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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">4Ddxr6Zvd7Gm5FymQ68RQ6s</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000400678</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220027</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220027</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Triagem Direcionada da Hipercolesterolemia Familiar em 11 Pequenas Cidades Brasileiras: Uma Abordagem Eficaz para Detectar Agrupamentos de Indiv&#237;duos Afetados</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9911-4598</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco A. H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Maria Cristina Oliveira Izar &#8226; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo Escola Paulista de Medicina &#8211; Rua Loefgren, 1350. CEP 04023-062, Vila Clementino, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>mcoizar@terra.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>678</fpage>
      <lpage>679</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo II/gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Testes Gen&#233;ticos/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Muta&#231;&#227;o com ganho de fun&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico Precoce</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Gen&#233;ticas Inatas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF) &#233; uma doen&#231;a autoss&#244;mica codominante associada a n&#237;veis elevados de LDL-colesterol e a doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica prematura.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> A condi&#231;&#227;o &#233; pouco reconhecida e devem ser implementadas ferramentas de rastreamento para melhorar o diagn&#243;stico e promover o tratamento precoce.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Os m&#233;todos de triagem incluem triagem universal, seletiva, em cascata, cascata reversa e triagem oportun&#237;stica;<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> no entanto, em cidades pequenas de certas regi&#245;es, onde o efeito fundador pode estar presente, a busca por novos casos a partir de indiv&#237;duos afetados pode ser uma op&#231;&#227;o interessante. O HipercolBrasil &#233; um programa de rastreamento gen&#233;tico em cascata realizado no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, com mais de 2.000 pacientes identificados com variantes patog&#234;nicas<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> e, a partir desses resultados, foram selecionados casos &#237;ndices (CI) de pequenas cidades com variantes patog&#234;nicas para amplificar a cascata. O programa realiza testes gen&#233;ticos para HF em indiv&#237;duos com LDL-C &#8805; 210 mg/dL confirmados em duas an&#225;lises separadas: (CI)<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> e em parentes de primeiro grau daqueles nos quais foram identificadas variantes patog&#234;nicas ou provavelmente patog&#234;nicas.</p>
    <p>Em nosso pa&#237;s, as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para testes gen&#233;ticos seguem as Primeira Diretriz Brasileira de Hipercolesterolemia Familiar,<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> endossadas pela Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira de Hipercolesterolemia Familiar &#8211; 2021.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No artigo de Jannes et al.,<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> os autores utilizaram um m&#233;todo de triagem direcionado aplicado a candidatos de 11 pequenas cidades brasileiras (com menos de 60.000 habitantes) com suspeita de alta preval&#234;ncia de pessoas com HF. Selecionaram quatro cidades com suspeita de efeito fundador (Major Vieira, Papanduva, Lagoa do Mato e Passagem Franca); dois munic&#237;pios em regi&#245;es com altas taxas de dislipidemia e infarto precoce, conforme descrito pelo banco de dados do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (Bom Despacho e Moema); e cinco cidades geograficamente pr&#243;ximas a outras cidades com alta preval&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos com HF (Bambu&#237;, Pimentas, Luz, Colinas e Buriti Bravo). Cento e cinco casos &#237;ndice e 409 parentes de primeiro grau foram registrados nessas cidades. Usando tal abordagem, os autores encontraram 4,67 parentes por caso &#237;ndice, o que foi significativamente maior (p &lt; 0,0001) em compara&#231;&#227;o com a taxa geral do HipercolBrasil (1,59). Os m&#233;todos utilizados para confirmar o diagn&#243;stico de HF foram <italic>Next Generation Sequencing</italic> (NGS) com um painel incluindo <italic>LDLR, APOB, PCSK9, LDLRAP1, STAP1, LIPA, APOE, ABCG5 e ABCG8</italic>. A triagem gen&#233;tica foi complementada por MLPA (<italic>multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification</italic>) no gene <italic>LDLR</italic> para detectar varia&#231;&#245;es no n&#250;mero de c&#243;pias do gene (CNVs) associadas &#224; HF quando nenhuma muta&#231;&#227;o foi identificada. Este estudo mostrou que as taxas de detec&#231;&#227;o de HF foram maiores que as do programa HipercolBrasil e foram maiores nos munic&#237;pios com efeitos fundadores. Por outro lado, em cidades pr&#243;ximas &#224;quelas em que o efeito fundador esteve presente, a taxa de detec&#231;&#227;o de casos &#237;ndice foi menor, consequentemente, o n&#250;mero de familiares afetados.</p>
    <p>Em uma publica&#231;&#227;o anterior, os autores relataram que seu programa de rastreamento gen&#233;tico em cascata de HF poderia predizer a inclus&#227;o de novos familiares com base nas caracter&#237;sticas do IC, informa&#231;&#245;es &#250;teis para a elabora&#231;&#227;o de abordagens de triagem melhores e mais eficazes para indiv&#237;duos sob risco.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>No entanto, existe uma lacuna importante na percep&#231;&#227;o de risco, manejo do colesterol e outros aspectos relacionados &#224; HF.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> A estrat&#233;gia de triagem alvo em cidades pequenas pode ser eficaz, mas algumas quest&#245;es devem ser levadas em considera&#231;&#227;o antes de escolher a cidade a ser triada. A participa&#231;&#227;o do sistema de sa&#250;de local, a disponibiliza&#231;&#227;o de resultados laboratoriais pr&#233;vios e a divulga&#231;&#227;o desta campanha em diferentes m&#237;dias sociais podem melhorar a ades&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o e melhores resultados.</p>
  </body>
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        <mixed-citation>9.Jannes CE, Silvino JP, Silva PRS, Lima IR, Tada MT, Oliveira TGM, Santos RD, et al. Screening for Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Small Towns: Experience from 11 Brazilian Towns in the Hipercolbrasil Program. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022; 118(4):669-677.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Tada</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Screening for Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Small Towns: Experience from 11 Brazilian Towns in the Hipercolbrasil Program</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>118</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>669</fpage>
          <lpage>677</lpage>
        </element-citation>
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        <mixed-citation>10.Silva PRS, Jannes CE, Oliveira TGM, G&#243;mez LMG, Krieger JE, Santos RD, Pereira AC. Predictors of family enrollment in a genetic cascade screening program for familial hypercholesterolemia. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018;111(4):578-584. doi: 10.5935/abc.20180156.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>G&#243;mez</surname>
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              <surname>Krieger</surname>
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      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Rastreamento para Hipercolesterolemia Familiar em Pequenos Munic&#237;pios: A Experi&#234;ncia do Programa HipercolBrasil em 11 Munic&#237;pios Brasileiros</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Targeted Screening of Familial Hypercholesterolemia in 11 Small Brazilian Cities: An Effective Approach to Detect Clusters of Affected Individuals</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9911-4598</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco A. H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Maria Cristina Oliveira Izar &#8226; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo Escola Paulista de Medicina &#8211; Rua Loefgren, 1350. Postal Code 04023-062, Vila Clementino, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: mcoizar@terra.com.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II/genetics</kwd>
        <kwd>Genetic Testing/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Gain of Function Mutation</kwd>
        <kwd>Early Detection</kwd>
        <kwd>Genetic Diseases, Inborn</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal codominant disease associated with high levels of LDL-cholesterol and premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> The condition is underrecognized, and screening tools must be implemented to improve diagnosis and promote early treatment.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> The screening methods include universal, selective, cascade, reverse cascade, and oportunistic screening;<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> however, in small cities in certain regions, where founder effects can be present, target search for affected individuals can be an interesting option. The HipercolBrasil is a genetic cascade screening program carried out in the Heart Institute, with more than 2,000 patients identified with pathogenic variants,<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> and from these results, index cases (IC) from small cities with pathogenic variants were selected to amplify the cascade. The program performs genetic tests for FH in individuals with confirmed LDL-C &#8805; 210 mg/dL in two separate analyses: (IC)<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> and in first-degree relatives of those in whom pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were identified.</p>
      <p>In our country, the recommendations for genetic testing follow the First Brazilian Guideline for Familial Hypercholesterolemia,<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> endorsed by the Update of the Brazilian Guideline for Familial Hypercholesterolemia &#8211; 2021.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the article by Jannes et al.,<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> the authors used a targeted screening method applied to candidates from 11 small Brazilian cities (with less than 60,000 inhabitants) with a suspected high prevalence of people with FH. They selected four cities with suspected founder effect (Major Vieira, Papanduva, Lagoa do Mato, and Passagem Franca); two cities in regions with high rates of dyslipidemia and early myocardial infarction, as described by the National Health System database (Bom Despacho and Moema); and five cities that were geographically close to other cities with a high prevalence of individuals with FH (Bambu&#237;, Pimentas, Luz, Colinas, and Buriti Bravo). One-hundred and five index cases and 409 first-degree relatives were enrolled from those cities. Using such approach, the authors found 4.67 relatives per index case, which was significantly higher (p &lt; 0.0001) compared with the general HipercolBrasil rate (1.59). The methods used to confirm the diagnosis of FH were next-generation sequencing (NGS) with a panel including <italic>LDLR, APOB, PCSK9, LDLRAP1, STAP1, LIPA, APOE, ABCG5</italic> and <italic>ABCG8 </italic>genes. The genetic screening was complemented by MLPA (multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification) in the <italic>LDLR</italic> gene to detect gene copy number variations (CNVs) associated with FH when no mutation was identified. This study has shown that the rates of FH detection were higher than the HipercolBrasil program and were also higher in cities with founder effects. On the other hand, in cities close to those in which founder effects were present, the detection rate of index cases was lower, consequently, the number of affected relatives.</p>
      <p>In a previous publication, the authors reported that their FH cascade screening program could predict family enrollment based on IC features, useful information for devising better and more effective screening approaches for at-risk individuals.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> However, there is an important gap in risk perception, cholesterol management, and other aspects related to FH.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> The strategy of target screening in small cities can be effective, but some issues must be taken into account before choosing the city to screen. The participation of the local health system, availability of previous laboratory results, and advertisement of this campaign in different social media may improve adherence of the population and better results.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Screening for Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Small Towns: Experience from 11 Brazilian Towns in the Hipercolbrasil Program</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
