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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">MYZn4nTscD67SQjKPn4tTKN</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000300655</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210339</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210339</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resid&#234;ncia M&#233;dica no Brasil na Era das Doen&#231;as Cr&#244;nicas: A Necessidade da Resid&#234;ncia em Medicina Cardiometab&#243;lica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0454-6740</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Thadeu de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4945-7402</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbetta</surname>
            <given-names>Let&#237;cia Mara dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3105-694X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Toledo</surname>
            <given-names>Mayara Gabriele</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mechanick</surname>
            <given-names>Jeffrey I.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Cardiovascular</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Cardiovascular do Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Educa&#231;&#227;o e Treinamento Edson Bueno</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">UnitedHealth Group</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Educa&#231;&#227;o e Treinamento Edson Bueno - UnitedHealth Group, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Divisions of Cardiology and Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">New York</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai &#8211; Divisions of Cardiology and Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, New York &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Eduardo Thadeu de Oliveira Correia &#8226; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro &#8211; Avenida Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303. CEP 24033-900, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>etocorreia@outlook.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Correia ETO; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Correia ETO, Barbetta LMS, Toledo MG, Mesquita ET, Mechanick JI.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>655</fpage>
      <lpage>658</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Internato e Resid&#234;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="7"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) s&#227;o a principal causa de morte no Brasil, diminuindo significativamente a expectativa de vida, prejudicando a qualidade de vida, e afetando grandemente no Sistema de sa&#250;de unificado brasileiro. Entretanto, &#233; importante destacar o enorme avan&#231;o na pesquisa cardiovascular e na cardiologia brasileira nas &#250;ltimas 6 d&#233;cadas, que contribu&#237;ram para aumentar a expectativa de vida de 54,1 anos em 1960 para 75,6 anos em 2018.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar de, no &#250;ltimo s&#233;culo, a cardiologia ter travado uma grande batalha contra as doen&#231;as agudas, tais como a endocardite e o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, a pesquisa m&#233;dica fez progressos inovadores no controle dessas doen&#231;as. Contudo, ao mesmo tempo, a era das doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas surgiu, em que os drivers principais (por exemplo, gen&#233;tica, ambiente, comportamento), os drivers metab&#243;licos (por exemplo, obesidade, diabetes, colesterol alto e hipertens&#227;o), as comorbidades (por exemplo doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica gordurosa n&#227;o alco&#243;lica e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica [DRC]), e os desfechos cl&#237;nicos (por exemplo, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial) foram modelados para melhorar os resultados para o pacientes. Em um esfor&#231;o para melhorar esse conceito, Mechanick et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> apresentaram o modelo de Doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica cardiometab&#243;lica (CMBCD), com foco no impacto de drivers prim&#225;rios e metab&#243;licos no desenvolvimento de DCV, identificando as principais metas para reduzir a progress&#227;o de risco (CMBCD de est&#225;gio 1) para pr&#233;-doen&#231;a (CMBCD de est&#225;gio 2), doen&#231;a (CMBCD de est&#225;gio 3) e complica&#231;&#245;es (CMBCD de est&#225;gio 4). Essa classifica&#231;&#227;o &#233; mostrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> e marca uma nova era no cuidado de doen&#231;as cardiometab&#243;licas.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>
              <italic>Doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica cardiometab&#243;lica: drivers metab&#243;licos e etapas. Adaptado de (2). FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; DCC: doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; RI: resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina; AE: atrial esquerda; VE: ventricular esquerda; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura.</italic>
            </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-03-0655-10339-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Essa &#233; uma estrutura cardiometab&#243;lica nova, combinada com a necessidade da participa&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico em um modelo de cuidado de pacientes com doen&#231;as cardiometab&#243;licas em equipe, composta de m&#233;dico especialista, nutricionista, educador f&#237;sico, fisioterapeuta, psic&#243;logo. Al&#233;m disso, novas modalidades de estilo de vida estruturado, novas farmacoterapias e tecnologias exigem o treinamento de uma nova gera&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dicos especialistas em medicina cardiometab&#243;lica (MC). Nesse trabalho, o argumento por tr&#225;s da cria&#231;&#227;o de uma resid&#234;ncia em MC no Brasil ser&#225; detalhado, e as propostas preliminares ser&#227;o aprovadas em discuss&#245;es futuras</p>
      <sec>
        <title>O caso atual do treinamento em cardiologia no Brasil e oportunidades de melhoria</title>
        <p>Uma resid&#234;ncia em cardiologia no Brasil geralmente dura 2 anos, durante os quais os residentes ganham experi&#234;ncia em procedimentos comuns no cen&#225;rio do cuidado de pacientes ambulatoriais ou internados, com a op&#231;&#227;o de seguir fazendo uma super-resid&#234;ncia e mais especializa&#231;&#245;es. Entretanto, h&#225; melhorias importantes a serem feitas, com base na crescente preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiometab&#243;licas, no desconhecimento dos fatores de risco, na propor&#231;&#227;o significativa dos pacientes n&#227;o tratados adequadamente, no aumento do impacto de fatores de risco da carga das DCV n&#227;o tratados adequadamente, e em uma infraestrutura de sa&#250;de ainda n&#227;o preparada para lidar com esse problema.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Roteiros de sucesso poss&#237;veis</title>
        <p>V&#225;rios especialistas defendem a cria&#231;&#227;o de uma resid&#234;ncia em MC, o que daria aos m&#233;dicos uma forma&#231;&#227;o s&#243;lida para realizar o diagn&#243;stico e tratamento de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, com foco em assuntos de cardiologia, endocrinologia, hepatologia, nefrologia, e medicina do estilo de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Isso ajudaria os m&#233;dicos a oferecer um cuidado abrangente aos pacientes portadores de v&#225;rios fatores de risco e doen&#231;as, reduzindo a fragmenta&#231;&#227;o em v&#225;rias especialidades, o que pode comprometer, atrasar e aumentar o custo do cuidado. Muitos artigos propuseram v&#225;rias estruturas para programas de resid&#234;ncia em Medicina Cardiometab&#243;lica (MC). Soroosh et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> propuseram tr&#234;s roteiros. Primeiro, haveria uma estrutura de treinamento composta de 2 a 3 anos de resid&#234;ncia prim&#225;ria em MC depois da resid&#234;ncia em medicina interna, durante a qual seriam cobertos t&#243;picos aprofundados de cardiologia e endocrinologia. O componente de cardiologia incluiria eletrocardiografia, abordagens &#224; hipertens&#227;o, preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica (DA), procedimentos de medicina vascular, e outros m&#233;todos de imagem cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O componente de endocrinologia consistiria no cuidado abrangente da obesidade e do diabetes orientado por diretrizes, bem como na gest&#227;o da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM), dist&#250;rbios do metabolismo de lipoprote&#237;nas, hipogonadismo masculino e doen&#231;as da tireoide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Esse programa incluiria treinamento formal estruturado, incluindo cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo, higiene do sono, medicina comportamental e redu&#231;&#227;o do stress, fisiologia do exerc&#237;cio, gest&#227;o do consumo excessivo de &#225;lcool, e envolvimento na comunidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O segundo roteiro proposto por Soroosh et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> seria um programa de treinamento cardiometab&#243;lico de um ano ap&#243;s a resid&#234;ncia de medicina interna (MI), endocrinologia, cardiologia ou nefrologia. Nessa op&#231;&#227;o, os primeiros 6 meses dessa super-resid&#234;ncia estariam focados em t&#243;picos cardiometab&#243;licos centrais, e os pr&#243;ximos 6 meses seriam personalizados pelo residente. Por &#250;ltimo, o terceiro roteiro abordado por Soroosh et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> seria um treinamento concomitante em MC com cursos de dura&#231;&#227;o vari&#225;vel durante o tempo alocado para um programa de treinamento formal em cardiologia, endocrinologia, etc., com a vantagem de que qualquer m&#233;dico poderia se especializar em MC, mas n&#227;o seria um modelo t&#227;o aprofundado quando os demais. Em outra abordagem, McCarthy et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> prop&#245;em um programa de treinamento de um ano em MC, disponibilizado como resid&#234;ncia para cl&#237;nicos, tais como cardiologistas, endocrinologistas e nefrologistas. O residente faria rod&#237;zios em ambulat&#243;rios de cardiologia, endocrinologia e nefrologia al&#233;m de passar um m&#234;s em ambulat&#243;rios de cardiologia feminina, medicina vascular e do sono, e controle do peso. Durante o ano, seriam cobertos t&#243;picos relacionados a mudan&#231;as de estilo de vida, reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e abordagens nutricionais, diabetes, tratamentos antihiperglicemiantes e hipolip&#234;micos, escore de c&#225;lcio coron&#225;rio, tomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca, abordagem &#224; hipertens&#227;o, DRC, e fisiologia do exerc&#237;cio. Al&#233;m disso, Eckel et al.6 propuseram, em outro trabalho, um programa de resid&#234;ncia em MC de tr&#234;s anos, ap&#243;s a resid&#234;ncia em MI, cobrindo t&#243;picos em endocrinologia e cardiologia. Nesse modelo, seriam cobertos t&#243;picos de obesidade, SM, diabetes e dist&#250;rbios do metabolismo de lipoprote&#237;nas, al&#233;m da farmacologia dessas doen&#231;as. Em rela&#231;&#227;o a t&#243;picos de cardiologia, o foco seria na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria de DA, reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, interpreta&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma e eletrocardiograma, e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de riscos, bem como uma abordagem forte da hipertens&#227;o associada &#224; medicina vascular. Al&#233;m disso, durante esse treinamento, assuntos de medicina do estilo de vida seriam tratados constantemente. Finalmente, Reiter-Brennan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> em outra publica&#231;&#227;o, propuseram um programa de treinamento amplo, ap&#243;s 2 ou 3 anos de pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica, com um aprofundamento em endocrinologia e cardiologia, al&#233;m de t&#243;picos tais como bioestat&#237;stica, epidemiologia, e psicologia comportamental. O principal pilar da parte cardiovascular seria o cuidado relacionado a DA, incluindo preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria, fatores de risco, m&#233;todos de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, e escore de c&#225;lcio coron&#225;rio. A reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca tamb&#233;m seria abordada. A parte end&#243;crina cobriria diabetes, controle da hipertens&#227;o, SM, obesidade e dist&#250;rbios do metabolismo de lipoprote&#237;nas. Al&#233;m desses, outro pilar desse treinamento seria uma abordagem forte a mudan&#231;as em estilo de vida, com &#234;nfase na fisiologia da nutri&#231;&#227;o e exerc&#237;cio. As compet&#234;ncias centrais a serem cobertas em resid&#234;ncias de MC s&#227;o representadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> . Considerando as propostas sugeridas por esses autores e considerando as disparidades e especificidades da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira e da forma&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica, em nossa opini&#227;o, duas propostas s&#227;o mais promissoras para se criar uma resid&#234;ncia em medicina cardiometab&#243;lica no Brasil. Uma primeira abordagem seria instituir um treinamento de MC ap&#243;s MI ou medicina de fam&#237;lia (MF). Outra possibilidade seria estabelecer um programa de resid&#234;ncia de um ano ap&#243;s terminar resid&#234;ncia em cardiologia, endocrinologia, nefrologia ou hepatologia. Esses dois roteiros est&#227;o ilustrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic>Principais componentes de uma resid&#234;ncia m&#233;dica em medicina cardiometab&#243;lica. ABCD: doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica baseada em adiposidade; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; DBCD: Doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica baseada em disglicemia; ECG: eletrocardiograma; DHGNA: doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica gordurosa n&#227;o alco&#243;lica.</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-03-0655-10339-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic>Poss&#237;veis roteiros de treinamento de uma resid&#234;ncia em medicina cardiometab&#243;lica no Brasil. MC: medicina cardiometab&#243;lica; MF: medicina de fam&#237;lia; MI: medicina interna.</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-03-0655-10339-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Devido a um aumento significativo na preval&#234;ncia e na incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiometab&#243;licas, as Sociedades Brasileiras de MI, MF, Cardiologia, Endocrinologia, Hepatologia e Nefrologia precisam iniciar uma discuss&#227;o detalhada voltada para a cria&#231;&#227;o de uma proposta formal para uma resid&#234;ncia m&#233;dica em MC a ser discutida no Conselho Federal de Medicina e apresentada na Comiss&#227;o Nacional de Resid&#234;ncia M&#233;dica para aprova&#231;&#227;o. Dessa forma, pode-se oferecer treinamento adequado a uma nova classe de m&#233;dicos que vai unificar o cuidado de v&#225;rias doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas em uma &#250;nica especialidade, estimulando a pesquisa nessa &#225;rea e reduzindo o risco de desenvolvimento de DCV.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Medical Residency in Brazil in the Era of Chronic Diseases: The Need for Cardiometabolic Medicine Residency</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0454-6740</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Thadeu de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4945-7402</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbetta</surname>
            <given-names>Let&#237;cia Mara dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3105-694X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Toledo</surname>
            <given-names>Mayara Gabriele</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mechanick</surname>
            <given-names>Jeffrey I.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Cardiovascular do Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Educa&#231;&#227;o e Treinamento Edson Bueno - UnitedHealth Group, Rio de janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai &#8211; Divisions of Cardiology and Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, New York &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Eduardo Thadeu de Oliveira Correia &#8226; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro &#8211; Avenida Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303. Postal Code 24033-900, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: etocorreia@outlook.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Correia ETO; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Correia ETO, Barbetta LMS, Toledo MG, Mesquita ET, Mechanick JI.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Internship and Residency</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death in Brazil, significantly decreasing life expectancy, impairing quality of life, and causing a great impact on the Brazilian Unified Health System. However, it is important to highlight the enormous progress in cardiovascular research and in Brazilian cardiology over the past 6 decades, which have contributed to the increase in life expectancy from 54.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> years in 1960 to 75.6 years in 2018.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Whereas in the last century, cardiology waged a major battle against acute diseases, such as endocarditis and acute myocardial infarction, medical research has made breakthrough advancements in the management of these conditions. Nonetheless, at the same time, the era of chronic diseases emerged, in which primary drivers (e.g., genetics, environment, and behavior), metabolic drivers (e.g., obesity, diabetes, high cholesterol, and hypertension), co-morbidities (e.g., non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and chronic kidney disease [CKD]), and clinical endpoints (e.g., coronary heart disease, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation) were modeled to improve patient outcomes. As an effort to improve this concept, Mechanick et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> introduced the Cardiometabolic-Based Chronic Disease (CMBCD) model, which focused on the impact of primary and metabolic drivers on the development of CVD, identifying key targets to reduce progression from risk (Stage 1 CMBCD) to pre-disease (Stage 2 CMBCD), disease (Stage 3 CMBCD), and complications (Stage 4 CMBCD). This classification is depicted in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> and marks a new era in the care of cardiometabolic diseases.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic>Cardiometabolic-Based Chronic Disease: metabolic drivers and stages. Adapted from (2). AF: atrial fibrillation; CHD: coronary heart disease; HF: heart failure; IR: insulin resistance; LA: left atrial; LV: left ventricular; WC: waist-circumference.</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-03-0655-10339-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>This novel cardiometabolic framework, coupled with the need for physician participation in a team care model of patients with cardiometabolic diseases, comprised of a specialist physician, nutritionist, physical educator, physical therapist, psychologist, as well as new structured lifestyle modalities, pharmacotherapies, and technologies, mandates the training of a new generation of cardiometabolic medicine (CM) physicians. In this paper, the rationale behind the creation of a CM fellowship in Brazil will be detailed, with preliminary proposals to be vetted in future discussions.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>The present case of brazilian cardiology training and opportunities for improvement</title>
          <p>A cardiology fellowship in Brazil typically lasts for 2 years, during which fellows obtain experience in common procedures in both outpatient and inpatient care settings, with the option to pursue subsequent super-fellowships and further specialization. However, there are key improvements to be made, based on the increasing prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases, risk factor unawareness, significant proportion of patients not adequately treated, increased impact of inadequately treated risk factors on the burden of CVD, and a healthcare infrastructure not yet poised to address this problem.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Possible Pathways to Success</title>
          <p>Many experts have advocated the introduction of a CM fellowship, which would provide physicians a solid background for diagnosis and treatment of chronic diseases, focusing on topics of cardiology, endocrinology, hepatology, nephrology, and lifestyle medicine.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> This would help physicians provide comprehensive care to patients with multiple risk factors and conditions, reducing fragmentation into different specialties, which can compromise, delay, and increase the cost of care. Several articles have proposed various structures for CM fellowship programs. Soroosh et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> proposed three pathways. First, there would be a training structure consisting of 2 to 3 years of primary fellowship in CM after internal medicine (IM) residency, during which in-depth topics in cardiology and endocrinology would be covered. The cardiology component would include electrocardiography, approaches to hypertension, prevention of atherosclerotic disease (AD), vascular medicine procedures, and other cardiovascular imaging methods.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The endocrinology component would consist of guideline-directed comprehensive diabetes and obesity care, as well as the management of metabolic syndrome (MS), lipoprotein disorders, male hypogonadism, and thyroid diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> This program would include a formal structured training, including tobacco cessation, sleep hygiene, behavioral medicine and stress reduction, exercise physiology, management of alcohol abuse disorder, and community engagement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The second pathway proposed by Soroosh et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> would be a 1-year cardiometabolic training program after IM, endocrinology, cardiology, or nephrology fellowship. In this option, the first 6 months of this super-fellowship would be focused on core cardiometabolic topics, and the next 6 months would be customized by the fellow. Finally, the third pathway approached by Soroosh et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> would be concurrent training in CM with courses of varying length during time allocated to a formal training program in cardiology, endocrinology, etc., with the advantage that any physician would be able to specialize in CM, but it would not be as in-depth as the other models. In another approach, McCarthy et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> proposes a 1-year training program in CM, available as a fellowship for clinicians, such as cardiologists, endocrinologists, and nephrologists. The fellow would undergo rotations in cardiology, endocrinology, and nephrology outpatient clinics, in addition to 1 month in the women&#8217;s cardiology, vascular and sleep medicine, and weight management outpatient clinics. Throughout the year, topics related to lifestyle changes, cardiac rehabilitation and nutritional approaches, diabetes, antihyperglycemic and hypolipemic therapies, coronary artery calcium quantification, cardiac computerized tomography, approach to hypertension, CKD, and exercise physiology would be covered. Beyond that, Eckel et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> in another paper, proposed a 3-year fellowship program in CM, after IM residency, covering topics in endocrinology and cardiology. In this model, the topics of obesity, MS, diabetes and lipoprotein disorders, and the pharmacological therapies of these conditions would be covered. Regarding cardiology topics, the focus would be on primary and secondary prevention of AD, cardiac rehabilitation, interpretation of echocardiogram and electrocardiogram, and risk stratification, as well as a strong approach to hypertension associated with vascular medicine. Moreover, during this training, lifestyle medicine subjects would be constantly addressed. Finally, Reiter-Brennan et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> in another publication, proposed a broad training program, after 2 or 3 years of medical practice, with a more in-depth study of endocrinology and cardiology, plus such topics as biostatistics, epidemiology, and behavioral psychology. The main pillar of the cardiovascular section would be the care related to AD, including primary and secondary prevention, risk factors, methods of risk stratification and quantification of artery calcification; cardiac rehabilitation would also be covered. In the endocrine section, diabetes, hypertension management, MS, obesity, and lipoprotein disorders would be covered. In addition to these, another pillar of this training would be a strong approach to lifestyle changes, with emphasis on the physiology of nutrition and exercise. Core competencies that should be covered in CM residencies and fellowships are covered in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>
                  <italic>Core components of cardiometabolic medicine fellowship. ABCD: Adiposity-Based Chronic Disease; CKD: chronic kidney disease; DBCD: Dysglycemia-Based Chronic Disease; ECG: electrocardiogram; NAFLD: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.</italic>
                </title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-03-0655-10339-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Given the proposals suggested by these authors and considering the disparities and specificities of the Brazilian population and medical training, in our view, two proposals are most promising to establish a cardiometabolic fellowship in Brazil. A first approach would be to institute CM training after IM or Family Medicine (FM). Another way would be to establish a 1-year fellowship program after completing cardiology, endocrinology, nephrology, or hepatology fellowships. These two pathways are illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>
                  <italic>Possible training pathways of a cardiometabolic medicine fellowship in Brazil. CM: cardiometabolic medicine; FM: family medicine; IM: internal medicine.</italic>
                </title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-03-0655-10339-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Due to the significant increase in the prevalence and incidence of cardiometabolic diseases, the Brazilian Societies of IM, FM, Cardiology, Endocrinology, Hepatology, and Nephrology must begin a thorough discussion centered on the creation of a formal proposal of a medical fellowship in CM to be discussed at the Brazilian Medical Association and presented in the National Medical Residency Commission for approval. In that way, proper training can be offered to a new class of physicians that will unify the care of multiple chronic diseases under one specialty, stimulating research in this area and reducing the risk of CVD development.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
