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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">bR3LC3DHQSqgynbFt4t8jJS</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005001214</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000400669</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201371</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201371</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rastreamento para Hipercolesterolemia Familiar em Pequenos Munic&#237;pios: A Experi&#234;ncia do Programa HipercolBrasil em 11 Munic&#237;pios Brasileiros</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8791-642X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jannes</surname>
            <given-names>Cinthia Elim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silvino</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;nea Paolucci Paiva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3602-603X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>P&#227;mela Rodrigues de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Isabella Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tada</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio Teruo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Theo Gremen Mimary</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Raul D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Krieger</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Gen&#233;tica e Cardiologia Molecular</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Laborat&#243;rio de Gen&#233;tica e Cardiologia Molecular, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Faculdade de Medicina, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Farm&#225;cia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Cuiab&#225;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - Faculdade de Farm&#225;cia, Cuiab&#225;, MS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein Ringgold</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein Ringgold, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Cinthia Elim Jannes &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Laborat&#243;rio de Gen&#233;tica e Cardiologia Molecular &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>cejannes@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Jannes CE, Pereira AC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Jannes CE, Silvino JPP, Lima IR, Tada MT; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Jannes CE, Silvino JPP, Pereira AC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Silva PRS, Pereira AC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Jannes CE, Krieger JE, Pereira AC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Jannes CE, Oliveira TGM, Santos RD, Pereira AC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Silvino JPP, Santos RD, Krieger JE, Pereira AC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>669</fpage>
      <lpage>677</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF) &#233; uma doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica dominante que se caracteriza por n&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos elevados de colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C), e est&#225; associada &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cardiovascular precoce. No Brasil, o HipercolBrasil, que &#233; atualmente o maior programa de rastreamento em cascata para HF, j&#225; identificou mais de 2.000 indiv&#237;duos com variantes gen&#233;ticas causadoras de HF. A abordagem padr&#227;o baseia-se no rastreamento em cascata de casos &#237;ndices referidos, indiv&#237;duos com hipercolesterolemia e suspeita cl&#237;nica de HF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Realizar rastreamento direcionado de 11 pequenos munic&#237;pios brasileiros com suspeita de alta preval&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos com HF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> A sele&#231;&#227;o dos munic&#237;pios ocorreu de 3 maneiras: 1) munic&#237;pios em que houve suspeita de efeito fundador (4 munic&#237;pios); 2) munic&#237;pios em uma regi&#227;o com altas taxas de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio precoce, conforme descrito pelo banco de dados do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (2 munic&#237;pios); e 3) munic&#237;pios geograficamente pr&#243;ximos a outros munic&#237;pios com alta preval&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos com HF (5 munic&#237;pios). A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi considerada como valor p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos 105 casos &#237;ndices e 409 familiares de primeiro grau. O rendimento dessa abordagem foi de 4,67 familiares por caso &#237;ndice, o qual &#233; significativamente melhor (p &lt; 0,0001) do que a taxa geral do HipercolBrasil (1,59). Identificamos 36 CIs com variante patog&#234;nica ou provavelmente patog&#234;nica para HF e 240 familiares de primeiro grau afetados. Conclus&#227;o: Nossos dados sugerem que, uma vez detectadas, regi&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas espec&#237;ficas justificam uma abordagem direcionada para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de aglomera&#231;&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos com HF.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipercolesterolemia Familiar</kwd>
        <kwd>Testes Gen&#233;ticos</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Amgen Biotechnology</funding-source>
          <award-id>682/2016</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado por Amgen Biotechnology (grant number 682/2016)</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF) &#233; uma doen&#231;a autoss&#244;mica dominante que se caracteriza clinicamente por n&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos elevados de colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C), e est&#225; associada &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica (DCVA) precoce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia da HF no mundo &#233; estimada em aproximadamente 1:250 na forma heterozig&#243;tica e 1:600.000 na forma homozig&#243;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Um estudo realizado pela coorte ELSA-Brasil estimou que a preval&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos com os crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos para a HF no Brasil seria de 1:263. Considerando essas estimativas, haveria aproximadamente 760.000 pessoas com HF no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Por&#233;m, embora seja relativamente frequente, a forma heterozig&#243;tica ainda &#233; uma doen&#231;a subdiagnosticada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Para auxiliar na identifica&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com essa doen&#231;a, tem sido utilizado o rastreamento gen&#233;tico em cascata em v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses, como a Holanda,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> o Reino Unido<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e a Espanha.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Este m&#233;todo j&#225; foi reconhecido como sendo de custo efetivo para a identifica&#231;&#227;o e a preven&#231;&#227;o de DCVA precoce em indiv&#237;duos com a HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No Brasil, o HipercolBrasil, que &#233; atualmente o maior programa de rastreamento gen&#233;tico em cascata, existe desde 2012<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> e j&#225; identificou mais de 2.000 indiv&#237;duos com variantes gen&#233;ticas causadoras de HF. O programa atualmente realiza testes gen&#233;ticos em qualquer indiv&#237;duo com LDL-C &#8805; 230 mg/dL (caso &#237;ndice [CI])<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> e nos familiares de primeiro grau daquelas com variantes patog&#234;nicas ou provavelmente patog&#234;nicas.</p>
      <p>Entre julho de 2017 e julho de 2019, testamos uma nova metodologia para identificar novos indiv&#237;duos com muta&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas para HF, direcionada a pequenos munic&#237;pios com preval&#234;ncia potencialmente alta de HF.</p>
      <p>O presente estudo descreve os primeiros resultados de triagem direcionada em 11 pequenos munic&#237;pios brasileiros (at&#233; 60.000 habitantes) com suspeita de alta preval&#234;ncia de pessoas com HF.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>O estudo foi realizado no Laborat&#243;rio de Gen&#233;tica e Cardiologia Molecular do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil. O protocolo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica Institucional (CAPPesq protocolo l00594212.0.1001.0068).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Amostra do estudo</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> mostra os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e o desenho do estudo. Cadastramos indiv&#237;duos de 11 munic&#237;pios selecionados com at&#233; 60.000 habitantes em todo o territ&#243;rio brasileiro. A sele&#231;&#227;o dos munic&#237;pios ocorreu de 3 maneiras: 1) munic&#237;pios em que houve suspeita de efeito fundador, ou seja, ocorr&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos homozigotos, mas sem hist&#243;rico de qualquer grau de parentesco entre os pais (Major Vieira, Papanduva, Lagoa do Mato e Passagem Franca); 2) munic&#237;pios em uma regi&#227;o com altas taxas de dislipidemia, conforme relatado por m&#233;dicos locais (Bom Despacho e Moema);<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> e 3) munic&#237;pios geograficamente pr&#243;ximos a outros munic&#237;pios com alta preval&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos com HF (Bambu&#237;, Pimenta, Luz, Colinas e Buriti Bravo).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Metodologia para selecionar munic&#237;pios, identificar CIs e familiares e treinar profissionais de sa&#250;de para continuar o rastreamento gen&#233;tico em cascata.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Registro de casos &#237;ndices e familiares</title>
        <p>Em todos os munic&#237;pios, foi feito um contato inicial com a secretaria sa&#250;de local de para explicar o projeto e estabelecer um acordo sobre a parceria. Foi feito contato por telefone antes de visitar cada munic&#237;pio e realizado um acordo entre ambas as partes por e-mail. J&#225; no munic&#237;pio, a equipe foi atendida por um agente de sa&#250;de indicado pela secretaria de sa&#250;de. Nos munic&#237;pios onde havia evid&#234;ncias de efeito fundador e naquelas onde havia relato de alta incid&#234;ncia de dislipidemia, a coleta de amostras come&#231;ou com familiares de CIs previamente selecionados. Nesses munic&#237;pios, tamb&#233;m ocorreu uma busca ativa para novos CIs a partir de prontu&#225;rios e exames de colesterol realizados nos laborat&#243;rios de an&#225;lise cl&#237;nica das unidades de sa&#250;de locais. Indiv&#237;duos foram considerados CIs quando apresentavam colesterol total &gt; 300 mg/dL e/ou LDL-C &#8805; 210 mg/dL com triglicer&#237;deos &lt; 300 mg/dL. Nestes casos, foi coletada uma amostra de sangue para realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma segunda dosagem do colesterol em nosso laborat&#243;rio. Aqueles com LDL-C confirmado &#8805; 210 mg/dL na segunda dosagem foram selecionados para o sequenciamento gen&#233;tico, enquanto os indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o atingiram este valor receberam laudo com os valores de colesterol total e as fra&#231;&#245;es e foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sequenciamento gen&#233;tico e rastreamento em cascata</title>
        <p>Foram coletadas as amostras de sangue (10 ml de sangue perif&#233;rico em tubos de EDTA) e enviadas ao Laborat&#243;rio de Gen&#233;tica e Cardiologia Molecular do InCor/HCFMUSP para an&#225;lise gen&#233;tica. Foi extra&#237;do o DNA gen&#244;mico usando QIAamp DNA MiniKit (QIAGEN), seguindo as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante. Os CIs foram sequenciados por sequenciamento de pr&#243;xima gera&#231;&#227;o em um painel de genes incluindo os seguintes genes relacionados &#224; dislipidemia: <italic>LDLR, APOB, PCSK9, LDLRAP1, STAP1, LIPA, APOE, ABCG5</italic> e <italic>ABCG8</italic>. Foram realizadas as an&#225;lises bioinform&#225;ticas em Varstation e CLC Genomic Workbench 9.0 (QIAGEN). A amplifica&#231;&#227;o multiplex de sondas dependente de liga&#231;&#227;o (MLPA) em <italic>LDLR</italic> foi usada para rastrear variantes de n&#250;mero de c&#243;pias dos CIs sem qualquer tipo de variantes do tipo <italic>missense, nonsense</italic> ou <italic>frameshift</italic> identificadas no sequenciamento de pr&#243;xima gera&#231;&#227;o. Foi realizado o rastreamento de familiares com sequenciamento Sanger (para muta&#231;&#245;es pontuais ou pequenos indels) ou MLPA (para variantes de n&#250;mero de c&#243;pias). As variantes foram classificadas de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de dados</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise visual da distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis foi realizada por meio de histogramas e foi verificada a normalidade dos dados. Para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, foram calculados a m&#233;dia e o desvio padr&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o mostradas como frequ&#234;ncias. As diferen&#231;as entre as frequ&#234;ncias foram comparadas pelo teste de qui-quadrado. Foram comparadas as diferen&#231;as entre as m&#233;dias com o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado ou ANOVA unilateral, se necess&#225;rio. As vari&#225;veis testadas apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e optamos pelo teste param&#233;trico. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi considerada como valor p &lt; 0,05. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com SPSS v19.0 (IBM).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Inicialmente, coletamos 230 CIs com pelo menos uma medida de colesterol que atendia aos crit&#233;rios propostos (veja os M&#233;todos). Por&#233;m, 125 deles apresentaram valores de LDL-C abaixo do ponto de corte ap&#243;s a segunda medi&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o foi realizado sequenciamento posterior. No total, foram inclu&#237;dos 105 ICs e 490 familiares na an&#225;lise. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas dos 11 munic&#237;pios visitados, estado da federa&#231;&#227;o brasileira, n&#250;mero de habitantes e data de cada visita. O munic&#237;pio com o menor n&#250;mero de habitantes totais foi Moema com 7.028 e a maior foi Bom Despacho com 45.624, ambas no estado de Minas Gerais. Os primeiros munic&#237;pios a serem visitados foram Major Vieira e Papanduva (setembro de 2017) e as &#250;ltimas foram Buriti Bravo e Colinas (fevereiro de 2019).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos munic&#237;pios da amostra</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Munic&#237;pio</th>
                <th>Estado do Brasil</th>
                <th>Habitantes totais (Censo do IBGE)</th>
                <th>Data da visita</th>
                <th>N&#250;mero de casos esperados (1:263)<sup>4</sup></th>
                <th>N&#250;mero de casos positivos identificados</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Bambu&#237;</td>
                <td align="center">Minas Gerais</td>
                <td align="center">22.709</td>
                <td align="center">Dez 2018</td>
                <td align="center">86</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bom Despacho</td>
                <td align="center">Minas Gerais</td>
                <td align="center">45.624</td>
                <td align="center">Ago 2018</td>
                <td align="center">173</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Buriti Bravo</td>
                <td align="center">Maranh&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">23.827</td>
                <td align="center">Fev 2019</td>
                <td align="center">91</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colinas</td>
                <td align="center">Maranh&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">42.196</td>
                <td align="center">Fev 2019</td>
                <td align="center">160</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Lagoa do Mato</td>
                <td align="center">Maranh&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">10.955</td>
                <td align="center">Abr 2018</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Luz</td>
                <td align="center">Minas Gerais</td>
                <td align="center">17.492</td>
                <td align="center">Dez 2018</td>
                <td align="center">67</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Major Vieira</td>
                <td align="center">Santa Catarina</td>
                <td align="center">8.103</td>
                <td align="center">Set 2017</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Moema</td>
                <td align="center">Minas Gerais</td>
                <td align="center">7.028</td>
                <td align="center">Ago 2018</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Papanduva</td>
                <td align="center">Santa Catarina</td>
                <td align="center">18.013</td>
                <td align="center">Set 2017</td>
                <td align="center">68</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Passagem Franca</td>
                <td align="center">Maranh&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">17.296</td>
                <td align="center">Abr 2018</td>
                <td align="center">66</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pimenta</td>
                <td align="center">Minas Gerais</td>
                <td align="center">8.236</td>
                <td align="center">Dez 2018</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>IBGE: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> mostra o n&#250;mero de CIs e familiares sequenciados por regi&#227;o e seu gen&#243;tipo em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a de variantes patog&#234;nicas ou provavelmente patog&#234;nicas (positivos), sem variantes patog&#234;nicas (negativos) ou presen&#231;a de uma variante de significado incerto (VSI), bem como o n&#250;mero de novos casos derivados de cada CI inclu&#237;do.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; CIs e familiares inclu&#237;dos por regi&#227;o e seus gen&#243;tipos para a presen&#231;a de variantes gen&#233;ticas de HF</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Origem</th>
                <th colspan="3">CIs</th>
                <th colspan="3">Familiares</th>
                <th>N&#250;mero de familiares por CIs identificados</th>
                <th>N&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos genotipados por munic&#237;pio</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="8" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Negativo</th>
                <th>Positivo</th>
                <th>VSI</th>
                <th>Negativo</th>
                <th>Positivo</th>
                <th>VSI</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Bambu&#237;</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bom Despacho</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">2,4</td>
                <td align="center">96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Buriti Bravo</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colinas</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Lagoa do Mato</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Luz</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Major Vieira</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Moema</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">13,6</td>
                <td align="center">73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Papanduva</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">13,7</td>
                <td align="center">103</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Passagem Franca</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">55</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">12,5</td>
                <td align="center">108</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pimenta</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">249</td>
                <td align="center">238</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">4,7</td>
                <td align="center">595</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>CI: caso &#237;ndice; VSI: variante de significado incerto; HF: Hipercolesterolemia familiar.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> mostra os tr&#234;s grupos de CIs (negativo, positivo ou VSI) e seus dados cl&#237;nicos e bioqu&#237;micos. No total, foram sequenciados 105 CIs, sendo encontradas variantes patog&#234;nicas ou provavelmente patog&#234;nicas em 36 (37,8%) indiv&#237;duos e VSI em 5 (5,25%). A maioria dos CIs era do sexo feminino (67,6%) e quando as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e bioqu&#237;micas foram avaliadas entre os tr&#234;s grupos, houve, como esperado, uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao colesterol total e LDL-C basais (n&#227;o tratados), com o grupo positivo apresentando os maiores valores de colesterol total e LDL-C, 382 &#177; 150 mg/dL e 287 &#177; 148 mg/dL, respectivamente. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e bioqu&#237;micas dos familiares.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e bioqu&#237;micas de CIs negativos, positivos e alterados por VSI</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>CI negativo</th>
                <th>(64)</th>
                <th>CI positivo</th>
                <th>(36)</th>
                <th>CI com VSI</th>
                <th>(5)</th>
                <th>valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Mulheres %</td>
                <td align="center">45 (70,3)</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
                <td align="center">21 (58,3)</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">5 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,134</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Homens %</td>
                <td align="center">19 (29,7)</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
                <td align="center">15 (41,7)</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">54&#177;15</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
                <td align="center">44&#177;19</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">56&#177;16</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">0,015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de drogas hipolipemiantes</td>
                <td align="center">32 (50,0)</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
                <td align="center">24 (66,7)</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">3 (60,0)</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">0,261</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAC precoce</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,1)</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
                <td align="center">4 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">0,297</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Xantomas</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4,7)</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
                <td align="center">3 (8,3)</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">1 (20,0)</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">0,365</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Xantelasmas</td>
                <td align="center">4 (6,3)</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,8)</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">0,696</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Arco c&#243;rneo</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,1)</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
                <td align="center">3 (8,3)</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">0,345</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CT atual</td>
                <td align="center">279&#177;65</td>
                <td align="center">62</td>
                <td align="center">316&#177;107</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">302&#177;28</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">0,102</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-C atual</td>
                <td align="center">195&#177;56</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
                <td align="center">234&#177;104</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">207&#177;35</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">0,051</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CT basal</td>
                <td align="center">322&#177;33</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">382&#177;150</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">305&#177;43</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-C basal</td>
                <td align="center">233&#177;24</td>
                <td align="center">59</td>
                <td align="center">287&#177;148</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">229&#177;20</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">0,022</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>CI: caso &#237;ndice; CT: colesterol total; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; LDL-C: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; VSI: variante de significado incerto. DAC precoce definido como evento de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica &lt; 55 e 60 anos de idade em homens e mulheres, respectivamente; lip&#237;dios em mg/dL; lip&#237;dios basais = n&#227;o tratados.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e bioqu&#237;micas dos familiares positivos e negativos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Familiares negativos</th>
                <th>N (249)</th>
                <th>Familiares positivos</th>
                <th>N (240)</th>
                <th>valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Mulheres %</td>
                <td align="center">136 (54,6)</td>
                <td align="center">249</td>
                <td align="center">135 (56,3)</td>
                <td align="center">240</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,504</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Homens %</td>
                <td align="center">113 (45,4)</td>
                <td align="center">249</td>
                <td align="center">105 (43,8)</td>
                <td align="center">240</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">40&#177;21</td>
                <td align="center">249</td>
                <td align="center">38&#177;21</td>
                <td align="center">240</td>
                <td align="center">0,710</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de drogas hipolipemiantes</td>
                <td align="center">31 (12,4)</td>
                <td align="center">249</td>
                <td align="center">93 (38,8)</td>
                <td align="center">240</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAC precoce</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,8)</td>
                <td align="center">249</td>
                <td align="center">9 (3,8)</td>
                <td align="center">240</td>
                <td align="center">0,034</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Xantomas</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2,4)</td>
                <td align="center">249</td>
                <td align="center">17 (7,1)</td>
                <td align="center">240</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Xantelasmas</td>
                <td align="center">11 (4,4)</td>
                <td align="center">249</td>
                <td align="center">34 (14,2)</td>
                <td align="center">240</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Arco c&#243;rneo</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,4)</td>
                <td align="center">249</td>
                <td align="center">9 (3,8)</td>
                <td align="center">240</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CT atual</td>
                <td align="center">198&#177;51</td>
                <td align="center">114</td>
                <td align="center">309&#177;86</td>
                <td align="center">127</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-C atual</td>
                <td align="center">124&#177;42</td>
                <td align="center">192</td>
                <td align="center">233&#177;75</td>
                <td align="center">198</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CT basal</td>
                <td align="center">220&#177;191</td>
                <td align="center">97</td>
                <td align="center">318&#177;97</td>
                <td align="center">130</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-C basal</td>
                <td align="center">126&#177;41</td>
                <td align="center">169</td>
                <td align="center">243&#177;82</td>
                <td align="center">178</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; LDL-C: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; CT: colesterol total. DAC precoce definido como evento de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica &lt; 55 e 60 anos de idade em homens e mulheres, respectivamente; lip&#237;dios em mg/dL; lip&#237;dios basais = n&#227;o tratados.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> mostra a distribui&#231;&#227;o geogr&#225;fica dos 11 munic&#237;pios localizados em 3 estados da federa&#231;&#227;o brasileira, o n&#250;mero de casos registrados, o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos genotipados e o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos com uma variante patog&#234;nica.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Distribui&#231;&#227;o geogr&#225;fica dos casos, n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos genotipados e n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos com variante patog&#234;nica identificada (positivos).</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href=""/>
        </fig>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Estados brasileiros, de cima para baixo: Maranh&#227;o, Minas Gerais e Santa Catarina</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref> mostra todas as variantes encontradas e o local onde foram identificadas. No total, foram identificadas 21 variantes diferentes, com 3 variantes aparecendo com mais frequ&#234;ncia. As frequ&#234;ncias observadas para essas 3 variantes sugerem que elas t&#234;m efeitos fundadores nessas localidades. Foram encontrados 6 pacientes homozigotos e 1 heterozigoto composto em trans.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Variantes patog&#234;nicas, provavelmente patog&#234;nica e VSI de HF encontradas por munic&#237;pio</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Gene</th>
                  <th>Variante</th>
                  <th>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da variantes</th>
                  <th>Bambu&#237;</th>
                  <th>Bom Despacho</th>
                  <th>Luz</th>
                  <th>Pimenta</th>
                  <th>Moema</th>
                  <th>Buriti Bravo</th>
                  <th>Colinas</th>
                  <th>Lagoa do Mato</th>
                  <th>Passagem Franca</th>
                  <th>Major Vieira</th>
                  <th>Papanduva</th>
                  <th>Total</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDLR</td>
                  <td align="center">Duplica&#231;&#227;o do exon 4 para 8 (b)</td>
                  <td align="center">Patog&#234;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">45<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">41</td>
                  <td align="center">86</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDLR</td>
                  <td align="center">Duplica&#231;&#227;o do promoter para o exon 6</td>
                  <td align="center">Patog&#234;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">29</td>
                  <td align="center">49<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">83</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDLR</td>
                  <td align="center">p.Asp224Asn</td>
                  <td align="center">Patog&#234;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">39</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">77</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDLR</td>
                  <td align="center">p.Cys222*</td>
                  <td align="center">Patog&#234;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDLR</td>
                  <td align="center">c.1359-1G &gt;C</td>
                  <td align="center">Patog&#234;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDLR</td>
                  <td align="center">p.Gly592Glu</td>
                  <td align="center">Patog&#234;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDLR</td>
                  <td align="center">p.Ala771Val</td>
                  <td align="center">Patog&#234;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDLR</td>
                  <td align="center">p.Pro699Leu</td>
                  <td align="center">Patog&#234;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDLR</td>
                  <td align="center">p.Asp601His</td>
                  <td align="center">Provavelmente patog&#234;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDLR</td>
                  <td align="center">p.Cys34Arg</td>
                  <td align="center">Provavelmente patog&#234;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDLR</td>
                  <td align="center">p.Arg257Trp</td>
                  <td align="center">Provavelmente patog&#234;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDLR</td>
                  <td align="center">p.Ser854Gly</td>
                  <td align="center">Provavelmente patog&#234;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDLR</td>
                  <td align="center">c.-228G&gt;C</td>
                  <td align="center">VSI</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDLR</td>
                  <td align="center">p.Ala30Gly</td>
                  <td align="center">VSI</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>APOB</td>
                  <td align="center">p.Ala2790Thr</td>
                  <td align="center">VSI</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>APOB</td>
                  <td align="center">p.Met499Val</td>
                  <td align="center">VSI</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCSK9</td>
                  <td align="center">p.Arg237Trp</td>
                  <td align="center">VSI</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCSK9</td>
                  <td align="center">p.Arg357Cys</td>
                  <td align="center">VSI</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>STAP1</td>
                  <td align="center">p.Pro176Ser</td>
                  <td align="center">VSI</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDLR</td>
                  <td align="center">p.Cys222*</td>
                  <td align="center">Patog&#234;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1<sup>c</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1<sup>c</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDLR</td>
                  <td align="center">Duplica&#231;&#227;o do exon 4 para 8</td>
                  <td align="center">Patog&#234;nica</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCSK9</td>
                  <td align="center">p.Arg215Cys</td>
                  <td align="center">Provavelmente patog&#234;nica</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">1</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">1<sup>c</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>APOB</td>
                  <td align="center">p.Asp2213Asn</td>
                  <td align="center">VSI</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>APOB</td>
                  <td align="center">p.Val3290Ile</td>
                  <td align="center">VSI</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCSK9</td>
                  <td align="center">p.Arg215Cys</td>
                  <td align="center">Provavelmente patog&#234;nica</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">1</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">1<sup>c</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>APOB</td>
                  <td align="center">p.Val3293lle</td>
                  <td align="center">VSI</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCSK9</td>
                  <td align="center">p.Arg215Cys</td>
                  <td align="center">Provavelmente patog&#234;nica</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">1</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">1<sup>c</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>APOB</td>
                  <td align="center">p.Asp2213Asn</td>
                  <td align="center">VSI</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>
                  <italic>2 homozigotas (b) 4 homozigotas (c) heterozigota composta em trans. VSI: variante de significado incerto; HF: Hipercolesterolemia familiar.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo descreve os resultados da implementa&#231;&#227;o de um sistema de rastreamento em cascata para HF em 11 pequenos munic&#237;pios brasileiros.</p>
      <p>Apesar dos benef&#237;cios de custo conhecidos do rastreamento em cascata para HF, a implementa&#231;&#227;o mundial tem sido abaixo do ideal. Diversas barreiras locais e obst&#225;culos &#224; implementa&#231;&#227;o devem ser identificados e superados. A implementa&#231;&#227;o do rastreamento em cascata em pequenas localidades, por exemplo, tem sido maiormente desconsiderado. Esse desafio &#233; maior em pa&#237;ses de dimens&#245;es continentais, como o Brasil, onde, al&#233;m das enormes dist&#226;ncias geogr&#225;ficas, existem desigualdades no acesso aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de. Descrevemos a experi&#234;ncia do HipercolBrasil que realizou rastreamento em cascata abrangente em pequenos munic&#237;pios brasileiros. Neste novo modelo, o rastreamento gen&#233;tico em cascata foi realizado em munic&#237;pios que apresentavam evid&#234;ncias de maior preval&#234;ncia de HF devido ao achado pr&#233;vio de indiv&#237;duos com o fen&#243;tipo homozigoto no mesmo munic&#237;pio, ou porque essas regi&#245;es relataram elevada frequ&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
      <p>Os munic&#237;pios que apresentaram evid&#234;ncias de efeito fundador foram os que apresentaram maior identifica&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos afetados por cada CI analisado (em ordem decrescente Major Vieira, Papanduva, Lagoa do Mato e Passagem Franca). Nestas cidades, come&#231;amos com indiv&#237;duos homozigotos cujos pais n&#227;o tinham parentesco e nasceram em regi&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas diferentes. Obviamente, sempre que essa situa&#231;&#227;o for sinalizada por um programa de rastreamento em cascata, ela merece a implanta&#231;&#227;o de uma abordagem que abranja todo o munic&#237;pio, pois os custos-benef&#237;cios deste cen&#225;rio s&#227;o os mais vantajosos. A implementa&#231;&#227;o da cascata gen&#233;tica em munic&#237;pios de pequeno porte mostrou-se mais eficiente quando comparada &#224; cascata gen&#233;tica realizada pelo HipercolBrasil<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> considerando que as taxas de familiares por CI foram de 4,7 e 1,6, respectivamente (p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
      <p>&#201; importante notar que a taxa de familiares testados por CI tamb&#233;m foi maior em munic&#237;pios com suspeita de efeito fundador. Isso provavelmente ocorreu porque esses munic&#237;pios possu&#237;am um n&#250;mero pequeno de habitantes e a maioria dos familiares tinha algum grau de rela&#231;&#227;o familiar. Isso n&#227;o ocorreu em Bom Despacho, que &#233; um munic&#237;pio consideravelmente maior que os demais (45.624 habitantes) e, embora o n&#250;mero de familiares coletados tenha sido semelhante ao de outras cidades, houve maior n&#250;mero de CIs coletados (28), diminuindo a taxa de parentes/CI para 2,4. Essa situa&#231;&#227;o exemplifica o equil&#237;brio t&#234;nue entre o tamanho do munic&#237;pio e o sucesso da abordagem descrita.</p>
      <p>Os munic&#237;pios visitados que eram geograficamente pr&#243;ximos a munic&#237;pios com suspeita de efeito fundador (Bambu&#237;, Buriti Bravo, Colinas, Pimenta e Luz) apresentaram baixa capta&#231;&#227;o de CIs e, consequentemente, baixo n&#250;mero de familiares identificados. Isso sugere que a concentra&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;os no munic&#237;pio selecionado, ao inv&#233;s de estender a abordagem para cidades pr&#243;ximas, deve ser priorizada e a captura de casos potenciais pr&#243;ximos deve ser deixada para o mecanismo usual de rastreamento em cascata.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Rastreamento em cascata em pequenos munic&#237;pios (menos de 60.000 habitantes) com efeito fundador mostrou-se eficaz. Por&#233;m, alguns pontos podem ser de grande import&#226;ncia para que o rastreamento em cascata seja eficaz, podendo ser considerados os seguintes antes de decidir quais cidades rastrear: estabelecimento de uma parceria formal e interesse expl&#237;cito por parte do departamento de sa&#250;de local em receber o programa e realizar o rastreamento em cascata; disponibilidade de conjuntos de dados laboratoriais de an&#225;lises cl&#237;nicas para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de levantamento retrospectivo dos testes de colesterol; e divulga&#231;&#227;o via r&#225;dios e redes sociais sobre a doen&#231;a e o programa para maior ades&#227;o dos moradores.</p>
      <p>O presente estudo &#233; limitado pelo n&#250;mero relativo de munic&#237;pios avaliados considerando o tamanho continental do Brasil. No entanto, sugere que a abordagem desenhada pode ser &#250;til para detectar indiv&#237;duos com HF. Em conclus&#227;o, nossos dados sugerem que, uma vez detectadas, regi&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas espec&#237;ficas justificam uma abordagem direcionada para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de aglomera&#231;&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos com HF.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado por Amgen Biotechnology (grant number 682/2016)</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Screening for Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Small Towns: Experience from 11 Brazilian Towns in the Hipercolbrasil Program</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8791-642X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jannes</surname>
            <given-names>Cinthia Elim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silvino</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;nea Paolucci Paiva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3602-603X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>P&#227;mela Rodrigues de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Isabella Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tada</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio Teruo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Theo Gremen Mimary</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Raul D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Krieger</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Laborat&#243;rio de Gen&#233;tica e Cardiologia Molecular, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Faculdade de Medicina, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - Faculdade de Farm&#225;cia, Cuiab&#225;, MS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211;&#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein Ringgold, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Cinthia Elim Jannes &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Laborat&#243;rio de Gen&#233;tica e Cardiologia Molecular &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: cejannes@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Jannes CE, Pereira AC; Acquisition of data: Jannes CE, Silvino JPP, Lima IR, Tada MT; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Jannes CE, Silvino JPP, Pereira AC; Statistical analysis: Silva PRS, Pereira AC; Obtaining financing: Jannes CE, Krieger JE, Pereira AC; Writing of the manuscript: Jannes CE, Oliveira TGM, Santos RD, Pereira AC; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Silvino JPP, Santos RD, Krieger JE, Pereira AC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disease characterized by elevated serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and it is associated with the occurrence of early cardiovascular disease. In Brazil, HipercolBrasil, which is currently the largest FH cascade screening program, has already identified more than 2000 individuals with causal genetic variants for FH. The standard approach is based on cascade screening of referred index cases, individuals with hypercholesterolemia and clinical suspicion of FH.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To perform targeted screening of 11 small Brazilian cities with a suspected high prevalence of people with FH.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> The selection of cities occurred in 3 ways: 1) cities in which a founder effect was suspected (4 cities); 2) cities in a region with high rates of early myocardial infarction as described by the National Health System database (2 cities); and 3) cities that are geographically close to other cities with a high prevalence of individuals with FH (5 cities). Statistical significance was considered as p value &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> One hundred and five index cases and 409 first-degree relatives were enrolled. The yield of such approach of 4.67 relatives per index case was significantly better (p &lt; 0.0001) than the general HipercolBrasil rate (1.59). We identified 36 IC with a pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant for FH and 240 affected first-degree relatives.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Our data suggest that, once detected, specific geographical regions warrant a target approach for identification of clusters of individuals with FH.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Familial hypercholesterolemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Genetic Testing</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant disease that is clinically characterized by elevated blood levels of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and it is associated with the occurrence of early atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The prevalence of FH in the world is estimated to be approximately 1:250 in the heterozygous form and 1:600,000 in the homozygous form..A study conducted by the ELSA-Brasil cohort estimated that the prevalence of individuals with clinical criteria for FH in Brazil is 1:263. Considering these estimates, there would be approximately 760,000 people with FH in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, although relatively frequent, the heterozygous form is still an underdiagnosed disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> To assist in the identification of individuals with this disease, cascade genetic screening has been used in several countries, such as the Netherlands,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> the United Kingdom,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and Spain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> This method has already been recognized as cost-effective for identification as well as prevention of early ASCVD in individuals with FH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In Brazil, HipercolBrasil, which is currently the largest cascade screening program, has existed since 2012,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> and it has already identified more than 2000 individuals with causal genetic variants for FH. The program currently performs genetic testing on any individual with LDL-C &#8805; 230mg/dL (index-case [IC])<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> and in first-degree relatives of those with pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants.</p>
        <p>Between July 2017 and July 2019 we tested a new methodology for identifying new individuals with genetic alterations for FH based on the targeting of small municipalities with potentially high FH prevalence.</p>
        <p>Here we describe the first results of targeted screening in 11 small Brazilian cities (up to 60,000 inhabitants) with a suspected high prevalence of people with FH.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The study was conducted at the Genetics and Molecular Cardiology Laboratory of the Heart Institute (InCor), University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil. The protocol received approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee (CAPPesq protocol l00594212.0.1001.0068).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study sample</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> shows inclusion criteria and study design. We enrolled individuals from 11 selected cities with up to 60,000 inhabitants throughout the Brazilian territory. The selection of cities occurred in 3 ways: 1) cities in which a founder effect was suspected, i.e. occurrence of homozygous individuals, but with no history of any degree of relation between parents (Major Vieira, Papanduva, Lagoa do Mato, and Passagem Franca); 2) cities in a region with high rates of dyslipidemia as reported by local physicians (Bom Despacho and Moema);<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> and 3) cities that are geographically close to other cities with a high prevalence of individuals with FH (Bambu&#237;, Pimenta, Luz, Colinas, and Buriti Bravo).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Methodology for selecting cities, capturing ICs and relatives and training health care professionals to continue cascade genetic screening.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            </fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Enrolment of index cases and relatives</title>
          <p>In all cities, initial contact was made with the local secretary of health to explain the project and establish an agreement on the partnership. Contact was made via telephone before visiting each city, and an agreement was established by both parties via e-mail. Once in the city, the team was assisted by a health agent appointed by the health secretary. In the cities where there was evidence of a founder effect and in the ones where there were reports of high incidence of dyslipidemia, the sample collection started from family members of previously selected ICs. In these cities, there was also an active search for new ICs from medical records and cholesterol tests carried out in the clinical analysis laboratories of the local healthcare units. Individuals were considered as ICs when they had total cholesterol &gt; 300 mg/dL and/or LDL-C &#8805; 210 mg/dL with triglycerides &lt; 300 mg/dL. In these cases, a blood sample was collected to perform a second cholesterol measurement in our laboratory. Those with a confirmed LDL-C &#8805; 210 mg/dl in the second measurement were selected for genetic sequencing, while individuals who did not reach this value received a report with the values of total cholesterol and fractions and were excluded from the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Genetic sequencing and cascade screening</title>
          <p>Blood samples were collected (10 ml of peripheral blood in EDTA tubes) and sent to the Genetics and Molecular Cardiology Laboratory at InCor/HCFMUSP for genetic analysis. Genomic DNA was extracted using QIAamp DNA MiniKit (QIAGEN), following the manufacturer&#8217;s instructions. IC were sequenced by next generation sequencing in a gene panel comprising the following dyslipidemia-related genes: <italic>LDLR, APOB, PCSK9, LDLRAP1, STAP1, LIPA, APOE, ABCG5</italic>, and <italic>ABCG8</italic>. Bioinformatics analyses were performed in Varstation and CLC Genomic Workbench 9.0 (QIAGEN). Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) in <italic>LDLR</italic> was used to screen for copy-number variants in ICs without any missense, nonsense or frameshift variants identified in next generation sequencing. The screening of relatives was performed with Sanger sequencing (for point mutations or small indels) or MLPA (for copy-number variants). Variants were classified following the recommendations of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data analysis</title>
          <p>The visual analysis of variable distribution was performed using histograms, and the normality of the data was verified. For continuous variables with normal distribution, the mean and standard deviation were calculated. Categorical variables are shown as frequencies. The differences between frequencies were compared using the chi-square test. The differences between means were compared with unpaired Student&#8217;s t test or one-way ANOVA, if necessary. The tested variables were normally distributed, and we opted for a parametric test. Statistical significance was considered as p value &lt; 0.05. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS v19.0 (IBM).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Initially, we collected 230 ICs with at least one cholesterol measure that met the proposed criteria (see Methods). However, 125 of them presented LDL-C values below the threshold after the second measurement and were not further sequenced. In total, 105 ICs and 490 relatives were included in the analysis. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> shows characteristics of the 11 visited cities, Brazilian state, number of inhabitants, and date of each visit. The city with the lowest number of total inhabitants was Moema with 7,028, and the largest was Bom Despacho with 45,624 inhabitants, both in the state of Minas Gerais. The first cities to be visited were Major Vieira and Papanduva (September 2017) and the last were Buriti Bravo and Colinas (February 2019).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Overall characteristics of sampled municipalities</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">City</th>
                  <th>Brazilian state</th>
                  <th>Total inhabitants (IBGE Census)</th>
                  <th>Visit date</th>
                  <th>N of expected cases (1:263)<sup>4</sup></th>
                  <th>N of positive cases identified</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bambu&#237;</td>
                  <td align="center">Minas Gerais</td>
                  <td align="center">22,709</td>
                  <td align="center">Dec 2018</td>
                  <td align="center">86</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bom Despacho</td>
                  <td align="center">Minas Gerais</td>
                  <td align="center">45,624</td>
                  <td align="center">Aug 2018</td>
                  <td align="center">173</td>
                  <td align="center">45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Buriti Bravo</td>
                  <td align="center">Maranh&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">23,827</td>
                  <td align="center">Feb 2019</td>
                  <td align="center">91</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colinas</td>
                  <td align="center">Maranh&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">42,196</td>
                  <td align="center">Feb 2019</td>
                  <td align="center">160</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lagoa do Mato</td>
                  <td align="center">Maranh&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">10,955</td>
                  <td align="center">Apr 2018</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Luz</td>
                  <td align="center">Minas Gerais</td>
                  <td align="center">17,492</td>
                  <td align="center">Dec 2018</td>
                  <td align="center">67</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Major Vieira</td>
                  <td align="center">Santa Catarina</td>
                  <td align="center">8,103</td>
                  <td align="center">Sep 2017</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                  <td align="center">47</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moema</td>
                  <td align="center">Minas Gerais</td>
                  <td align="center">7,028</td>
                  <td align="center">Aug 2018</td>
                  <td align="center">27</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Papanduva</td>
                  <td align="center">Santa Catarina</td>
                  <td align="center">18,013</td>
                  <td align="center">Sep 2017</td>
                  <td align="center">68</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Passagem Franca</td>
                  <td align="center">Maranh&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">17,296</td>
                  <td align="center">Apr 2018</td>
                  <td align="center">66</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pimenta</td>
                  <td align="center">Minas Gerais</td>
                  <td align="center">8,236</td>
                  <td align="center">Dec 2018</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>IBGE: Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> shows the number of sequenced ICs and relatives per region and their genotype regarding the presence of pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants (positive), no pathogenic variants (negative) or presence of a variant of uncertain significance (VUS), as well as the number of new cases derived from each enrolled IC.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; ICs and relatives collected per region and their genotypes for the presence of FH genetic variants</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Origin</th>
                  <th colspan="3">ICs</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Relatives</th>
                  <th>Number of relatives per identified ICs</th>
                  <th>Number of genotyped individuals per city</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Negative</th>
                  <th>Positive</th>
                  <th>VUS</th>
                  <th>Negative</th>
                  <th>Positive</th>
                  <th>VUS</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bambu&#237;</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bom Despacho</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">2.4</td>
                  <td align="center">96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Buriti Bravo</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colinas</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.5</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lagoa do Mato</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Luz</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.08</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Major Vieira</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moema</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">13.6</td>
                  <td align="center">73</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Papanduva</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">46</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">13.7</td>
                  <td align="center">103</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Passagem Franca</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">55</td>
                  <td align="center">45</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">12.5</td>
                  <td align="center">108</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pimenta</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total</td>
                  <td align="center">64</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">249</td>
                  <td align="center">238</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">4.7</td>
                  <td align="center">595</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>IC: index case; VUS: variant of uncertain significance; FH: Familial hypercholesterolemia.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> shows the three IC groups (negative, positive, or VUS) and their clinical and biochemical data. In total, 105 ICs were sequenced, and pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were found in 36 (37.8%) individuals, and VUS in 5 (5.25%). Most ICs were female (67.6%), and when the clinical and biochemical characteristics were evaluated among the three groups, there was, as expected, a statistically significant difference regarding baseline (untreated) total cholesterol and LDL-C, with the positive group presenting the highest values of total cholesterol and LDL-C, 382 &#177; 150 mg/dL and 287 &#177; 148 mg/dL, respectively. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> shows the clinical and biochemical characteristics of relatives.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical and biochemical characteristics of negative, positive, and VUS-altered ICs</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Negative IC</th>
                  <th>(64)</th>
                  <th>Positive IC</th>
                  <th>(36)</th>
                  <th>IC VUS</th>
                  <th>(5)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Females %</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (70.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">64</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (58.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.134</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Males %</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (29.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">64</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (41.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">54&#177;15</td>
                  <td align="center">64</td>
                  <td align="center">44&#177;19</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">56&#177;16</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.015</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Use of lipid lowering drugs</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (50.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">64</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (66.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (60.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.261</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Early CAD</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">64</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (11.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.297</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Xanthomas</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">64</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (8.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (20.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.365</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Xanthelasmas</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (6.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">64</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.696</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Corneal arcus</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">64</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (8.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.345</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current TC</td>
                  <td align="center">279&#177;65</td>
                  <td align="center">62</td>
                  <td align="center">316&#177;107</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">302&#177;28</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.102</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current LDL-C</td>
                  <td align="center">195&#177;56</td>
                  <td align="center">64</td>
                  <td align="center">234&#177;104</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">207&#177;35</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.051</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baseline TC</td>
                  <td align="center">322&#177;33</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">382&#177;150</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">305&#177;43</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baseline LDL-C</td>
                  <td align="center">233&#177;24</td>
                  <td align="center">59</td>
                  <td align="center">287&#177;148</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                  <td align="center">229&#177;20</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.022</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CAD: coronary artery disease; IC: index case; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC: total cholesterol; VUS: variant of uncertain significance. Early CAD defined as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease event &lt; 55 and 60 years of age in males and females, respectively; lipids in mg/dL; baseline lipids = untreated.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical and biochemical characteristics of negative and positive relatives</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Negative relatives</th>
                  <th>N (249)</th>
                  <th>Positive relatives</th>
                  <th>N (240)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Females %</td>
                  <td align="center">136 (54.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">249</td>
                  <td align="center">135 (56.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">240</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.504</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Males %</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (45.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">249</td>
                  <td align="center">105 (43.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">240</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">40&#177;21</td>
                  <td align="center">249</td>
                  <td align="center">38&#177;21</td>
                  <td align="center">240</td>
                  <td align="center">0.710</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>In use of lipid lowering drugs</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (12.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">249</td>
                  <td align="center">93 (38.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">240</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Early CAD</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">249</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (3.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">240</td>
                  <td align="center">0.034</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Xanthomas</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (2.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">249</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (7.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">240</td>
                  <td align="center">0.013</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Xanthelasmas</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (4.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">249</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (14.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">240</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Corneal arcus</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">249</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (3.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">240</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current TC</td>
                  <td align="center">198&#177;51</td>
                  <td align="center">114</td>
                  <td align="center">309&#177;86</td>
                  <td align="center">127</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current LDL-C</td>
                  <td align="center">124&#177;42</td>
                  <td align="center">192</td>
                  <td align="center">233&#177;75</td>
                  <td align="center">198</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baseline TC</td>
                  <td align="center">220&#177;191</td>
                  <td align="center">97</td>
                  <td align="center">318&#177;97</td>
                  <td align="center">130</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baseline LDL-C</td>
                  <td align="center">126&#177;41</td>
                  <td align="center">169</td>
                  <td align="center">243&#177;82</td>
                  <td align="center">178</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CAD: coronary artery disease; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC: total cholesterol. Early CAD defined as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease event &lt; 55 and 60 years of age in males and females, respectively; lipids in mg/dL; baseline lipids = untreated.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> shows the geographic distribution of the 11 cities located in 3 Brazilian states, the number of registered cases, the number of individuals genotyped, and the number of individuals with a pathogenic variant.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Geographical distribution of cases, number of genotyped individuals, and number of individuals with an identified pathogenic variant (positive).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Brazilian states, from top to bottom: Maranh&#227;o, Minas Gerais, and Santa Catarina</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref> shows all the encountered variants and the location where they were identified. In total, 21 different variants were identified with 3 variants appearing more frequently. Observed frequencies for these 3 variants suggest that they have founder effects in these localities. Six homozygous patients and one compound heterozygous in trans were found.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; FH pathogenic variants, likely pathogenic variants and VUS found per city</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Gene</th>
                    <th>Variant</th>
                    <th>Variant Classification</th>
                    <th>Bambu&#237;</th>
                    <th>Bom Despacho</th>
                    <th>Luz</th>
                    <th>Pimenta</th>
                    <th>Moema</th>
                    <th>Buriti Bravo</th>
                    <th>Colinas</th>
                    <th>Lagoa do Mato</th>
                    <th>Passagem Franca</th>
                    <th>Major Vieira</th>
                    <th>Papanduva</th>
                    <th>Total</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDLR</td>
                    <td align="center">Duplication from exon 4 to 8 (b)</td>
                    <td align="center">Pathogenic</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">45<sup>b</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">41</td>
                    <td align="center">86</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDLR</td>
                    <td align="center">Duplication from promoter to exon 6</td>
                    <td align="center">Pathogenic</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">4</td>
                    <td align="center">29</td>
                    <td align="center">49<sup>a</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">83</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDLR</td>
                    <td align="center">p.Asp224Asn</td>
                    <td align="center">Pathogenic</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">39</td>
                    <td align="center">4</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">34</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">77</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDLR</td>
                    <td align="center">p.Cys222*</td>
                    <td align="center">Pathogenic</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">5</td>
                    <td align="center">5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDLR</td>
                    <td align="center">c.1359-1G &gt;C</td>
                    <td align="center">Pathogenic</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">5</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDLR</td>
                    <td align="center">p.Gly592Glu</td>
                    <td align="center">Pathogenic</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDLR</td>
                    <td align="center">p.Ala771Val</td>
                    <td align="center">Pathogenic</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDLR</td>
                    <td align="center">p.Pro699Leu</td>
                    <td align="center">Pathogenic</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDLR</td>
                    <td align="center">p.Asp601His</td>
                    <td align="center">Likely Pathogenic</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDLR</td>
                    <td align="center">p.Cys34Arg</td>
                    <td align="center">Likely Pathogenic</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDLR</td>
                    <td align="center">p.Arg257Trp</td>
                    <td align="center">Likely Pathogenic</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDLR</td>
                    <td align="center">p.Ser854Gly</td>
                    <td align="center">Likely Pathogenic</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDLR</td>
                    <td align="center">c.-228G&gt;C</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDLR</td>
                    <td align="center">p.Ala30Gly</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>APOB</td>
                    <td align="center">p.Ala2790Thr</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>APOB</td>
                    <td align="center">p.Met499Val</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PCSK9</td>
                    <td align="center">p.Arg237Trp</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">4</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PCSK9</td>
                    <td align="center">p.Arg357Cys</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>STAP1</td>
                    <td align="center">p.Pro176Ser</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDLR</td>
                    <td align="center">p.Cys222*</td>
                    <td align="center">Pathogenic</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1<sup>c</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">1<sup>c</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDLR</td>
                    <td align="center">Duplication from exon 4 to 8</td>
                    <td align="center">Pathogenic</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PCSK9</td>
                    <td align="center">p.Arg215Cys</td>
                    <td align="center">Likely Pathogenic</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3">0</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3">0</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3">0</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3">0</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3">0</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3">0</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3">0</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3">1</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3">0</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3">0</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3">0</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3">1<sup>c</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>APOB</td>
                    <td align="center">p.Asp2213Asn</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>APOB</td>
                    <td align="center">p.Val3290Ile</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PCSK9</td>
                    <td align="center">p.Arg215Cys</td>
                    <td align="center">Likely Pathogenic</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">1</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">1<sup>c</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>APOB</td>
                    <td align="center">p.Val3293lle</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PCSK9</td>
                    <td align="center">p.Arg215Cys</td>
                    <td align="center">Likely Pathogenic</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">1</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">1<sup>c</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>APOB</td>
                    <td align="center">p.Asp2213Asn</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN5001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>2 homozygotes (b) 4 homozygotes (c) compound heterozygous in trans. VUS: variant of uncertain significance ; FH: Familial hypercholesterolemia.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study describes the results of the implementation of a cascade screening system for FH in 11 small Brazilian cities.</p>
        <p>Despite the known cost benefits of cascade screening for FH, worldwide implementation has been suboptimal. Different local barriers and implementation hurdles have to be identified and overcome. How to implement cascade screening in small localities, for example, has been mainly overlooked. This challenge is greater in a continent-sized country like Brazil, where, in addition to the enormous geographic distances, there is inequality in access to health services. We have described the experience of HipercolBrasil in conducting comprehensive cascade screening in small towns in Brazil. In this new model, cascade genetic screening was carried out in cities that showed evidence of a higher prevalence of FH due to previous finding of individuals with the homozygous phenotype from the same city, or because those regions had reported elevated frequency of myocardial infarction.</p>
        <p>Cities that had evidence of a founder effect were the ones that presented a higher identification of individuals affected per each IC analyzed (in descending order Major Vieira, Papanduva, Lagoa do Mato, and Passagem Franca). In these cities, we started from homozygous individuals whose parents were non-related and were born in different geographic regions. Clearly, whenever this situation is flagged by a cascade screening program, it deserves the deployment of a city-wide approach, because the costs-benefits of this scenario are the most advantageous. Implementing the genetic cascade in small towns proved to be more efficient when compared to the genetic cascade performed by Hipercol Brasil<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> considering that the rates of family members per IC were 4.7 and 1.6, respectively (p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
        <p>It is important that the rate of tested family members per IC was also higher in cities with suspected founder effects. This probably occurred because these cities had a small number of inhabitants, and most relatives had some degree of familial relation. This did not occur in Bom Despacho, a city considerably larger than the others (45,624 inhabitants), and, although the number of family members collected was similar to that of other cities, there was a higher number of ICs collected (28) decreasing the rate of relatives/IC to 2,4. This situation exemplifies the tenuous equilibrium between city size and the success of the described approach.</p>
        <p>Visited cities that were geographically close to cities with suspected founder effects (Bambu&#237;, Buriti Bravo, Colinas, Pimenta, and Luz) had a low uptake of ICs and, consequently, a low number of identified relatives. This suggests that concentrating efforts in the selected municipality, as opposed to extending the approach to nearby towns, should be prioritized, and the capture of nearby potential cases should be left to the usual cascade screening mechanism.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Cascade screening in small cities (fewer than 60,000 inhabitants) with a founder effect proved to be effective. However, some points might be of great importance in order for the cascade screening to be effective, and the following might be considered before deciding which cities to track: establishment of a formal partnership and explicit interest on the part of the local health department in receiving the program and performing the cascade screening; availability of clinical analysis laboratory datasets to carry out a retrospective survey of cholesterol tests; and dissemination via radio stations and social media regarding the disease and the program for greater adherence by the inhabitants.</p>
        <p>This study is limited by the relative number of cities evaluated considering the continental size of Brazil. However, it suggests that the designed approach may be useful for detecting individuals with FH. In conclusion, our data suggest that, once detected, specific geographical regions warrant a targeted approach for the identification of clusters of FH individuals.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of Funding: This study was partially funded by Amgen Biotechnology (grant number 682/2016).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
