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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">nSgThK6fJ3QK6SDZgL95pSF</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000300614</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201180</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201180</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diferen&#231;as Raciais no Controle da Press&#227;o Arterial em Usu&#225;rios de Anti-Hipertensivos em Monoterapia: Resultados do Estudo ELSA-Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8946-1820</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2740-0042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7383-7811</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Sandhi Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5454-2460</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Giatti</surname>
            <given-names>Luana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7317-1367</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brant</surname>
            <given-names>Luisa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4856-8450</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lotufo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3941-5786</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chor</surname>
            <given-names>Dora</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7875-8212</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3349-8541</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mengue</surname>
            <given-names>Sotero Serrate</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6379-0415</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Baldoni</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6462-3504</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Roberta Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o Del-Rei</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Divin&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o Del-Rei - Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Divin&#243;polis, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Faculdade de Medicina e Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Medicina Preventiva e Social, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Departamento de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz - Escola de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia - Faculdade de Medicina, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Epidemiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Epidemiologia, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Roberta Carvalho Figueiredo &#8226; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o Del-Rei - Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu - Rua Sebasti&#227;o Gon&#231;alves Coelho, 400. CEP 35501-296, Chanadour Divin&#243;polis, MG &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>robertafigueiredo@ufsj.edu.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Sousa CT, Ribeiro A, Barreto SM, Giatti L, Brant L, Lotufo P, Chor D, Lopes AA, Mengue SS, Baldoni AO, Figueiredo RC</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>614</fpage>
      <lpage>622</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Aparentemente, a pior resposta a algumas classes de anti-hipertensivos, especialmente inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina e bloqueadores de receptor de angiotensina, pela popula&#231;&#227;o negra, explicaria, pelo menos parcialmente, o pior controle da hipertens&#227;o entre esses indiv&#237;duos. Entretanto, a maioria das evid&#234;ncias v&#234;m de estudos norte-americanos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Este estudo tem o objetivo de investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre ra&#231;a/cor da pele autorrelatadas e controle de PA em participantes do Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) utilizando v&#225;rias classes de anti-hipertensivos em monoterapia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> O estudo envolveu uma an&#225;lise transversal, realizada com participantes da linha de base do ELSA-Brasil. O controle de press&#227;o arterial foi a vari&#225;vel de resposta, participantes com valores de PA &#8805;140/90 mmHg foram considerados descontrolados em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial. A ra&#231;a/cor da pele foi autorrelatada (branco, pardo, negro). Todos os participantes tiveram que responder perguntas sobre uso cont&#237;nuo de medicamentos. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre o controle de PA e ra&#231;a/cor da pele foi estimada por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado nesse estudo foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Do total de 1.795 usu&#225;rios de anti-hipertensivos em monoterapia na linha de base, 55,5% se declararam brancos, 27,9%, pardos e 16,7%, negros. Mesmo depois de padronizar em rela&#231;&#227;o a vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o, negros em uso de inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA), bloqueadores de receptor de angiotensina (BRA), diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos (DIU tiaz&#237;dicos) e betabloqueadores (BB) in monoterapia tinham controle de press&#227;o arterial pior em compara&#231;&#227;o a brancos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que, nesta amostra de brasileiros adultos utilizando anti-hipertensivos em monoterapia, as diferen&#231;as de controle de press&#227;o arterial entre os v&#225;rios grupos raciais n&#227;o s&#227;o explicadas pela poss&#237;vel efic&#225;cia mais baixa dos IECA e BRA em indiv&#237;duos negros.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Anti-Hipertensivos</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Grupos de Popula&#231;&#245;es Continentais</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0010,00 RS</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0212,00 BA</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0300,00 ES</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0278,00 MG</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0115,00 SP</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0071,00 RJ</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>300159 / 99-4</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>310679 / 2016-8</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>465518 / 2014-1</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>PPM-00428-17</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>303371 / 2014-5</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPERJ</funding-source>
          <award-id>E26 / 201220/2014</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>312505 / 2018-3</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
          <award-id>001</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado com o apoio do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de (Departamento de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia) e do Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o (Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, FINEP; e Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico, CNPq), por meio n&#186;. 01 06 0010,00 RS, 01 06 0212,00 BA, 01 06 0300,00 ES, 01 06 0278,00 MG, 01 06 0115,00 SP e 01 06 0071,00 RJ. S. M. Barreto &#233; bolsista de pesquisa do CNPq (bolsa n&#186; 300159 / 99-4). S. M. Barreto tamb&#233;m &#233; financiada por uma bolsa de pesquisa (Pesquisador Mineiro) da FAPEMIG, a ag&#234;ncia de pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. O Dr. Ribeiro recebeu apoio parcial do CNPq (bolsas 310679 / 2016-8 e 465518 / 2014-1) e da FAPEMIG (Programa Pesquisador Mineiro, PPM-00428-17). DC &#233; bolsista do CNPq, bolsa 303371 / 2014-5, e da Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), bolsa E26 / 201220/2014. A. A. Lopes &#233; bolsista do CNPq, bolsa 312505 / 2018-3. A C.T Sousa foi parcialmente financiada pela Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - C&#243;digo Financeiro 001.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="41"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>V&#225;rios estudos demonstraram a preval&#234;ncia e a gravidade da hipertens&#227;o s&#227;o mais altas em negros que em brancos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, os dados indicam que, entre os pacientes hipertensos, os negros t&#234;m, em geral, um controle pior da press&#227;o arterial que os brancos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A diferen&#231;a no controle da press&#227;o arterial entre brancos e negros parece ser maior para algumas classes de anti-hipertensivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A hipertens&#227;o afeta desproporcionalmente mais indiv&#237;duos negros. Al&#233;m disso, o controle dos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial tamb&#233;m parece ser mais dif&#237;cil nesses indiv&#237;duos em compara&#231;&#227;o com a popula&#231;&#227;o branca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Aparentemente, a pior resposta a algumas classes de anti-hipertensivos explicaria, pelo menos parcialmente, o pior controle da hipertens&#227;o entre esses indiv&#237;duos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos mostram que um parte da popula&#231;&#227;o negra tem baixa produ&#231;&#227;o de renina e, portanto, por um mecanismo compensat&#243;rio, o corpo aumenta a produ&#231;&#227;o vascular de angiotensina II, e, consequentemente, h&#225; uma aumento nos efeitos da aldosterona.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> V&#225;rios estudo de monoterapia indicam que pacientes negros t&#234;m menos redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA) com inibidores de enzima conversora da angiotensina (IECA) ou bloqueadores de receptor de angiotensina (BRA) em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes brancos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, ao comparar as classes de bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio (BCC) e diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos (DIU tiaz&#237;dicos) indicados como primeira escolha para o tratamento da hipertens&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o negra, o uso de IECA em monoterapia estava associado ao aumento do risco de eventos cardiovasculares nesses indiv&#237;duos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nesse sentido, as diretrizes terap&#234;uticas norte-americanas e europeias n&#227;o recomendam IECA ou BRA como monoterapia, como medicamento de escolha no tratamento da hipertens&#227;o em indiv&#237;duos negros, j&#225; que s&#227;o medicamentos que agem na via renina-angiotensina-aldosterona.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Entretanto, embora o tratamento da PA tenha sido amplamente estudado em afro-americanos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> isso n&#227;o se aplica a negros brasileiros. Ainda h&#225; grande escassez de estudos sobre esse assunto no pa&#237;s, e, dessa forma, os dados s&#227;o extrapolados especialmente dos Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica (EUA). Entretanto, essa extrapola&#231;&#227;o exige certo cuidado, j&#225; que h&#225; diferen&#231;as entre a popula&#231;&#227;o negra norte-americana e a brasileira, especialmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; alta miscigena&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas brasileiras, e ao risco cardiovascular,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> o que faz com que esse campo seja uma &#225;rea de pesquisa importante.</p>
      <p>Os BRA e IECA est&#227;o entre os anti-hipertensivos mais frequentemente usados entre os adultos brasileiros,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> independentemente de ra&#231;a/cor da pele, principalmente porque s&#227;o distribu&#237;dos gratuitamente pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de brasileiro (SUS). Os resultados da Pesquisa Nacional sobre o Acesso, Utiliza&#231;&#227;o e Promo&#231;&#227;o do Uso Racional de Medicamentos no Brasil (PNAUM), demonstraram que cerca de 21% dos respondentes utilizavam IECA (enalapril ou captopril), e 20% usavam BRA (losartana).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A preval&#234;ncia do uso de monoterapia com IECA e BRA na linha de base do Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) foi 12,4% e 11,0%, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Portanto, o presente estudo tem o objetivo de investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre ra&#231;a/cor da pele autorrelatadas e controle de PA em participantes do ELSA-Brasil utilizando v&#225;rias classes de anti-hipertensivos em monoterapia.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho e popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>O ELSA-Brasil &#233; uma coorte prospectiva composta de 15.105 funcion&#225;rios p&#250;blicos, na ativa ou aposentados, de sete institui&#231;&#245;es p&#250;blicas ou de educa&#231;&#227;o superior e/ou pesquisa de sete capitais brasileiras. Mais informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o desenho do estudo e o perfil da coorte podem ser encontradas nos artigos publicados por Aquino et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> e Schmidt et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O estudo envolveu uma an&#225;lise transversal, realizada com participantes da linha de base (2008-2010) do ELSA-Brasil. Todos os participantes que eram usu&#225;rios de IECA, BRA, BCC, betabloqueadores (BB) e DIU tiaz&#237;dicos em monoterapia, que responderam ao question&#225;rio sobre o uso de medicamentos, tinham informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis sobre ra&#231;a/cor da pele autorrelatadas, e sobre os valores dos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial, foram inclu&#237;dos.</p>
        <p>Dos 4.412 participantes que usavam anti-hipertensivos, os participantes que n&#227;o apresentaram informa&#231;&#245;es sobre ra&#231;a/cor da pele autorrelatadas (n = 56) e os que se declararam asi&#225;ticos ou ind&#237;genas (n = 154) foram exclu&#237;dos, al&#233;m dos participantes que usaram anti-hipertensivos em politerapia (n = 2.407). Portanto, a amostra anal&#237;tica foi composta de 1.795 usu&#225;rios de anti-hipertensivo em monoterapia. Todos os participantes assinaram um formul&#225;rio de consentimento informado e o estudo foi aprovado pelos comit&#234;s de &#233;tica de cada institui&#231;&#227;o envolvida.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis do estudo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Controle da press&#227;o arterial</title>
          <p>Os n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial foram medidos ap&#243;s um repouso de cinco minutos, com os participantes sentados em uma sala silenciosa em temperatura controlada. O dispositivo com manguito duplo e oscilom&#233;trico (Omron HEM 705CPINT) foi utilizado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Foram feitas tr&#234;s aferi&#231;&#245;es em intervalos de um minuto e a m&#233;dia das duas &#250;ltimas foi considerada a PA de cada participante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Os participantes foram classificados em dois grupos dependendo se tinham PA controlada ou n&#227;o. A PA sist&#243;lica &lt;140 mmHg e a PA diast&#243;lica &lt;90 mmHg foram consideradas controladas. Participantes com valores de PA &#8805;140/90 mmHg foram considerados descontrolados em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ra&#231;a/Cor da pele autorrelatadas</title>
          <p>Todos os participantes tiveram que responder: <italic>&#8220;O censo brasileiro (IBGE) usa os termos &#8216;negro&#8217;, &#8216;pardo&#8217;, &#8216;branco&#8217;, &#8216;asi&#225;tico&#8217;, e &#8216;ind&#237;gena&#8217; para classificar a cor da pele ou a ra&#231;a das pessoas. Se voc&#234; tivesse que responder ao censo do IBGE hoje, como voc&#234; se classificaria em rela&#231;&#227;o a sua ra&#231;a ou cor?&#8221;</italic> , com as seguintes op&#231;&#245;es de resposta: negro, pardo, branco, asi&#225;tico e ind&#237;gena brasileiro. No presente estudo, apenas participantes que alegaram ser brancos, negros ou pardos foram inclu&#237;dos, devido aos n&#250;meros baixos das outras categorias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Classe de anti-hipertensivos</title>
          <p>Todos os participantes tiveram que responder perguntas sobre uso cont&#237;nuo de medicamentos nas duas semanas anteriores<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> e foram instru&#237;dos a levar as prescri&#231;&#245;es e/ou os medicamentos usados, ao centro de pesquisa.</p>
          <p>Os medicamentos anti-hipertensivos relatados pelos participantes foram classificados de acordo com as seguintes classes: bloqueadores de receptor de angiotensina (BRA) (candesartana, irbesartana, losartana, olmesartana, telmisartana, valsartana); betabloqueadores (betabloqueadores com seletividade beta-1 (atenolol, bisoprolol, nebivolol, metropolol) e bloqueadores n&#227;o seletivos (propanolol, nadolol, pindolol)); bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio diidropirid&#237;nicos (amlodipina, felodipina, isradipina, lacidipina, lercanidipino, nifedipino, nimodipino, nitrendipino, manidipino) e n&#227;o diidropirid&#237;nicos (diltiazem, verapamil); diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos (clortalidona, hidroclorotiazida, indapamida); e inibidores de enzima conversora da angiotensina (captopril, benazepril, delapril, fosinopril, lisinopril, enalapril, perindopril, ramipril, trandolapril).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e socioecon&#244;micas, estilos de vida relacionados &#224; sa&#250;de, condi&#231;&#245;es antropom&#233;tricas e cl&#237;nicas</title>
          <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas socioecon&#244;micas dos participantes foram obtidas por question&#225;rios estruturados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> No presente estudo, as seguintes vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas foram consideradas: sexo, idade (em escala cont&#237;nua), e grau de instru&#231;&#227;o (categorizados em: Ensino superior completo, Ensino m&#233;dio completo &lt; Ensino m&#233;dio completo)</p>
          <p>O consumo excessivo de bebidas alco&#243;licas foi avaliado e definido utilizando tipo de bebida geralmente consumida, frequ&#234;ncia, e padr&#245;es de consumo. As informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas no question&#225;rio foram resumidas e definidas em gramas de &#225;lcool consumidos por semana. Consumo excessivo &gt;210 g de &#225;lcool por semana foi considerado para homens, e &gt;140 g por semana, para mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
          <p>O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) foi obtido medindo-se a altura e o peso e classificado em tr&#234;s categorias: &lt;25 (peso normal); &#8805;25 e &lt;30 (sobrepeso) e &#8805;30 (obesidade). Diabetes Mellitus (DM) foi definida por autorrelato de diagn&#243;stico anterior ou uso de medicamento para tratar o diabetes; ou glicemia em jejum &#8805;126 mg/dL; ou teste de toler&#226;ncia a glicose &#8805;200 mg/dL; ou hemoglobina glicada &#8805;6,5 %.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Todos os participantes responderam h&#225; quanto tempo estavam usando o medicamento anti-hipertensivo relatado. O tempo foi classificado como anos de uso.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Inicialmente, as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e socioecon&#244;micas, h&#225;bitos de vida relacionados &#224; sa&#250;de, condi&#231;&#245;es antropom&#233;tricas e cl&#237;nicas dos participantes foram distribu&#237;das de acordo com a popula&#231;&#227;o total e as tr&#234;s categorias de ra&#231;a/cor da pele autorrelatadas. Elas foram descritas utilizando propor&#231;&#245;es para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, e m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos foi realizada usando o teste t Student n&#227;o pareado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e teste ANOVA de via &#250;nica para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre o controle de PA e ra&#231;a/cor da pele foi estimada por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica.</p>
          <p>As covari&#225;veis (caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e socioecon&#244;micas, consumo excessivo de &#225;lcool, IMC (cont&#237;nuo), DM, e tempo de uso de anti-hipertensivos) foram adicionadas aos modelos passo a passo com elimina&#231;&#227;o posterior. As raz&#245;es de chance (RC) brutas e padronizadas e seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC 95%) foram estimadas. Foi investigado se a ra&#231;a/cor da pele autorrelatada (categoria de refer&#234;ncia: brancos) estava associada ao controle de PA entre os 1.795 usu&#225;rios das cinco classes de anti-hipertensivos em monoterapia da linha de base. Ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise univariada, as RC brutas (Modelo 0) foram padronizadas para idade, sexo, e grau de instru&#231;&#227;o (Modelo 1). Em seguida, o Modelo 1 foi padronizado para consumo excessivo de &#225;lcool (Modelo 2), e, por &#250;ltimo, o Modelo 2 foi padronizado para IMC, DM, e tempo de uso de anti-hipertensivos (Modelo 3). Todas as vari&#225;veis que permaneceram estatisticamente associadas &#224; vari&#225;vel de resposta (p &lt;0,05) foram mantidas no modelo final ap&#243;s todas as padroniza&#231;&#245;es. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando o software Stata (vers&#227;o 14.0)</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Do total de 1.795 usu&#225;rios de anti-hipertensivos em monoterapia na linha de base, 995 (55,5%) se declararam brancos. Tanto no total da popula&#231;&#227;o quanto nos tr&#234;s grupos raciais, as mulheres eram maioria. A m&#233;dia de idade entre os brancos era de 57 (9,0) anos, e era de 55 (8,2) anos entre as popula&#231;&#245;es negra e parda. O ensino superior completo era significativamente mais frequente entre os brancos em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s popula&#231;&#245;es negra parda. A frequ&#234;ncia de DM e obesidade era significativamente mais alta entre indiv&#237;duos negros, seguida dos participantes pardos e brancos. O consumo excessivo de &#225;lcool n&#227;o era significativamente diferente entre os tr&#234;s grupos raciais ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o de usu&#225;rios de anti-hipertensivos em monoterapia na linha de base de acordo com caracter&#237;sticas socioecon&#244;micas; h&#225;bitos relacionados &#224; sa&#250;de e presen&#231;a de morbidades; controle da press&#227;o arterial; n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial; classe de f&#225;rmaco e tempo de uso dos anti-hipertensivos distribu&#237;dos de acordo com categorias de ra&#231;a/cor da pele autorrelatadas. n (%). m&#233;dia (DP) ELSA-Brasil*. (2008-2010) (N= 1,795)*</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="17%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>Geral (N=1,795)</th>
                <th>Brancos (N=995)</th>
                <th>Pardos (N=501)</th>
                <th>Negros (N=299)</th>
                <th>p-valor<sup>&#8225;</sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">832 (46,4)</td>
                <td align="center">486 (48,8)</td>
                <td align="center">230 (45,9)</td>
                <td align="center">116 (38,8)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">963 (53,6)</td>
                <td align="center">509 (51,2)</td>
                <td align="center">271 (54,1)</td>
                <td align="center">183 (61,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">56 (8,7)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (9,0)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (8,2)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (8,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,023<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Grau de instru&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ensino superior completo</td>
                <td align="center">972 (54,1)</td>
                <td align="center">699 (70,2)</td>
                <td align="center">203 (40,5)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (23,4)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ensino m&#233;dio completo</td>
                <td align="center">583 (32,5)</td>
                <td align="center">228 (22,9)</td>
                <td align="center">205 (40,9)</td>
                <td align="center">150 (50,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; Ensino m&#233;dio completo</td>
                <td align="center">240 (13,4)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (6,8)</td>
                <td align="center">93 (18,6)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (26,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Consumo excessivo de &#225;lcool</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>1</bold>
                  </sup>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1,650 (92,0)</td>
                <td align="center">902 (90,7)</td>
                <td align="center">467 (93,4)</td>
                <td align="center">281 (94,0)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,079</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">143 (8,0)</td>
                <td align="center">92 (9,3)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (6,6)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (6,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Diabetes</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1,273 (71,0)</td>
                <td align="center">735 (74,0)</td>
                <td align="center">348 (69,5)</td>
                <td align="center">190 (63,5)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">521 (29,0)</td>
                <td align="center">259 (26,0)</td>
                <td align="center">153 (30,5)</td>
                <td align="center">109 (36,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>&#205;ndice de massa corporal (IMC)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso normal</td>
                <td align="center">458 (25,5)</td>
                <td align="center">267 (26,8)</td>
                <td align="center">132 (23,3)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (19,8)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sobrepeso</td>
                <td align="center">780 (43,5)</td>
                <td align="center">444 (44,6)</td>
                <td align="center">212 (42,3)</td>
                <td align="center">124 (41,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">556 (31,0)</td>
                <td align="center">284 (28,5)</td>
                <td align="center">157 (31,4)</td>
                <td align="center">115 (39,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Controle da press&#227;o arterial</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Controlada</td>
                <td align="center">1,297 (72,3)</td>
                <td align="center">776 (78,0)</td>
                <td align="center">338 (67,5)</td>
                <td align="center">183 (61,2)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Descontrolada</td>
                <td align="center">498 (27,7)</td>
                <td align="center">219 (22,0)</td>
                <td align="center">163 (32,5)</td>
                <td align="center">116 (38,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>M&#233;dia dos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">128 (17,3)</td>
                <td align="center">126 (16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">130 (16,5)</td>
                <td align="center">133 (19,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>M&#233;dia dos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">79 (10,5)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (10,5)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (10,5)</td>
                <td align="center">82 (10,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,362</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Classe de anti-hipertensivos</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA</td>
                <td align="center">500 (27,9)</td>
                <td align="center">266 (26,7)</td>
                <td align="center">142 (28,3)</td>
                <td align="center">92 (30,8)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="5">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DIU tiaz&#237;dicos</td>
                <td align="center">291 (16,2)</td>
                <td align="center">123 (12,4)</td>
                <td align="center">98 (19,6)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (23,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BCC</td>
                <td align="center">121 (6,7)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (5,1)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (7,4)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (110,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRA</td>
                <td align="center">439 (24,5)</td>
                <td align="center">278 (28,0)</td>
                <td align="center">114 (22,7)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (15,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BB</td>
                <td align="center">444 (24,7)</td>
                <td align="center">277 (27,8)</td>
                <td align="center">110 (22,0)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (19,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de uso de anti-hipertensivos (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">4,0 (4,3)</td>
                <td align="center">4,2 (4,2)</td>
                <td align="center">3,9 (4,5)</td>
                <td align="center">3,5 (4,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,106<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>Diferen&#231;as no N total para cada vari&#225;vel se devem aos valores faltantes. <sup>&#8224;</sup> Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). <sup>1</sup> Consumo excessivo de &#225;lcool definido como &gt;210 g de &#225;lcool/semana para homens, e &gt;140 g de &#225;lcool/semana para mulheres. <sup>2</sup> Valores de refer&#234;ncia para press&#227;o arterial de controle: Controlada (&lt;140/90 mmHg), Descontrolada (&#8805;140 / 90 mmHg) <sup>&#8225;</sup> p-valor resultante do Teste qui-quadrado <sup>&#167;</sup> p-valor resultante do teste ANOVA. Press&#227;o arterial (PA), Inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA), Bloqueadores de receptor de angiotensina (BRA), Bloqueadores de canal de c&#225;lcio (BCC), Betabloqueadores (BB) Diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos (DIU tiaz&#237;dicos).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A porcentagem de participantes que tinham PA descontrolada era mais alta entre os indiv&#237;duos negros, seguida dos participantes pardos e brancos (38,8 %, 32,5 %, e 22,0 % respectivamente; p &lt;0,05). Os participantes negros tinham uma frequ&#234;ncia mais alta de uso de IECA (30,8 %), DIU tiaz&#237;dicos (23,4 %) e BCC (11,0 %) quando comparados com outras ra&#231;as. A porcentagem de uso de BRA (28,0 %) e BB (27,8 %) era mais alta entre os participantes brancos ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>A porcentagem de participantes que n&#227;o tinham controle de PA era mais alta entre os usu&#225;rios de IECA, seguida dos usu&#225;rios de BCC, DIU tiaz&#237;dicos, BRA e BB (33,2 %, 31,4 %, 28,2 %, 26,9 %, e 21,2 % respectivamente; p &lt;0,05). N&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica mais altos estavam presentes entre os usu&#225;rios de BCC, seguidos de IECA. Usu&#225;rios de IECA tinham n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica m&#233;dios mais altos, seguidos dos usu&#225;rios de DIU tiaz&#237;dicos e BRA. O tempo m&#233;dio de uso de anti-hipertensivos era mais alto entre os usu&#225;rios de BCC ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ). Mais informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos participantes do estudo por ra&#231;a/cor da pele autorrelatadas e classes de anti-hipertensivos s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref> do ap&#234;ndice.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o de usu&#225;rios de anti-hipertensivo em monoterapia na linha de base de acordo com caracter&#237;sticas socioecon&#244;micas; h&#225;bitos relacionados &#224; sa&#250;de e presen&#231;a de morbidades; controle da press&#227;o arterial; n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial e tempo de uso dos anti-hipertensivos distribu&#237;dos de acordo com classes de anti-hipertensivos. n (%). m&#233;dia (DP) ELSA-Brasil&#8224;. (2008-2010) (N= 1,795)*</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>IECA (N=500)</th>
                <th>Diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos (N=291)</th>
                <th>BCC (N=121)</th>
                <th>BRA (N=439)</th>
                <th>BB (N=444)</th>
                <th>p-valor<sup>&#8225;</sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">289 (57,8)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (28,9)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (48,8)</td>
                <td align="center">227 (51,7)</td>
                <td align="center">173 (38,9)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">211 (42,2)</td>
                <td align="center">207 (71,1)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (51,2)</td>
                <td align="center">212 (48,3)</td>
                <td align="center">271 (61,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (8,4)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (8,5)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (8,5)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (8,6)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (8,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,668<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Grau de instru&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ensino superior completo</td>
                <td align="center">230 (46,0)</td>
                <td align="center">119 (40,9)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (53,7)</td>
                <td align="center">291 (53,7)</td>
                <td align="center">267 (60,1)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ensino m&#233;dio completo</td>
                <td align="center">188 (37,6)</td>
                <td align="center">114 (39,2)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (29,7)</td>
                <td align="center">112 (25,5)</td>
                <td align="center">133 (23,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; Ensino m&#233;dio completo</td>
                <td align="center">82 (16,4)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (19,9)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (16,5)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (8,2)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (9,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Consumo excessivo de &#225;lcool<sup>1</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">449 (89,8)</td>
                <td align="center">275 (94,8)</td>
                <td align="center">113 (93,4)</td>
                <td align="center">400 (91,3)</td>
                <td align="center">413 (93,0)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,104</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">51 (10,2)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (5,2)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (6,6)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (8,7)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (7,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">307 (61,4)</td>
                <td align="center">219 (75,3)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (68,6)</td>
                <td align="center">306 (69,7)</td>
                <td align="center">358 (80,8)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">193 (38,6)</td>
                <td align="center">72 (24,7)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (31,4)</td>
                <td align="center">133 (30,3)</td>
                <td align="center">85 (19,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>&#205;ndice de massa corporal (IMC)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso normal</td>
                <td align="center">115 (23,0)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (25,8)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (31,4)</td>
                <td align="center">93 (21,2)</td>
                <td align="center">137 (30,9)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sobrepeso</td>
                <td align="center">212 (42,4)</td>
                <td align="center">102 (35,1)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (45,5)</td>
                <td align="center">206 (46,9)</td>
                <td align="center">205 (46,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">173 (34,6)</td>
                <td align="center">114 (39,2)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (23,1)</td>
                <td align="center">140 (31,9)</td>
                <td align="center">101 (22,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Controle da press&#227;o arterial</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Controlada</td>
                <td align="center">334 (66,8)</td>
                <td align="center">209 (71,8)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (68,6)</td>
                <td align="center">321 (73,1)</td>
                <td align="center">350 (78,8)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Descontrolada</td>
                <td align="center">166 (33,2)</td>
                <td align="center">82 (28,2)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (31,4)</td>
                <td align="center">118 (26,9)</td>
                <td align="center">94 (21,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>M&#233;dia dos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica</td>
                <td align="center">130 (18,6)</td>
                <td align="center">128 (15,4)</td>
                <td align="center">131 (15,1)</td>
                <td align="center">128 (16,5)</td>
                <td align="center">125 (17,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>M&#233;dia dos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica</td>
                <td align="center">82 (11,3)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (9,14)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (10,0)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (9,9)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (10,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de uso de anti-hipertensivos (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">4,5 (4,5)</td>
                <td align="center">3,6 (4,5)</td>
                <td align="center">4,8 (4,5)</td>
                <td align="center">2,6 (2,6)</td>
                <td align="center">4,7 (4,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>Diferen&#231;as no N total para cada vari&#225;vel se devem aos valores faltantes. <sup>&#8224;</sup> Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). <sup>1</sup> Consumo excessivo de &#225;lcool definido como &gt;210 g de &#225;lcool/semana para homens, e &gt;140 g de &#225;lcool/semana para mulheres. <sup>2</sup> Valores de refer&#234;ncia para press&#227;o arterial de controle: Controlada (&lt;140/90 mmHg), Descontrolada (&#8805;140 / 90 mmHg) <sup>&#8225;</sup> p-valor resultante do Teste qui-quadrado <sup>&#167;</sup> p-valor resultante do teste ANOVA. Press&#227;o arterial (PA), Inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA), Bloqueadores de receptor de angiotensina (BRA), Bloqueadores de canal de c&#225;lcio (BCC), Betabloqueadores (BB) Diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos (DIU tiaz&#237;dicos)</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Ao investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a ra&#231;a/cor da pele autorrelatada e o controle de PA entre os usu&#225;rios de IECA em monoterapia, mesmo ap&#243;s a padroniza&#231;&#227;o para todas as vari&#225;veis, as chances de as popula&#231;&#245;es parda e negra terem PA descontroladas eram 2,7 (IC 95%: 1,7;4,3) e 2,2 (IC 95%: 1,3;3,4) mais altas, respectivamente, quando comparadas com as da popula&#231;&#227;o branca. Entre os usu&#225;rios de BRA, BB e DIU tiaz&#237;dicos, apenas indiv&#237;duos negros tinham uma chance estatisticamente mais alta de ter PA descontrolada em compara&#231;&#227;o com os brancos, ap&#243;s a padroniza&#231;&#227;o para vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o. Entre os usu&#225;rios de BCC, a ra&#231;a/cor da pele autorrelatada n&#227;o estava estatisticamente associada &#224; PA descontrolada ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Raz&#245;es de chance (RC) brutas e padronizadas * no controle da press&#227;o arterial+ de usu&#225;rios de anti-hipertensivos em monoterapia na linha de base do ELSA-Brasil1 2008-2010 (n=1,795)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Classe de anti-hipertensivos</th>
                <th colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal">Multivariada</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Modelo 0</th>
                <th>Modelo 1</th>
                <th>Modelo 2</th>
                <th>Modelo 3</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">RC (IC95%)</td>
                <td align="center">RC (IC95%)</td>
                <td align="center">RC (IC95%)</td>
                <td align="center">RC (IC95%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IECA (N=500)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Brancos</td>
                <td align="center">Ref.</td>
                <td align="center">Ref.</td>
                <td align="center">Ref.</td>
                <td align="center">Ref.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pardos</td>
                <td align="center">2,9<sup>**</sup>(1,9;4,5)</td>
                <td align="center">2,8<sup>**</sup>(1,8;4,4)</td>
                <td align="center">2,8<sup>**</sup>(1,8;4,4)</td>
                <td align="center">2,7<sup>**</sup>(1,7;4,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Negros</td>
                <td align="center">2,5<sup>**</sup>(1,5;4,1)</td>
                <td align="center">2,3<sup>**</sup>(1,3;3,9)</td>
                <td align="center">2,3<sup>**</sup>(1,3;3,9)</td>
                <td align="center">2,2<sup>**</sup>(1,3;3,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>BRA (N=439)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Brancos</td>
                <td align="center">Ref.</td>
                <td align="center">Ref.</td>
                <td align="center">Ref.</td>
                <td align="center">Ref.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pardos</td>
                <td align="center">1,3 (0,8;2.1)</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 (0,6;1.9)</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 (0,6;1.9)</td>
                <td align="center">1,2 (0,7;2.2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Negros</td>
                <td align="center">2.4** (1,25;4.51)</td>
                <td align="center">1,9 (0,9;4.0)</td>
                <td align="center">2,0 (1,0;4.1)</td>
                <td align="center">2.2** (1,0;4.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BCC (N=121)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Brancos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Ref.</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Ref.</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Ref.</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Ref.</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pardos</td>
                <td align="center">0,8 (0,3;2.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,7 (0,3;1.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,7 (0,2;1.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,7 (0,2;2.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Negros</td>
                <td align="center">1,3 (0,5;3.2)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (0,4;2.9)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (0,4;2.9)</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 (0,4;3.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>&#914;B (N=444)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Brancos</td>
                <td align="center">Ref.</td>
                <td align="center">Ref.</td>
                <td align="center">Ref.</td>
                <td align="center">Ref.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pardos</td>
                <td align="center">1,3 (0,8;2.3)</td>
                <td align="center">1,3 (0,7;2.3)</td>
                <td align="center">1,3 (0,7;2.3)</td>
                <td align="center">1,2 (0,6;2.2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Negros</td>
                <td align="center">2,3<sup>**</sup>(1,2;4,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2,1<sup>**</sup>(1,0;4,1)</td>
                <td align="center">2,1<sup>**</sup>(1,0;4,2)</td>
                <td align="center">2.1<sup>**</sup>(1,0:4,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>DIU tiaz&#237;dicos (N=291)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Brancos</td>
                <td align="center">Ref.</td>
                <td align="center">Ref.</td>
                <td align="center">Ref.</td>
                <td align="center">Ref.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pardos</td>
                <td align="center">1,6 (0,9;3.0)</td>
                <td align="center">1,5 (0,8;2.9)</td>
                <td align="center">1,6 (0,8;3.2)</td>
                <td align="center">1,7 (0,9;3.4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Negros</td>
                <td align="center">2.2<sup>**</sup>(1,2:4,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1,9 (1,0;4.0)</td>
                <td align="center">2,1<sup>**</sup>(1,0;4,5)</td>
                <td align="center">2,4<sup>**</sup>(1,1;5,1)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>* Raz&#245;es de chance (RC). <sup>+</sup> A categoria de refer&#234;ncia &#233; a press&#227;o arterial controlada (&lt;140/90 mmHg)** p &lt;0,05. <sup>1</sup> Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). Modelo 1: Padronizado para idade, sexo e grau de instru&#231;&#227;o. Modelo 2: Em seguida, o Modelo 1 foi padronizado para consumo excessivo de &#225;lcool. Modelo 3: O Modelo 2 foi padronizado para IMC, diabetes mellitus, e tempo de uso de anti-hipertensivos. Inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA), Bloqueadores de receptor de angiotensina (BRA), Bloqueadores de canal de c&#225;lcio (BCC), Betabloqueadores (BB) Diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos (DIU tiaz&#237;dicos)</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo inova ao investigar disparidades raciais no controle da press&#227;o arterial em usu&#225;rios de classes diferentes de anti-hipertensivos em monoterapia em uma amostra com grande diversidade racial entre funcion&#225;rios p&#250;blicos brasileiros adultos. Nossos resultados n&#227;o corroboram a maioria dos encontrados pelos estudos elaborados principalmente na popula&#231;&#227;o norte-americana,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> o que demonstra que usu&#225;rios de IECA e BRA negros t&#234;m pior controle de press&#227;o arterial em compara&#231;&#227;o com usu&#225;rios de BB, BCC, e DIU tiaz&#237;dicos. Os usu&#225;rios negros de anti-hipertensivos em monoterapia da linha de base do ELSA-Brasil tinham uma chance maior de ter PA descontrolada n&#227;o apenas nas classes IECA e BRA, mas em todas as outras, com exce&#231;&#227;o da classe BCC.</p>
      <p>A diretriz norte-americana mais recente para tratamento de hipertens&#227;o<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> recomenda incluir diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos ou bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio para adultos negros com hipertens&#227;o sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica. Essa recomenda&#231;&#227;o &#233; corroborada pelos resultados de estudos realizados com a popula&#231;&#227;o norte-americana, que demonstraram frequentemente que indiv&#237;duos negros, possivelmente por terem baixa produ&#231;&#227;o de renina, t&#234;m pior controle da press&#227;o arterial quando tratados com medicamentos que agem no sistema renina-angiotensina. Ademais, essa popula&#231;&#227;o tem resultados cardiovasculares piores quando tratada com esses anti-hipertensivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m da baixa produ&#231;&#227;o de renina entre indiv&#237;duos negros, a resposta mais baixa dos IECA comparada com os DIU tiaz&#237;dicos, BCC, e BB pode ser explicada por outros fatores. J&#225; se sugeriu que essa baixa resposta &#233; atribu&#237;da ao consumo alto de s&#243;dio por indiv&#237;duos negros mais sens&#237;veis ao sal, em que a resposta a IECA seria enfraquecida de alguma maneira. Outros j&#225; sugeriram que a hipertens&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o negra pode n&#227;o ter um mecanismo independente de angiotensina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, essa sensibilidade mais alta ao sal tamb&#233;m pode explicar o melhor controle da press&#227;o arterial entre os usu&#225;rios negros de DIU tiaz&#237;dicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Outros estudos demonstraram um aumento significativo no risco de efeitos adversos associados a IECA em indiv&#237;duos negros, por exemplo a tosse, que contribui para um &#237;ndice mais alto de interrup&#231;&#227;o do tratamento com IECA nesse grupo em compara&#231;&#227;o com outras ra&#231;as.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nos anos 90, um estudo feito por Saunders e colaboradores demonstrou que, entre a popula&#231;&#227;o negra, a classe BCC, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s classes BB e IECA, foi mais eficiente no controle dos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, v&#225;rios outros estudos mais recentes desenvolvidos principalmente entre negros norte-americanos, demonstraram que BCC, quando comparados a IECA, BRA e BB, foram mais eficientes na redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de v&#225;rios eventos cardiovasculares, tais como infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral, e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Neste estudo, entre os usu&#225;rios de BCC em monoterapia, os indiv&#237;duos pardos e negros n&#227;o tinham probabilidade maior de ter n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial descontrolados em compara&#231;&#227;o aos brancos. Embora a aus&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o possa ser explicada pelo baixo poder amostral nesse grupo (h&#225; apenas 121 usu&#225;rios de BCC em monoterapia), os resultados est&#227;o alinhados &#224; literatura que recomenda que os BCC sejam uma das primeiras escolhas de tratamento de hipertens&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o negra.</p>
      <p>Nesse sentido, nossos resultados, que, em resumo, demonstraram que a maior chance de ter PA descontrolada em indiv&#237;duos negros n&#227;o est&#225; restrita a usu&#225;rios de IECA e BRA em monoterapia, sendo que tamb&#233;m &#233; encontrada entre usu&#225;rios de DIU tiaz&#237;dicos e BB, corroboram outros estudos que demonstraram que as explica&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis para que indiv&#237;duos negros tenham um controle de PA pior v&#227;o al&#233;m da quest&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica que envolveria as classes de medicamento. Diferen&#231;as socioecon&#244;micas, tais como grau de instru&#231;&#227;o mais baixo, s&#227;o uma das principais determinantes da ocorr&#234;ncia do pior controle de hipertens&#227;o arterial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> e podem explicar parcialmente as diferen&#231;as entre popula&#231;&#245;es negras, pardas e brancas. Al&#233;m disso, os contextos sociais ou &#8220;bairros&#8221; onde as pessoas moram podem contribuir significativamente para as disparidades raciais na sa&#250;de<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> e podem ter um papel importante na explica&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o entre ra&#231;a/cor da pele e controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
      <p>Na verdade, estudos anteriores desenvolvidos na linha de base do ELSA-Brasil j&#225; demonstraram disparidades raciais na preval&#234;ncia e no controle da hipertens&#227;o. Chor et al. demonstraram que indiv&#237;duos que declararam ser negros tinham pior controle da press&#227;o arterial em compara&#231;&#227;o aos que se declaravam brancos, mesmo entre os usu&#225;rios de anti-hipertensivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Barber et al. investigaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre segrega&#231;&#227;o residencial e fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;lico, que inclu&#237;am a presen&#231;a da hipertens&#227;o. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que, apesar de n&#227;o existir diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa, as popula&#231;&#245;es negra e parda tinham mais probabilidade de viver em bairros economicamente segregados em rela&#231;&#227;o aos brancos, e os indiv&#237;duos que moravam nesses bairros tinham uma probabilidade 26% maior de ter hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, Baldo e outros tamb&#233;m mostram que participantes negros e pardos na linha de base do ELSA-Brasil tinham rigidez arterial maior se comparados aos brancos. Entretanto, essa diferen&#231;a foi explicada pelos n&#237;veis m&#233;dios de press&#227;o arterial e pela idade dos participantes, sugerindo que as abordagens terap&#234;uticas devem se concentrar no controle dos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial, especialmente entre os indiv&#237;duos negros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
      <p>&#201; importante destacar que, em nosso estudo, os participantes negros t&#234;m a frequ&#234;ncia mais alta de uso de IECA, o que n&#227;o seria esperado, j&#225; que tendemos a seguir as diretrizes baseadas nos estudos realizados com afro-americanos. Entretanto, as diretrizes tamb&#233;m recomendam IECA ou BRA para indiv&#237;duos com diabetes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> o que pode explicar esse resultado, j&#225; que os participantes negros neste estudo t&#234;m a frequ&#234;ncia mais alta de DM.</p>
      <p>Pena e outros demonstraram que, no Brasil, a cor da pele avaliada fenotipicamente tem uma correla&#231;&#227;o muito fraca com o grau de ancestralidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Nesse sentido, resultados de ancestralidade ajudariam a entender melhor as disparidades raciais no controle da press&#227;o arterial do ponto de vista gen&#233;tico. Entretanto, ra&#231;a/cor da pele autorrelatada &#233; um fen&#243;tipo que ultrapassa a gen&#233;tica e a experi&#234;ncia de vida, refletindo, portanto, as percep&#231;&#245;es do sujeito de seu pertencimento racial &#233;tnico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O presente trabalho inova ao investigar as disparidades raciais no controle da press&#227;o arterial entre usu&#225;rios de v&#225;rias classes de anti-hipertensivos em uma amostra de funcion&#225;rios p&#250;blicos adultos brasileiros; entretanto, ele tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es que devem ser destacadas. Primeiro, n&#227;o havia informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a dose do tratamento anti-hipertensivo, e sabe-se que existem diferen&#231;as na otimiza&#231;&#227;o da dose entre as v&#225;rias classes de f&#225;rmaco. Segundo, embora a monoterapia seja frequentemente mais usada para casos mais leves, o escalonamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial pode influenciar as op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas, com algumas classes sendo mais indicadas no in&#237;cio do tratamento e outras, preferencialmente, em est&#225;gios mais avan&#231;ados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Entretanto, n&#227;o houve informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o escalonamento da hipertens&#227;o. Terceiro, embora a PA descontrolada seja definida com base nos valores adotados pelas diretrizes nacionais e internacionais para o tratamento e controle da hipertens&#227;o, ela se baseou em uma medi&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica dos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial. Nesse sentido, resultados falso-positivo e falso-negativo podem aparecer, o que poderia interferir em nossos resultados.</p>
      <p>Quarto, embora nossos resultados sejam verdadeiros para a monoterapia, estudos demonstram que a baixa efic&#225;cia de IECA entre indiv&#237;duos negros &#233; revertida pela associa&#231;&#227;o desses medicamentos com DIU tiaz&#237;dicos e BCC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Entretanto, devido ao baixo poder amostral, especialmente entre novos usu&#225;rios, a terapia combinada n&#227;o foi testada no presente estudo. Por &#250;ltimo, embora tenham sido feitas padroniza&#231;&#245;es para as principais vari&#225;veis, isso n&#227;o controla as vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o n&#227;o medidas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a investigar disparidades raciais entre os usu&#225;rios de v&#225;rias classes de anti-hipertensivos em monoterapia, em uma amostra de adultos brasileiros. Concluindo, os resultados deste estudo sugerem que as diferen&#231;as de controle de press&#227;o arterial entre os v&#225;rios grupos raciais n&#227;o s&#227;o explicadas pela poss&#237;vel efic&#225;cia mais baixa dos IECA e BRA em indiv&#237;duos negros, j&#225; que ela ocorre em outras classes de anti-hipertensivos. Esses resultados sugerem cautela nas tomadas de decis&#227;o do tratamento anti-hipertensivo com base apenas na ra&#231;a dos pacientes, e apresentam informa&#231;&#245;es relevantes que podem orientar a tomada de decis&#227;o para o tratamento e o controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial no contexto brasileiro, sugerindo que uma falta de controle de PA mais alta nos indiv&#237;duos negros pode estar mais relacionada a determinantes sociais que &#224; classe de anti-hipertensivos utilizada. Pol&#237;ticas que atuem no acesso adequado ao tratamento e na educa&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, portanto, devem ser abordadas</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo foi financiado com o apoio do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de (Departamento de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia) e do Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o (Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, FINEP; e Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico, CNPq), por meio n&#186;. 01 06 0010,00 RS, 01 06 0212,00 BA, 01 06 0300,00 ES, 01 06 0278,00 MG, 01 06 0115,00 SP e 01 06 0071,00 RJ. S. M. Barreto &#233; bolsista de pesquisa do CNPq (bolsa n&#186; 300159 / 99-4). S. M. Barreto tamb&#233;m &#233; financiada por uma bolsa de pesquisa (Pesquisador Mineiro) da FAPEMIG, a ag&#234;ncia de pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. O Dr. Ribeiro recebeu apoio parcial do CNPq (bolsas 310679 / 2016-8 e 465518 / 2014-1) e da FAPEMIG (Programa Pesquisador Mineiro, PPM-00428-17). DC &#233; bolsista do CNPq, bolsa 303371 / 2014-5, e da Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), bolsa E26 / 201220/2014. A. A. Lopes &#233; bolsista do CNPq, bolsa 312505 / 2018-3. A C.T Sousa foi parcialmente financiada pela Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - C&#243;digo Financeiro 001.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Racial Differences in Blood Pressure Control from Users of Antihypertensive Monotherapy: Results from the ELSA-Brasil Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8946-1820</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2740-0042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7383-7811</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Sandhi Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5454-2460</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Giatti</surname>
            <given-names>Luana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7317-1367</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brant</surname>
            <given-names>Luisa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4856-8450</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lotufo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3941-5786</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chor</surname>
            <given-names>Dora</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7875-8212</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3349-8541</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mengue</surname>
            <given-names>Sotero Serrate</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6379-0415</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Baldoni</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6462-3504</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Roberta Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o Del-Rei - Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Divin&#243;polis, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Faculdade de Medicina e Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Medicina Preventiva e Social, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Departamento de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz - Escola de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia - Faculdade de Medicina, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Epidemiologia, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Roberta Carvalho Figueiredo &#8226; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o Del-Rei - Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu - Rua Sebasti&#227;o Gon&#231;alves Coelho, 400. Postal Code 35501-296, Chanadour Divin&#243;polis, MG &#8211; Brazil E-mail: robertafigueiredo@ufsj.edu.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research; Acquisition of data; Analysis and interpretation of the data; Statistical analysis; Obtaining financing; Writing of the manuscript; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Sousa CT, Ribeiro A, Barreto SM, Giatti L, Brant L, Lotufo P, Chor D, Lopes AA, Mengue SS, Baldoni AO, Figueiredo RC</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>It seems that the worst response to some classes of antihypertensive drugs, especially angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, on the part of the Black population, would at least partially explain the worse control of hypertension among these individuals. However, most of the evidence comes from American studies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>This study aims to investigate the association between self-reported race/skin color and BP control in participants of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), using different classes of antihypertensive drugs in monotherapy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>The study involved a cross-sectional analysis, carried out with participants from the baseline of ELSA-Brasil. Blood pressure control was the response variable, participants with BP values &#8805;140/90 mmHg were considered out of control in relation to blood pressure levels. Race/skin color was self-reported (White, Brown, Black). All participants were asked about the continuous use of medication. Association between BP control and race/skin color was estimated through logistic regression. The level of significance adopted in this study was of 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Of the total of 1,795 users of antihypertensive drugs in monotherapy at baseline, 55.5% declared themselves White, 27.9% Brown, and 16.7% Black. Even after adjusting for confounding variables, Blacks using angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), thiazide diuretics (thiazide DIU), and beta-blockers (BB) in monotherapy had worse blood pressure control compared to Whites.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>Our results suggest that in this sample of Brazilian adults using antihypertensive drugs in monotherapy, the differences in blood pressure control between different racial groups are not explained by the possible lower effectiveness of ACEIs and ARBs in Black individuals.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Antihypertensive Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Continental Population Groups</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Several studies have shown that the prevalence and severity of hypertension are higher in Blacks than in Whites;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> additionally, the data indicate that among hypertensive patients, Blacks, in general, have poorer blood pressure control than Whites.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The Black-White difference in blood pressure control seems to be larger for some classes of antihypertensive drugs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Hypertension disproportionately affects more Black individuals; additionally, the control of blood pressure levels also seems more difficult in these individuals when compared to the White population<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> . It seems that the worst response to some classes of antihypertensive drugs by the Black population would at least partially explain the worse control of hypertension among these individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Studies show that a portion of the Black population has a low production of renin; thus, by a compensatory mechanism, the body increases the vascular production of angiotensin II, and as a consequence there is an increase in the effects of aldosterone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Several monotherapy studies indicate that Black patients have less reduction in blood pressure (BP) with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blocker inhibitors (ARBs) compared to White patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In addition, when comparing the classes of calcium channel blockers (CCBs) and thiazide diuretics (DIUs), indicated as the first choice for hypertension treatment in the Black population, the use of ACEIs in monotherapy was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events in these individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In this sense, the American, European therapeutic guidelines do not recommend ACEIs or ARBs as monotherapy, as first choice medication in the treatment of hypertension in Black individuals, since they are medications that act in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, although the treatment of BP has been widely studied in African-Americans,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> the same is not true for Black Brazilians. There is still a great scarcity of studies on this topic in the country, and as such, we extrapolate the data mainly from the United States of America (USA). However, this extrapolation requires some caution, as there are differences between the American and the Brazilian Black populations, especially with regard to the high miscegenation in Brazil,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> socioeconomic conditions, and cardiovascular risk,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> which makes this field an important research area.</p>
        <p>ARBs and ACEIs are among the most frequently used antihypertensive drugs among Brazilian adults,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> regardless of race/skin color, mainly because they are distributed free of charge by the Brazilian public health system (SUS). Results from the National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines in Brazil (PNAUM), showed that about 21% of the respondents used ACEIs (enalapril or captopril) and 20% used ARB (losartana).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> The prevalence of ACEI and ARB monotherapy use in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) baseline was 12.4 % and 11.0%, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the association between self- reported race/skin color and BP control in participants of the ELSA-Brasil, using different classes of antihypertensive drugs in monotherapy.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and Population</title>
          <p>ELSA-Brasil is a prospective cohort composed of 15,105 public employees, active or retired, from seven public institutions of higher education and/or research from six Brazilian state capitals. More information on the study design and cohort profile can be found in the articles published by Aquino et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> and Schmidt et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The present study involved a cross-sectional analysis, carried out with participants from the baseline (2008-2010) of ELSA-Brasil. All participants who were users of ACEIs, ARBs, CCBs, beta-blockers (BBs), and thiazide DIUs in monotherapy, who answered the questionnaire on the use of medications, had information available on self-reported race/skin color, and on the values of blood pressure levels, were included.</p>
          <p>Of the 4,412 participants using antihypertensive drugs, participants who did not present information on self-reported race/skin color (n = 56) and those who declared themselves Asian or indigenous (n = 154) were excluded, in addition to those participants who used antihypertensive drugs in polytherapy (n = 2,407). Thus, the analytical sample was composed of 1,795 antihypertensive users in monotherapy. All participants signed an informed consent form, and the study was approved by the ethics committees of each institution involved.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Variables</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Blood pressure control</title>
            <p>Blood pressure levels were measured after a five-minute rest, with the participant sitting in a quiet room at a controlled temperature. The two-way cuff and oscillometric device (Omron HEM 705CPINT) were used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Three measurements were taken after one-minute intervals, and the average of the last two was considered to be the BP of each participant.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The participants were classified into two groups according to whether or not they had BP control. Those with systolic BP&lt;140 mmHg and diastolic BP&lt;90 mmHg were considered controlled. Participants with BP values&#8805;140/90 mmHg were considered out of control in relation to blood pressure levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Self-reported race/skin color</title>
            <p>All participants were asked: &#8220; <italic>The Brazilian Census (IBGE) uses the terms &#8216;Black&#8217;, &#8216;Brown, &#8216;White&#8217;, &#8216;Asian&#8217;, and &#8216;indigenous&#8217; to classify people&#8217;s skin color or race. If you had to answer the IBGE Census today, how would you rate yourself regarding your color or race?</italic> &#8221;, with the following response options: Black, Brown, White, Asian, and Brazilian Indigenous. In the present study, only participants who claimed to be White, Black, or Brown were included, due to low numbers of the other categories.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Class of antihypertensive drugs</title>
            <p>All participants were asked about the continuous use of medication in the previous two weeks<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> and were instructed to take prescriptions and/or medications used to the research center.</p>
            <p>The antihypertensive medication reported by the participants were classified according to the following classes: angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) (candesartan, irbesartan, losartan, olmesartan, telmisartan, valsartan); Beta-blockers (beta blockers with beta-1 selectivity (atenolol, bisoprolol, nebivolol, metoprolol) and non-selectable blockers (propranolol, nadolol, pindolol)); dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (amlodipine, felodipine, isradipine, lacidipine, lercanidipine, nifedipine, nimodipine, nitrendipino, manidipino) and non-dihydropyridine (diltiazem, verapamil); thiazide diuretics (chlortalidone, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide); and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (captopril, benazepril, delapril, fosinopril, lisinopril, enalapril, perindopril, ramipril, trandolapril).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, health-related lifestyles, anthropometric, and clinical conditions</title>
            <p>Information on the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the participants was obtained through structured questionnaires.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> In the present study, the following sociodemographic variables were considered: sex, age (on a continuous scale), and education (categorized into: Undergraduate complete, Secondary complete, and &lt; Secondary complete)</p>
            <p>Excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages was assessed and defined using the type of drink usually consumed, frequency, and consumption patterns. The information obtained in the questionnaire was summarized and defined in grams of alcohol consumed per week. Excessive consumption &gt;210 g of alcohol per week was considered for men, and &gt;140 g per week for women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ) was obtained by measuring height and weight, and was classified into three categories: &lt;25 (normal weight); &#8805;25 and &lt;30 (overweight); and &#8805;30 (obesity). Diabetes Mellitus (DM) was defined by self-report of previous diagnosis or use of medication to treat diabetes; by fasting glucose &#8805;126 mg/dL; by the glucose tolerance test &#8805;200 mg/dL; or by glycated hemoglobin &#8805;6.5 %.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
            <p>All participants answered how long they had been using the reported antihypertensive medication. Time was classified into years of use.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
            <p>Initially, the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, health-related lifestyle habits, anthropometric, and clinical conditions of the participants were distributed according to the total population and the three self-reported race/skin color categories. They were described using proportions for categorical variables, and mean and standard deviation for continuous variables. The comparison between groups was performed using the chi-square test for categorical variables and the One-Way ANOVA test for continuous variables. Association between BP control and race/skin color was estimated through logistic regression.</p>
            <p>The covariables (demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, excessive alcohol consumption, BMI (continuous), DM, and time of use of antihypertensive drugs) were entered into the models step by step with forward elimination. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated. We investigated whether self-reported race/skin color (reference category: Whites) was associated with BP control among the 1,795 users of the five classes of antihypertensive drugs in baseline monotherapy. After univariate analysis, the crude ORs (Model 0) were adjusted for age, sex, and education (Model 1). Model 1 was then adjusted for excessive alcohol consumption (Model 2), and finally Model 2 was adjusted for BMI, DM, and time of use of antihypertensive drugs (Model 3). All variables that remained statistically associated with the response variable (p &lt;0.05) were maintained in the final model after all adjustments. All analyses were performed using software Stata (version 14.0).</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Of the total of 1,795 users of antihypertensive drugs in monotherapy at baseline, 995 (55.5 %) declared themselves White. Both in the total population and in the three racial groups, women were the majority. The average age among Whites was 57 (9.0) years, and 55 (8.2) years between the Brown and Black populations. Complete higher education was significantly more frequent among the White as compared to the Black and Brown populations. The frequency of DM and obesity was significantly higher among Black individuals, followed by the Brown and White participants. Excessive alcohol consumption was not significantly different between the three racial groups ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribution of users antihypertensive in monotherapy at baseline according to socioeconomic characteristics; health-related lifestyle habits and presence of morbidities; control of blood pressure; blood pressure levels. class of drugs and time of use of antihypertensive drugs distributed according self-reported race/skin color categories. n (%). mean (SD) ELSA-Brasil*. (2008-2010) (N= 1.795)*</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>Overall (N=1.795)</th>
                  <th>White(N=995)</th>
                  <th>Brown (N=501)</th>
                  <th>Black (N=299)</th>
                  <th>p value<sup>&#8225;</sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Gender</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">832 (46.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">486 (48.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">230 (45.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">116 (38.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">963 (53.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">509 (51.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">271 (54.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">183 (61.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>56 (8.7)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>57 (9.0)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>55 (8.2)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>55 (8.1)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.023</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>&#167;</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Education</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Undergraduate complete</td>
                  <td align="center">972 (54.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">699 (70.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">203 (40.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (23.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Secondary complete</td>
                  <td align="center">583 (32.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">228 (22.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">205 (40.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">150 (50.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; Secondary complete</td>
                  <td align="center">240 (13.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (6.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">93 (18.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (26.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Excessive drinking</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>1</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">1.650 (92.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">902 (90.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">467 (93.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">281 (94.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.079</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">143 (8.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (9.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (6.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (6.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">1.273 (71.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">735 (74.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">348 (69.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">190 (63.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">521 (29.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">259 (26.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">153 (30.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">109 (36.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Body mass index (BMI)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal weight</td>
                  <td align="center">458 (25.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">267 (26.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">132 (23.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (19.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Overweight</td>
                  <td align="center">780 (43.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">444 (44.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">212 (42.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">124 (41.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesity</td>
                  <td align="center">556 (31.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">284 (28.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">157 (31.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">115 (39.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Blood pressure control</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Controlled</td>
                  <td align="center">1.297 (72.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">776 (78.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">338 (67.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">183 (61.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Out of control</td>
                  <td align="center">498 (27.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">219 (22.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">163 (32.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">116 (38.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Means of systolic blood pressure levels</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">128 (17.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">126 (16.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">130 (16.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">133 (19.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mean diastolic blood pressure levels</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">79 (10.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (10.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (10.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (10.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.362</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Class of antihypertensive drugs</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEI</td>
                  <td align="center">500 (27.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">266 (26.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">142 (28.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (30.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="5">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Thiazide DIU</td>
                  <td align="center">291 (16.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">123 (12.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (19.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (23.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CCB</td>
                  <td align="center">121 (6.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (5.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (7.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (110.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ARB</td>
                  <td align="center">439 (24.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">278 (28.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (22.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (15.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BB</td>
                  <td align="center">444 (24.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">277 (27.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">110 (22.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (19.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time of use of antihypertensive drugs (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.0 (4.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.2 (4.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.9 (4.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.5 (4.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.106<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Differences in total N for each variable are due to missing values.<sup>&#8224;</sup>The Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil).<sup>1</sup>Excessive drinking defined as &gt;210 g alcohol/week for men and 140 g alcohol/week for women..<sup>2</sup>Reference values for blood pressure control: Controlled (&lt;140/90 mmHg), Out of control (&#8805;140 / 90 mmHg)<sup>&#8225;</sup>p-value resulting from the Chi-square test<sup>&#167;</sup>p-value resulting from the ANOVA test. Blood pressure (BP), Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), Calcium channel blocker (BCC), Beta blocker (BB), Thiazide diuretic (Thiazide DIU)</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The percentage of participants who had uncontrolled BP was higher among Black individuals followed by the Brown and White participants (38.8 %, 32.5 %, and 22.0 % respectively; p &lt;0.05). The Black participants had a higher frequency of use of ACEIs (30.8 %), thiazide DIUs (23.4 %), and CCBs (11.0 %), when compared to the other races. The percentage of use of ARBs (28.0 %) and BBs (27.8 %) was higher among the White participants ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>The percentage of participants who had no BP control was higher among users of ACEIs, followed by users of CCBs, thiazide DIUs, ARBs, and BBs (33.2 %, 31.4 %, 28.2 %, 26.9 %, and 21.2% respectively; p &lt;0.05). Higher systolic blood pressure levels were presented among CCB users, followed by ACEIs. Users of ACEIs had higher mean diastolic blood pressure levels, followed by users of thiazide DIUs and ARBs. The average time of use of antihypertensive drugs was higher among CCB users ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ). More information on the distribution of study participants according to self-reported race/skin color and antihypertensive drugs classes can be seen in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> of the appendix.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribution of users of antihypertensive drugs in monotherapy at baseline according to socioeconomic characteristics; health-related lifestyle habits and presence of morbidities; control of blood pressure; blood pressure levels and time of use of antihypertensive distributed according to how antihypertensive classes. n (%). mean (SD)ELSA-Brasil&#8224;. (2008-2010) (N= 1.795)*</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>ACEI (N=500)</th>
                  <th>Thiazide diuretic (N=291)</th>
                  <th>BCC (N=121)</th>
                  <th>ARB (N=439)</th>
                  <th>BB (N=444)</th>
                  <th>p value<sup>&#8225;</sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Gender</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">289 (57.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (28.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (48.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">227 (51.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">173 (38.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">211 (42.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">207 (71.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (51.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">212 (48.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">271 (61.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (8.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (8.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (8.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (8.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (8.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.668<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Education</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Undergraduate complete</td>
                  <td align="center">230 (46.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">119 (40.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (53.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">291 (53.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">267 (60.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Secondary complete</td>
                  <td align="center">188 (37.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (39.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (29.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">112 (25.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">133 (23.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; Secondary complete</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (16.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (19.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (16.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (8.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (9.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Excessive drinking<sup>1</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">449 (89.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">275 (94.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (93.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">400 (91.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">413 (93.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.104</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (10.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (5.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (6.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (8.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (7.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">307 (61.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">219 (75.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (68.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">306 (69.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">358 (80.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">193 (38.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (24.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (31.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">133 (30.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (19.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Body mass index (BMI)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal weight</td>
                  <td align="center">115 (23.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (25.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (31.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">93 (21.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">137 (30.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Overweight</td>
                  <td align="center">212 (42.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">102 (35.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (45.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">206 (46.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">205 (46.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesity</td>
                  <td align="center">173 (34.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (39.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (23.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">140 (31.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">101 (22.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Blood pressure control</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Controlled</td>
                  <td align="center">334 (66.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">209 (71.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (68.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">321 (73.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">350 (78.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Out of control</td>
                  <td align="center">166 (33.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (28.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (31.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">118 (26.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">94 (21.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Means of systolic blood pressure levels</td>
                  <td align="center">130 (18.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">128 (15.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">131 (15.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">128 (16.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">125 (17.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mean diastolic blood pressure levels</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (11.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (9.14)</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (10.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (9.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (10.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time of use of antihypertensive drugs (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.5 (4.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.6 (4.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.8 (4.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.6 (2.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.7 (4.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Differences in total N for each variable are due to missing values.<sup>&#8224;</sup>The Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil).<sup>1</sup>Excessive drinking defined as &gt;210 g alcohol/week for men and 140 g alcohol/week for women.<sup>2</sup>Reference values for blood pressure control: Controlled (&lt;140/90 mmHg), Out of control (&#8805;140 / 90 mmHg)<sup>&#8225;</sup>p-value resulting from the Chi-square test<sup>&#167;</sup>p-value resulting from the ANOVA test. Blood pressure (BP), Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), Calcium channel blocker (BCC), Beta blocker (BB), Thiazide diuretic (Thiazide DIU)</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>When investigating the association between self-reported race/skin color and BP control among users of ACEIs in monotherapy, even after adjusting for all variables, the chances of the Brown and Black populations having uncontrolled BP were 2.7 (95%CI: 1.7;4.3) and 2.2 (95%CI:1.3;3.4) higher, respectively, when compared to Whites. Among the users of ARBs, BBs, and thiazide DIUs, only Black individuals had a statistically higher chance of having uncontrolled BP when compared to Whites, after adjustment for confounding variables. Among CCB users, the self-reported race/skin color was not statistically associated with uncontrolled BP ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) * in blood pressure control+ of users of antihypertensive drugs in monotherapy in the baseline of the ELSA-Brasil1 2008-2010 (n=1.795)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Class of antihypertensive drugs</th>
                  <th colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal">Multivariate</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Model 0</th>
                  <th>Model 1</th>
                  <th>Model 2</th>
                  <th>Model 3</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>OR (95% CI)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>OR (95% CI)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>OR (95% CI)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>OR (95% CI)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ACEI (n=500)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref.</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref.</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref.</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Brown</td>
                  <td align="center">2.9<sup>**</sup>(1.9;4.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.8<sup>**</sup>(1.8;4.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.8<sup>**</sup>(1.8;4.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.7<sup>**</sup>(1.7;4.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Black</td>
                  <td align="center">2.5<sup>**</sup>(1.5;4.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.3<sup>**</sup>(1.3;3.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.3<sup>**</sup>(1.3;3.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.2<sup>**</sup>(1.3;3.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ARB (n=439)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref.</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref.</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref.</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Brown</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3 (0.8;2.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1 (0.6;1.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1 (0.6;1.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2 (0.7;2.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Black</td>
                  <td align="center">2.4<sup>**</sup>(1.25;4.51)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.9 (0.9;4.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.0 (1.0;4.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.2<sup>**</sup>(1.0;4.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BCC (n=121)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref.</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref.</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref.</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Brown</td>
                  <td align="center">0.8 (0.3;2.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7 (0.3;1.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7 (0.2;1.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7 (0.2;2.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Black</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3 (0.5;3.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 (0.4;2.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 (0.4;2.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1 (0.4;3.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>&#914;B (n=444)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref.</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref.</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref.</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Brown</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3 (0.8;2.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3 (0.7;2.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3 (0.7;2.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2 (0.6;2.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Black</td>
                  <td align="center">2.3<sup>**</sup>(1.2;4.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.1<sup>**</sup>(1.0;4.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.1<sup>**</sup>(1.0;4.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.1<sup>**</sup>(1.0:4.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Thiazide DIU (n=291)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref.</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref.</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref.</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Brown</td>
                  <td align="center">1.6 (0.9;3.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5 (0.8;2.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.6 (0.8;3.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.7 (0.9;3.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Black</td>
                  <td align="center">2.2<sup>**</sup>(1.2:4.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.9 (1.0;4.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.1<sup>**</sup>(1.0;4.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.4<sup>**</sup>(1.1;5.1)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>* Odds Ratios (OR). + Reference category is blood pressure controlled (&lt;140/90 mmHg)** p &lt; 0,05. 1 The Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Model 1: Adjusted for age, gender, and education. Model 2: Model 1 was then adjusted for excessive alcohol consumption. Model 3: Model 2 was adjusted for BMI, diabetes mellitus, and time of use of antihypertensive drugs. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), Calcium channel blocker (BCC), Beta blocker (BB), Thiazide diuretic (Thiazide DIU)</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study innovates by investigating racial disparities in blood pressure control in monotherapy users of different classes of antihypertensive drugs in a sample with great racial diversity among adult Brazilian public servants. Our results do not corroborate with most of those found by the studies developed mainly with American populations,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> which show that Black users of ACEIs and ARBs have worse blood pressure control when compared to users of BBs, CCBs, and thiazide DIUs. Black users of antihypertensive drugs in monotherapy from the baseline of ELSA-Brasil, had a greater chance of having uncontrolled BP not only in the ACEI and ARB classes, but also in all others, with the exception of the CCB class.</p>
        <p>The most recent American guideline for the treatment of hypertension<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> recommends including a thiazide diuretics or calcium channel blockers for Black adults with hypertension without heart failure or chronic kidney disease. This recommendation is supported by results of studies carried out with an American population that have frequently shown that Black individuals, possibly because they have low renin production, have worse blood pressure control when treated with medications that act on the renin-angiotensin system. Furthermore, this population has worse cardiovascular outcomes when treated with these antihypertensive drugs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In addition to the lower production of renin among Black individuals, the lower response of ACEIs, compared to thiazide DIUs, CCBs, and BBs can be explained by other factors. It has been suggested that this lower response is attributed to a high sodium intake in Black individuals who are more sensitive to salt, in which the response to ACEIs would be somewhat weakened. Others have suggested that hypertension in the Black population may not have a mechanism independent of angiotensin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Moreover, this increase in sensitivity to salt may also explain the better control of blood pressure among Black users of thiazide DIUs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Other studies have shown a significant increase in the risk of adverse effects associated with ACEIs in Black individuals, for example coughing, which contributes to the greater discontinuation of treatment with ACEIs among this group when compared to other races.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the 1990s, a study by Saunders and collaborators showed that, among the Black population, the CCB class, as compared to BBs and ACEIs, was more effective in controlling both systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> In addition, several other more recent studies mainly developed among Black Americans, have shown that CCBs, as compared to ACEIs, ARBs and BBs, were more effective in reducing the risk of several cardiovascular events, such as acute myocardial infarction, strokes, and cardiac insufficiency.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> In our study, among CCB users on monotherapy, Brown and Black individuals were not more likely to have uncontrolled blood pressure levels when compared to Whites. Although this lack of association can be explained by the low sampling power in this group (we have only 121 CCB users on monotherapy), the results are in line with the literature, which recommends CCBs as one of the first choices for the treatment of hypertension in the Black population.</p>
        <p>In this sense, our results, which in summary showed that the greater chance of having uncontrolled BP in Black individuals is not restricted to users on ACEIs and ARBs in monotherapy, which is also found among users of thiazide DIUs and BBs, corroborate other studies that show that the possible explanations for Black individuals having worse BP control go beyond the physiological issue that would involve classes of medication. Socioeconomic differences, such as a low level of education, is one of the main determinants of the occurrence and the worse control of arterial hypertension,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> and may partly explain the differences between the Black, Brown, and White populations. In addition, social contexts or &#8220;neighborhoods&#8221; in which people live can contribute substantially to racial disparities in health<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> and can play an important role in explaining the relationship between race/skin color and control of arterial hypertension.</p>
        <p>In fact, previous studies developed at the ELSA-Brasil baseline have already shown racial disparities in the prevalence and control of hypertension. Chor et al. showed that individuals who claimed to be Black had poorer blood pressure control compared to those who claimed to be White, even among users of antihypertensive drugs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Barber et al. investigated the association between residential segregation and cardiometabolic risk factors, which included the presence of hypertension. The authors concluded that, despite having no statistically significant difference, the Black and Brown populations were more likely to live in economically segregated neighborhoods in relation to Whites and individuals who lived in these neighborhoods were 26% more likely to have hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> In addition, Baldo et al. also show that Black and Brown participants in the ELSA-Brasil baseline had greater arterial stiffness when compared to Whites. However, this difference was explained by the average blood pressure levels and the age of the participants, suggesting that therapeutic approaches should focus on the control of blood pressure levels, especially among Black individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is important to highlight that, in our study, Black participants have the highest frequency of ACEI use, which would not be expected, since we tend to follow the guidelines based on Black American studies. However, the guidelines also recommend ACEIs or ARBs for individuals with diabetes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> which can explain this result, since our Black participants have the highest frequency of DM.</p>
        <p>Pena and colleagues showed that, in Brazil, skin color assessed phenotypically has a very weak correlation with the degree of ancestry.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> In this sense, ancestral results would help to better understand the racial disparities in the control of blood pressure from a genetic perspective. However, self-reported race/skin color is a phenotype that reaches beyond the genetics and the lived experience, thus reflecting the subjects&#8217; perceptions of their own ethnic racial belonging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The present work innovates when investigating racial disparities in blood pressure control among users of different classes of antihypertensive drugs in a sample of adult Brazilian public servants; however it does have some limitations that should be highlighted. First, we had no information on the dose of antihypertensive treatment, and it is well-known that there are differences in dose optimization between different classes of the drug. Second, although monotherapy is more often used for milder cases, the staging of arterial hypertension can influence therapeutic options, with some classes more indicated at the beginning of treatment and others preferably in more advanced stages.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> However, there was no information on the hypertension staging. Third, although the uncontrolled BP was defined based on the values adopted by the national and international guidelines for the treatment and control of hypertension, it was based on a specific measurement of blood pressure levels. In this sense, false-positive and false-negative results can appear, which could interfere in our results.</p>
        <p>Fourth, although the results are true for monotherapy, studies will show that the low effectiveness of ACEIs among Black individuals is reversed by the association of these medications with thiazide DIUs and CCBs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> However due to the low sampling power, especially among new users, we have not tested combined therapy in the present study. Finally, although we have made adjustments for the main variables, this does not control unmeasured confounders.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>As far as we know, this is the first study to investigate racial disparities among users of different classes of antihypertensive drugs in monotherapy in a sample of Brazilian adults. In conclusion, our results suggest that the differences in blood pressure control between different racial groups are not explained by the possible lower effectiveness of ACEIs and ARBs in Black individuals, because this occurs within other classes of antihypertensive drugs. These results suggest caution in making antihypertensive treatment decisions based strictly on the race of the patients and provide relevant information that can guide decision-making for the treatment and control of arterial hypertension in the Brazilian context, suggesting that higher lack of BP control in Black individuals may be more related to social determinants than to the antihypertensive class used. Policies that act on adequate access to treatment and patient education should therefore be addressed.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Camila Tavares de Sousa, from Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o Del Rei.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of Funding: This study was partially funded by the Brazilian Ministry of Health (Department of Science and Technology) and the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, FINEP; and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico, CNPq), through grant nos. 01 06 0010.00 RS, 01 06 0212.00 BA, 01 06 0300.00 ES, 01 06 0278.00 MG, 01 06 0115.00 SP and 01 06 0071.00 RJ. S.M.Barreto is a CNPq research fellow (grant no. 300159/99-4). S.M.Barreto is also a supported by a research grant (Pesquisador Mineiro) from FAPEMIG, the research agency of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Dr. Ribeiro was supported in part by CNPq (grants 310679/2016-8 and 465518/2014-1) and by FAPEMIG (Programa Pesquisador Mineiro, PPM-00428-17). DC is a research fellow of CNPq, grant 303371/2014-5, and of Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), grant E26/201220/2014. A.A.Lopes is a research fellow of CNPq, grant 312505/2018-3. C.T Sousa was financed in part by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel -Brazil (CAPES) -Financial Code 001.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
