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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">RgPxDk4dLsWspCznGZpDWQJ</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005001212</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000300599</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201264</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201264</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Telemonitoramento da Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca &#8211; A Experi&#234;ncia de um Centro</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5619-1756</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Susana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franco</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;tima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Lino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina Interna</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pedro Hispano</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Matosinhos</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Medicina Interna , Hospital Pedro Hispano , Matosinhos - Portugal </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Cardiologia , Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra , Coimbra - Portugal </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Isabel O. Cruz &#8226; Hospital Pedro Hispano - R. de Dr. Eduardo Torres, Sra. da Hora Matosinhos 4464-513 - Portugal E-mail: <email>aisabelocruz@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Cruz IO, Costa S, Franco F, Gon&#231;alves L; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Cruz IO; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Cruz IO, Teixeira R; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Costa S, Teixeira R, Franco F, Gon&#231;alves L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>599</fpage>
      <lpage>604</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o natural da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; uma pior progressiva e interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares recorrentes. S&#227;o necess&#225;rias estrat&#233;gias para se detectar descompensa&#231;&#245;es em tempo h&#225;bil. O uso do telemonitoramento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; inconsistente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p>Este estudo tem o objetivo de avaliar o impacto desse programa de telemonitoramento (PTM) em interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares e admiss&#245;es em servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Este &#233; um estudo retrospectivo observacional que analisou dados de todos os pacientes que se cadastraram no PTM de janeiro a 2018 a dezembro de 2019. Foram coletados dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e relacionados ao PTM. O n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares e admiss&#245;es em servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia do ano anterior e posterior ao cadastro foram comparados, utilizando-se o teste de Wilcoxon. Um p-valor bilateral de &lt;0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Um total de 39 pacientes foram cadastrados, com uma m&#233;dia de idade de 62,1 &#177; 14 anos e predomin&#226;ncia de pacientes do sexo masculino (90%). As causas mais comuns de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica e dilatada. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia foi de 30% e o tempo mediano da dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a foi de 84 meses (FIQ 33-144). Pacientes que foram cadastrados por menos de um m&#234;s foram exclu&#237;dos, com um total de 34 pacientes analisados. Os pacientes foram acompanhados no PTM por um per&#237;odo mediano de 320 dias. O n&#250;mero de admiss&#245;es em servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia foi reduzido em 66% (p&lt;0,001) e o n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi reduzido em 68% (p&lt;0,001). O PTM n&#227;o teve impacto no n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares por outras causas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p>Este estudo sugere que o PTM poderia reduzir a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Telemonitoramento</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Servi&#231;os de Emerg&#234;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="21"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; um grande problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, cuja incid&#234;ncia tem aumentado, e com mortalidade e morbidade significativas. <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Em Portugal, estima-se que a preval&#234;ncia seja de 4,36%. <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> A evolu&#231;&#227;o natural dessa doen&#231;a &#233; a piora dos sintomas e a diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional com o tempo, com epis&#243;dios de descompensa&#231;&#227;o aguda, que geralmente levam &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Ap&#243;s a primeira admiss&#227;o, at&#233; 50% dos pacientes s&#227;o readmitidos no per&#237;odo de seis meses ap&#243;s a alta <sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> e entre 17% e 45% morrem durante o primeiro ano. <sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares repetidas por IC t&#234;m um impacto negativo no progn&#243;stico, sendo um preditor independente de mortalidade. <sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>As principais estrat&#233;gias para evitar a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar s&#227;o o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico adequado, a educa&#231;&#227;o do paciente, o acompanhamento estruturado e o automonitoramento. <sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> V&#225;rias estrat&#233;gias foram tentadas para se identificar os sinais de deteriora&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, permitindo que houvesse uma interven&#231;&#227;o antes da exacerba&#231;&#227;o aguda. O telemonitoramento &#233; o uso da tecnologia para monitorar remotamente os pacientes em casa. <sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Ele foi proposto pela primeira vez nas Diretrizes da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia ( <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> &#8211; ESC) de 2016 para o diagn&#243;stico e tratamento de IC aguda e cr&#244;nica, com recomenda&#231;&#227;o de classe II, com n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia B. <sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> Estudos demonstraram que programas de telemonitoramento poderiam reduzir os &#237;ndices de interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares e admiss&#245;es em servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia, dura&#231;&#245;es dos per&#237;odos de interna&#231;&#227;o, e at&#233; mesmo a mortalidade relacionada &#224; IC. <sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> - <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref> </sup> Outras poss&#237;veis vantagens s&#227;o o envolvimento dos pacientes e das fam&#237;lias no controle da doen&#231;a, a otimiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento m&#233;dico em tempo h&#225;bil, o aumento da ades&#227;o ao tratamento e a melhoria da qualidade de vida do paciente. <sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> No entanto, esses resultados s&#227;o inconsistentes, dado que outros estudos apresentam resultados nulos. <sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> , <xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref> </sup> Isso provavelmente se deve &#224;s diferen&#231;as entre as popula&#231;&#245;es estudadas, os sistemas de sa&#250;de, e os tipos de telemonitoramento. <sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Objetivos</title>
      <p>O objetivo deste estudo &#233; avaliar o impacto do telemonitoramento remoto n&#227;o invasivo em pacientes portugueses com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada em interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares e admiss&#245;es em servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>Este &#233; um estudo retrospectivo observacional de antes e depois de pacientes cadastrados em um programa avan&#231;ado de telemonitoramento (PTM) de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Isso significa que cada paciente tem seu pr&#243;prio controle, comparando eventos no ano anterior &#224; entrada no programa e durante o per&#237;odo de PTM.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes</title>
        <p>Para serem inclu&#237;dos no PTM, os pacientes precisavam ter mais de 18 anos, ter diagn&#243;stico de IC e ser capazes de lidar com os dispositivos m&#233;dicos. Selecionamos dados sobre pacientes que se cadastraram no programa entre 1&#186; de janeiro de 2018 e 30 de novembro de 2019. Participantes acompanhados por menos de um m&#234;s foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo de telemonitoramento</title>
        <p>O processo de telemonitoramento consistiu em medi&#231;&#245;es di&#225;rias de dados fisiol&#243;gicos, especificamente peso corporal, press&#227;o arterial, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio e temperatura corporal, al&#233;m da realiza&#231;&#227;o de um eletrocardiograma de tr&#234;s deriva&#231;&#245;es semanalmente.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a sele&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes e cuidadores passaram por treinamento sobre como usar os dispositivos e transmitir os dados. Os valores basais foram definidos como uma mediana dos tr&#234;s primeiros valores registrados. Os desvios que disparariam um alerta foram definidos pela equipe m&#233;dica ( <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Defini&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis relatadas e desvios que disparam um alerta</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                  <th>Normal</th>
                  <th>Alerta</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de O <sub>2</sub> (SpO <sub>2</sub> )</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8710; &lt;4% da basal</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8710; &#8805;4% e SpO <sub>2</sub> &lt;92%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">50-100 ppm</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;50 ou &gt;100</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8710; &#8804;20% da basal</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8710; &gt;20% da basal</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8710; &#8804;20% da basal</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8710; &gt;20% da basal</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso corporal</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8710; &lt;1Kg</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8710; &#8805;1 Kg em 24h ou &#8805;2Kg em 3 dias</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Temperatura</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8804;37,5 &#186;C</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;37,5 &#186;C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eletrocardiograma de tr&#234;s deriva&#231;&#245;es</td>
                  <td align="center">FC 50-100</td>
                  <td align="center">FC &lt;50 ou &gt;100</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>FC: Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Kg: quilograma.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Foram definidos dois tipos de alerta. Alertas t&#233;cnicos aconteciam se houvesse falha na transmiss&#227;o de dados ou se n&#227;o houvesse relato de dados, e estes eram resolvidos por um t&#233;cnico. Alertas cl&#237;nicos foram uma medida acima ou abaixo dos limites pr&#233;-definidos. Um enfermeiro ligaria para os pacientes com alerta cl&#237;nico para perguntar sobre os sintomas e aplicar o teste de Morisky-Green para medir a ader&#234;ncia aos medicamentos. Se o alerta cl&#237;nico fosse validado, o m&#233;dico respons&#225;vel entraria em contato com o paciente para decidir sobre a melhor estrat&#233;gia de controle.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados</title>
        <p>Dados demogr&#225;ficos dos pacientes e caracter&#237;sticas da doen&#231;a foram obtidos de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos eletr&#244;nicos. Coletamos dados sobre interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar global e por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, bem como admiss&#245;es em servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia, do ano anterior &#224; entrada no programa e ao per&#237;odo de cadastro.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados de linha de base foram resumidos utilizando-se estat&#237;sticas descritivas: m&#233;dias e desvio padr&#227;o para dados cont&#237;nuos com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, medianas e faixas interquartis para dados enviesados, e porcentagens para dados categ&#243;ricos. O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi usado para determinar a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o. A an&#225;lise comparativa entre o cadastramento antes e depois do programa foi feita utilizando-se o teste de Wilcoxon. Um p-valor bilateral de &lt;0,05 foi considerado significativo. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando-se o software de an&#225;lise de dados e estat&#237;stica (SPSS).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Um total de 39 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no programa. As caracter&#237;sticas da linha de base s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">tabela 2</xref> . A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 62 anos, variando entre 34 e 90 anos de idade. Houve uma predomin&#226;ncia de pacientes do sexo masculino. A maioria dos pacientes tinha cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica ou dilatada, com uma dura&#231;&#227;o mediana da doen&#231;a de 84 meses (FIQ: 33-144). A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda m&#233;dia foi de 29%&#177; 9,3% e nenhum paciente apresentou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada. A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial estava presente em mais de dois ter&#231;os dos pacientes.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base da popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" align="left">n=34*</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Idade, anos</th>
                <th>62 &#177; 14</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo masculino, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>30 (88%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Etiologia, n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">13 (38,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Cardiomiopatia dilatada</td>
                <td align="center">14 (41,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Relacionada ao consumo de &#225;lcool</td>
                <td align="center">3 (8,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Idiop&#225;tica</td>
                <td align="center">7 (20,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> P&#243;s-quimioterapia</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> P&#243;s-miocardite</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Familiar</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica</td>
                <td align="center">3 (8,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o compactado de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Displasia arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Amiloidose</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Normal (&gt;50%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Disfun&#231;&#227;o leve (40-50%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (23,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Disfun&#231;&#227;o moderada (30-40%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (26,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Disfun&#231;&#227;o grave (&lt;30%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (50%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Classe NYHA, n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> I</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> II</td>
                <td align="center">15 (44,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> III</td>
                <td align="center">18 (53%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> IV</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (64,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Medicamentos, n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">30 (88,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Inibidores da ECA ou BRA</td>
                <td align="center">12 (35,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Inibidores da NRA</td>
                <td align="center">15 (44,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Antagonista do receptor da aldosterona</td>
                <td align="center">31 (91,2%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>NYHA: New York Heart Association; ECA: enzima conversora da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina; NRA: neprilisina receptor de angiotensina. * Dados apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou n, (%)</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os pacientes foram acompanhados por um per&#237;odo mediano de 320 dias (FIQ: 166-486). Durante esse per&#237;odo, tr&#234;s pacientes abandonaram o estudo, um foi submetido a um transplante card&#237;aco, e cinco pacientes faleceram enquanto estavam no programa. As causas de morte foram a piora da IC em dois pacientes e infec&#231;&#227;o em tr&#234;s outros casos. Para esses sujeitos, todos os eventos que antecederam ao momento da interrup&#231;&#227;o foram levados em conta na an&#225;lise principal. Os demais 25 sujeitos ainda estavam cadastrados no PTM no momento da an&#225;lise.</p>
      <p>A ades&#227;o foi boa, com 58% dos pacientes relatando todos os dados pelo menos 75% do tempo, e 75% dos pacientes relatando pelo menos um par&#226;metro mais de 75% do tempo.</p>
      <p>Houve um total de 2928 alertas cl&#237;nicos, por&#233;m apenas 31 foram confirmados como sendo clinicamente relevantes, especialmente as mudan&#231;as no peso e na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Os 98,9% restantes dos alertas foram considerados n&#227;o significativos devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de sintomas ou medi&#231;&#245;es incorretas. Os alertas significativos s&#227;o definidos como leves, moderados ou graves, de acordo com o desvio dos limites pr&#233;-definidos. Nesses casos, o m&#233;dico ligaria para o paciente e decidiria sobre o controle, conforme ilustrado na <xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">figura 1</xref> . Metade dos pacientes foram atendidos no departamento de emerg&#234;ncia; entretanto, os demais casos foram resolvidos por altera&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas, uma consulta na cl&#237;nica da IC, ou apenas o monitoramento.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Gerenciamento da decis&#227;o m&#233;dica ap&#243;s alerta cl&#237;nico relevante e contato telef&#244;nico com o paciente.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href=""/>
        </fig>
      </p>
      <p>O n&#250;mero total de consultas em servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia diminuiu de 100 admiss&#245;es, no ano anterior ao cadastro, para 34, durante o programa de telemonitoramento (redu&#231;&#227;o de 66%, p &lt;0,001). As interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares por IC diminu&#237;ram de 71 para 23 (68%, p&lt;0,001) e o n&#250;mero de dias no hospital tamb&#233;m diminuiu significativamente, de 692 dias para 178 dias. N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as nas admiss&#245;es devido a outras causas. Esses resultados est&#227;o ilustrados na <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">figura 2</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; A an&#225;lise comparativa pelo teste de Wilcoxon revelou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa nas admiss&#245;es em pronto-socorro e nas interna&#231;&#245;es por IC, ao comparar os n&#250;meros do ano anterior com os n&#250;meros durante a ades&#227;o ao programa de telemonitoramento.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href=""/>
        </fig>
      </p>
      <p>Nenhum evento adverso foi causado pelo sistema de monitoramento.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Recentemente, o telemonitoramento domiciliar tem aparecido como uma op&#231;&#227;o adicional no controle de IC, disponibilizando sinais vitais e sintomas regulares e confi&#225;veis de pacientes da comunidade. Este &#233; o primeiro estudo a testar essa hip&#243;tese na popula&#231;&#227;o portuguesa. Encontrou-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de 68% nas interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares devido &#224; piora da IC e uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 66% em consultas globais em servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia. Outro ponto importante &#233; a redu&#231;&#227;o do per&#237;odo de estadia no hospital, provavelmente resultante tanto da identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce da descompensa&#231;&#227;o e da alta antecipada, com o monitoramento pr&#243;ximo do paciente. Isso &#233; particularmente relevante devido &#224; limita&#231;&#227;o de leitos hospitalares. Esses resultados corroboram estudos anteriores que demonstraram os benef&#237;cios do telemonitoramento remoto.</p>
      <p>O monitoramento di&#225;rio do peso &#233; uma recomenda&#231;&#227;o de classe I no controle da IC <sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> , j&#225; que a reten&#231;&#227;o de l&#237;quidos &#233; um sinal de piora e n&#227;o ades&#227;o ao tratamento diur&#233;tico. Em nosso estudo, esse foi o alerta cl&#237;nico mais comumente significativo identificado, levando a uma interven&#231;&#227;o, principalmente altera&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas, consultas cl&#237;nicas, ou admiss&#245;es em servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia. Entretanto, Zhang et al., <sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> demonstraram que a pesagem isoladamente tinha valor limitado.</p>
      <p>Em 2019, os programas de telemonitoramento foram endossados ainda mais pela Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia (ESC), <sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> principalmente devido a duas publica&#231;&#245;es. O estudo TIM-HF2 <sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> demonstrou que uma avalia&#231;&#227;o domiciliar regular de peso, press&#227;o arterial, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio, eletrocardiograma e status geral da sa&#250;de poderia reduzir a propor&#231;&#227;o de dias de afastamento devido a interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares por problemas cardiovasculares (especialmente IC) n&#227;o planejadas ou mortes (p = 0,046), bem como mortalidade global (FC 0,70; p = 0,028). Uma an&#225;lise de Cochrane <sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> de 25 estudos concluiu que o telemonitoramento reduziu a mortalidade global em 20%, e a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar por IC em 30%.</p>
      <p>A ESC afirmou que o protocolo usado no estudo TIM-HF2 deveria ser tentado em outros pa&#237;ses, para testar sua capacidade de ser reproduzido. <sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> A popula&#231;&#227;o participante do estudo TIM-HF2 foi similar &#224; nossa em termos de distribui&#231;&#227;o por sexo, classe da NYHA, e etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Entretanto, sua popula&#231;&#227;o era 8 anos mais velha, e 25% de seus pacientes apresentavam fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada, enquanto, em nosso estudo, n&#227;o havia nenhum. O programa de telemonitoramento &#233; muito semelhante ao nosso e nossos resultados positivos podem indicar que ele seja um m&#233;todo efetivo de monitoramento remoto.</p>
      <p>O controle do paciente &#224; dist&#226;ncia n&#227;o deve se limitar ao monitoramento dos sinais vitais. A equipe m&#233;dica pode usar esses dados para individualizar o tratamento, oferecer educa&#231;&#227;o ao paciente, e introduzir ou aumentar terapias que modificam a doen&#231;a. Essa abordagem pode levar a um impacto mais significativo no progn&#243;stico.</p>
      <p>Em outros estudos, o grau de ades&#227;o variou de 80% a 90%, <sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> , <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> </sup> que &#233; um valor melhor que nossos n&#250;meros. Isso se deve provavelmente aos fatos de que os pacientes apresentaram menos ades&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria se comparado aos momentos de estudos cl&#237;nicos. Em Portugal, conforme mostrado pelo HLS-EU-PT, <sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> 61% da popula&#231;&#227;o pesquisada t&#234;m um n&#237;vel de conhecimento de sa&#250;de geral inadequado. Isso pode ser uma barreira para um tratamento eficaz da doen&#231;a, j&#225; que esses pacientes t&#234;m mais dificuldade de entender a doen&#231;a e seu controle. <sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> Alguns estudos tamb&#233;m demonstraram que isso leva a uma baixa ades&#227;o aos medicamentos e ao aumento das interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares. Ao entrar nesse tipo de programa, os pacientes e cuidadores recebem mais conhecimento e responsabilidade sobre o controle da doen&#231;a. <sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> Isso provavelmente ajuda a explicar por que, embora o n&#250;mero de alertas cl&#237;nicos significativos seja baixo, o n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares por IC diminuem grandemente.</p>
      <p>Alguns estudos demonstraram que a idade n&#227;o tem impacto nesses resultados, com pacientes acima de 75 anos de idade tendo o mesmo benef&#237;cio que os pacientes mais jovens. <sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> Isso &#233; importante uma vez que temos uma popula&#231;&#227;o em envelhecimento, e com alta preval&#234;ncia de IC e interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares frequentes.</p>
      <p>As principais limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo s&#227;o aquelas associadas ao estudo antes e depois, principalmente a amea&#231;a da evolu&#231;&#227;o, que &#233; definida como outros eventos que poderiam afetar os resultados. Nesse tipo de estudo, outras vari&#225;veis, como as altera&#231;&#245;es nos medicamentos ou outras interven&#231;&#245;es, n&#227;o s&#227;o registradas. Tamb&#233;m temos uma amostra pequena. Entretanto, este estudo ainda pode gerar evid&#234;ncia preliminar para a efic&#225;cia da interven&#231;&#227;o em uma popula&#231;&#227;o com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca relativamente grave. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; que as interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares que ocorrem em hospitais fora do Servi&#231;o Nacional de Sa&#250;de n&#227;o foram registradas, embora n&#227;o sejam incomuns.</p>
      <p>Pesquisas posteriores devem se concentrar na identifica&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros biol&#243;gicos mais importantes a serem monitorados, na defini&#231;&#227;o dos subgrupos de pacientes que ser&#227;o mais beneficiados por essa abordagem, e de quais s&#227;o os programas com melhor rela&#231;&#227;o custo-benef&#237;cio.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Nosso programa de telemonitoramento n&#227;o invasivo reduziu as interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares e as admiss&#245;es em servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia devido a IC, bem como o n&#250;mero de dias de interna&#231;&#227;o por IC. A implementa&#231;&#227;o de um programa desse tipo deve ser considerada para a melhoria dos resultados para pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koga</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iseki</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A meta-analysis of remote patient monitoring for chronic heart failure patients</article-title>
          <source> J Telemed Telecare </source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>11</fpage>
          <lpage>17</lpage>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/">https://doi.org/</ext-link>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/1357633X13517352</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Telemonitoring in Heart Failure &#8211; A Single Center Experience</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5619-1756</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Susana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franco</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;tima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Lino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Isabel O. Cruz &#8226; Hospital Pedro Hispano - R. de Dr. Eduardo Torres, Sra. da Hora Matosinhos 4464-513 - Portugal E-mail: aisabelocruz@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Cruz IO, Costa S, Franco F, Gon&#231;alves L; Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript: Cruz IO; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Cruz IO, Teixeira R; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Costa S, Teixeira R, Franco F, Gon&#231;alves L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The natural history of heart failure is a progressive decline and recurrent hospital admissions. New strategies to timely detect decompensations are needed. The use of telemonitoring in heart failure is inconsistent.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>This study aimed to evaluate the impact of this telemonitoring program (TMP) in hospitalizations and emergency department admissions.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>This is a retrospective observational study, that analyzed data of all the patients who enrolled in the TMP program from January 2018 to December 2019. Demographic, clinical, and TMP-related data were collected. The number of hospitalizations and emergency department admissions from the year before and after enrollment were compared, using the Wilcoxon test. A two-sided p&lt;0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>A total of 39 patients were enrolled, with a mean age of 62.1 &#177; 14 years and a male predominance (90%). The most common causes of heart failure were ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy. The mean ejection fraction was 30% and the median time of disease duration was 84 months (IQR 33-144). Patients who were enrolled for less than one month were excluded, with a total of 34 patients analyzed. Patients were followed in the TMP for a median of 320 days. The number of emergency department admissions was reduced by 66% (p&lt;0.001), and the number of hospitalizations for heart failure was reduced by 68% (p&lt;0.001). The TMP had no impact on the number of hospitalizations for other causes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>This trial suggests that a TMP could reduce health service use in patients with heart failure.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Telemonitoring</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
        <kwd>Emergency Services</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart Failure (HF) is a major public health problem, with rising incidenc and a significant mortality and morbidity.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>In Portugal, the prevalence is estimated to be 4.36%.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>The natural history of this disease is worsening symptoms and diminishing functional capacity over time, with episodes of acute decompensation, often leading to hospital admissions. After the first admission, up to 50% of the patients will be readmitted within six months after discharge<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>and 17-45% will die in the first year.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup>Repeated hospitalizations for HF have a negative impact on prognosis, being an independent predictor of mortality.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The main strategies to prevent hospitalization are adequate pharmacological treatment, patient education, structured follow-up, and self-monitoring.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup>Various strategies have been tried to timely identify signs of clinical deterioration, allowing for an intervention before the acute exacerbation takes place. Telemonitoring is the use of technology to remotely monitor patients at home.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup>It was first proposed in the 2016 European Society of Cardiology Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic HF, with a class II, level of evidence B recomendation.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup>Studies have shown that programs of telemonitoring could reduce the rate of emergency and hospital admissions, lengths of hospital stays, and even HF-related mortality.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> - <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref> </sup>Other possible advantages are involving patients and families in disease management, timely optimization of medical therapy, increased compliance, and improvement in the patients&#8217; quality of life.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup>However, these results are inconsistent, as other studies show null results.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> , <xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref> </sup>This is most likely due to differences in the study populations, healthcare systems, and types of telemonitoring.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Objectives</title>
        <p>The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of non-invasive remote telemonitoring in Portuguese patients with advanced heart failure in emergency and hospital admissions.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Material and methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Design</title>
          <p>This is a retrospective, observational, before and after study of patients enrolled in an advanced heart failure telemonitoring program (TMP). This means that each patient is his own control, comparing events in the one year before entering the program and during the period of TMP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient Selection</title>
          <p>To be included in the TMP, patients had to be over 18 years of age, have a diagnosis of HF and be able to comply with the medical devices. We selected data on patients who enrolled in the program between January 1, 2018, and November 30, 2019. Participants followed up for less than a month were excluded from the analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Telemonitoring Protocol</title>
          <p>The telemonitoring process consisted of daily measurements of physiological data, namely body weight, blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and body temperature, plus a weekly performance of a three-lead electrocardiogram.</p>
          <p>After selection, patients and caregivers received training on how to use the devices and transmit data. Basal values were defined as a median of the first three values registered. The deviations that would trigger an alert were defined by the medical team ( <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Definition of the variables reported and deviations that trigger an alert</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                    <th>Normal</th>
                    <th>Alert</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peripheral saturation of O<sub>2</sub>(SpO<sub>2</sub>)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8710; &lt; 4% of basal</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8710; &#8805; 4% and SpO<sub>2</sub>&lt; 92%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heart Rate</td>
                    <td align="center">50-100 ppm</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;50 or &gt; 100</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Systolic blood pressure</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8710; &#8804; 20% of basal</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8710; &gt; 20% of basal</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diastolic blood pressure</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8710; &#8804; 20% of basal</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8710; &gt; 20% of basal</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Body weight</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8710; &lt;1Kg</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8710; &#8805; 1 Kg in 24h or &#8805; 2Kg in 3 days</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Temperature</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8804; 37.5&#186;C</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt;37.5&#186;C</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Three-lead electrocardiogram</td>
                    <td align="center">HR 50-100</td>
                    <td align="center">HR &lt;50 or &gt; 100</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>HR: Heart rate. Kg: kilogram.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Two types of alerts were defined. Technical alerts were failure on data transmission or no data reported, and they were fixed by a technician. Clinical alerts were a measurement above or below the preset limits. A nurse would call the patients with a clinical alert to ask about symptoms and apply the Morisky-Green test to measure medication adherence. If the clinical alert was validated, the referring physician would contact the patient to decide on the best management strategy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data Collection</title>
          <p>Data on patient demographics and disease characteristics were obtained from electronic medical records. We collected data on all-cause hospitalization and heart failure hospitalization, as well as emergency department admissions, from the year before entering the program and enrollment period.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Baseline data were summarized using descriptive statistics: means and standard deviation for continuous data with normal distribution, medians and interquatile range for skewed data, and percentages for categorical data. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess the normality of distribution. Comparative analysis between before and after enrollment in the program was done using the Wilcoxon test. A two-sided <italic>p</italic> &lt;0.05 was considered significant. All analyses were performed using data analysis and statistical software (SPSS).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 39 patients were included in the program. Baseline characteristics are presented in <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">table 2</xref> . The mean age was 62 years, ranging from 34 to 90 years old. There was a male predominance. Most patients had ischemic or dilated cardiomyopathy, with a median disease duration of 84 months (IQR: 33-144). Mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 29%&#177; 9.3% and no patient presented with preserved ejection fraction. Atrial fibrillation was present in more than two-thirds of the patients.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Population baseline characteristics</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2" align="left">n=34*</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Age, years</th>
                  <th>62 &#177; 14</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Male gender, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>30 (88%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Etiology, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Ischemic heart disease</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (38,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Dilated cardiomyopathy</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (41,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Alcohol-related</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (8,9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Idiopathic</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (20,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Post-chemotherapy</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Post-myocarditis</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Familial</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (8,9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Congenital heart disease</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Right ventricular arrhythmogenic dysplasia</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Amyloidosis</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Left ventricular ejection fraction, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Normal (&gt;50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Mildly impaired (40-50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (23,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Moderately impaired (30-40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (26,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Severely impaired (&lt;30%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (50%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NYHA class, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> I</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> II</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (44,1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> III</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (53%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> IV</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atrial Fibrillation, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (64,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Medications, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Beta blocker</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (88,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> ACE inhibitor or ARB</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (35,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> ARN inhibitor</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (44,1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Aldosterone-receptor antagonist</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (91,2%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>NYHA: New York Heart Association; ACE: angiotensin- converting enzyme; ARB: angiotensin-receptor blocker; ARN: angiotensin receptor-neprilysin. * Data presented as mean &#177; standard deviation or n, (%)</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Patients were monitored for a median of 320 days (IQR: 166-486). During that period, three patients dropped out of the program, one was submitted to a heart transplant, and five died while on the program. The causes of death were worsening HF in two patients and infection in the other three. For these subjects, all events up to the time of discontinuation were accounted for in the main analysis. The remaining 25 were still enrolled in the TMP by the time of this analysis.</p>
        <p>Compliance was good, with 58% of patients reporting all data at least 75% of the time and 75% reporting at least one parameter for more than 75% of the time.</p>
        <p>There were a total of 2,928 clinical alerts, but only 31 were confirmed as clinically relevant, mainly changes in weight and heart rate. The remaining 98.9% alerts were considered non-significant due to the absence of symptoms or wrong measurements. The significant alerts are defined as mild, moderate, or severe, according to the deviation from the preset limits. In these cases, the doctor would call the patient and decide on management, as represented in <xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">figure 1</xref> . Half of the patients were observed in the emergency department, but the remaining cases were resolved by therapeutic changes, a visit to the HF clinic, or simple monitoring.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Medical decision management after a relevant clinical alert and telephone contact with the patient.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>The total number of emergency department visits decreased from 100 admissions in the year prior to the enrollment, to 34 during the telemonitoring program (reduction of 66%, p &lt;0.001). Hospitalizations for HF decreased from 71 to 23 (68%, p&lt;0.001) and the number of days in hospital also decreased significantly, from 692 days to 178 days. No differences were found in admissions due to other causes. These results are represented in <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">figure 2</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparative analysis using the Wilcoxon test revealed a significant reduction in emergency room admissions and hospitalizations due to heart failure, when compare the numbers from the previous year with the numbers when joining the telemonitoring program.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>No adverse events were caused by the monitoring system.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Recently, home-based telemonitoring has emerged as an add-on option to HF management, providing regular and reliable vital signs and symptoms of community-based patients. This is the first study to test this hypothesis in the Portuguese population. We found a 68% significant reduction in hospitalizations due to worsening HF and a 66% reduction in emergency department visits for all-causes. Another important point is the reduction in hospital length of stay, probably the result of both the early identification of the decompensation and early discharge with close monitoring of the patient. This is particularly relevant due to the limitation of beds in the hospitals. These results support previous studies that have shown benefits from remote telemonitoring.</p>
        <p>Daily weight monitoring is a class I recommendation in the management of HF,<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup>because fluid retention is a sign of clinical decline and non-compliance to diuretic treatment. In our study, this was the most commonly significant clinical alert identified, leading to an intervention, mainly therapeutic changes, clinical visits, or emergency department admissions. However, Zhang et al.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup>demonstrated that measuring weight alone has limited value.</p>
        <p>In 2019, telemonitoring programs were further endorsed by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC),<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup>mainly due to two publications. The TIM-HF2 trial<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup>demonstrated that a regular home assessment of weight, blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, electrocardiogram, and general health status could reduce the proportion of days lost due to unplanned CV (mainly HF) hospitalizations or death (p = 0.046) as well as all-cause mortality (HR 0.70; p = 0.028). A Cochrane review<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup>of 25 trials concluded that telemonitoring reduced all-cause mortality by 20% and HF hospitalization by 30%.</p>
        <p>The ESC stated that the protocol used in the TIM-HF2 trial should be tried in other countries to test for reproducibility.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup>The population studied in TIM-HF2 trial was similar to ours in terms of gender distribution, NYHA class and heart failure etiology. However, their population was 8 years older and they had 25% of patients with preserved ejection fraction, while we had none. The telemonitoring program is very similar to our own and our positive results may indicate that it is an effective method of remote monitoring.</p>
        <p>Distant patient management should not be limited to monitoring vital signs. The medical team can use that data to individualize care, provide patient education, and timely introduce or uptitrate disease-modifying therapies. This approach might lead to a more significant impact on prognosis.</p>
        <p>In other studies, the degree of compliance ranged from 80% to 90%,<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> , <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> </sup>which is better than our numbers. This is probably because patients are less compliant in everyday clinical practice than in clinical trials. In Portugal, as shown by the HLS-EU-PT,<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup>61% of the surveyed population has an inadequate general health literacy level. This can be a barrier to an effective disease treatment, as these patients have a more difficulty understanding of the disease and its management.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup>Some studies have also shown that it leads to poor medication adherence and increased hospitalization. By entering such a program, patients and caregivers, are given more knowledge and responsibility on disease management.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup>This can probably help to explain why, even though the number of significant clinical alerts is low, the number of hospital admissions for HF reduces greatly.</p>
        <p>Some studies have shown that age does not have an impact on these results, with patients over 75 years of age having the same benefit as younger patients.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup>This is important because we have an aging population with a high prevalence of HF and frequent hospital admissions.</p>
        <p>The main limitations of this paper are those associated with a before-and-after study, mainly history threat, that is defined as other events that could affect outcomes. In this type of study other variables, such as medication changes or other interventions, are not recorded. We also have a small sample size. However, this study can still produce preliminary evidence for intervention effectiveness in a population with relatively severe heart failure. Another limitation is that admissions occurring in hospitals outside the National Health System were not recorded, although they are uncommon.</p>
        <p>Further research should focus on identifying the most important biological parameters to monitor, which subgroups of patients will benefit the most from this approach and which are the most cost-effective programs.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Our non-invasive telemonitoring program has significantly reduced HF hospitalizations and emergency department admissions, as well as days in hospital for HF. Implementation of such a program should be considered to improve the outcomes for patients with heart failure.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
