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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">88dx3BBy3kpjZkpkNXNXghp</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000300663</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210235</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210235</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impacto da Primeira Onda da Pandemia de COVID-19 na Cirurgia Cardiovascular no Brasil: An&#225;lise de um Centro Terci&#225;rio de Refer&#234;ncia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2137-0604</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lisboa</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1635-4984</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mejia</surname>
            <given-names>Omar Asdr&#250;bal Vilca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arita</surname>
            <given-names>Elisandra Trevisan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9117-8741</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guerreiro</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Pampolha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3543-594X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Molinari Veloso da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Manuel de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dallan</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Roberto Palma</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5806-6780</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miana</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caneo</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dallan</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Alberto Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Divis&#227;o de Cirurgia Cardiovascular, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Luiz Augusto Lisboa &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Clinicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>luiz.lisboa@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Lisboa LA, Mejia OAV; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Lisboa LA, Mejia OAV, Arita ET, Guerreiro GP, Silveira LMV, Miana L, Caneo LF; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Lisboa LA, Mejia OAV, Arita ET, Guerreiro GP, Silveira LMV, Brand&#227;o CMA, Dias RR, Dallan LRP, Miana L, Caneo LF; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Arita ET; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Lisboa LA; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Mejia OAV, Brand&#227;o CMA, Dias RR, Dallan LRP, Miana L, Caneo LF, Jatene MB, Dallan LAO, Jatene F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>663</fpage>
      <lpage>666</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Cirurgia Tor&#225;cica</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Aten&#231;&#227;o Terci&#225;ria &#224; Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Procedimentos Cir&#250;rgicos Eletivos</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Pandemia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A nova infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria viral causada pela doen&#231;a de coronav&#237;rus 2019 (COVID-19), inicialmente conhecida como 2019-nCoV, surgiu no final de dezembro de 2019 em Wuhan, China, e rapidamente se espalhou pela &#193;sia, Europa e EUA, caracterizando uma situa&#231;&#227;o de pandemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Em maio de 2020, a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de declarou o Brasil um novo epicentro da pandemia de coronav&#237;rus.</p>
      <p>Com os n&#237;veis alarmantes de dissemina&#231;&#227;o e gravidade da COVID-19, grandes interrup&#231;&#245;es nos servi&#231;os hospitalares de rotina ocorreram &#224; medida que os hospitais se ajustavam com a finalidade de aumentar a capacidade de atendimento aos pacientes com SARS-CoV-2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, foram adiadas as cirurgias eletivas com a finalidade de otimizar recursos de sa&#250;de e quest&#245;es de pessoal e de proteger os pacientes da transmiss&#227;o viral hospitalar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora tenham sido observadas redu&#231;&#227;o do volume cir&#250;rgico e maiores taxas de mortalidade em pacientes operados durante a primeira onda do per&#237;odo pand&#234;mico, ainda n&#227;o tem sido completamente documentado e compreendido o impacto causado pela pandemia de COVID-19, especificamente na cirurgia cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Com o objetivo de esclarecer essas quest&#245;es e embasar a&#231;&#245;es futuras para a retomada das unidades de cirurgia cardiovascular, foi realizada uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva dos dados cir&#250;rgicos em um centro de refer&#234;ncia de grande volume de cirurgia cardiovascular no Brasil, o epicentro da pandemia COVID-19 na Am&#233;rica Latina.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Pacientes e M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>No presente estudo retrospectivo, foi utilizado o banco de dados institucional para revisar todos os pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia cardiovascular em 2019 e 2020. Foram comparados os desfechos de dois per&#237;odos: o per&#237;odo de 1&#186; de mar&#231;o a 31 de julho de 2019 e o outro de 1&#186; de mar&#231;o a 31 de julho de 2020, este segundo incluindo o est&#225;gio inicial e o pico da primeira onda da pandemia COVID-19 no Brasil. O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo conselho institucional sob n&#250;mero 4.487.975 em 4 de janeiro de 2021.</p>
      <p>Os pacientes inclu&#237;dos neste estudo foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia cardiovascular maior para adultos ou cirurgia card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita e foram categorizados em tr&#234;s estados pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios: cirurgia eletiva, urgente e de emerg&#234;ncia, de acordo com a defini&#231;&#227;o de EuroSCORE II.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Foram exclu&#237;dos da presente an&#225;lise pacientes submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco ou procedimentos de resgate.</p>
      <p>Os desfechos prim&#225;rios foram o volume geral de cirurgia cardiovascular e a mortalidade hospitalar, comparando os dois per&#237;odos selecionados e os diferentes meses do come&#231;o de 2020. A mortalidade hospitalar incluiu pacientes que foram a &#243;bito num per&#237;odo de 30 dias ap&#243;s opera&#231;&#227;o e aqueles que foram a &#243;bito mais tarde durante o per&#237;odo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens e comparadas pelo teste qui-quadrado de Pearson ou teste exato de Fisher entre os per&#237;odos. Foi considerado estatisticamente significativo &#945; bilateral inferior a 0,05. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com SPSS, vers&#227;o 25.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>De 1&#186; de janeiro a 31 de outubro de 2020, 1.056 pacientes foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia cardiovascular em nosso instituto. Com o avan&#231;o da pandemia no in&#237;cio de 2020, houve redu&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de cirurgias a partir de mar&#231;o, com retomada a partir de julho. Em janeiro de 2020, foram realizadas 218 cirurgias cardiovasculares e, no auge da pandemia, em maio, apenas 47 cirurgias cardiovasculares foram realizadas. Em outubro, o volume cir&#250;rgico voltou a 122 procedimentos cardiovasculares. A mortalidade hospitalar p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria global tamb&#233;m mudou significativamente, de 7,8% em janeiro para 23,4% em maio, e voltou a 6,6% em outubro de 2020 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> , Painel A).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>
              <italic>Painel A: Impacto da primeira onda do per&#237;odo pand&#234;mico com redu&#231;&#227;o do volume de cirurgia cardiovascular e aumento da mortalidade hospitalar p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria em 2020. Painel B: Volume de cirurgia cardiovascular e mortalidade hospitalar, comparando mar&#231;o a julho de 2019 e 2020 (per&#237;odo pand&#234;mico).</italic>
            </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-03-0663-10235-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Comparando o per&#237;odo pand&#234;mico (mar&#231;o a julho) de 2020 com o mesmo per&#237;odo (mar&#231;o a julho) de 2019, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 65,8% (de 1.085 para 371, em 2019 e 2020, respectivamente) no n&#250;mero total de cirurgias cardiovasculares realizadas. Em mar&#231;o de 2020 (per&#237;odo inicial da pandemia), a redu&#231;&#227;o no volume de cirurgias cardiovasculares foi de 24,4% e, em maio de 2020 (pico pand&#234;mico), foi de 80,0%. A mortalidade hospitalar p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria teve uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa, com um aumento significativo de 5,5% (mar&#231;o a julho de 2019) para 13,7% (mar&#231;o a julho de 2020), p &lt; 0,001. Em maio de 2019, a mortalidade hospitalar p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria foi de 4,3% e, em maio de 2020 (pico pand&#234;mico), foi de 23,4% (p &lt; 0,001) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> , Painel B).</p>
      <p>A condi&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria tamb&#233;m mudou durante o per&#237;odo pand&#234;mico. Em 2019, cerca de dois ter&#231;os (66,4%) dos procedimentos de cirurgia cardiovascular eram eletivos. Durante o per&#237;odo pand&#234;mico, houve invers&#227;o e cerca de dois ter&#231;os (65,2%) dos procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos foram de urg&#234;ncia ou de emerg&#234;ncia. No pico da pandemia (maio de 2020), os procedimentos de urg&#234;ncia ou emerg&#234;ncia representaram 85,1% do total de cirurgias cardiovasculares, com redu&#231;&#227;o de 95,5% nos procedimentos eletivos. No entanto, ambas as condi&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas diminu&#237;ram durante o per&#237;odo pand&#234;mico. Os procedimentos eletivos diminu&#237;ram 82,1% e os procedimentos de urg&#234;ncia ou emerg&#234;ncia diminu&#237;ram 33,7% ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11803/2021-0235_CC_Tabela%20suplementar.pdf">Material Suplementar, Tabela S1</ext-link> ). Com o aumento da propor&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos de urg&#234;ncia e de emerg&#234;ncia no per&#237;odo pand&#234;mico, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao mesmo per&#237;odo de 2019, tamb&#233;m houve aumento do risco cir&#250;rgico (EuroSCORE II) de 2,02 para 7,82 entre os pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; de 3,04 para 9,22 entre os pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia valvar e de 2,90 a 9,70 entre os pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia combinada de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e da valva a&#243;rtica.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise espec&#237;fica das cirurgias cardiovasculares mais realizadas, durante o per&#237;odo pand&#234;mico, confirmou uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 70% no volume cir&#250;rgico, independentemente do tipo de cirurgia card&#237;aca. No entanto, o aumento da mortalidade hospitalar foi diferente a depender do tipo de procedimento realizado. Entre as cirurgias por doen&#231;as card&#237;acas adquiridas (cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, cirurgia valvar e cirurgia a&#243;rtica), a mortalidade hospitalar observada foi significativamente maior. No entanto, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s cirurgias card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas, n&#227;o foi significativo o aumento da mortalidade hospitalar observada ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11803/2021-0235_CC_Tabela%20suplementar.pdf">Material Suplementar, Tabela S2</ext-link> ).</p>
      <p>Levando em considera&#231;&#227;o apenas o per&#237;odo pand&#234;mico (mar&#231;o a julho de 2020), 39/357 (10,9%) pacientes apresentaram COVID-19 p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, da maneira seguinte: 13/99 (13,1%) entre os pacientes submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, 14/79 (17,7%) entre os submetidos &#224; cirurgia valvar, 8/48 (16,7%) entre os submetidos &#224; cirurgia a&#243;rtica e 2/113 (1,8%) entre os submetidos a cirurgias card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas. Os pacientes que tiveram COVID-19 tiveram mortalidade hospitalar significativamente maior do que aqueles que n&#227;o tiveram (35,9% versus 11,6%, p &lt; 0,001). Por&#233;m, mesmo aqueles que n&#227;o tiveram COVID-19 ainda apresentaram mortalidade hospitalar maior, quando comparada ao mesmo per&#237;odo de 2019 (11,6% versus 5,3%, p &lt; 0,001) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mortalidade hospitalar de pacientes com e sem COVID-19, em procedimentos de cirurgia cardiovascular frequentemente realizados, durante o pico do per&#237;odo pand&#234;mico (mar&#231;o a julho) de 2020n (%)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="5">Cirurgia</th>
                <th colspan="2">Total Mar&#231;o a julho 2020</th>
                <th colspan="2">Com COVID-19</th>
                <th colspan="2">Sem COVID-19</th>
                <th colspan="2">Total Mar&#231;o a julho 2019</th>
                <th>Com versus sem COVID-19 (2020)</th>
                <th>2019 versus sem COVID-19 (2020)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="10" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Volume</th>
                <th>Mortalidade</th>
                <th>Volume</th>
                <th>Mortalidade</th>
                <th>Volume</th>
                <th>Mortalidade</th>
                <th>Volume</th>
                <th>Mortalidade</th>
                <th rowspan="4">p</th>
                <th rowspan="4">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="8" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>n (%)</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>n (%)</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>n (%)</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>CRM</td>
                <td align="center">99</td>
                <td align="center">13 (13,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">5 (38,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">86</td>
                <td align="center">8 (9,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">325</td>
                <td align="center">9 (2,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,013<sup>(2)</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,013<sup>(2)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Valvar</td>
                <td align="center">79</td>
                <td align="center">9 (11,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">3 (21,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">65</td>
                <td align="center">6 (9,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">318</td>
                <td align="center">12 (3,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,194<sup>(2)</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,098<sup>(2)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CRM + Valvar</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">6 (33,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">2 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">4 (25,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">4 (10,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,098<sup>(2)</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,224<sup>(2)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>A&#243;rtica</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">13 (27,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">2 (25,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">11 (27,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">111</td>
                <td align="center">12 (10,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000<sup>(2)</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,012<sup>(1)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cong&#234;nita</td>
                <td align="center">113</td>
                <td align="center">10 (8,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">2 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">111</td>
                <td align="center">8 (7,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">271</td>
                <td align="center">19 (7,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,007<sup>(2)</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,946<sup>(1)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td align="center">357</td>
                <td align="center">51 (14,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">14 (35,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">318</td>
                <td align="center">37 (11,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">1062</td>
                <td align="center">56 (5,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001<sup>(1)</sup></td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001<sup>(1)</sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. (1) Teste qui-quadrado de Pearson (2) Teste exato de Fisher</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A an&#225;lise retrospectiva de um banco de dados nacional representativo de um centro de alto volume no Brasil mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o no volume geral de cirurgias cardiovasculares, com aumento nas taxas de procedimentos de urg&#234;ncia ou emerg&#234;ncia, bem como aumento significativo na mortalidade hospitalar p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria durante a primeira onda do per&#237;odo pand&#234;mico de COVID-19.</p>
      <p>A pr&#225;tica cir&#250;rgica foi significativamente impactada em todas as especialidades ao redor do mundo durante o per&#237;odo pand&#234;mico. Isso foi devido &#224;s medidas que o sistema de sa&#250;de, por necessidade, adaptou para atender o aumento da demanda de pacientes com SARS-Cov-2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Com a propaga&#231;&#227;o da pandemia e as grandes interrup&#231;&#245;es nas rotinas hospitalares, houve um aumento na mortalidade observada em procedimentos de cirurgia cardiovascular. COVIDSurg collaborative, uma coorte multic&#234;ntrica de cirurgias, incluiu 50 pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca e a mortalidade em 30 dias foi de 34%, entre os pacientes que tiveram infec&#231;&#227;o perioperat&#243;ria por SARS-CoV-2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No per&#237;odo pand&#234;mico, observamos mortalidade hospitalar de 13,7%, sendo de 35,9% entre os pacientes que tiveram COVID-19 p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria. Embora tenha ocorrido um aumento da propor&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos de urg&#234;ncia e emerg&#234;ncia e aumento do EuroSCORE II durante o per&#237;odo pand&#234;mico, a mortalidade observada ainda foi superior &#224; esperada. Este aumento na mortalidade observada no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio pode estar associada diretamente &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2 e indiretamente devido ao cen&#225;rio geral de interrup&#231;&#245;es hospitalares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231; significativa na mortalidade hospitalar entre os dois per&#237;odos (7,0% versus 8,8%). Existem dois motivos que podem justificar esta diferen&#231;a. Os fluxos hospitalares de cirurgia card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita j&#225; eram anteriormente separados e permaneceram mais isolados durante a pandemia. Outro fator &#233; que, embora as crian&#231;as tenham a mesma probabilidade de serem infectadas pelo SARS-CoV-2, assim como os adultos, elas apresentam menos sintomas e doen&#231;a menos grave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>&#192; medida que a pandemia de COVID-19 diminui, muitas institui&#231;&#245;es passaram a estudar estrat&#233;gias adequadas para reiniciar a cirurgia cardiovascular de rotina e reavaliar a lista de espera para minimizar a mortalidade durante o per&#237;odo de espera. Todas as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das autoridades de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; conten&#231;&#227;o de COVID-19 devem continuar a ser seguidas a fim de minimizar a propaga&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, garantir a seguran&#231;a dos pacientes e proteger os profissionais de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Os pacientes que est&#227;o aguardando cirurgia card&#237;aca eletiva precisam ser gerenciados de forma proativa, dando prioridade &#224;queles com anatomia de alto risco ou &#224;queles cujo estado cl&#237;nico est&#225; se deteriorando.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Com aprendizado cont&#237;nuo, troca de informa&#231;&#245;es, dados coletados e resultados conhecidos, podemos implementar uma estrutura de preven&#231;&#227;o de incidentes que permite a cria&#231;&#227;o colaborativa de medidas de qualidade e seguran&#231;a para a pr&#243;xima etapa de retomada da cirurgia cardiovascular, minimizando problemas durante outra onda de infec&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Gostar&#237;amos de agradecer ao nosso instituto pelo apoio acad&#234;mico para este projeto.</p>
    </ack>
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    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 4.487.975. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <title>* Material suplementar</title>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11803/2021-0235_CC_Tabela%20suplementar.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link> .</p>
      </app>
    </app-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impact of the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Cardiovascular Surgery in Brazil: Analysis of a Tertiary Reference Center</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2137-0604</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lisboa</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1635-4984</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mejia</surname>
            <given-names>Omar Asdr&#250;bal Vilca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arita</surname>
            <given-names>Elisandra Trevisan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9117-8741</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guerreiro</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Pampolha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3543-594X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Molinari Veloso da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Manuel de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dallan</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Roberto Palma</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5806-6780</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miana</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caneo</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dallan</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Alberto Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Divis&#227;o de Cirurgia Cardiovascular, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Addess: Luiz Augusto Lisboa &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Clinicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: luiz.lisboa@incor.usp.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Lisboa LA, Mejia OAV; Acquisition of data: Lisboa LA, Mejia OAV, Arita ET, Guerreiro GP, Silveira LMV, Miana L, Caneo LF; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Lisboa LA, Mejia OAV, Arita ET, Guerreiro GP, Silveira LMV, Brand&#227;o CMA, Dias RR, Dallan LRP, Miana L, Caneo LF; Statistical analysis: Arita ET; Writing of the manuscript: Lisboa LA; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Mejia OAV, Brand&#227;o CMA, Dias RR, Dallan LRP, Miana L, Caneo LF, Jatene MB, Dallan LAO, Jatene FB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Thoracic Surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
        <kwd>Tertiary Healthcare/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Elective Surgical Procedures</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Defects Congenital /surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Pandemics</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The novel viral respiratory infection caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), initially known as 2019-nCoV, emerged in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China and quickly spread throughout Asia, Europe, and USA, characterizing the situation as a pandemic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In May 2020, the World Health Organization declared Brazil a new epicenter of the coronavirus pandemic.</p>
        <p>With the alarming levels of spread and severity of COVID-19, major disruptions in routine hospital services have occurred, as hospitals adjust in order to increase the capacity to care for patients with SARS-CoV-2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In this context, elective surgeries were postponed in order to optimize health resources and staffing issues and to protect patients from in-hospital viral transmission.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although surgical volume reduction and higher mortality rates have been observed in patients operated on during the first wave of the pandemic period, the impact caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, specifically in cardiovascular surgery, has not yet been fully documented and understood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Aiming to clarify these questions and to create grounding for future actions of resuming cardiovascular surgery units, a retrospective analysis of surgical data was conducted in a high-volume referral center for cardiovascular surgery in Brazil, the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Patients and Methods</title>
        <p>In this retrospective study, the institutional database was used to review all patients who had undergone cardiovascular surgery in 2019 and 2020. The outcomes of two periods were compared, one period from 1 March to 31 July 2019 and the other from 1 March to 31 July 2020, which includes the early stage and the first wave peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. This study was approved by the institutional review board under number 4.487.975 on 4 January 2021.</p>
        <p>Patients included in this study underwent major adult cardiovascular surgery or congenital heart surgery, and they were categorized into three preoperative states: elective, urgent, and emergency surgery, according to the EuroSCORE II definition.5 Patients undergoing heart transplantation or salvage procedures were excluded from this analysis.</p>
        <p>The primary endpoints were overall cardiovascular surgery volume and in-hospital mortality, comparing the two selected periods and the different months of early 2020. In-hospital mortality included patients who died within 30 days of operation and those who died later during the same hospitalization period.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages and compared by Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test between periods. A two-sided &#945; of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS, version 25.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>From 1 January to 31 October 2020, 1,056 patients underwent cardiovascular surgery at our institute. With the advance of the pandemic in early 2020, there was a reduction in the number of surgeries starting in March, with recovery starting in July. In January 2020, 218 cardiovascular surgeries were performed, and at the peak of the pandemic, in May, only 47 cardiovascular surgeries were performed. In October, the surgical volume returned to 122 cardiovascular procedures. The overall postoperative in-hospital mortality also changed significantly, from 7.8% in January to 23.4% in May, and it returned to 6.6%, in October 2020 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> , Panel A).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic>Panel A: Impact of the first wave of pandemic period with reduced cardiovascular surgery volume and increased postoperative in-hospital mortality in 2020. Panel B: Cardiovascular surgery volume and in-hospital mortality, comparing March to July of 2019 and 2020 (pandemic period).</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-03-0663-10235-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Comparing the pandemic period (March to July) of 2020 with the same period (March to July) of 2019, there was a 65.8% reduction (from 1,085 to 371, in 2019 and 2020, respectively) in the total number of cardiovascular surgeries performed. In March 2020 (early pandemic period), the reduction in cardiovascular surgery volume was 24.4%, and, in May 2020 (pandemic peak), it was 80.0%. Postoperative in-hospital mortality had an inverse correlation with a significant increase from 5.5% (March to July 2019) to 13.7% (March to July 2020), p &lt; 0.001. In May 2019, postoperative in-hospital mortality was 4.3%, and in May 2020 (pandemic peak), it was 23.4% (p &lt; 0.001) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> , Panel B).</p>
        <p>Preoperative status also changed during the pandemic period. In 2019, about two thirds (66.4%) of cardiovascular surgery procedures were elective. During the pandemic period, there was an inversion, with about two thirds (65.2%) of surgical procedures being urgent or emergency. In the pandemic peak (May 2020), the urgent/emergency procedures represented 85.1% of total cardiovascular surgeries, with a 95.5% reduction in elective procedures. However, both surgical statuses decreased during the pandemic period. Elective procedures decreased 82.1%, and urgent/emergency procedures decreased 33.7% ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11803/2021-0235_CC_Tabela%20suplementar.pdf">Supplemental Material, Table S1</ext-link> ). With the increase in the proportion of urgent and emergency procedures in the pandemic period, compared to the same period in 2019, there was also an increase in surgical risk (EuroSCORE II) from 2.02 to 7.82 among patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft, from 3.04 to 9.22 among patients undergoing valve surgery, and from 2.90 to 9.70 among patients undergoing combined coronary and valve surgery.</p>
        <p>Specific analysis of the most commonly performed cardiovascular surgeries, during the pandemic period, confirmed an average reduction of 70% in the surgical volume, regardless of the type of heart procedures. However, the increase in in-hospital mortality was different depending on the type of procedure performed. Among surgeries for acquired heart diseases (coronary artery bypass graft, valve surgery, and aortic surgery), observed in-hospital mortality was significantly higher. However, in congenital heart surgeries, the increase in observed in-hospital mortality was not significant ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11803/2021-0235_CC_Tabela%20suplementar.pdf">Supplemental Material, Table S2</ext-link> ).</p>
        <p>Considering only the pandemic period (March to July 2020), 39/357 (10.9%) patients had postoperative COVID-19, distributed as follows: 13/99 (13.1%) among patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft, 14/79 (17.7%) among those undergoing valve surgery, 8/48 (16.7%) among those undergoing aortic surgery, and 2/113 (1.8%) among those undergoing congenital heart surgeries. The patients who had COVID-19 had significantly higher in-hospital mortality than those who did not (35.9% versus 11.6%, p &lt; 0.001). However, even those who did not have COVID-19 still had higher in-hospital mortality when compared to the same period in 2019 (11.6% versus 5.3%, p &lt; 0.001) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>In-hospital mortality of patients with and without COVID-19, in commonly performed cardiovascular surgery procedures, during the pandemic period peak (March to July) of 2020.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="5">Surgery</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Total March to July 2020</th>
                  <th colspan="2">With COVID-19</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Without COVID-19</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Total March to July 2019</th>
                  <th>With versus without COVID-19 (2020)</th>
                  <th>2019 versus without COVID-19 (2020)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="10" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Volume</th>
                  <th>Mortality</th>
                  <th>Volume</th>
                  <th>Mortality</th>
                  <th>Volume</th>
                  <th>Mortality</th>
                  <th>Volume</th>
                  <th>Mortality</th>
                  <th rowspan="4">p</th>
                  <th rowspan="4">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="8" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>n (%)</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>n (%)</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>n (%)</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>n (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>CRM</td>
                  <td align="center">99</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (13,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (38,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">86</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (9,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">325</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (2,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,013<sup>(2)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,013<sup>(2)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Valve</td>
                  <td align="center">79</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (11,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (21,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">65</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (9,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">318</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (3,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,194<sup>(2)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,098<sup>(2)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CRM + Valve</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (33,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (25,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (10,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,098<sup>(2)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,224<sup>(2)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aortic</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (27,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (25,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (27,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">111</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (10,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000<sup>(2)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,012<sup>(1)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Congenital</td>
                  <td align="center">113</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (8,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">111</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (7,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">271</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (7,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007<sup>(2)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,946<sup>(1)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total</td>
                  <td align="center">357</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (14,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (35,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">318</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (11,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1062</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (5,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001<sup>(1)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001<sup>(1)</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CABG: coronary artery bypass graft. (1) Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test (2) Fisher&#8217;s exact test</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The retrospective analysis of a national representative database of a high-volume center in Brazil showed a reduction in the overall volume of cardiovascular surgery, with an increase in the rates of urgent or emergency procedures, as well as a significant increase in postoperative in-hospital mortality during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic period.</p>
        <p>Surgical practice was significantly impacted in all specialties worldwide during the pandemic period. This was due to the adaptations the healthcare system necessarily underwent in order to attend increased demand of patients with SARS-Cov-2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>With the pandemic spread and the major disruptions in hospital routines, there was an increase in observed mortality in cardiovascular surgery procedures. COVIDSurg collaborative, a multi-center cohort of surgeries, included 50 patients who underwent cardiac surgery, and 30-day mortality was 34%, among the patients who had perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection.4 In the pandemic period, we observed in-hospital mortality of 13.7%, and it was 35.9% among patients who had postoperative COVID-19. Although during the pandemic period there was an increase in the proportion of urgent and emergency procedures and an increase in the EuroSCORE II, the observed mortality was still higher than the expected mortality. This increase in postoperative observed mortality could be associated directly with SARS-CoV-2 infection and indirectly due to the overall scenario of hospital disruptions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In congenital heart surgery, there was no significant difference in-hospital mortality between the two periods (7.0% versus 8.8%). Two reasons may explain this difference. In-hospital flows from congenital heart surgery were already separated, and they remained more isolated during the pandemic. Another factor is that, although children are just as likely as adults to become infected with SARS-CoV-2, they have fewer symptoms and less severe disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As the pandemic COVID-19 decreases, many institutions are studying appropriate strategies to restart the routine cardiovascular surgery and reevaluate the waitlist to minimize mortality during the waiting period. All recommendations from public health authorities regarding COVID-19 containment must continue to be followed in order to minimize disease spread, ensure patient safety, and protect health care workers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Patients awaiting elective cardiac surgery need to be proactively managed, reprioritizing those with high-risk anatomy or whose clinical status is deteriorating.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> With continuous learning, information exchange, collected data, and known results, we can implement an incident prevention structure that allows the collaborative creation of quality and safety measures for the next step of resuming cardiovascular surgery, minimizing problems during another wave of infection.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>We would like to thank our institution for academic support for this project.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo under the protocol number 4.487.975. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app01">
          <title>* Supplemental Materials</title>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11803/2021-0235_CC_Tabela%20suplementar.pdf">click here</ext-link> .</p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
