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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">vR5rLXJDmHNQZpzC7rt67Gh</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000300597</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20211018</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20211018</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Perfil Cl&#237;nico e Resultados em 30 dias de Pacientes com V&#225;lvula A&#243;rtica Bic&#250;spide Submetidos &#224; V&#225;lvula A&#243;rtica e/ou Cirurgia da Aorta</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9631-946X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Evora</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cirurgia e Anatomia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cirurgia e Anatomia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Paulo Roberto B. Evora &#8226; R. Rui Barbosa, 367, Apt. 15. CEP 14015-120, Ribeiro Preto, SP <italic>&#8211;</italic> Brasil E-mail: <email>prbevora@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>597</fpage>
      <lpage>598</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Valva A&#243;rtica Bic&#250;spide</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="4"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Este minieditorial foi motivado pelos resultados apresentados e discutidos em excelente artigo realizado no INCOR,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> ressaltando que faltam estudos sobre o perfil desses pacientes na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Isso refor&#231;a a relev&#226;ncia do estudo em quest&#227;o, uma vez que a v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide (VAB) afeta 0,5% a 2% das pessoas e est&#225; associada a altera&#231;&#245;es valvares e a&#243;rticas.</p>
    <p>A VAB &#233; uma altera&#231;&#227;o na embriog&#234;nese da aorta, v&#225;lvula que n&#227;o &#233; totalmente compreendida ainda que se tenha v&#225;rias teorias sobre sua origem. Essas teorias incluem:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <list list-type="order">
      <list-item>
        <p>A altera&#231;&#227;o no fluxo transvalvar fetal leva &#224; falha na separa&#231;&#227;o das c&#250;spides.</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>Fatores gen&#233;ticos.</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>Falha na migra&#231;&#227;o celular em alguns est&#225;gios da embriog&#234;nese.</p>
      </list-item>
    </list>
    <p>A rigidez arterial &#233; um preditor essencial de aortopatia e remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em 41 pacientes com VAB, e pode estar aumentada na inf&#226;ncia. Por esse motivo, h&#225; um interesse crescente no acompanhamento de pacientes com VAB desde a inf&#226;ncia. Um artigo recente de Pelin Kosger et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> publicado nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, avalia a rigidez arterial e a fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em 44 crian&#231;as com uma VAB funcionando bem. A investiga&#231;&#227;o revelou que, de acordo com a an&#225;lise da onda de pulso oscilom&#233;trica de crian&#231;as com VAB em bom funcionamento, apresentavam rigidez arterial semelhante &#224; de seus pares saud&#225;veis. O di&#226;metro da aorta ascendente foi estabelecido como um preditor independentemente da fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Portanto, a rigidez arterial pode n&#227;o ser um fator de risco grave em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos sem dilata&#231;&#227;o acentuada da aorta ascendente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O estudo do INCOR &#233; uma coorte retrospectiva incluindo 195 pacientes (idade m&#233;dia 54 &#177; 14 anos, 73,8% do sexo masculino) com diagn&#243;stico de VAB submetidos &#224; abordagem cir&#250;rgica (valvular e aorta) de 2014 a 2019. Foram avaliados dados cl&#237;nicos, ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e tomogr&#225;ficos, al&#233;m das caracter&#237;sticas da interven&#231;&#227;o e evolu&#231;&#227;o em 30 dias. Os resultados revelaram:</p>
    <list list-type="order">
      <list-item>
        <p>Alta preval&#234;ncia de aneurisma de aorta (56,5%), com di&#226;metro m&#233;dio de 46,9 &#177; 10,2 mm.</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>Regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica importante em 25,1% e estenose a&#243;rtica significativa em 54,9%. A cirurgia isolada da valva a&#243;rtica foi realizada em 48,2%, a cirurgia isolada da aorta em 6,7% e a cirurgia combinada em 45,1%. A mortalidade em 30 dias foi de 8,2%.</p>
      </list-item>
    </list>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada, os preditores do desfecho combinado em 30 dias (&#243;bito, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e reopera&#231;&#227;o) foram: idade (OR 1,044, IC 95% 1,009-1,081, p = 0,014) e &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda (OR 1,009,995 % CI 1,000-1,018, p = 0,044). Talvez o achado mais cr&#237;tico seja que os pacientes com VAB apresentam maior incid&#234;ncia de aortopatia, com a necessidade adicional de avalia&#231;&#227;o da aorta com tomografia computadorizada ou resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica. Outro fato que merece destaque foi a discuss&#227;o de que, em geral, as caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira n&#227;o apresentam diferen&#231;as marcantes em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados de outros pa&#237;ses, e a organiza&#231;&#227;o das diretrizes internacionais &#233; mais coerente. Resta a infind&#225;vel velha hist&#243;ria da incid&#234;ncia da febre reum&#225;tica, diferenciada de acordo com o n&#237;vel de desenvolvimento das popula&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Os autores ressaltam que a principal limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo &#233; inerente ao seu desenho observacional. Assim, dados que pudessem influenciar negativamente o resultado cir&#250;rgico e eventos de impacto (como tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, uso de drogas vasoativas, uso de suporte circulat&#243;rio, taxa de infec&#231;&#227;o entre outros) n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis para an&#225;lise em todos os pacientes. Al&#233;m disso, o seguimento de curto prazo (30 meses) n&#227;o permite extrapolar os achados para al&#233;m desse per&#237;odo. Aguardamos as avalia&#231;&#245;es dos resultados de m&#233;dio e longo prazo.</p>
    <p>Atualmente, n&#227;o existem tratamentos espec&#237;ficos conhecidos para evitar que a v&#225;lvula bic&#250;spide desenvolva estenose ou regurgita&#231;&#227;o. As estatinas para reduzir o colesterol podem ajudar algumas pessoas. No entanto, minha d&#250;vida sobre o assunto, que acredito ser compartilhada pela maioria dos cirurgi&#245;es card&#237;acos, surgiu na evid&#234;ncia de que as VAB est&#227;o sempre associadas com dilata&#231;&#245;es a&#243;rticas. Justifica-se associar a abordagem cir&#250;rgica da aorta em todos os casos de VAB? As grandes diretrizes n&#227;o apresentam uma abordagem definitiva, podendo ser assumidas como um comportamento l&#243;gico tendencial, mas dif&#237;ceis de enquadrar nos princ&#237;pios de Hip&#243;crates &#8220;mutilar ao m&#237;nimo, reconstruir ao m&#225;ximo ...&#8221;</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Kirschbaum M, Rosa VEE, Sampaio BPA, Thevenard G, Quintanilha NR, Fernandes JRC, et al. Clinical Profile and 30-Day Outcomes of Patients with Bicuspid Aortic Valve Undergoing Aortic Valve and/or Aorta Surgery. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022; 118(3):588-596.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Rosa</surname>
              <given-names>VEE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sampaio</surname>
              <given-names>BPA</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Thevenard</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Quintanilha</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>JRC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical Profile and 30-Day Outcomes of Patients with Bicuspid Aortic Valve Undergoing Aortic Valve and/or Aorta Surgery</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>118</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>588</fpage>
          <lpage>596</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
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        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Osler W. The Bicuspid Condition of the Aortic Valve. Trans Assoc Am Physicians. 1886;1:185-92.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Osler</surname>
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            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Bicuspid Condition of the Aortic Valve</article-title>
          <source>Trans Assoc Am Physicians</source>
          <year>1886</year>
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      </ref>
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        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Roberts WC. The Congenitally Bicuspid Aortic Valve. A study of 85 Autopsy Cases. Am J Cardiol. 1970;26(1):72-83. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(70)90761-7.</mixed-citation>
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            <name>
              <surname>Roberts</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Congenitally Bicuspid Aortic Valve. A study of 85 Autopsy Cases</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1970</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>72</fpage>
          <lpage>83</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0002-9149(70)90761-7.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Kosger P, Akin T, Kiztanir H, Ucar B. Arterial Stiffness and Left Ventricular Myocardial Function in Children with a Well-Functioning Bicuspid Aortic Valve. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021;117(6):1126-33. doi: 10.36660/abc.20200657.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kosger</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Akin</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kiztanir</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ucar</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Arterial Stiffness and Left Ventricular Myocardial Function in Children with a Well-Functioning Bicuspid Aortic Valve</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
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          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200657.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Perfil Cl&#237;nico e Desfechos em 30 Dias de Pacientes Portadores de Valva A&#243;rtica Bic&#250;spide Submetidos &#224; Cirurgia em Valva A&#243;rtica e/ou Aorta</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Clinical Profile and Outcomes in 30 Days of Patients with Bicuspid Aortic Valve Undergoing Aortic Valve and/or Aortic Surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9631-946X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Evora</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cirurgia e Anatomia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Paulo Roberto B. Evora &#8226; R. Rui Barbosa, 367, Apt. 15. CEP 14015-120, Ribeiro Preto, SP <italic>&#8211;</italic> Brazil E-mail: prbevora@gmail.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Bicuspid Aortic Valve</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>This short editorial is motivated by the results presented and discussed in an excellent article carried out at INCOR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The authors emphasize a lack of Brazilian population, strengthening the relevance question since the bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) affects 0.5 to 2% of people and is associated with valve and aortic changes. The bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is defective embryogenesis of the aortic valve that is not fully understood, even several theories about its origin. These theories include:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <list list-type="order">
        <list-item>
          <p>Alteration in fetal transvalvular flow leading to failure in cusp separation;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Genetic factors;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Cell migration failure in some stages of embryogenesis.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>Arterial stiffness is an essential predictor of aortopathy and myocardial remodeling in 41 patients with a bicuspid aortic valve, and it might be increased in childhood. For this reason, there has been growing interest in the follow-up of patients with ABV since childhood. A recent article was published in the Brazilian Archives of Cardiology, a very well-written article by Pelin Kosger et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> To assess arterial stiffness and left ventricular myocardial function in forty-four children with a well-functioning bicuspid aortic valve. The investigation revealed that According to the oscillometric pulse wave analysis, the children with a well-functioning bicuspid aorta valve had similar arterial stiffness to that of their healthy peers. The ascending aorta diameter was established as an independent predictor of left ventricular myocardial function. Arterial stiffness may not be a severe risk factor in pediatric patients without marked ascending aorta dilation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The INCOR study is a retrospective cohort including 195 patients (mean age 54&#177;14 years, 73.8% male) with a diagnosis of BAV who underwent surgical approach (valvular and aorta) from 2014 to 2019. Clinical echocardiography and tomography data were evaluated, in addition to the characteristics of the intervention and events within 30 days. The results revealed:</p>
      <list list-type="order">
        <list-item>
          <p>High prevalence of aortic aneurysm (56.5%), with a mean diameter of 46.9&#177;10.2 mm;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Major aortic regurgitation in 25.1% and significant aortic stenosis in 54.9%. Isolated aortic valve surgery was performed in 48.2%, isolated aortic surgery in 6.7%, and combined surgery in 45.1%. The 30-day mortality was 8.2%.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>In the multivariate analysis, the predictors of the combined outcome at 30 days (death, atrial fibrillation, and reoperation) were age (OR 1.044, 95% CI 1.009-1.081, p=0.014) and left ventricular mass index (OR 1.009, 95% CI 1.000-1.018, p=0.044). Perhaps the most critical finding was that patients with BAV have a higher incidence of aortopathy, with the additional need to assess the aorta with computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Another fact that deserves to be highlighted was the discussion that, in general, the characteristics of the Brazilian population do not present marked differences compared to data from other countries, and the organization of international guidelines is more coherent. There remains the endless old story of the incidence of Rheumatic Fever, differentiated according to the social level of country populations development.</p>
      <p>The authors point out that the main limitation of this study is inherent to its observational design. Thus, data that could negatively influence the surgical outcome and impact events (such as cardiopulmonary bypass time, hospital stay, use of vasoactive drugs, circulatory support, infection rate, among others) were not available for analysis in all patients. Furthermore, the short-term follow-up (30 months) does not allow the findings to be extrapolated beyond this period. We wait for the middle and long time outcomes evaluations.</p>
      <p>Currently, no treatments prevent the bicuspid valve from developing stenosis or regurgitation. Statins to lower cholesterol may help some people. However, my capital doubt is, which I believe shared by most cardiac surgeons, arose in the evidence that bicuspid aortic valves are associated with aortic dilations. Is it justified to associate the surgical approach to the aorta in all cases of bicuspid aortic valves? The guidelines do not present a definitive direction, and it can be assumed as a tendential logical behavior, but difficult to fit into the principles of Hippocrates (&#8221;mutilate to the minimum, rebuild to the maximum...&#8221;)</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Clinical Profile and 30-Day Outcomes of Patients with Bicuspid Aortic Valve Undergoing Aortic Valve and/or Aorta Surgery</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
