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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">fnDFdzkJVdtnhywctHVp6dr</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005001209</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000300634</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201174</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201174</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular e do &#193;trio Esquerdo Subcl&#237;nica em Pacientes com Acromegalia: Um Estudo de Ecocardiograma de Rastreamento de Manchas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6232-4567</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Koca</surname>
            <given-names>Hasan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Koc</surname>
            <given-names>Mevl&#252;t</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7192-0280</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sumbul</surname>
            <given-names>Hilmi Erdem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Icen</surname>
            <given-names>Yahya Kemal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0026-2396</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gulumsek</surname>
            <given-names>Erdinc</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Koca</surname>
            <given-names>Fadime</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ozturk</surname>
            <given-names>Huseyin Ali</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baykan</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet Oytun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5065-3283</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kaypakli</surname>
            <given-names>Onur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Adana Health Practice and Research Center</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Adana</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Adana Health Practice and Research Center - Department of Cardiology, Adana &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Adana Numune Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Adana</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Adana Numune Training and Research Hospital, Adana &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Adana Health Practice and Research Center</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Internal Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Adana</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Adana Health Practice and Research Center - Department of Internal Medicine, Adana &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Health Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Adana Health Practice and Research Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Adana</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Health Sciences - Adana Health Practice and Research Center, Adana &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ortadogu Private Health Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Adana</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Ortadogu Private Health Hospital - Department of Cardiology, Adana &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Mustafa Kemal University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Tayfur Ata Sokmen Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Hatay</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Mustafa Kemal University Tayfur Ata Sokmen Faculty of Medicine - Department of Cardiology, Hatay &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Hasan Koca &#8226; Adana Health Practice and Research Center - Department of Cardiology - Dr. Mithat &#214;zsan Bulvar&#305; K&#305;&#351;la Mah, 4522 Sok. No: 1 Y&#252;re&#287;ir, Adana 01230 &#8211; Turquia E-mail: <email>hasankoca90@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Koca K, Koc M, Icen YK, Baykan AO, Kaypakli O; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Sumbul HE, Icen YK, Gulumsek E, Koca F, Ozturk HA; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Koca K, Gulumsek E, Koca F, Ozturk HA; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Koca K, Koc M, Koca F, Baykan AO, Kaypakli O; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Koca K, Sumbul HE, Kaypakli O.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>634</fpage>
      <lpage>645</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Embora se saiba que a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) medida por eletrocardiograma seja preservada em pacientes com acromegalia, n&#227;o h&#225; informa&#231;&#227;o suficiente sobre deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal global e deforma&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo (SLG-VE e SAE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as fun&#231;&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) por ecocardiograma strain (ES) em pacientes com acromegalia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Este estudo incluiu 50 pacientes com acromegalia na forma ativa da doen&#231;a e 50 controles saud&#225;veis com idade, sexo e &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal similares. Al&#233;m dos ecocardiogramas de rotina, medi&#231;&#245;es de SLG-VE e SAE foram realizadas com o ES.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Os valores dos SAE e SLG-VE foram significativamente mais baixos em pacientes com acromegalia (p&lt;0,05 para todos). Na an&#225;lise bivariada, a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, o pr&#243;-horm&#244;nio N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral, o fator de crescimento semelhante &#224; insulina tipo 1, e detectou-se que os n&#237;veis de IMVE tinham correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com SAE e SLG-VE (p&lt;0,05). O n&#237;vel de IGF-1 tinha forte correla&#231;&#227;o com SAE e SLG-VE (p&lt;0,001 e &#946;=0,5 vs. p&lt;0,001 e &#946;=0,626, respectivamente); 48% dos pacientes com acromegalia t&#234;m SLG-VE reduzido (&lt;20%). O &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (IMVE) determina independentemente a presen&#231;a de SLG-VE reduzido, e cada 1g/m<sup>2</sup> de aumento no n&#237;vel de IMVE aumenta a probabilidade de redu&#231;&#227;o de SLG-VE em 6%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Embora a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de VE seja normal em pacientes com acromegalia, os valores de SAE e SLG-VE s&#227;o significativamente mais baixos. Al&#233;m do aumento em IMVE, outro achado do envolvimento card&#237;aco pode ser a redu&#231;&#227;o de SAE e SLG-VE. Portanto, al&#233;m do ecocardiograma de rotina, SAE e SLG-VE podem ser &#250;teis para avaliar os sinais iniciais de envolvimento card&#237;aco antes da ocorr&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas irrevers&#237;veis.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Ecocardrgiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Acromegalia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cr&#244;nicas</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Deforma&#231;&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="14"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="34"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A acromegalia &#233; uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica caracterizada pelo aumento da s&#237;ntese do fator de crescimento semelhante &#224; insulina tipo 1 (IGF-1) no f&#237;gado devido a um adenoma pituit&#225;rio secretor de horm&#244;nio de crescimento (GH), e s&#237;ntese excessiva de prote&#237;na e crescimento tecidual excessivo devido a esses horm&#244;nios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> N&#237;veis altos de IGF-1 cr&#244;nicos causam altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais espec&#237;ficas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Se n&#227;o forem tratados, levam &#224; morte, cuja causa mais comum s&#227;o as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (CV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Strain &#233; uma medida de deforma&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o a uma pot&#234;ncia em uma subst&#226;ncia. Ele &#233; definido em dimens&#245;es radiais, circunferenciais e longitudinais. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica por ecocardiograma strain (ES), em termos de um ecocardiograma de rastreamento de manchas bidimensional (2D-STE) ou imagem por Doppler tecidual (strain convencional) pode oferecer informa&#231;&#245;es incompar&#225;veis sobre as fun&#231;&#245;es ventriculares regionais e globais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Imagens de deforma&#231;&#227;o podem detectar at&#233; as m&#237;nimas altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais e garantir um diagn&#243;stico em fase inicial. Os par&#226;metros de deforma&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) e deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (SLG-VE) demonstraram estar fortemente correlacionados &#224;s fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;licas do AE e do VE em cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos diferentes, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Demonstrou-se que muitos pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de VE (FEVE) normal t&#234;m redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE com o uso do SLG-VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em pacientes com acromegalia, a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica &#233; avaliada com FEVE. Entretanto, defici&#234;ncias em FEVE s&#243; s&#227;o vistas em etapas posteriores da doen&#231;a e na minoria dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Recentemente, um n&#250;mero limitado de estudos avaliou a deforma&#231;&#227;o de AE e SLG-VE em pacientes com acromegalia e FEVE preservada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Foram obtidos resultados contradit&#243;rios nesses estudos. Detectou-se, em dois estudos conduzidos pelos mesmos autores, a redu&#231;&#227;o do SLG-VE;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> enquanto outro estudo relatou que o SLG-VE era semelhante ao dos pacientes de controle saud&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A avalia&#231;&#227;o das medidas de deforma&#231;&#227;o do AE em pacientes com acromegalia foi realizada com 3D-STE em um estudo; entretanto, n&#227;o se obtiveram informa&#231;&#245;es claras sobre a altera&#231;&#227;o da deforma&#231;&#227;o global no AE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Devido &#224; viabilidade de medi&#231;&#245;es simult&#226;neas da deforma&#231;&#227;o de AE e SLG-VE, al&#233;m do ecocardiograma tradicional, este estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar as fun&#231;&#245;es do VE e do AE com ES em pacientes com acromegalia ativa e FEVE preservada.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Neste estudo transversal, 50 pacientes (33 do sexo masculino, 17 do sexo feminino; m&#233;dia de idade de 46,1 &#177; 6,2 anos) com acromegalia ativa (1-Pacientes recorrentes, 2-Pacientes p&#243;s-cirurgia sem remiss&#227;o, 3-Pacientes em tratamento m&#233;dico sem remiss&#227;o) e idade, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal (ASC) correspondentes a 50 pacientes de controle saud&#225;veis (31 do sexo masculino, 19 do sexo feminino; m&#233;dia de idade: 44,6 &#177; 5,1 anos). Pacientes acima dos 18 anos de idade com acromegalia ativa foram cadastrados no estudo. Os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo s&#227;o apresentados no fluxograma ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). Informa&#231;&#245;es de diretrizes atuais foram utilizadas para o diagn&#243;stico, o tratamento e a classifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com acromegalia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A remiss&#227;o da acromegalia foi definida como um GH s&#233;rico suprimido por glicose abaixo de 0,38 &#956;g/litro (&lt;1 mU/litro), um GH s&#233;rico abaixo de 1,9 &#956;g/litro(&lt;5 mU/litro), e IGF-1 normal para a idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Pacientes com hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, arritmia card&#237;aca, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica ou FEVE &lt;50%, doen&#231;a de v&#225;lvula card&#237;aca, embolia pulmonar, disfun&#231;&#227;o da tireoide, gravidez (comprovada ou suspeita), malignidade, e disfun&#231;&#227;o renal e hep&#225;tica, e pacientes que se recusaram a participar do estudo n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos. O comit&#234; de &#233;tica local aprovou o protocolo do estudo (Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade &#199;ukurova, 03.05.2019-88), e foi obtido o consentimento informado por escrito de cada um dos participantes.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Fluxograma para inclus&#227;o e avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes no estudo.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o do hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico detalhado e um exame f&#237;sico completo, as caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base dos pacientes, incluindo idade, sexo, hipertens&#227;o (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM), hiperlipidemia, tabagismo atual, hist&#243;rico familiar de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas e medicamentos, foram registradas para todos os pacientes. Os par&#226;metros de IMC e ASC dos participantes foram calculados.</p>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis de glicose, nitrog&#234;nio ureico sangu&#237;neo, creatinina, colesterol total, colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade, colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade, triglic&#233;rides, aspartato aminotransferase, alanina aminotransferase, leuc&#243;citos, hemoglobina, prote&#237;na C-reativa sens&#237;vel alta, e pept&#237;deo natruri&#233;tico pr&#243;-c&#233;rebro N-terminal (NT-proBNP) foram medidos utilizando-se um analisador qu&#237;mico autom&#225;tico (Abbott Aeroset, MN, EUA) com os kits comerciais apropriados (Abbott). O GH s&#233;rico foi avaliado por um analisador qu&#237;mico autom&#225;tico (Abbott Aeroset, MN, EUA) utilizando-se os kits comerciais apropriados (Abbott) e o valor de refer&#234;ncia do GH estava entre 0,014 -5,219 ng/ml. O IGF-1 s&#233;rico total foi avaliado por um analisador qu&#237;mico autom&#225;tico (Abbott Aeroset, MN, EUA) utilizando-se os kits comerciais apropriados (Abbott) e o valor de refer&#234;ncia do IGF-1 varia de acordo com idade e sexo. Os n&#237;veis de GH e IGF-1 foram medidos ao mesmo tempo do exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico para cada um dos sujeitos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica foi feita utilizando-se um transdutor de 2,5-3,5 MHz EPIQ 7C (Philips Healthcare 3000 Minuteman Road, Andover, MA, EUA). A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica foi realizada durante a primeira semana para pacientes que atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. Avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de todos os pacientes foram realizadas em posi&#231;&#227;o de dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo com monitoramento de press&#227;o arterial e eletrocardiogr&#225;fico. Todas as imagens foram obtidas em pelo menos 3 ciclos repetitivos do eixo paraesternal longo e curto padr&#227;o, cortes apicais de 4 c&#226;maras, de 5 c&#226;maras, e 2 c&#226;maras de acordo com as sugest&#245;es da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> (Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> O di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE, o di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do VE, a espessura do septo interventricular (SIV), a espessura da parede posterior (PP), e o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do AE foram medidos a partir da imagem do eixo longo paraesternal de janelas de imagem bidimensionais. A f&#243;rmula de Devereux foi utilizada para a medi&#231;&#227;o da massa do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Em seguida, o &#237;ndice de massa do VE (IMVE) foi calculado dividindo-se a massa do VE pela ASC. O valor do IMVE &gt;115 gr/m<sup>2</sup>em homens e &gt;95 gr/m<sup>2</sup> em mulheres foram considerados hipertrofia do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>No procedimento de ES, todos os pacientes tinham ritmo sinusal normal. Os par&#226;metros de deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de AE e VE foram calculados utilizando-se STE sobre imagens em escala de cinza bidimensionais. Foram registradas imagens apicais de 4 c&#226;maras (A4C), apicais de 2 c&#226;maras (A2C) e apicais de 3 c&#226;maras (A3C) em escala de cinza bidimensionais ap&#243;s a expira&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s prender o f&#244;lego. Pelo menos tr&#234;s ciclos card&#237;acos foram registrados para cada imagem, e prestou-se aten&#231;&#227;o para se considerar pelo menos 60-80 fps, de acordo com as diretrizes da <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> (Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Segmentos com qualidade de imagem insuficiente e ciclos card&#237;acos contendo batimentos prematuros foram exclu&#237;dos das medi&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>O software QLAB vers&#227;o 10.5 (Philips, Andover, MA, EUA) foi utilizado para as an&#225;lises de VE e AE. O software seguiu automaticamente os movimentos da parede durante todo o ciclo card&#237;aco ap&#243;s o endoc&#225;rdio do VE ter sido marcado quadro a quadro pelo m&#233;todo de desenho manual (rastreamento manual) nas imagens bidimensionais. Os valores de SLG-VE foram calculados a partir das imagens com 2D-STE. Ap&#243;s a marca&#231;&#227;o manual de 2 partes basais e 1 parte apical do VE, as bordas endoc&#225;rdicas restantes foram automaticamente marcadas pelo software e a borda epic&#225;rdica apropriada tamb&#233;m foi automaticamente desenhada. Quando os contornos de VE desenhados automaticamente n&#227;o eram adequados para an&#225;lise, as bordas foram corrigidas manualmente para permitir uma an&#225;lise adequada. Ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise, o software dividiu os registros de A2C, A3C, A4C do VE em modelos de seis segmentos, e o modelo de 18 segmentos foi usado para calcular o SLG-VE ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Medi&#231;&#227;o da deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (SLG-VE) por ecocardiograma strain em pacientes com acromegalia.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>Par&#226;metros de deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica do AE tamb&#233;m foram calculados a partir das imagens 2D-STE utilizando-se o software da deforma&#231;&#227;o do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Foram obtidas imagens do AE em corte de quatro c&#226;meras utilizando-se marcos anat&#244;micos-padr&#227;o para garantir a aquisi&#231;&#227;o ideal e evitar o encurtamento com ecocardiograma bidimensional convencional, em &#237;ndices de quadros relativamente altos (60&#8211;80 fps). O contorno endoc&#225;rdico do AE foi iniciado na borda endoc&#225;rdica do anel mitral at&#233; a borda endoc&#225;rdica do AE, extrapolando pelas veias pulmonares, e/ou orif&#237;cios de ap&#234;ndices de AE, at&#233; o anel mitral oposto por um radiologista experiente, cego em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. O software ent&#227;o gerou automaticamente uma silhueta de AE epic&#225;rdica, que delineou uma regi&#227;o de interesse em cada um dos cortes apicais. O ajuste manual da regi&#227;o de interesse foi permitido para incluir toda a camada mioc&#225;rdica do AE, seguido de um rastreamento segmentar autom&#225;tico. Ap&#243;s o rastreamento, os &#237;ndices de deforma&#231;&#227;o do AE, tais como da deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal e suas primeiras curvas SR de deriva&#231;&#227;o foram obtidas a partir de uma vista apical de quatro c&#226;maras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Utilizamos uma onda R como ponto de partida (liga&#231;&#227;o R-R) para an&#225;lise da deforma&#231;&#227;o. A deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal e as curvas de &#237;ndice de deforma&#231;&#227;o foram geradas em todos os segmentos, e a m&#233;dia dos segmentos foi calculada para os pontos de tempo correspondentes ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ). Utilizando essas curvas, a deforma&#231;&#227;o do AE (SAE) e os &#237;ndices de deforma&#231;&#227;o de pico sist&#243;lico (RSAE) foram calculados. O SAE e o RSAE representam a fun&#231;&#227;o de reservat&#243;rio do AE. Todas as imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram armazenadas digitalmente e analisadas off-line, com as medidas de deforma&#231;&#227;o realizadas por um cardiologista experiente, cego em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados, utilizando an&#225;lise de software Philips QLAB vers&#227;o 10.5.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Medi&#231;&#227;o da deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (SLG-VE) por ecocardiograma strain em pacientes com acromegalia.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
        <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando-se o software SPSS, vers&#227;o 23.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, EUA). Os dados foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e porcentagens para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi utilizado para testar a normalidade e um p-valor &gt;0,05 foi definido como dado normalmente distribu&#237;do. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas que apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram comparadas utilizando-se o teste T de Student e ANOVA, enquanto o teste U de Mann-Whitney e o teste de Kruskal-Wallis foram usados para amostras n&#227;o distribu&#237;das normalmente. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e frequ&#234;ncias foram comparadas pelo teste Qui-quadrado. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida como um p-valor &lt;0,05 para todas as compara&#231;&#245;es. Neste estudo, os par&#226;metros que foram diferentes em pacientes com &lt;20% para SLG-VE foram encontrados em an&#225;lise univariada. Portanto, retroativamente: A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica (RL) foi realizada para se determinar os par&#226;metros que determinaram de forma independente pacientes com SLG-VE &lt;20%. As correla&#231;&#245;es de Pearson e Spearman foram usadas para examinar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Vari&#225;veis com um p-valor &lt;0,05 na an&#225;lise bivariada foram testadas na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear. Os resultados foram expressos como p-valor e raz&#227;o de risco (RR) no IC de 95%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo cinquenta e oito pacientes com acromegalia ativa. Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo oito pacientes que atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o e que n&#227;o puderam realizar o exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico ideal. Dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo, 45 eram pacientes recorrentes de acromegalia. Dos demais pacientes, tr&#234;s eram pacientes p&#243;s-cirurgia sem remiss&#227;o, e dois estavam fazendo tratamento m&#233;dico sem remiss&#227;o. Os dados do estudo foram divididos em dois grupos, com e sem acromegalia (pacientes de controle saud&#225;veis). Os coeficientes kappa de Cohen que avaliaram a variabilidade interobservador e intraobservador estavam acima de 90% de todas as medi&#231;&#245;es de ecocardiogramas.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais</title>
        <p>Quando os dados demogr&#225;ficos foram comparados entre os grupos do estudo: idade, sexo, IMC e ASC eram semelhantes entre os grupos. Determinou-se que a frequ&#234;ncia de HT e DM em pacientes com acromegalia era de 28% e 32%, respectivamente. Em termos de par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, as press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca eram mais altas em pacientes com acromegalia. Identificou-se que os n&#237;veis de glicemia plasm&#225;tica, NT-proBNP, IGF-1 e horm&#244;nio de crescimento eram significativamente mais altos em pacientes com acromegalia. Par&#226;metros de outros laborat&#243;rios eram semelhantes entre os dois grupos ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Par&#226;metros demogr&#225;ficos e laboratoriais de pacientes com acromegalia em pacientes de controle saud&#225;veis</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>Pacientes com acromegalia n=50</th>
                  <th>Controles saud&#225;veis n=50</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">46,1 &#177; 6,2</td>
                  <td align="center">44,6 &#177; 5,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,295</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo (feminino)</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">0,418</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (28%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (32%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fumante, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (30%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hiperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (14%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">130 &#177; 19</td>
                  <td align="center">110 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">67 &#177; 6,4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (pulsos/minuto)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">67 &#177; 4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;ndice de massa corporal (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">28,1 &#177; 2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">27,6 &#177; 1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,164</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#193;rea da superf&#237;cie corporal (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,01 &#177; 0,10</td>
                  <td align="center">2,00 &#177; 0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,569</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leuc&#243;cito (&#181;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,3 &#177; 1,9</td>
                  <td align="center">7,5 &#177; 1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,656</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobina (gr/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,1 &#177; 1,8</td>
                  <td align="center">12,9 &#177; 1,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,420</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Plasma glicemia (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">109 &#177; 23</td>
                  <td align="center">92 &#177; 5,6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nitrog&#234;nio ureico sangu&#237;neo (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">32,9 &#177; 16,6</td>
                  <td align="center">29,5 &#177; 4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,149</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,75 &#177; 0,42</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64 &#177; 0,10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,138</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">197 &#177; 59</td>
                  <td align="center">217 &#177; 60</td>
                  <td align="center">0,095</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">135 &#177; 45</td>
                  <td align="center">148 &#177; 44</td>
                  <td align="center">0,157</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">44,3 &#177; 15,3</td>
                  <td align="center">48,2 &#177; 8,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,125</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">165 &#177; 77</td>
                  <td align="center">191 &#177; 108</td>
                  <td align="center">0,180</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aspartato aminotransferase (u/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">20,6 &#177; 7,4</td>
                  <td align="center">18,9 &#177; 3,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,143</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-proBNP (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">365 &#177; 297</td>
                  <td align="center">74 &#177; 6,7</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCR-as (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,69 &#177; 1,35</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43 &#177; 0,31</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alanina aminotransferase (u/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">16,8 &#177; 8,9</td>
                  <td align="center">15,9 &#177; 2,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,298</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IGF-1 (ng/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">376 &#177; 181</td>
                  <td align="center">72 &#177; 7,5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Horm&#244;nio do crescimento (ng/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,21 &#177; 14,4</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01 &#177; 0,52</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>PCR-as: Prote&#237;na C reativa alta sens&#237;vel; IGF-1: Fator de crescimento semelhante &#224; insulina tipo 1; NT-proBNP: Pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico pr&#243;-c&#233;rebro N-terminal.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
        <p>Identificou-se que os valores de SIV, espessura diast&#243;lica final da PP, e IMVE eram significativamente mais altos em pacientes com acromegalia ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ). Determinou-se que os di&#226;metros de VE e os valores de FEVE eram semelhantes entre os grupos com e sem acromegalia. Os valores de SAE e SLG-VE s&#227;o significativamente mais baixos em pacientes com acromegalia ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">5</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de pacientes com acromegalia em pacientes de controle saud&#225;veis</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>Pacientes com acromegalia n=50</th>
                  <th>Controles saud&#225;veis n=50</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Espessura diast&#243;lica final de SIV (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,3 &#177; 1,92</td>
                  <td align="center">9,9 &#177; 1,21</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Espessura diast&#243;lica final de PP (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,9 &#177; 1,32</td>
                  <td align="center">9,7 &#177; 1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dimens&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do VE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">46,7 &#177; 4,5</td>
                  <td align="center">47,3 &#177; 4,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,516</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dimens&#227;o sist&#243;lica final do VE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">31,1 &#177; 4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">31,5 &#177; 4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,656</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dimens&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do AE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">35,3 &#177; 4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">33,1 &#177; 2,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o VE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">57,8 &#177; 4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">58,9 &#177; 5,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,259</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;ndice de massa do VE (gr/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">108 &#177; 28</td>
                  <td align="center">82&#177; 17</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertrofia do VE, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SAE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21,5 &#177; 1,36</td>
                  <td align="center">23,5 &#177; 1,06</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SLG-VE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#822; 20,4 &#177; 1,45</td>
                  <td align="center">&#822; 22,8 &#177; 0,83</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SLG-VE &lt;20, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (48%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>SIV: Septo interventricular; AE: &#193;trio esquerdo; SLG-VE: Deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PP: Parede posterior; SAE: deforma&#231;&#227;o de AE no pico positivo.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>O gr&#225;fico de caixa demonstrou a deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (SLG-VE) em pacientes com acromegalia e em pacientes de controle saud&#225;veis.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>O gr&#225;fico de caixa demonstrou o pico positivo de deforma&#231;&#227;o de AE (SAE) em pacientes com acromegalia e em pacientes de controle saud&#225;veis.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>Quando o valor limite foi tomado como &lt;20% para SLG-VE, detectou-se que os n&#237;veis de SLG-VE eram reduzidos em 48% do grupo com acromegalia. Quando os dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais de pacientes com acromegalia SLG-VE normal e reduzida foram comparados, determinou-se que pacientes com SLG-VE baixo tinham &#237;ndices mais altos de HT (45,8% x 11,5% e p = 0,008) e valores mais altos de IMVE (123 gr/m<sup>2</sup> x 94,6 gr/m<sup>2</sup> e p &lt;0,008). Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, detectou-se que o valor de IMVE e os n&#237;veis de IGF-1 fazem a previs&#227;o independente do valor de SLG-VE reduzido (p = 0,003, RC: 1,060 e IC: 1,019 - 1,102 e p = 0,012, RC: 1,056 e IC: 1,023 - 1,098). De acordo com essa an&#225;lise, cada aumento de 1 gr/m<sup>2</sup> no valor de IMVE e cada aumento de 1 ng/dL nos n&#237;veis de IGF-1 aumenta a probabilidade de diminui&#231;&#227;o de SLG-VE em 6% e 5,6%, respectivamente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Determina&#231;&#227;o da medi&#231;&#227;o de deforma&#231;&#227;o do AE</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o foi realizada para determinar os par&#226;metros associados &#224; deforma&#231;&#227;o do AE. Os par&#226;metros relacionados a SAE na an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o foram resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> . A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear foi realizada para determinar a presen&#231;a de rela&#231;&#245;es independentes de SAE. Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear, detectou-se uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva e significativa entre PA sist&#243;lica, NT-proBNP, IGF-1, di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do AE e IMVE, e SAE. Estatisticamente, a correla&#231;&#227;o mais forte identificada foi entre SAE e os n&#237;veis de IGF-1 ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 6</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Os par&#226;metros associados ao SLG-AE e &#224; an&#225;lise por regress&#227;o linear para par&#226;metros significativamente correlacionados a SAE</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise univariada</th>
                  <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise multivariada</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>r</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>&#946;</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,427</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,278</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,362</td>
                  <td align="center">0,470</td>
                  <td align="center">0,102</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,360</td>
                  <td align="center">0,840</td>
                  <td align="center">0,023</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicemia plasm&#225;tica</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,418</td>
                  <td align="center">0,255</td>
                  <td align="center">0,133</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina</td>
                  <td align="center">0,018</td>
                  <td align="center">0,225</td>
                  <td align="center">0,712</td>
                  <td align="center">0,064</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-proBNP</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,445</td>
                  <td align="center">0,013</td>
                  <td align="center">0,237</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IGF-1 (ng/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,531</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,531</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Horm&#244;nio do crescimento (ng/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,025</td>
                  <td align="center">0,225</td>
                  <td align="center">0,408</td>
                  <td align="center">0,096</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dimens&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do AE</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,662</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,378</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;ndice de massa do VE</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,623</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,503</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>AE: &#193;trio esquerdo; SAE: deforma&#231;&#227;o de AE no pico positivo; VE: Ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IGF-1: Fator de crescimento semelhante &#224; insulina tipo 1; NT-proBNP: Pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico pr&#243;-c&#233;rebro N-terminal. R<sup>2</sup> <sub>padronizado</sub>=0,684 e p&lt;0.001 an&#225;lises multivariadas.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o do pico positivo de deforma&#231;&#227;o de AE (SAE) com fator de crescimento semelhante &#224; insulina tipo 1 (IGF-1). Foi obtida uma escala logar&#237;tmica na base 10 de IGF-1.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Determina&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros relacionados a SLG-VE</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o foi realizada para determinar os par&#226;metros associados &#224; deforma&#231;&#227;o do SLG-VE. Os par&#226;metros relacionados a SLG-VE na an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o foram resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> . A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear foi realizada para determinar a presen&#231;a de rela&#231;&#245;es independentes de par&#226;metros relacionados a SLG-VE. Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear, detectou-se uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva e significativa entre press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, NT-proBNP, IGF-1, di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do AE e IMVE, e valor de SLG-VE. Estatisticamente, a correla&#231;&#227;o mais forte identificada foi entre SLG-VE e os n&#237;veis de IGF-1 ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 7</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Os par&#226;metros associados ao SLG-VE e &#224; an&#225;lise por regress&#227;o linear para par&#226;metros significativamente correlacionados a SLG-VE</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise univariada</th>
                  <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise multivariada</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>r</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>&#946;</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">0,026</td>
                  <td align="center">0,223</td>
                  <td align="center">0,844</td>
                  <td align="center">0,017</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;ndice de massa corporal</td>
                  <td align="center">0,033</td>
                  <td align="center">0,213</td>
                  <td align="center">0,256</td>
                  <td align="center">0,092</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,509</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,300</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,462</td>
                  <td align="center">0,605</td>
                  <td align="center">0,076</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,408</td>
                  <td align="center">0,426</td>
                  <td align="center">0,081</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicemia plasm&#225;tica</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,442</td>
                  <td align="center">0,172</td>
                  <td align="center">0,146</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina</td>
                  <td align="center">0,015</td>
                  <td align="center">0,243</td>
                  <td align="center">0,263</td>
                  <td align="center">0,090</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-proBNP</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,478</td>
                  <td align="center">0,011</td>
                  <td align="center">0,176</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IGF-1</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,626</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,626</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Horm&#244;nio do crescimento (ng/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,429</td>
                  <td align="center">0,050</td>
                  <td align="center">0,207</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dimens&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do AE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,341</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                  <td align="center">0,199</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;ndice de massa do VE</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,623</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,548</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>
                  <italic>IGF-1: Fator de crescimento semelhante &#224; insulina tipo 1; NT-proBNP: Pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico pr&#243;-c&#233;rebro N-terminal; SLG-VE: Deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. R<sup>2</sup> <sub>padronizado</sub>=0,641 e p&lt;0.001 an&#225;lises multivariadas.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f07">
            <label>Figura 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o da deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (SLG-VE) com fator de crescimento semelhante &#224; insulina tipo 1 (IGF-1). Foi obtida uma escala logar&#237;tmica na base 10 de IGF-1.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, este estudo &#233; primeiro estudo a avaliar SLG-VE e SAE juntos em pacientes com acromegalia. O principal achado deste estudo foi a determina&#231;&#227;o de que as fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;licas do VE e do AE em ES eram prejudicadas apesar da preserva&#231;&#227;o das fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;licas do VE no ecocardiograma convencional. Outro achado importante foi que o n&#237;vel de IGF-1, que era um dos par&#226;metros mais importantes da atividade da doen&#231;a acromegalia, tinha uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o com o SAE e o SLG-VE. Al&#233;m disso, neste estudo, identificou-se que 48% dos pacientes com a acromegalia tinham uma defici&#234;ncia silenciosa da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE detectada pelo ES, e essa condi&#231;&#227;o foi pr&#243;xima e independentemente relacionada ao valor de IMVE e n&#237;vel de IGF-1.</p>
      <p>A acromegalia &#233; uma das causas secund&#225;rias do HT. A HT e a DM s&#227;o comuns nesses pacientes devido aos efeitos metab&#243;licos da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Em pacientes com acromegalia, fibrose e altera&#231;&#245;es hipertr&#243;ficas ocorrem em graus diferentes mioc&#225;rdio de AE e VE, sendo que ambos aumentam a frequ&#234;ncia de HT e DM, e o n&#237;vel de IGF-1. A HVE &#233; comum e pode ser vista em 25-85% dos pacientes com acromegalia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Neste estudo, 50% dos pacientes com acromegalia tinham HVE. Em pacientes com acromegalia, as altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas devidas ao aumento de horm&#244;nios e HT e DM associadas s&#227;o chamadas miocardiopatia acromeg&#225;lica (CMP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> A doen&#231;a consiste em 3 fases: i) aumento da contratilidade do VE e do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) e HVE acompanhado do aumento da IGF-1, ii) disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica resultante de redu&#231;&#227;o da elasticidade do VE, iii) apar&#234;ncia t&#237;pica de cardiomiopatia com dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE e diminui&#231;&#227;o de FEVE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> A diminui&#231;&#227;o de FEVE e dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE, que s&#227;o o terceiro est&#225;gio da doen&#231;a, s&#227;o vistas apenas em 1 a 10% dos pacientes com acromegalia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Entretanto, &#233; importante avaliar as fun&#231;&#245;es do VE desses pacientes com um novo m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico j&#225; desde o est&#225;gio 1, antes da ocorr&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas irrevers&#237;veis.</p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE com SLG-VE &#233; relativamente nova e ainda n&#227;o &#233; muito comum. O SLG-VE &#233; mais utilizado para avaliar o envolvimento card&#237;aco subcl&#237;nico ou silencioso de doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas com FEVE normal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> A mortalidade cardiovascular aumenta em pacientes com acromegalia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Foi demonstrado que os valores de SLG-VE reduzidos est&#227;o associados a morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca e arritmia potencialmente fatal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> O fato de que o ES &#233; facilmente acess&#237;vel e barato d&#225; uma vantagem importante em rela&#231;&#227;o aos outros m&#233;todos. Entretanto, a limita&#231;&#227;o mais importante &#233; que a qualidade da imagem deve ser muito boa. Embora o ES seja usado frequentemente para a avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial das fun&#231;&#245;es do VE; nos &#250;ltimos anos, muitos estudos avaliaram as fun&#231;&#245;es do AE com ecocardiograma strain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>V&#225;rios estudos avaliaram o SLG-VE em pacientes com acromegalia e FEVE normal e foram obtidos resultados contradit&#243;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O primeiro estudo foi realizado por Volschan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> , em 2017, em 37 pacientes com acromegalia ativa, e detectou-se que o valor de SLG-VE n&#227;o variou nem aumentou sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes de controle. Em outro estudo realizado em 2018, relatou-se que houve uma diminui&#231;&#227;o no valor do SLG-VE nos pacientes com acromegalia e essa situa&#231;&#227;o estava relacionada a HVE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Em outro estudo, realizado e publicado muito recentemente pelos mesmos autores, relatou-se que o SLG-VE era reduzido em pacientes com acromegalia, da mesma forma que o estudo anterior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Este estudo corrobora dois estudos que demonstram que o valor de SLG-VE &#233; reduzido em pacientes com acromegalia. Al&#233;m dos estudos anteriores, tamb&#233;m demonstramos uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no SLG-AE no mesmo grupo de pacientes. O valor de corte para o SLG-VE reduzido foi aceito como &lt;20%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Neste estudo, 48% dos pacientes com acromegalia ficavam &lt;20%. Em outras palavras, as fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;licas do VE de metade dos pacientes deste estudo com acromegalia estavam comprometidas. Identificou-se que o IMVE e o IGF-1 tinham uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o com o SLG-VE reduzido em pacientes com acromegalia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Os n&#237;veis de GH e IGF-1 s&#233;rico n&#227;o estavam relacionados em pacientes com SLG-VE reduzido nos mesmos estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Neste estudo, assim como no estudo anterior, identificou-se que o IMVE previa pacientes com SLG-VE reduzido. Al&#233;m disso, os n&#237;veis de IGF-1 estavam significativamente relacionados ao SLG-VE reduzido. Neste estudo, identificou-se que cada aumento de 1 gr/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> de IMVE aumentava o risco de SLG-VE reduzido em 6%. Al&#233;m disso, cada aumento de 1 ng/dL nos n&#237;veis de IGF-1 aumenta a probabilidade de diminui&#231;&#227;o de SLG-VE em 5,6%. O IMVE, que &#233; o achado mais objetivo do envolvimento card&#237;aco em pacientes com acromegalia, tamb&#233;m &#233; o par&#226;metro mais proximamente associado ao SLG-VE reduzido. Portanto, a interven&#231;&#227;o de HT, DM e IMVE o mais cedo poss&#237;vel pode ser a forma mais l&#243;gica de retardar a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica futura em pacientes com acromegalia.</p>
      <p>O SLG-VE comprometido em pacientes com acromegalia pode ser explicado por dois mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos. O primeiro &#233; o efeito de HT e DM. A redu&#231;&#227;o do SLG-VE foi demonstrada anteriormente com os efeitos card&#237;acos de HT e DM mesmo no per&#237;odo assintom&#225;tico antes de qualquer doen&#231;a CV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Determinou-se que a frequ&#234;ncia de HT e DM em pacientes com acromegalia era de 28% e 32%, respectivamente. A preval&#234;ncia de HT foi significativamente mais alta em pacientes com SLG-VE reduzido. Isso indica que o SLG-VE &#233; afetado pela presen&#231;a de HT. O segundo mecanismo pode ser a heterotrofia do VE e fibrose mioc&#225;rdica devido ao aumento do IGF-1 em pacientes com acromegalia sem HT e DM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> O aumento do valor de IGF-1 pode estar associado &#224; atividade da doen&#231;a e envolvimento card&#237;aco. Neste estudo, o n&#237;vel de IGF-1, que era um dos par&#226;metros mais importantes da atividade da doen&#231;a acromegalia, tinha uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o com o SLG-VE.</p>
      <p>H&#225; dados limitados sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o e o tamanho do AE em pacientes com acromegalia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Em um estudo anterior, relatou-se que o volume e as fun&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas do AE eram semelhantes aos dos pacientes de controle saud&#225;veis e os n&#237;veis de GH e IGF-1 s&#233;ricos n&#227;o foram associados &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica do AE em pacientes com acromegalia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Em outro estudo recente, um aumento no volume do AE foi relatado em pacientes com acromegalia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, o volume do AE ainda n&#227;o foi avaliado, mas o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do AE era aumentado em pacientes com acromegalia.</p>
      <p>Embora n&#227;o haja estudos na literatura avaliando o SAE com 2D-STE em pacientes com acromegalia, as imagens da deforma&#231;&#227;o de AE foram realizadas em apenas um estudo com 3D-STE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Kormanyos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> relataram uma redu&#231;&#227;o nos valores de deforma&#231;&#227;o segmentar m&#233;dios e globais, e uma redu&#231;&#227;o no valor de deforma&#231;&#227;o circunferencial de AE. Um achado semelhante foi demonstrado para o &#225;trio direito em outro estudo pelos mesmos autores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Relatou-se que o n&#237;vel de IGF-1 e o valor de deforma&#231;&#227;o circunferencial do AE tinham uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Nosso estudo foi o primeiro a demonstrar a redu&#231;&#227;o do SAE e sua correla&#231;&#227;o forte e positiva com o IGF-1, que &#233; um dos par&#226;metros de atividade da doen&#231;a.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Como um estudo n&#227;o randomizado de centro &#250;nico, esta coorte de pacientes pode ser diferente da de outros centros. O tamanho da amostra &#233; relativamente pequeno e os resultados do estudo precisam ser confirmados ensaios prospectivos multic&#234;ntricos grandes no futuro. A mortalidade e a morbidade cardiovasculares s&#227;o altas em pacientes com acromegalia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Entretanto, os progn&#243;sticos n&#227;o foram avaliados. Al&#233;m disso, o efeito do tratamento de SLG-VE e SAE n&#227;o foi avaliado devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de um acompanhamento. Neste estudo, n&#227;o tivemos informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o insight fisiopatol&#243;gico do SLG-VE reduzido devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de avalia&#231;&#227;o histopatol&#243;gica com bi&#243;psia mioc&#225;rdica. A apneia do sono &#233; comum em pacientes com acromegalia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e tem um efeito adverso nas fun&#231;&#245;es de VE. Entretanto, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel fazer a polissonografia em todos os pacientes. Os tipos de envolvimento card&#237;aco mais importantes s&#227;o HVE e fibrose mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com acromegalia. A fibrose mioc&#225;rdica &#233; mais bem avaliada por imagens por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca. Se tivesse sido poss&#237;vel realizar as imagens por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, teria sido poss&#237;vel avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio e SLG-VE e SLG-AE. A disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica tamb&#233;m era comum (50,5%) em pacientes com acromegalia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Portanto, n&#227;o avaliamos a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica nesses grupos de pacientes.</p>
        <p>Estudos anteriores demonstraram que o volume do VE e do AE e o &#237;ndice de volume aumentou em pacientes com acromegalia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Neste estudo, foram medidos apenas o di&#226;metro do VE e o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do AE. Se o &#237;ndice de volume do AE e do VE tamb&#233;m tivesse sido medido, poderia haver altera&#231;&#245;es, especialmente nos par&#226;metros relacionados a SLG-AE.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Embora a FEVE seja normal em pacientes com acromegalia, SAE e SLG-VE detectados com 2D-STE s&#227;o significativamente reduzidos e t&#234;m uma rela&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;xima aos n&#237;veis de IGF-1 plasm&#225;tico. Al&#233;m do aumento em IMVE, outro achado do envolvimento card&#237;aco pode ser a redu&#231;&#227;o de SAE e SLG-VE. Portanto, al&#233;m do ecocardiograma de rotina, SAE e SLG-VE podem ser &#250;teis para avaliar os sinais iniciais de envolvimento card&#237;aco antes da ocorr&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas irrevers&#237;veis em pacientes com acromegalia.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Subclinical Left Atrial and Ventricular Dysfunction in Acromegaly Patients: A Speckle Tracking Echocardiography Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6232-4567</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Koca</surname>
            <given-names>Hasan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Koc</surname>
            <given-names>Mevl&#252;t</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7192-0280</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sumbul</surname>
            <given-names>Hilmi Erdem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Icen</surname>
            <given-names>Yahya Kemal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0026-2396</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gulumsek</surname>
            <given-names>Erdinc</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Koca</surname>
            <given-names>Fadime</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ozturk</surname>
            <given-names>Huseyin Ali</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baykan</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet Oytun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5065-3283</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kaypakli</surname>
            <given-names>Onur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Adana Health Practice and Research Center - Department of Cardiology, Adana &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Adana Numune Training and Research Hospital, Adana &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Adana Health Practice and Research Center - Department of Internal Medicine, Adana &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Health Sciences - Adana Health Practice and Research Center, Adana &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Ortadogu Private Health Hospital - Department of Cardiology, Adana &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Mustafa Kemal University Tayfur Ata Sokmen Faculty of Medicine - Department of Cardiology, Hatay &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Hasan Koca &#8226; Adana Health Practice and Research Center - Department of Cardiology - Dr. Mithat &#214;zsan Bulvar&#305; K&#305;&#351;la Mah, 4522 Sok. No: 1 Y&#252;re&#287;ir, Adana 01230 &#8211; Turkey E-mail: hasankoca90@hotmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Statistical analysis: Koca K, Koc M, Icen YK, Baykan AO, Kaypakli O; Acquisition of data: Sumbul HE, Icen YK, Gulumsek E, Koca F, Ozturk H&#193;; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Koca K, Gulumsek E, Koca F, Ozturk HA; Writing of the manuscript: Koca K, Koc M, Koca F, Baykan AO, Kaypakli O; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Koca K, Sumbul HE, Kaypakli O.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Although it is known that the left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) measured by echocardiography is preserved in patients with acromegaly, there is not enough information about the LV and left atrial strain (LV-GLS and LAS).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>This study aimed to evaluate the left ventricular (LV) and left atrial (LA) functions with strain echocardiography (SE) in patients with acromegaly.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>This study included 50 acromegaly patients with active disease and 50 healthy controls with similar age, gender, and body surface area. In addition to routine echocardiography examinations, LV-GLS and LAS measurements were performed with SE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>LAS and LV-GLS values were significantly lower in patients with acromegaly (p&lt;0.05 for all). In bivariate analysis, systolic blood pressure, N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide, Insulin-like growth factor-1, LA diastolic diameter, and LVMI levels were found to be positively correlated with both LAS and LV-GLS (p &lt;0.05). IGF-1 level was strongly correlated with LAS and LV-GLS (p&lt;0.001 and &#946;=0.5 vs. p&lt;0.001 and &#946;=0.626, respectively); 48% of patients with acromegaly have reduced LV-GLS (&lt;20%). Left ventricular mass-index (LVMI) independently determines the presence of reduced LV-GLS and each 1g/m<sup>2</sup>increase in LVMI level increases the likelihood of reduced LV-GLS by 6%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Although LV ejection fraction is normal in patients with acromegaly, LAS and LV-GLS values were significantly reduced. Apart from LVMI increase, another finding of cardiac involvement may be LAS and LV-GLS decrease. Therefore, in addition to routine echocardiography, LAS and LV-GLS may be useful to evaluate early signs of cardiac involvement before the occurrence of irreversible cardiac changes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Acromegaly</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial, Deformability</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic,Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Acromegaly is a chronic disease characterized by increased Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) synthesis in the liver due to a growth hormone (GH) secreting pituitary adenoma, and excessive protein synthesis and excess tissue growth due to these hormones.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Chronic high IGF-1 levels cause specific structural and functional changes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> If left untreated, it causes mortality, and the most common cause of mortality is cardiovascular (CV) diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Strain is a measure of deformation against a power in a matter. It is defined in radial, circumferential, and longitudinal dimensions. Assessment of myocardial deformation by strain echocardiography (SE), in terms of two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D-STE) or tissue Doppler imaging (conventional strain), can provide peerless information on both regional and global ventricular functions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Deformation imaging can even detect minimal functional changes and provides early stage diagnosis. Left atrium (LA) deformation parameters and left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LV-GLS) have proven to be strongly correlated with LA and LV systolic functions in different clinical scenarios, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> It has been demonstrated that many patients with normal LV ejection fraction (LVEF) have reduced LV systolic function with the use of LV-GLS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In patients with acromegaly, systolic function is evaluated with LVEF. However, impairment in LVEF is only seen in the later stages of the disease and in the minority of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Recently, a limited number of studies have evaluated LV-GLS and LA strain in patients with acromegaly and preserved LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Contradictory results were obtained in these studies. LV-GLS was found to be decreased in two studies conducted by the same authors;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> whereas, another study reported LV-GLS to be similar to healthy controls.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Evaluation of LA deformation measures in patients with acromegaly with 3D-STE have been performed in a study; however, no clear information was provided regarding the change in global LA strain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Due to the feasibility of simultaneous measurements of LA deformation and LV-GLS, in addition to traditional echocardiography, this study aimed to evaluate the LV and LA functions with SE in patients with active acromegaly and preserved LVEF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>In this cross-sectional study, 50 patients (33 male, 17 female; mean age 46.1 &#177; 6.2 years) with active acromegaly (1-De novo patients, 2-Patients after surgery without remission, 3-Patients on medical treatment without remission) and age, gender, body mass index (BMI), and body surface area (BSA) matched with 50 healthy controls (31 male, 19 female; mean age: 44.6 &#177; 5.1 years). Patients aged over 18 years with active acromegaly were enrolled in the study. The patients included in the study are shown in the flow-chart ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). Current guideline information was used for the diagnosis, treatment, and classification of patients with acromegaly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Remission of acromegaly was defined as a normal glucose-suppressed serum GH less than 0.38 &#956;g/liter (&lt;1 mU/liter), a serum GH less than 1.9 &#956;g/liter (&lt;5 mU/liter), and a normal IGF-1 for age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Patients with a history of coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmia, systolic heart failure or LVEF &lt;50%, heart valve disease, pulmonary embolism, thyroid dysfunction, pregnancy (known or suspected), active malignancy, and kidney and liver dysfunction, as well as patients who refused to participate in the study were not included in the study. The local ethics committee approved the study protocol (Cukurova University Faculty of Medicine Ethics Committee, 03.05.2019-88), and written informed consent was taken from each participant.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Flow-chart for inclusion and evaluation of patients in the study.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            </fig>
          </p>
          <p>After the assessment of detailed medical history and a complete physical examination, the baseline characteristics of the patients, including age, sex, hypertension (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM), hyperlipidemia, current smoking status, family history of cardiac disease, and medications were recorded for all patients. Participants&#8217; BMI and BSA parameters were calculated.</p>
          <p>Glucose, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, white blood cells, hemoglobin, high sensitive C reactive protein, and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels were measured using an automated chemistry analyzer (Abbott Aeroset, MN, USA) with appropriate commercial kits (Abbott). Serum GH was assessed by an automated chemistry analyzer (Abbott Aeroset, MN, USA), using appropriate commercial kits (Abbott) and reference value of GH was between 0.014 -5.219 ng/ml. The serum total IGF-1 level was assessed by an automated chemistry analyzer (Abbott Aeroset, MN, USA), using appropriate commercial kits (Abbott), and the reference value of IGF-1 varies according to age and sex. Serum GH and IGF-1 levels were measured at the same time of echocardiography examination for each subject.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic assessment</title>
          <p>Echocardiographic evaluation was made by using a 2.5-3.5 MHz transducer EPIQ 7C (Philips Healthcare 3000 Minuteman Road, Andover, MA USA). Echocardiographic evaluation was performed within the first week for patients who met the inclusion criteria. Echocardiographic evaluations of all patients were performed in the left lateral decubitus position with electrocardiography and blood pressure monitoring. All images were taken with at least 3 repetitive cycles from the standard parasternal long and short axis, apical 4 chamber, 5 chamber, and 2 chamber views according to the suggestions of the American Society of Echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> LV diastolic diameter, LV systolic diameter, interventricular septum (IVS) thickness, posterior wall (PW) thickness, LA diastolic diameter were measured from the parasternal long axis image from two-dimensional image windows. Devereux formula was used for LV mass measurement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Afterwards LV mass-index (LVMI) was calculated by dividing LV mass to BSA. LVMI value &gt; 115 gr/m<sup>2</sup>in men and &gt; 95 gr/m<sup>2</sup>in women were considered LV hypertrophy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In the SE procedure, all patients were in normal sinus rhythm. LA and LV myocardial deformation parameters were calculated by using STE over two-dimensional gray scale images. Two-dimensional gray scale apical 4 chambers (A4C), apical 2 chambers (A2C), and apical 3 chambers (A3C) were recorded after expiration by holding one&#8217;s breath. At least three cardiac cycles were recorded for each image, and attention was paid to consider at least 60-80 fps, according to the guidelines of European Society of Cardiology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Segments with insufficient image quality and cardiac cycles containing premature beats were excluded from the measurements.</p>
          <p>QLAB version 10.5 (Philips, Andover, MA, USA) software was used for LV and LA analyses. The software has automatically followed the wall movements throughout the entire cardiac cycle after the LV endocardium has been marked frame by frame with manual drawing method (manual tracking) on the two-dimensional images. LV-GLS values were calculated from the images with 2D-STE. After manually marking 2 basal and 1 apical parts of LV, the remaining endocardial borders were automatically marked by the software and the appropriate epicardial border was also automatically drawn. When the automatically drawn LV boundaries are not suiTable for analysis, the borders were manually corrected for proper analysis. After analysis, the software divided LV A2C, A3C, A4C recordings to six segments, and an 18-segment model was used to calculate LV-GLS ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LV-GLS) measurement by strain echocardiography in patient with acromegaly.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            </fig>
          </p>
          <p>LA myocardial deformation parameters were also calculated from the images of 2D-STE using LV strain software.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Apical four chamber view images of the LA were obtained using standard anatomic landmarks to ensure optimal acquisition and avoid foreshortening with conventional 2-dimensional echocardiography, at relatively high frame rates (60&#8211;80 fps). The LA endocardial border tracing was started at the endocardial border of the mitral annulus, to the LA endocardial border, extrapolating across the pulmonary veins, and/or LA appendage orifices, up to the opposite mitral annulus side by experienced echocardiographers blinded to clinical information. The software then automatically generated an epicardial LA silhouette, which delineated a region of interest in each apical view. Manual adjustment of the region of interest was allowed to encompass the entire LA myocardial layer, followed by automated segmental tracking. After tracking, the LA deformation indices, such as longitudinal strain and its first derivation SR curves, were obtained from a non-foreshortened apical four chamber view.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> We used the R wave as a starting point (R-R gating) for deformation analysis. Longitudinal strain and strain rate curves were generated in all segments, and the average of the segments was calculated for the corresponding time points ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ). Using these curves, peak positive LA strain (LAS) and peak systolic strain rates (LASR) were calculated. LAS and LASR represent reservoir function of the LA. All the echocardiographic images were stored digitally and reviewed offline, with deformation measures performed by an experienced cardiologist, blinded to the data, using Philips QLAB version 10.5 software analysis.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Left atrial deformation parameter measurement by strain echocardiography in patient with acromegaly.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            </fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analyses</title>
          <p>Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS, version 23.0, (SPSS Inc. Chicago, Illinois). Data are expressed as mean &#177; SD for continuous variables and percentage for categorical variables. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test normality, and a p-value &gt;0.05 was defined as normally distributed data. Continuous variables that showed normal distribution were compared using the Student&#8217;s t test and ANOVA, whereas the Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for non-normally distributed samples. Categorical variables and frequencies were compared by means of the chi-square test. Statistical significance was defined as a p-value &lt;0.05 for all comparisons. In our study, parameters that differed in patients with &lt;20% for LV-GLS were found in univariate analysis. Therefore, Backward: LR logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the parameters that independently determined patients with &lt;20% for LV-GLS. Pearson&#8217;s and Spearman&#8217;s correlation were used to examine the relationship between continuous variables. Variables with a p-value &lt;0.05 in the bivariate analysis were tested in the linear regression analysis. Results were expressed as the p-value and hazard ratio (HR) in a 95% CI.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Fifty-eight patients with active acromegaly were included in the study. Eight patients who met the exclusion criteria and could not perform ideal echocardiographic examination were excluded from the study. Forty-five patients included in the study were De novo acromegaly patients. The other three patients were after surgery without remission and two patients were on medical treatment without remission. The study data were divided into two groups, with and without acromegaly (healthy controls). Cohen kappa values that evaluate interobserver and intraobserver variability were over 90% for all echocardiography measurements.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data</title>
          <p>When demographic data were compared between the study groups; age, gender, BMI, and BSA were similar between the groups. The frequency of HT and DM in patients with acromegaly was determined to be 28% and 32%, respectively. In terms of clinical parameters, systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rate were higher in patients with acromegaly. Plasma glucose, NT-proBNP, IGF-1, and growth hormone levels were found to be significantly higher in patients with acromegaly. Other laboratory parameters were similar between the two groups ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Demographic, clinical, and laboratory parameters of acromegaly patients and healthy controls</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th>Acromegaly patients n=50</th>
                    <th>Healthy controls n=50</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (year)</td>
                    <td align="center">46.1 &#177; 6.2</td>
                    <td align="center">44.6 &#177; 5.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.295</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gender (female)</td>
                    <td align="center">17</td>
                    <td align="center">19</td>
                    <td align="center">0.418</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (28%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (32%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Current smoker, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (30%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hyperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (14%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">130 &#177; 19</td>
                    <td align="center">110 &#177; 10</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">81 &#177; 11</td>
                    <td align="center">67 &#177; 6.4</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heart rate (pulse/minute)</td>
                    <td align="center">81 &#177; 11</td>
                    <td align="center">67 &#177; 4.1</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">28.1 &#177; 2.3</td>
                    <td align="center">27.6 &#177; 1.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.164</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Body surface area (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.01 &#177; 0.10</td>
                    <td align="center">2.00 &#177; 0.09</td>
                    <td align="center">0.569</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>White blood cell (&#181;L)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.3 &#177; 1.9</td>
                    <td align="center">7.5 &#177; 1.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.656</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hemoglobin (gr/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">13.1 &#177; 1.8</td>
                    <td align="center">12.9 &#177; 1.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.420</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Plasma glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">109 &#177; 23</td>
                    <td align="center">92 &#177; 5.6</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">32.9 &#177; 16.6</td>
                    <td align="center">29.5 &#177; 4.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.149</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.75 &#177; 0.42</td>
                    <td align="center">0.64 &#177; 0.10</td>
                    <td align="center">0.138</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">197 &#177; 59</td>
                    <td align="center">217 &#177; 60</td>
                    <td align="center">0.095</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Low density lipoprotein (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">135 &#177; 45</td>
                    <td align="center">148 &#177; 44</td>
                    <td align="center">0.157</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>High density lipoprotein (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">44.3 &#177; 15.3</td>
                    <td align="center">48.2 &#177; 8.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.125</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Triglyceride (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">165 &#177; 77</td>
                    <td align="center">191 &#177; 108</td>
                    <td align="center">0.180</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Aspartate aminotransferase (u/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">20.6 &#177; 7.4</td>
                    <td align="center">18.9 &#177; 3.4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.143</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NT-proBNP (pg/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">365 &#177; 297</td>
                    <td align="center">74 &#177; 6.7</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>hs-CRP (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.69 &#177; 1.35</td>
                    <td align="center">0.43 &#177; 0.31</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Alanine aminotransferase (u/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">16.8 &#177; 8.9</td>
                    <td align="center">15.9 &#177; 2.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.298</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IGF-1 (ng/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">376 &#177; 181</td>
                    <td align="center">72 &#177; 7.5</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Growth hormone (ng/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">9.21 &#177; 14.4</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01 &#177; 0.52</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>hs-CRP: High sensitive C reactive protein; IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor 1; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic data</title>
          <p>IVS and PW end-diastolic thickness and LVMI values were found to be significantly higher in patients with acromegaly ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ). LV diameters and LVEF values were found to be similar between the groups with and without acromegaly. LAS and LV-GLS values were significantly lower in patients with acromegaly ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">5</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Echocardiography parameters of acromegaly patients and healthy controls</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th>Acromegaly patients n=50</th>
                    <th>Healthy controls n=50</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IVS end-diastolic thickness (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">12.3 &#177; 1.92</td>
                    <td align="center">9.9 &#177; 1.21</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PW end-diastolic thickness (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">11.9 &#177; 1.32</td>
                    <td align="center">9.7 &#177; 1.01</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV end-diastolic dimension (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">46.7 &#177; 4.5</td>
                    <td align="center">47.3 &#177; 4.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.516</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV end-systolic dimension (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">31.1 &#177; 4.2</td>
                    <td align="center">31.5 &#177; 4.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.656</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LA end-diastolic dimension (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">35.3 &#177; 4.2</td>
                    <td align="center">33.1 &#177; 2.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV ejection fraction (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">57.8 &#177; 4.1</td>
                    <td align="center">58.9 &#177; 5.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.259</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV mass index (gr/m2)</td>
                    <td align="center">108 &#177; 28</td>
                    <td align="center">82&#177; 17</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV hypertrophy, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (50%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LAS (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">21.5 &#177; 1.36</td>
                    <td align="center">23.5 &#177; 1.06</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV-GLS (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#822; 20.4 &#177; 1.45</td>
                    <td align="center">&#822; 22.8 &#177; 0.83</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV-GLS &lt; 20%, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (48%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>IVS: Interventricular septum; LA: Left atrial; LV-GLS: Left ventricular global longitudinal strain; LV: Left ventricular; PW: posterior wall; LAS: peak positive LA strain.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>The Boxplot graphic showed that left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LV-GLS) in patient with acromegaly and healthy controls.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            </fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>The Boxplot graphic showed that peak positive LA strain (LAS) in patient with acromegaly and healthy controls.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            </fig>
          </p>
          <p>When the limit value was taken as &lt;20% for LV-GLS, it was found that LV-GLS levels were decreased in 48% of the acromegaly group. When the demographic, clinical, and laboratory data of patients with decreased and normal LV-GLS acromegaly were compared, it was determined that patients with low LV-GLS had higher rates of HT (45.8% vs 11.5% and p = 0.008) and higher LVMI values (123 gr/m<sup>2</sup>vs 94.6 gr/m<sup>2</sup>and p &lt;0.008). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, it was found that the LVMI value and IGF-1 levels independently predict the reduced LV-GLS value (p = 0.003, OR: 1.060 and CI: 1.019 - 1.102 and p = 0.012, OR: 1.056 and CI: 1.023 - 1.098). According to this analysis, every 1 gr/m<sup>2</sup>increase in LVMI value and every 1 ng/dL increase in IGF-1 level increases the probability of decreased LV-GLS by 6% and 5.6%, respectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Determination of LA deformation measurement</title>
          <p>Correlation analysis was performed to determine the parameters associated with LA deformation. Parameters related to LAS in correlation analysis were summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> . Linear regression analysis was performed to determine the presence of independent relationships of LAS. In linear regression analysis; systolic BP, NT-proBNP, IGF-1, LA end-diastolic diameter, and LVMI were found to be positively and significantly associated with LAS. Statistically, the strongest correlation was found to be between LAS and IGF-1 levels ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 6</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; The parameters associated with LA-GLS and linear regression analysis for parameters significantly correlated with LAS</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="20%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">Univariate analysis</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Multivariate analysis</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>r</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>&#946;</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Systolic blood pressure</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.427</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.278</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diastolic blood pressure</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.362</td>
                    <td align="center">0.470</td>
                    <td align="center">0.102</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heart rate</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.360</td>
                    <td align="center">0.840</td>
                    <td align="center">0.023</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Plasma glucose</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.418</td>
                    <td align="center">0.255</td>
                    <td align="center">0.133</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatinine</td>
                    <td align="center">0.018</td>
                    <td align="center">0.225</td>
                    <td align="center">0.712</td>
                    <td align="center">0.064</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NT-proBNP</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.445</td>
                    <td align="center">0.013</td>
                    <td align="center">0.237</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IGF-1 (ng/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.531</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.531</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Growth hormone (ng/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.025</td>
                    <td align="center">0.225</td>
                    <td align="center">0.408</td>
                    <td align="center">0.096</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LA end-diastolic dimension</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.662</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.378</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV mass index</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.623</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.503</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>LA: Left atrial; LAS: peak positive LA strain; LV: left ventricular; IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor 1; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide. R<sup>2</sup><sub>adjusted</sub>=0,684 and p&lt; 0.001 in multivariate analyses.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Scatter plot diagram of the relationship of peak positive LA strain (LAS) with insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). A 10-logarithmic scale of IGF-1 value was obtained.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            </fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Determination of LV-GLS-related parameters</title>
          <p>Correlation analysis was performed to determine the parameters associated with LV-GLS. Parameters related to LV-GLS in the correlation analysis were summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> . Linear regression analysis was performed to determine the presence of independent relationships of LV-GLS related parameters. In linear regression analysis; systolic blood pressure, NT-proBNP, IGF-1, LA end-diastolic diameter and LVMI were found to be positively and significantly associated with the LV-GLS value. Statistically, the strongest correlation was found to be between the LV-GLS and IGF-1 levels ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 7</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; The parameters associated with LV-GLS and linear regression analysis for parameters significantly correlated with LV-GLS</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="20%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">Univariate analysis</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Multivariate analysis</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>r</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>&#946;</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age</td>
                    <td align="center">0.026</td>
                    <td align="center">0.223</td>
                    <td align="center">0.844</td>
                    <td align="center">0.017</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Body mass index</td>
                    <td align="center">0.033</td>
                    <td align="center">0.213</td>
                    <td align="center">0.256</td>
                    <td align="center">0.092</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Systolic blood pressure</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.509</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.300</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diastolic blood pressure</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.462</td>
                    <td align="center">0.605</td>
                    <td align="center">0.076</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heart rate</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.408</td>
                    <td align="center">0.426</td>
                    <td align="center">0.081</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Plasma glucose</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.442</td>
                    <td align="center">0.172</td>
                    <td align="center">0.146</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatinine</td>
                    <td align="center">0.015</td>
                    <td align="center">0.243</td>
                    <td align="center">0.263</td>
                    <td align="center">0.090</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NT-proBNP</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.478</td>
                    <td align="center">0.011</td>
                    <td align="center">0.176</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IGF-1</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.626</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.626</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Growth hormone (ng/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.429</td>
                    <td align="center">0.050</td>
                    <td align="center">0.207</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LA end-diastolic dimension</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.341</td>
                    <td align="center">0.009</td>
                    <td align="center">0.199</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV mass index</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.623</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.548</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor 1; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; LV-GLS: Left ventricular global longitudinal strain. R<sup>2</sup><sub>adjusted</sub>=0,641 and p&lt; 0.001 in multivariate analyses.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f07001">
              <label>Figure 7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>
                  <italic>Scatter plot diagram of the relationship of left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LV-GLS) with Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). A 10-logarithmic scale of IGF-1 value was obtained.</italic>
                </title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            </fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first study to evaluate LV-GLS and LAS together in patients with acromegaly. The main finding of our study was that LV and LA systolic functions in SE were found to be impaired despite the preservation of LV systolic functions in conventional echocardiography. Another important finding was that the IGF-1 level, which is one of the most important parameters of acromegaly disease activity, was strongly correlated with LAS and LV-GLS. In addition, in our study, it was found that 48% of patients with acromegaly had silent impaired LV systolic function detected with SE and this condition was closely and independently related to LVMI value and IGF-1 level.</p>
        <p>Acromegaly is one of the secondary causes of HT. HT and DM are common in these patients due to the metabolic effects of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> In patients with acromegaly, fibrosis and hypertrophic changes occur in different degrees of LV and LA myocardium, with both increasing frequency of HT and DM, and an increasing IGF-1 level. LVH is common and can be seen in 25-85% of all patients with acromegaly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> In our study, 50% of the patients with acromegaly had LVH. In patients with acromegaly, cardiac changes due to increased hormones and associated HT and DM are called acromegalic cardiomyopathy (CMP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> This disease consists of 3 phases; i) an increase in LV and right ventricle (RV) contractility and LVH accompanied by increased IGF-1, ii) diastolic dysfunction as a result of decreased LV elasticity, iii) typical cardiomyopathy appearance with LV dilatation and decreased LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> LVEF decrease and LV dilatation, which is the 3rd stage of the disease, are seen in only 1-10% of the patients with acromegaly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> However, it is important to evaluate LV functions of these patients with a new diagnostic method as early as stage 1, before irreversible cardiac changes occur.</p>
        <p>Evaluation of LV systolic function with LV-GLS is relatively new and still quite uncommon. LV-GLS is mostly used to evaluate subclinical or silent cardiac involvement of systemic diseases with normal LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Cardiovascular mortality increases in patients with acromegaly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Decreased LV-GLS values have proven to be associated with sudden cardiac death and life-threatening arrhythmia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> The fact that SE is easily accessible and inexpensive gives it an important advantage over other methods. However, the most important limitation is that the image quality must be very good. Although SE was used frequently to evaluate LV functions in the first place; in the last few years, many studies evaluated LA functions with strain echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Several studies have evaluated LV-GLS in patients with acromegaly and normal LVEF, and contradictory results have been obtained.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The first study was conducted by Volschan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> in 2017 in 37 patients with active acromegaly, and it was found that the LV-GLS value did not change or even increased with no statistical significance when compared to healthy controls. In another study conducted in 2018, it was reported that there was a decrease in LV-GLS value in acromegaly patients, and this situation was related to LVH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In another study conducted and published very recently by the same authors, LV-GLS was reported to be lower in patients with acromegaly, similar to the previous study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Our study supports two studies showing that the LV-GLS value is decreased in patients with acromegaly. In addition to previous studies, we also showed a significant decrease in LA-GLS in the same patient group. The cut-off value for reduced LV-GLS was accepted as &lt;20%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In our study, 48% of the patients with acromegaly were under &lt;20%. In other words, LV systolic functions of half of the patients with acromegaly were impaired. Increased LVMI and IGF-1 were found to be strongly associated with decreased LV-GLS in acromegaly patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Serum IGF-1 and GH levels were not related in patients with reduced LV-GLS in the same studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In our study, similar to the previous study, LVMI was found to predict patients with reduced LV-GLS; moreover, IGF-1 levels were significantly related to reduced LV-GLS. In our study, it was found that every 1 gr/m<sup>2</sup>increase in LVMI increased the risk of reduced LV-GLS by 6%. In additional to this, every 1 ng/dL increase in IGF-1 level increased the probability of decreased LV-GLS by 5.6%. LVMI, which is the most objective finding of the cardiac involvement in patients with acromegaly, is also the most closely associated parameter with decreased LV-GLS. Therefore, intervention to HT, DM, and LVMI as early as possible may be the most logical way to delay future systolic dysfunction in patients with acromegaly.</p>
        <p>Impaired LV-GLS in patients with acromegaly can be explained by two pathophysiological mechanisms. The first is the effect of HT and DM. LV-GLS reduction has been demonstrated previously with the cardiac effects of HT and DM even in the asymptomatic period before any CV disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> In our study, the prevalence of HT and DM in patients with acromegaly is 28% and 32%, respectively. The prevalence of HT was significantly higher in patients with decreased LV-GLS. This indicates that LV-GLS is affected by the presence of HT. The second mechanism may be LV heterotrophy and myocardial fibrosis due to increased IGF-1 in patients with acromegaly without HT and DM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> An increased IGF-1 value may be associated with disease activity and cardiac involvement. In our study, the IGF-1 level, which is one of the most important parameters of acromegaly activity, was strongly correlated with LV-GLS.</p>
        <p>There is limited data on LA function and size in patients with acromegaly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> In a previous study, it was reported that LA volume and mechanical functions were similar to healthy controls, and serum IGF-1 and GH levels were not associated with LA mechanical function in patients with acromegaly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> In another recent study, an increase in LA volume was reported in patients with acromegaly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In our study, LA volume was not evaluated, but LA diastolic diameter was increased in patients with acromegaly.</p>
        <p>Although there is no study in the literature evaluating LAS with 2D-STE in acromegaly patients, LA strain imaging was performed in only one study with 3D-STE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Kormanyos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> reported that LA global and mean segmental strain values were increased and LA circumferential strain values was decreased. A similar finding was demonstrated for right atrium in another study by the same authors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> It has been reported that the IGF-1 level and the LA circumferential strain value were positively correlated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Our study was the first to demonstrate a decrease in LAS, and its strong and positive correlation with IGF-1, which is one of the disease activity parameters.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>As a single-center non-randomized study, our patient cohort might be different from other centers. The sample size is relatively small and our results need to be confirmed in future, large multi-center prospective trials. CV mortality and morbidity are high in patients with acromegaly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> However; we did not evaluate the prognosis. In addition, the effect of treatment on LV-GLS and LAS was not evaluated due to the absence of follow-up. In our study, we did not have the information regarding the pathophysiologic insight of reduced LV-GLS due to the lack of histopathological evaluation with myocardial biopsy. Sleep apnea is common in patients with acromegaly,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and it has an adverse effect on LV functions. However, we were not able to do polysomnography in all patients. The most important types of cardiac involvement are LVH and myocardial fibrosis in patients with acromegaly. Myocardial fibrosis can be best assessed with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. If we had been able to perform cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, we would have been able to evaluate the association of late gadolinium enhancement with LA-GLS and LV-GLS. Diastolic dysfunction was also common (50.5%) in patients with acromegaly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Therefore; we did not evaluate the diastolic dysfunction in these patients groups.</p>
          <p>It was shown in previous studies that LA and LV volume and volume index increased in patients with acromegaly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In our study, we only measured LV diameter and LA end-diastolic diameter. If we also measured the LA and LV volume index, there could be changes especially in the parameters related to LA-GLS.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Although LVEF is normal in patients with acromegaly, LAS and LV-GLS detected with 2D-STE are significantly lower and are closely related to plasma IGF-1 levels. Apart from an increase in LVMI, another finding of cardiac involvement may be the decrease in LAS and LV-GLS. Therefore, in addition to routine echocardiography, LAS and LV-GLS may be useful to evaluate early signs of cardiac involvement before the occurrence of irreversible cardiac changes in patients with acromegaly.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding:There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
