    <td align="center">0.01 (-0.003; 0.03)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.10</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">Absolute VO<sub>2</sub> at VAT, mL/min</td>
                    <td align="center">Model 1</td>
                    <td align="center">-8 (-66; 49)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.77</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (-20; 44)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.45</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Model 2</td>
                    <td align="center">-12 (-67; 44)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.68</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (-18; 44)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.42</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">Relative VO<sub>2</sub> at VAT, mL/kg/min</td>
                    <td align="center">Model 1</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.7 (-1.4; -0.004)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.05</td>
                    <td align="center">0.2 (-0.2; 0.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.31</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Model 2</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.7 (-1.4; 0.007)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.05</td>
                    <td align="center">0.2 (-0.2; 0.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.25</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">O<sub>2</sub> pulse, mL/beat</td>
                    <td align="center">Model 1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.4 (-0.2; 1.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.21</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1 (-0.2; 0.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.45</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Model 2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.4 (-0.2; 0.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.18</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1 (0.2; 0.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.47</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">OUES</td>
                    <td align="center">Model 1</td>
                    <td align="center">62 (-31; 155)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.19</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (-32; 70)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.47</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Model 2</td>
                    <td align="center">48 (-34; 130)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.25</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (-36; 54)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.70</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">VE max, L/min</td>
                    <td align="center">Model 1</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.4 (-3.7; 2.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.82</td>
                    <td align="center">1.6 (-0.2; 3.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.08</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Model 2</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.6 (-3.3; 2.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.68</td>
                    <td align="center">1.5 (0.02; 2.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.05</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">Ventilatory reserve, %</td>
                    <td align="center">Model 1</td>
                    <td align="center">7.4 (3.9; 10.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">4.6 (2.8; 6.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Model 2</td>
                    <td align="center">6.8 (3.3; 10.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">4.3 (2.5; 6.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope</td>
                    <td align="center">Model 1</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.2 (-2.0; 1.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.87</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.6 (-1.6; 0.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.19</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Model 2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.2 (-1.6; 2.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.85</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.5 (-1.5; 0.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.35</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">Circulatory power, mmHg.mL/kg/min</td>
                    <td align="center">Model 1</td>
                    <td align="center">-20 (-202; 163)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.83</td>
                    <td align="center">85 (-14; 183)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.09</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Model 2</td>
                    <td align="center">-43 ( -212; 125)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.61</td>
                    <td align="center">72 (-19; 163)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">Ventilatory power, mmHg</td>
                    <td align="center">Model 1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.08 (-0.20; 0.35)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.59</td>
                    <td align="center">0.12 (-0.03; 0.27)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.11</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Model 2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04 (-0.22; 0.31)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.76</td>
                    <td align="center">0.10 (-0.04; 0.24)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.17</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>FEV<sub>1</sub>: forced expired volume in 1 second; FVC: forced vital capacity; MEP: maximum expiratory pressure; MIP: maximum inspiratory pressure; LV: left ventricular; VO<sub>2</sub>: oxygen consumption; VAT: ventilatory anaerobic threshold; OUES: oxygen uptake efficiency slope; VE max: maximum minute ventilation; VCO<sub>2</sub>: carbon dioxide production. Model 1: unadjusted; Model 2: age, gender. Note: p-values refer to the respective linear regression analysis.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>
                  <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> Continuous association of FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC (blue) and percent predicted FVC (light red) with FEV<sub>1</sub>, LVEF, MIP and VO<sub>2</sub>peak at baseline 5 using restricted cubic splines. Models were constructed using restricted cubic splines with 3 knots. *p &lt;0.05 in models further adjusted for age and sex.</italic>
                </title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            </fig>
          </p>
          <p>At a mean follow-up of 2.2&#177;0.7 years, 15 subjects had cardiovascular death outcome, 3 had heart transplant and 4 had LVAD implant. Lower FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC tended to increase the risk for the composite endpoint, however linearly not significant when accounting for age and sex (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>). Conversely, a non-linear association between FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC and the composite endpoint was observed, such that the risk decreases in association with FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC above 75. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Association of spirometry variables at baseline with incidental composite outcome (cardiovascular mortality, heart transplant or left ventricular assist device implant; 22 events) among heart failure subjects (n=111), with mean follow-up of 2.2&#177;0.7 years</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="14%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>n</th>
                    <th>Events</th>
                    <th>Unadjusted HR (95% CI)*</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>Age/sex adjusted HR (95% CI)*</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>FEV</bold>
                      <sub>
                        <bold>1</bold>
                      </sub>
                      <bold>/FVC</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Obstructive</td>
                    <td align="center">28</td>
                    <td align="center">9</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">2.45 (1.05-5.77)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">p=0.039</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">2.28 (0.95-5.44)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">p=0.064</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Non-obstructive</td>
                    <td align="center">83</td>
                    <td align="center">13</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Continuous</td>
                    <td align="center">111</td>
                    <td align="center">22</td>
                    <td align="center">1.48 (1.00-2.18)</td>
                    <td align="center">p=0.050</td>
                    <td align="center">1.44 (0.97-2.13)</td>
                    <td align="center">p=0.069</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>ppFVC</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Restrictive</td>
                    <td align="center">57</td>
                    <td align="center">14</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">1.83 (0.77-4.37)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">p=0.172</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">1.86 (0.78-4.44)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">p=0.163</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Non-restrictive</td>
                    <td align="center">54</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Continuous</td>
                    <td align="center">111</td>
                    <td align="center">22</td>
                    <td align="center">1.16 (0.92-1.46)</td>
                    <td align="center">p=0.207</td>
                    <td align="center">1.13 (0.89-1.43)</td>
                    <td align="center">p=0.306</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>* Per 10-unit decrease. Note: p-values refer to the respective Cox regression analysis.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>
                  <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> Continuous associations of FEV1/FVC (blue) and percent predicted FVC (red) at baseline with the composite outcome (cardiovascular death, heart transplant, and left ventricular assist device implant), in a mean follow-up of 2.2&#177;0.7 years (22 events). Models were constructed for the primary exposure variables (FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC and percent predicted FVC) using restricted cubic splines with 3 knots. Linear corresponds to Cox regression analysis. *p &lt;0.05 in models further adjusted for age and sex.</italic>
                </title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            </fig>
          </p>
          <p>Two sensitivity analyses were performed. First, excluding subjects with LVEF&gt;50% (n=24) from the 87 remaining subjects, 20 events occurred. In this scenario, every 10-percentage points decrease in FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC was associated with a 50% increase in the likelihood of the incident composite outcome per year of observation, accounting for age and sex (p=0.04) (Supplemental Figure S1). Among those with LVEF&gt;50%, only two events occurred. Second, amongst subjects with a low MIP (n=51, 13 events), low FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC was associated with heightened risk for the primary outcome (HR 1.72; 1.14-2.61; p=0.009), while in the subgroup with normal MIP (n=57, six events), it was not associated with the outcome (HR 0.98; 0.36&#8211;2.69) (Supplemental Figure S1)</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Relationship of Percent predicted FVC with functional variables and prognosis</title>
          <p>Accounting for age and sex, every 10-percentage points increase in adjusted ppFVC was proportionally associated with a linear increase in FEV<sub>1</sub>, by 230 mL (95% CI 190&#8211;270 mL, p&lt;0.001). (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). MIP also increased by 3.8 cmH2O (95% CI 0.3&#8211;7.3, p=0.03), but non-linear analysis showed that such association was more robust for ppFVC &lt;80% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1G</xref>). Low MIP was more frequent in HF subjects with restrictive pattern (n=34, 65%) when compared to those without restrictive pattern (n=17, 32%; p&lt;0.001). LVEF increased by approximately 2% points for every 10-percentage points increase in ppFVC, which, also, was more prominent for ppFVC&lt;80% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1F</xref>). Regarding CPX, the greater ppFVC, the greater peak power, relative peak VO<sub>2</sub> and ventilatory power in adjusted models. No other cardiopulmonary structure or function metric was associated with ppFVC, either continuously (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>) or across terciles (Supplemental Table S3).</p>
          <p>Lower ppFVC was not able to distinguish HF subjects under higher risk for the composite endpoint on the primary (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref>) or on the sensitivity analysis (Supplemental Figure S2).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In a real-world cohort with 111 chronic HF subjects in classes C or D, within a broad ejection fraction range, we investigated how normal-to-severe spirometric dysfunction spectrum related to resting and exercise functional metrics and to major incidental cardiovascular events. Across airway obstruction and vital capacity impairment ranges, accounting for age and sex, both low FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC and ppFVC were associated with reduced exercise ventilatory reserve, but only low ppFVC was associated with low ejection fraction, inspiratory weakness, and reduced exercise capacity; and more prominent when ppFVC was lower than 80%. Although such lung dysfunctions were common, the risk for the composite endpoint of cardiovascular death, heart transplant or LVAD implant was non-linearly associated with FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC only, not with ppFVC, suggesting a better prognosis in the non-obstructive pattern (FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC &gt;75%). Additionally, among the low LVEF and low MIP subgroups, only reduced FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC distinguished greater risk. Therefore, FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC and ppFVC differently phenotype clinical aspects of HF patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> Visual abstract of the main findings: FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC and ppFVC differently characterize HF patients. HF: heart failure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 second; ppFVC: percent predicted of forced vital capacity; MIP: maximal inspiratory pressure; CV: cardiovascular; LVAD: left ventricular assist device; HR: hazard ratio. HF: Although ppFVC was associated with other functional variables than the ventilatory reserve, only FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC was associated with a relatively short-term prognosis, particularly for low ejection fraction, suggesting that each marker may add different information regarding HF phenotyping.</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Resting Lung Function and Exercise Performance Relationship</title>
          <p>Direct HF effects on airways, such as vascular congestion, parenchyma and alveolar edema and interstitial fibrosis, are related to acute/subacute airway diameter constriction and to subacute/chronic lung volume reductions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> As a result, FEV<sub>1</sub> and FVC decrease independently or concurrently, suggesting that even subclinical dysfunction could contribute differently to exercise intolerance. Accordingly, FEV<sub>1</sub> was more robustly associated with aerobic capacity (peakVO<sub>2</sub>) than LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Therefore, the maximum voluntary ventilation (derived from FEV<sub>1</sub>), is expected to be impaired in HF, proportionally to underlying severity of lung dysfunction. However, exercise intolerance in HF subjects is multifactorial and reduced ventilatory reserve at peak only partially expresses lung contribution.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Indeed, we observed that ventilatory reserve increased 7% and 4% points for every 10% points increase in FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC and ppFVC, respectively. However, ventilatory reserve was as low as 38% in FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC and 39% in the lowest terciles of ppFVC on average, which is greater than the 20% expected to unequivocally assume a ventilatory constraint in peak exercise, supporting the cardiocirculatory limitation as to the primary &#8211; but not unique &#8211; effort limitation origin in our subjects.</p>
          <p>Parameters such as OUES (Oxygen Uptake Efficiency Slope) and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope are less dependent on peak effort and are more sensitive to distinguishing ventilatory from cardiocirculatory constraints.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The average values of low OUES, high VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope and low O<sub>2</sub> pulse in our study actually suggest a cardiocirculatory limitation predominantly, but the lack of association between resting FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC and ppFVC with other exercise ventilatory variables, including ventilatory efficiency, was contrary to our initial hypothesis. Therefore, the ability of resting spirometry to precisely measure ventilatory contribution to exercise impairment, other than ventilatory reserve, may be limited, overwhelmed by the cardiocirculatory component in more advanced HF stages, as in our cohort, with patients at stages C/D, predominantly in NYHA III (64%) and mean peakVO2 of 13 mL/kg/min.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Regarding other functional variables, only ppFVC, not FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC, was additionally associated with resting MIP, but not MEP, with LVEF and with peak power and peak relative VO<sub>2</sub>, accounting for age and sex.</p>
          <p>Given the severe yet stable characteristics of HF subjects in this study, the discrepant correlations for each exposure could possibly result from the primary influence of HF in reducing total lung capacity, disproportionally decreasing FVC relative to FEV<sub>1</sub>, therefore attenuating the FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC effect to predict exercise responses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Accordingly, a restrictive pattern is usual in the HF syndrome,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> particularly in HFrEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Additionally, the direct relationship of ppFVC with LVEF supports the hypothesis that a potential enlarged and dysfunctional heart relates to the aforementioned reduced lung volume due to space-occupying and congestive vascular and parenchymal effects. Such alterations, aggravated by inspiratory weakness, can compromise breathing mechanics in response to increasing demands, further reducing lung compliance, and all may contribute to exercise limitation, represented by the associated low-peak VO<sub>2</sub>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Interestingly, only ppFVC was associated with the MIP. In HF, reduced vital capacity is associated with low MIP and diaphragm dysfunction,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> which plays a significant role in exercise limitation in HFrEF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> and HFpEF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> and demonstrates independent prognostic relevance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Consistent with our findings, generalized skeletal muscle dysfunction and structural abnormalities, particularly the diaphragm, largely contributes to exercise intolerance in both HFrEF and HFrEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Automaticity and constant work overload, even at rest, uniquely characterize the diaphragm predisposition to early dysfunction in HF syndrome more prominently than expiratory and other peripheral muscles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Lung Function and Cardiovascular Prognosis</title>
          <p>Lung function decline, beginning subclinically, have shown an association with incidental heart failure in unselected general populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Additionally, in subjects with stable HFrEF, spirometry significantly predicted all-cause mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Olson et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> studied 134 HFrEF subjects with peak VO<sub>2</sub> of 19 mL/kg/min and 66% NYHA classes I and II, and showed that lower FEV<sub>1</sub> and FVC had lower survival rates. In contrast, in advanced pre-transplant HFrEF, Georgiopoulou et al. demonstrated that spirometry provided no prognostic information.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> In our cohort, positioned between the previous studies regarding severity, continuous FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC and ppFVC were not able to distinguish HF subjects with increased risk for major cardiovascular events in linear models.</p>
          <p>Probably, given the chronic HF stages and the predominant cardiocirculatory limitation from the CPX, as demonstrated, ventilatory impairment contribution provided minor additional prognostic information for the whole LVEF range HF. Attempting to address a potential dynamic relationship of such complex biological interaction, we investigated non-linear associations for possible ranges or thresholds under differential risk across the spectrum of both exposures. We found a non-linear association between FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC and the composite endpoint, in which HF subjects with FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC greater than 75% decreased the likelihood of having major cardiovascular events in a mean follow-up of 2.2 years. We can hypothesize that: 1) COPD, the leading cause of airway obstruction which frequently coexists with HF, could have been undetected, increasing the risk burden;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> or 2) from primary HF effects on respiratory system, the FEV<sub>1</sub> changes may be more sensitive than FVC in shorter time periods, influenced by dynamic changes in small and mid-bronchi calipers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Reduced vital capacity, a hallmark of advanced HF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> was less sensitive in distinguishing the risk of incidental events throughout this follow-up.</p>
          <p>Potential contributions from lung function to incidental cardiovascular events also appear to differ between HFpEF and HFrEF phenotypes. Restricting the analysis to a subset of subjects with LVEF &#8804;50%, a decrease in FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC, but not across the ppFVC spectrum, identified a higher risk for the composite endpoint, while no conclusion could be made for those with LVEF &gt;50% with only two events. Similarly, in the inspiratory weakness subset, decreasing FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC distinguished greater risk for major cardiovascular events, which was not observed among those without weakness or across the ppFVC spectrum. We could speculate that the obstructive pathophysiology pattern adversely impacted mostly those with reduced LVEF and with inspiratory weakness.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>Several limitations should be noted. As an observational study, causality could not be addressed, and residual and unmeasured confounders may exist for the observations described. Only a subset of subjects was included, with complete spirometry, necessary for this study, and, given the younger age of excluded subjects, involuntary selection bias could be present. Spirometry measures were performed without bronchodilators, so reversible obstruction remained undetected; additionally, restrictive patterns were based only on FVC, because more precise and direct measures of volumes and capacities were unavailable, which could have limited the ability to detect true lung volume restriction, but could increase the external validity of findings. Also, an important mechanism of exercise limitation could be due to air trapping, which cannot be detected by spirometry.</p>
          <p>Unfortunately, measured MVV was unfeasible to all participants, which could have influenced ventilatory reserve metrics, most likely underestimated. Even so, only 5 participants had &lt;20% ventilatory reserve. However, we traded off potential unreliable results for uniform and comparable values throughout the cohort using an estimated MVV measure. Despite a reasonable correlation between FEV<sub>1</sub> and MVV (r<sup>2</sup>=0.82),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> we acknowledge that MVV must be performed prior to CPET at the individual level whenever possible.</p>
          <p>We also acknowledge that low exercise oxygen saturation may represent ventilation-perfusion mismatch or ventilatory restraint, which is not exclusively, but most frequently associated with respiratory system impairment, particularly advanced COPD, interstitial lung diseases and pulmonary hypertension,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> conditions excluded at study enrollment. However, an oximeter compatible to our CPX system was unavailable during data acquisition and the existing fingertip probe produced unreliable peak values. Therefore, we resorted to the unremarkable physical exam (no peak exercise wheezing or cyanosis) to assume that hypoxia was unlikely.</p>
          <p>Lastly, the relatively short follow-up time and, consequently, event rate, may have limited the ability to detect prognostic associations with ppFVC rather than FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC, given the more chronic behavior of the former.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Implications for Clinical Practice</title>
          <p>Spirometry and manovacuometry are extensively available pulmonary function tools, although underused in HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Interpretation of ventilatory defects can be challenging in these subjects, particularly in those with HFpEF, in whom phenotype variation can potentially overlap heart and lung symptoms and fewer data are available.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> However, they can provide valuable information on HF impact on the respiratory system, differentiating from undiagnosed (and undertreated) lung disease, better interpreting CPX, identifying potential therapeutic targets (rehabilitation, ventilatory training) and defining prognostic risk factors, emphasizing that spirometry is an available and feasible tool, which must be performed prior to CPX and to support risk stratification in HF. Subclinical and early stages alterations in lung function may predict future cardiovascular events. Adding to that knowledge, our study suggests that also in more chronic and stable HF, the presence and type of lung dysfunction help to better interpret exercise responses and to identify subjects at higher risk.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In a real-world cohort with chronic HF subjects, irrespective of ejection fraction range, continuous FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC and ppFVC at baseline were directly associated with ventilatory reserve at exercise, accounting for age and sex. However, only low ppFVC was additionally associated with low ejection fraction, inspiratory weakness, and reduced exercise capacity. Within a 2.2-year mean follow-up, only FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC, but not ppFVC, distinguished HF subjects at higher risk for major cardiovascular events, which were more prominent among those with reduced ejection fraction and low inspiratory pressure. Therefore, FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC and ppFVC add different information regarding HF phenotyping.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>We would like to thank all the subjects who agreed to participate in our study, donating us their time and hope to improve the understanding of heart failure, in pursue of a better quality of care.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Sergio Henrique Rodolpho Ramalho, from Universidade de Bras&#237;lia.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1001">
          <label>*</label>
          <p> Supplemental Materials</p>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11804/2020-1130-supplementary-material.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by Capes e CNPq</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
