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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">rgrXLyfbdr6wxkpNpf86qNM</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000300565</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200437</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200437</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Testes Ergom&#233;tricos em Pacientes com Anemia Falciforme: Seguran&#231;a, Viabilidade e Poss&#237;veis Implica&#231;&#245;es no Progn&#243;stico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Christiano Gon&#231;alves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Resende</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Bet&#226;nia Solis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tupinamb&#225;s</surname>
            <given-names>Julia Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Rebeca Coeli Teodoro Maciel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio Coelho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8967-4647</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Carmen Melo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Janu&#225;rio</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Nelio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2740-0042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Luiz Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8801-1828</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Carmo P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Infectologia e Medicina Tropical</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais,Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia de Minas Gerais (HEMOMINAS Foundation), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">N&#250;cleo de A&#231;&#245;es e Pesquisa em Apoio Diagn&#243;stico</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">N&#250;cleo de A&#231;&#245;es e Pesquisa em Apoio Diagn&#243;stico (Nupad) &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Maria Carmo P Nunes &#8226; Departamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Av. Professor Alfredo Balena, 190. CEP 30130-100, Santa Efig&#234;nia, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil E-mail: <email>mcarmo@waymail.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Ara&#250;jo CG, Resende MBS, Janu&#225;rio JN, Ribeiro ALP, Nunes MCP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Ara&#250;jo CG, Resende MBS, Tupinamb&#225;s JT, Dias RCTM, Barros FC, Vasconcelos MCM, Janu&#225;rio JN, Nunes MCP; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Ara&#250;jo CG, Resende MBS, Ribeiro ALP, Nunes MCP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Janu&#225;rio JN, Ribeiro ALP, Nunes MCP; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Ara&#250;jo CG, Ribeiro ALP, Nunes MCP; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Ara&#250;jo CG, Resende MBS, Dias RCTM, Vasconcelos MCM, Janu&#225;rio JN, Ribeiro ALP, Nunes MCP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>565</fpage>
      <lpage>575</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Pacientes com anemia falciforme (AF) t&#234;m risco aumentado de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares. O teste ergom&#233;trico &#233; usado como marcador de progn&#243;stico em uma s&#233;rie de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Entretanto, h&#225; uma escassez de evid&#234;ncias sobre exerc&#237;cios em pacientes com AF, especialmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sua seguran&#231;a, viabilidade e poss&#237;vel fun&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Usamos o teste em esteira m&#225;ximo para determinar a seguran&#231;a e a viabilidade do teste ergom&#233;trico em pacientes com AF. Al&#233;m disso, os fatores associados &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio, bem como o impacto das altera&#231;&#245;es causadas pelo exerc&#237;cio em resultados cl&#237;nicos, tamb&#233;m foram avaliados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> 113 pacientes com AF que passaram pelo teste ergom&#233;trico e por uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular abrangente incluindo um ecocardiograma e os n&#237;veis do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo B (BNP). O desfecho de longo prazo foi uma combina&#231;&#227;o de eventos incluindo morte, crises &#225;lgicas graves, s&#237;ndrome tor&#225;cica aguda ou interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares por outras complica&#231;&#245;es associadas &#226; doen&#231;a falciforme. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox foi realizada para identificar as vari&#225;veis associadas ao resultado. Um p valor &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 36 &#177; 12 anos (intervalo, 18-65 anos), e 62 pacientes eram do sexo feminino (52%). A presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas ao esfor&#231;o e resposta press&#243;rica anormal ao exerc&#237;cio foram detectadas em 17% e 9 % da&#180;popula&#231;&#227;o estudada respectivamente. Dois pacientes apresentaram crise &#225;lgica com necessidade de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar no per&#237;odo de 48 horas da realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame. Fatores associados &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio foram idade, sexo, velocidade m&#225;xima de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide (RT), e rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217;, ap&#243;s a padroniza&#231;&#227;o quanto aos marcadores da gravidade da doen&#231;a. Durante o per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento de 10,1 meses (variando de 1,2 a 26), 27 pacientes (23%) apresentaram desfechos cl&#237;nicos adversos. Preditores independentes de eventos adversos foram a concentra&#231;&#227;o de hemoglobina, velocidade do fluxo transmitral tardio (onda A), e a resposta da PA ao exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> A realiza&#231;&#227;o de testes ergom&#233;tricos em pacientes com AF, clinicamente est&#225;veis, &#233; vi&#225;vel. A dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio estava associada &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e a press&#227;o arterial pulmonar. A resposta anormal da PA foi um preditor independente de eventos adversos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Anemia Falciforme</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasculite</kwd>
        <kwd>Hem&#243;lise</kwd>
        <kwd>Oclus&#227;o Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste de Esfor&#231;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="48"/>
        <page-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A anemia falciforme (AF) &#233; um problema de sa&#250;de global crescente associado a complica&#231;&#245;es potencialmente fatais e les&#245;es progressivas dos &#243;rg&#227;os.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Embora se espere que o n&#250;mero de pacientes com AF aumente com a melhoria do tratamento, a expectativa de vida &#233; reduzida em cerca de 3 d&#233;cadas, mesmo com o melhor atendimento de sa&#250;de poss&#237;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Essa doen&#231;a &#233; caracterizada pela presen&#231;a de eritr&#243;citos anormais deteriorados pela hemoglobina S, levando a uma disfun&#231;&#227;o multissist&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A caracter&#237;stica fisiopatol&#243;gica da AF &#233; a polimeriza&#231;&#227;o da hemoglobina que causa vaso oclus&#227;o tecidual com les&#227;o de isquemia e reperfus&#227;o e pela presen&#231;a de hem&#243;lise.5,6 As complica&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas resultam de dois mecanismos principais, incluindo uma vasculopatia de grandes vasos e les&#245;es isqu&#234;micas progressivas aos &#243;rg&#227;os.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, o diagn&#243;stico precoce e a melhora no tratamento cl&#237;nico de modo geral prolongaram significativamente a sobrevida de pacientes com AF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e, dessa forma, a detec&#231;&#227;o das complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares aumentou. A anemia cr&#244;nica est&#225; associada a v&#225;rias altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas bem descritas em pacientes com AF, incluindo a dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, aumento da massa, e fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica prejudicada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a hem&#243;lise intravascular pode levar &#224; hipertens&#227;o pulmonar pr&#233;-capilar, que &#233; uma das principais complica&#231;&#245;es da AF, com consequ&#234;ncias graves para as c&#226;maras direitas do cora&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Pacientes com AF t&#234;m risco aumentado de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e morte s&#250;bita, especialmente com o envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o afetada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A dor no peito geralmente &#233; atribu&#237;da &#224; crise vaso-oclusiva e o diagn&#243;stico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio geralmente &#233; ignorado, ocasionalmente feito na aut&#243;psia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Portanto, a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica pode estar presente em um n&#250;mero significativo de pacientes com AF.</p>
      <p>O teste ergom&#233;trico &#233; amplamente utilizado na pesquisa de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica ou com poss&#237;veis sintomas equivalentes isqu&#234;micos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com AF, entretanto, pode levar a altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas induzidas pelo exerc&#237;cio que poderiam favorecer o afoi&#231;amento dos eritr&#243;citos e promover oclus&#245;es vasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Esse fato suscitou um dilema entre recomendar exerc&#237;cios para esses pacientes ou priv&#225;-los dos efeitos ben&#233;ficos da atividade f&#237;sica. Embora estudos anteriores tenham demonstrado uma toler&#226;ncia normal ao exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com AF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> eles tinham v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es, incluindo um pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes e o uso de testes de caminhada de seis minutos para avaliar a capacidade funcional. Portanto, h&#225; escassez de evid&#234;ncias que indiquem programas de exerc&#237;cios para pacientes com AF. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o est&#225; claro se os par&#226;metros obtidos em pacientes submetidos a teste de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo limitado por sintomas poderiam apresentar associa&#231;&#227;o com presen&#231;a de eventos adversos no seguimento dos pacientes com AF</p>
      <p>Portanto, este estudo buscou 1) verificar a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com AF; 2) determinar os fatores associados &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o do teste ergom&#233;trico; 3) examinar o impacto e os par&#226;metros da resposta cardiovascular induzidos pelo esfor&#231;o na ocorr&#234;ncia de desfechos cl&#237;nicos; 4) avaliar a viabilidade e a seguran&#231;a dos testes ergom&#233;tricos na popula&#231;&#227;o com AF.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Este foi um estudo de centro &#250;nico em que foram cadastrados pacientes com AF confirmada por eletroforese de hemoglobina. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes que n&#227;o conseguiram realizar o teste ergom&#233;trico devido a problemas ortop&#233;dicos ou a outros problemas org&#226;nicos graves associados &#224; AF (crise &#225;lgica aguda, insufici&#234;ncia venosa grave, descompensa&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular ou respirat&#243;ria).</p>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP) foram medidos utilizando-se radioimunoensaio padr&#227;o em todos os pacientes imediatamente antes do teste ergom&#233;trico. O protocolo de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, e o consentimento informado por escrito foi obtido de todos os pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo do teste ergom&#233;trico</title>
        <p>Foi realizado um exerc&#237;cio limitado por sintomas em uma esteira (Centurium 200, Micromed, Brasil), utilizando o protocolo de Bruce modificado, que apresenta, nos est&#225;gios iniciais, incrementos menores da carga de esfor&#231;o permitindo melhor adapta&#231;&#227;o e toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio. Esse protocolo &#233; derivado do protocolo padr&#227;o de Bruce e apresenta est&#225;gios de 3 minutos, sendo diferente apenas no primeiro, que apresenta velocidade inicial usual do primeiro est&#225;gio do protocolo original e altera apenas a inclina&#231;&#227;o (sem inclina&#231;&#227;o nos primeiros 3 minutos). O segundo est&#225;gio &#233; semelhante ao primeiro est&#225;gio original de Bruce, e, depois disso, o protocolo usual &#233; seguido. Dessa forma, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre esfor&#231;o e consumo de O<sub>2</sub> &#233; de cerca de 0,5 MET/minuto at&#233; o terceiro est&#225;gio, e, da&#237; em diante, &#177; 1,2 MET/minute.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Um ECG de 13 deriva&#231;&#245;es foi monitorado continuamente e registrado a cada minuto. A press&#227;o arterial foi registrada com manguito em repouso, durante os &#250;ltimos 30 segundos de cada est&#225;gio, e durante o per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o de 6 minutos. Depois de atingir o esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo, todos os pacientes passaram 1 minuto em per&#237;odo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o gradual, recupera&#231;&#227;o ativa, a uma velocidade de 2,4 km por hora e uma inclina&#231;&#227;o de 2,5 por cento. Depois de 1 minuto, todos os pacientes conclu&#237;ram a fase de recupera&#231;&#227;o na posi&#231;&#227;o supina.</p>
        <p>O teste foi m&#225;ximo, com os pacientes permanecendo na esteira at&#233; atingirem par&#226;metros subjetivos (dispneia, fadiga, dor no peito ou membros inferiores, incapacidade de continuar na esteira) de intoler&#226;ncia ou exerc&#237;cio, ou contraindica&#231;&#245;es usuais para a continuidade do exerc&#237;cio (como arritmias persistentes). O VO<sub>2</sub> de pico e os MET foram estimados no pico do exerc&#237;cio. Foram avaliadas a presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas do segmento ST-T; a resposta cronotr&#243;pica e press&#243;rica ao esfor&#231;o e a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias card&#237;acas. A resposta anormal da press&#227;o arterial ao exerc&#237;cio foi definida como aus&#234;ncia de eleva&#231;&#227;o ou aumento da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica no pico do exerc&#237;cio &lt;20 mmHg, ou uma queda da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica abaixo do valor em repouso durante o exerc&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Altera&#231;&#245;es no segmento ST foram consideradas indicativas de isquemia quando houve uma depress&#227;o do segmento ST horizontal ou com inclina&#231;&#227;o para baixo &#8805; 1 mm a 60&#8211;80 ms ap&#243;s o ponto J.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Foi realizada a oximetria em repouso e durante o teste ergom&#233;trico utilizando-se dois ox&#237;metros: OHMEDA 3800, GE e HELLCOR OXIMAX N-600X, um em cada dedo indicador. Todos os exames foram realizados e analisados por um cardiologista experiente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
        <p>O ecocardiograma foi realizado de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> (Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> utilizando-se um ecocardiograma comercialmente dispon&#237;vel (GE Vivid Q, Horten, Noruega). A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE foi calculada conforme a regra de Simpson modificada, e a massa do VE foi calculada utilizando-se a f&#243;rmula de Devereux.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi avaliada por exame de Doppler de onda de pulso do influxo mitral, e por imagem de Doppler tecidual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> A velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce (e&#8217;) na borda medial do anel mitral foi obtida, e a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o pico mitral E e a velocidade e&#8217; (Rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217;) foi calculada. A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita foi avaliada utilizando-se a velocidade sist&#243;lica de pico no anel tric&#250;spide utilizando-se imagens de Doppler tecidual,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> o movimento anular tric&#250;spide e a altera&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea fracionada, que foi calculada como (&#225;rea diast&#243;lica final do VD &#8211; &#225;rea sist&#243;lica final do VD)/&#225;rea diast&#243;lica final do VD x 100. A velocidade m&#225;xima de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide (RT) foi obtida nas vistas de 4 c&#226;maras ou paraesternal. Todas as medi&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas por um &#250;nico investigador, de forma cega quanto aos dados cl&#237;nicos, e a m&#233;dia foi de 3 batimentos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#245;es de desfecho</title>
        <p>O desfecho principal foi a dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio e o desfecho secund&#225;rio foi uma combina&#231;&#227;o dos seguintes eventos: (1) morte relacionada a AF, (2) mortalidade global, (3) tr&#234;s ou mais epis&#243;dios de dor aguda que exigem interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, (4) s&#237;ndrome aguda do t&#243;rax caracterizada por um infiltrado pulmonar recente detectado por radiografia do t&#243;rax associada a dor no peito, febre, taquipneia, chiado, tosse e hipoxemia, (5) hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por outras complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; AF, especialmente infec&#231;&#227;o potencialmente fatal.</p>
        <p>A data do cadastro no estudo foi definida como sendo a data em que o teste ergom&#233;trico foi realizado. O per&#237;odo de inclus&#227;o foi de agosto de 2015 a setembro de 2016, e o acompanhamento terminou em novembro de 2017. Os dados do acompanhamento foram obtidos durante consultas cl&#237;nicas de acompanhamento ou entrevistas telef&#244;nicas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>O estudo foi projetado para alcan&#231;ar 90% de poder de detec&#231;&#227;o de uma preval&#234;ncia de 15% de anormalidades de ECG sugeridas de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica na popula&#231;&#227;o geral com AF. Consideramos que pelo menos 10 pacientes ter&#227;o anormalidades ST-T isqu&#234;micas, retornando um tamanho de amostra estimado de 93.</p>
        <p>Dados categ&#243;ricos foram apresentados como n&#250;meros e porcentagens, e dados cont&#237;nuos foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) ou mediana e faixa interquartil, dependendo do padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o de cada vari&#225;vel. O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi realizado para avaliar a distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas.</p>
        <p>Para se determinarem os fatores associados &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o do teste ergom&#233;trico, foram realizados modelos de regress&#227;o linear com an&#225;lise univariada e multivariada. As premissas da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear foram verificadas sem que se observassem quebras significativas.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox foi realizada para determinar as caracter&#237;sticas que estavam associadas de maneira independente &#224; combina&#231;&#227;o de desfechos. Vari&#225;veis de testes cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais, ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e da ergometria que eram clinicamente relevantes e significativamente associados a eventos em an&#225;lise univariadas foram inclu&#237;das no modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivari&#225;vel. As vari&#225;veis que entraram no modelo final foram par&#226;metros de idade, sexo, testes laboratoriais (concentra&#231;&#245;es de reticul&#243;citos e de hemoglobina), ecocardiogr&#225;ficos (velocidade m&#225;xima de RT, rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217;, e massa do VE indexada), e ergom&#233;trico (resposta &#224; press&#227;o anormal, e presen&#231;a de isquemia). Um p valor &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando-se o software SPSS, vers&#227;o 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Um total de 120 pacientes ambulatoriais foram inclu&#237;dos, por&#233;m 7 deles n&#227;o conseguiram fazer o exame na sala de exerc&#237;cios, resultando em um total de 113 pacientes que conclu&#237;ram o protocolo de estudo. Destes, 71 eram portadores de hemoglobina (Hb) SS, 40 de HbSC, e 2 eram portadores de anemia falciforme-talassemia beta zero (Hb S-&#946;<sup>0</sup>-thal). A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes foi de 36,2 &#177; 12,4 anos (intervalo, 18-65 anos), e 62 pacientes eram do sexo feminino (52%). A maioria dos pacientes era assintom&#225;tica, estava dentro da classe funcional (CF) NYHA I (77%), enquanto 24 (20%) estavam dentro da classe II, e 4 (3%), na classe III. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . Dezesseis pacientes (13%) tinham hipertens&#227;o e 43 pacientes (36%) tinham disfun&#231;&#227;o renal. A interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar no ano anterior havia ocorrido em 25 pacientes (21%), e 2 ou mais vezes em 11 pacientes (9%).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis*</th>
                  <th>Valor</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#193;rea da superf&#237;cie corporal (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,7 &#177; 0,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">75,8 &#177; 13,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica/diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">117,4 &#177; 14,6/73,2 &#177; 4,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobina (g/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,9 &#177; 2,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Reticul&#243;citos (% de eritr&#243;citos)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,6 [3,6/8,7]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Contagem de leuc&#243;citos (x10<sup>3</sup>/l)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,6 &#177; 3,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Desidrogenase l&#225;ctica (U/l)</td>
                  <td align="center">575 [413/833]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aspartato aminotransferase (U/l)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 [16/32]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ferritina (ng/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">181 [75/388]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bilirrubina total (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,7 [1,1/3,0]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,7 [0,6/0,8]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP, pg/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 [11/62]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Medi&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 [48/56]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 [30/37]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 [59/65]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Massa do VE indexada (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">103,2 [85/130]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce do fluxo transmitral (E,cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">93,1 &#177; 22,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de velocidade tardia do fluxo transmitral (A, cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">55,9 &#177; 16,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">206,0 &#177; 41,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217;</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8 &#177; 0,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; &#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">6,8 &#177; 2,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Volume atrial esquerdo indexado (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">42,1 &#177; 14,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Altera&#231;&#227;o de &#225;rea fracionada do ventr&#237;culo direito (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44,2 &#177; 5,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de velocidade sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,5 &#177; 3,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Movimento anular tric&#250;spide (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,9 &#177; 4,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;ndice de desempenho mioc&#225;rdico do ventr&#237;culo direito</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12 &#177; 0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Velocidade m&#225;xima de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide&#8225; (m/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,2 &#177; 0,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#193;rea do &#225;trio direito (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">16,2 &#177; 3,4</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>*Valores expressos com valor m&#233;dio &#177; DP, ou mediana [faixa interquartil]. e&#8217;: velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce do anel mitral nos an&#233;is mitrais do septo e lateral, E/A: rela&#231;&#227;o entre velocidade do fluxo transmitral precoce e tardia. &#8224; E/e&#8217;: Rela&#231;&#227;o entre velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce do fluxo transmitral e velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce do anel mitral (m&#233;dia nos an&#233;is mitrais do septo e lateral). &#8225;Pico de velocidade sist&#243;lica no anel tric&#250;spide por imagem Doppler tecidual.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Acidentes vasculares cerebrais foram diagnosticados anteriormente em 16 pacientes (13%) que estavam sob regime de hipertransfus&#227;o e n&#227;o apresentavam sequelas motoras significativas. Os medicamentos usados mais frequentemente foram o &#225;cido f&#243;lico (93%), a hidroxiureia (62%), e os inibidores de enzima conversora da angiotensina ou bloqueadores de receptores de angiotensina (23%). Sete pacientes (6%) estavam tomando furosemida. Todos os pacientes que estavam clinicamente est&#225;veis apresentaram anemia leve, com n&#237;veis de hemoglobina de 9,9 &#177; 2,2 g/dl ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ). As concentra&#231;&#245;es de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B estavam dentro da faixa normal.</p>
        <p>As medi&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . A maioria dos pacientes tinha dimens&#245;es ventriculares normais com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada. O volume atrial esquerdo estava aumentado, enquanto outros par&#226;metros para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica estavam normais, especialmente a rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; derivada de Doppler tecidual, que estava dentro do intervalo normal. Da mesma forma, as dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo direito e o jato de velocidade m&#225;xima de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide tamb&#233;m estavam dentro do intervalo normal. Apenas 2 pacientes tinham jato de velocidade de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide &#8805;3 m/s.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Teste ergom&#233;trico</title>
        <p>Foram detectadas anormalidades de ST isqu&#234;micas compat&#237;veis com os crit&#233;rios de isquemia durante o esfor&#231;o em 19 pacientes (17%). As caracter&#237;sticas do teste ergom&#233;trico s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas do paciente durante o teste ergom&#233;trico</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis*</th>
                  <th>Valor</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Oximetria (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">95 [92/96]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de FC (batimentos/minuto)</td>
                  <td align="center">158,4 &#177; 21,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de FC (% prevista)</td>
                  <td align="center">86,9 &#177; 10,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de VO<sub>2</sub> (ml.Kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">31,0 &#177; 9,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MET</td>
                  <td align="center">8,9 &#177; 2,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Presen&#231;a de isquemia</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (17)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Batimentos supraventriculares precoces</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (33)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Batimentos ventriculares precoces</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (14)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Resposta de press&#227;o arterial anormal</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Altera&#231;&#245;es na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg) &#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">27,5 &#177; 14,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Delta da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica/dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio (mmHg/min) &#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">3,1 &#177; 1,5</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>*Valores expressos com valor m&#233;dio &#177; DP, n&#250;mero (porcentagem) de pacientes, ou mediana [faixa interquartil]. &#8224; Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica no pico - em repouso. &#8224; Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica no pico - em repouso/ tempo de exerc&#237;cio; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; MET: Metabolic equivalente of task, ou, equivalente metab&#243;lico de uma tarefa; sendo que um MET &#233; definido como a quantidade de oxig&#234;nio consumido enquanto um ser humano est&#225; sentando, em repouso, sendo igual a 3.5 ml O<sub>2</sub> por kg x min. O conceito de MET representa um modelo pr&#225;tico para expressar o custo energ&#233;tico de diversas atividades e para estimar o condicionamento f&#237;sico.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, a avalia&#231;&#227;o subjetiva da capacidade funcional durante a anamnese pela classe funcional (CF) NYHA estava associada &#224; medida durante o teste ergom&#233;trico. A capacidade funcional foi medida em MET, com o valor m&#233;dio de 8,9 &#177; 2,8, no intervalo entre 1,5 e 17,3. Os pacientes de classe I alcan&#231;aram 9,4 MET, enquanto os de classe III alcan&#231;aram menos de 4 MET. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre classe funcional, conforme avaliada por anamnese e ergometria &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre capacidade funcional por classe funcional NYHA avaliada por anamnese, e capacidade de exerc&#237;cio medida por ergometria.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-03-0565-00437-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de extrass&#237;stoles supraventriculares precoces foi frequente durante o exerc&#237;cio, isoladas em 16% dos casos, e complexas com alguns epis&#243;dios de taquicardia parox&#237;stica supraventricular em 17% dos pacientes. Extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares precoces isoladas ocorreram em 14 pacientes (12%). Foi detectada resposta anormal da press&#227;o arterial em 10 pacientes (9%), com o aumento m&#233;dio da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica de 14 mmHg em compara&#231;&#227;o com os que tem resposta normal, nos quais o aumento m&#233;dio da press&#227;o arterial foi 29 mmHg (p=0,002). Ap&#243;s o teste ergom&#233;trico, no per&#237;odo de 48 hours, dois pacientes (1,8%) passaram por crises de dor que exigiram a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar para tratamento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fatores associados &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio</title>
        <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, a dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio foi de 9,2 minutos, no intervalo de 1,1 a 15,5 minutos. V&#225;rias vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram testadas quanto a uma poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o &#224; toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ). Os poss&#237;veis preditores que foram selecionados para o modelo multivariado foram idade, sexo, oximetria em repouso, concentra&#231;&#227;o de hemoglobina, e par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica de VE, fun&#231;&#227;o de VD e press&#227;o pulmonar avaliada pela velocidade m&#225;xima de RT. A velocidade m&#225;xima de RT e a rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; foram os principais fatores associados ao tempo de exerc&#237;cio na an&#225;lise univariada. Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear multivariada incluindo os marcadores laboratoriais da gravidade da doen&#231;a, a velocidade m&#225;xima de RT e a rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; surgiram como fatores importantes associados &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio, ap&#243;s a padroniza&#231;&#227;o quanto a idade e sexo ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fatores associados &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Univariada</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Multivariada</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Beta</th>
                  <th>p-valor</th>
                  <th>Beta</th>
                  <th>p-valor</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,067</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,038</td>
                  <td align="center">0,045</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">1,386</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                  <td align="center">1,195</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betabloqueadores</td>
                  <td align="center">-2,158</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#218;lceras na perna</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,242</td>
                  <td align="center">0,034</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acidente vascular cerebral anterior</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,475</td>
                  <td align="center">0,042</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Volume de AE indexado (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,049</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de velocidade A (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,032</td>
                  <td align="center">0,025</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,017</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217;</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,358</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,224</td>
                  <td align="center">0,018</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Velocidade m&#225;xima de RT (m/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">-2,675</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,810</td>
                  <td align="center">0,015</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Massa do VE indexada (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,015</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,045</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Oximetria (%) em repouso</td>
                  <td align="center">0,240</td>
                  <td align="center">0,022</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (pg/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,006</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobina (g/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,387</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ferritina (ng/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Desidrogenase l&#225;ctica (IU/l)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Protein&#250;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">1,436</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; RT: regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de risco proporcional de Cox para previs&#227;o de resultados adversos em pacientes com anemia falciforme</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Univariada</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Multivariada</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>FC (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>p-valor</th>
                  <th>FC (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>p-valor</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gen&#243;tipo Hb SS</td>
                  <td align="center">2,546 (1,020-6,351)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,045</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobina (g/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,803 (0,664-0,970)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,023</td>
                  <td align="center">0,688 (0,552-0,858)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Massa de VE (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,007 (1,000-1,015)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,055</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VAE (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,022 (0,999-1,046)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,060</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#193;rea do &#225;trio direito (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,143 (1,042-1,255)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TAM (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,098 (1,008-1,197)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,033</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Velocidade de RT (m/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,729 (1,474-9,433)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de velocidade A (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,976 (0,955-0,998)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,031</td>
                  <td align="center">0,964 (0,933-0,997)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,034</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Resposta anormal de PAS</td>
                  <td align="center">4,110 (1,346-12,550)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,013</td>
                  <td align="center">4,990 (1,316-18,921)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,018</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BNP (pg/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,001 (1,000-1,003)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,052</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>
                  <italic>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; RC: raz&#227;o de chance; VAE: volume do &#225;trio esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; TAM: movimento anular tric&#250;spide; RT: regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Preditor de eventos adversos.</title>
        <p>Durante um per&#237;odo de acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 10,1 meses (intervalo de 1,2 a 26), 27 pacientes (23%) apresentaram desfechos cl&#237;nicos desfavor&#225;veis: 4 pacientes morreram (uma morte n&#227;o estava relacionada &#224; AF), 8 foram hospitalizados devido a &gt;= 3 epis&#243;dios de crise &#225;lgica aguda, 11 tiveram s&#237;ndrome tor&#225;cica aguda e 4 foram hospitalizados com outras complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; AF.</p>
        <p>V&#225;rias vari&#225;veis foram testadas quanto a uma poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o a resultados adversos ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> ). Os poss&#237;veis preditores que foram selecionados para o modelo multivariado foram o gen&#243;tipo Hb SS, n&#237;veis de hemoglobina, massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, volume do &#225;trio esquerdo, &#225;rea do &#225;trio direito, velocidade de pico da regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide, velocidade de pico A transmitral, n&#237;veis de BNP, e resposta de press&#227;o arterial anormal ao exerc&#237;cio. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, os preditores independentes de eventos adversos foram a concentra&#231;&#227;o de hemoglobina, velocidade de pico A transmitral, e a resposta da press&#227;o arterial ao exerc&#237;cio. A incid&#234;ncia acumulada de eventos adversos pela resposta da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Incid&#234;ncia acumulada de eventos adversos em pacientes com AF que apresentaram resposta anormal da press&#227;o arterial ao exerc&#237;cio comparados &#224;queles com resposta fisiol&#243;gica (p-valor de 0,027).</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-03-0565-00437-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo busca apresentar informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a toler&#226;ncia a exerc&#237;cios em pacientes com AF. Como existe uma falta de evid&#234;ncias na literatura sobre teste ergom&#233;trico na AF, nossos resultados mostram que o teste ergom&#233;trico em pacientes cr&#244;nicos com AF compensada &#233; vi&#225;vel, relativamente seguro e pode ser realizado em ambiente hospitalar com uma equipe experiente. Al&#233;m disso, o teste ergom&#233;trico oferece informa&#231;&#245;es &#250;teis para o controle de pacientes com AF.</p>
      <p>H&#225; escassez de evid&#234;ncias que indiquem um programa de exerc&#237;cios para pacientes com AF. A principal quest&#227;o enfrentada por profissionais de sa&#250;de envolvidos no controle de AF &#233; o n&#237;vel seguro de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos que devem recomendar a seus pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Como &#233; sabido que a atividade f&#237;sica induz altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas que podem precipitar crises vaso-oclusivas, os pacientes geralmente s&#227;o incentivados a praticar exerc&#237;cios limitados pelo aparecimento de sintomas. A presen&#231;a da anemia induz a uma transi&#231;&#227;o mais r&#225;pida do metabolismo aer&#243;bico ao anaer&#243;bio durante o exerc&#237;cio, o que pode estimular a polimeriza&#231;&#227;o da hemoglobina S e causar oclus&#245;es microvasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a desidrata&#231;&#227;o que ocorre durante o exerc&#237;cio, associada aos epis&#243;dios agudo de hip&#243;xia tecidual, tamb&#233;m pode contribuir para o afoi&#231;amento das hem&#225;cias. Portanto, embora nosso estudo e outros tenham demonstrado a seguran&#231;a relativa da atividade f&#237;sica em pacientes com AF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> ela ainda representa alguns riscos. Observamos duas complica&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s o teste, o que refor&#231;a a necessidade de cuidados m&#233;dicos, incluindo hidrata&#231;&#227;o, para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de testes ergom&#233;tricos nessa popula&#231;&#227;o vulner&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>Entretanto, evid&#234;ncias recentes sugerem que pacientes com AF podem fazer atividades f&#237;sicas, ainda que sejam necess&#225;rias recomenda&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas sobre a dura&#231;&#227;o e a intensidade do exerc&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A presen&#231;a de arritmias durante o exerc&#237;cio varia muito na literatura. Em nosso estudo, 16% dos pacientes apresentaram arritmias supraventriculares, um n&#250;mero mais alto do que o esperado para esse grupo de pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Isso provavelmente se deve ao aumento atrial e &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica geralmente observada com a AF, que s&#227;o os principais fatores associados a essas arritmias,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> padronizado por idade. A preval&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares foi semelhante aos dados da literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas do segmento ST, sugerindo isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, &#233; considerada frequente na AF, variando entre 10% e 50%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Encontramos uma preval&#234;ncia de 17%, sem que houvesse quaisquer outros achados indicando doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria obstrutiva.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Determinantes da toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com AF</title>
        <p>Pacientes com AF apresentam, consistentemente, defici&#234;ncia na capacidade de fazer exerc&#237;cios. V&#225;rios fatores contribuem para a intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, incluindo poss&#237;veis anormalidades no enchimento card&#237;aco, anemia cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar, e doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica relacionada &#224; oclus&#227;o microvascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Foram propostos tr&#234;s mecanismos principais de limita&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio na AF: anemia, doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar, e doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica e/ou miopatia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Realmente, em nosso estudo, a velocidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide que estima a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar se manteve como determinante importante da dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio, ap&#243;s a padroniza&#231;&#227;o por idade e sexo. Da mesma forma, a rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; derivada de Doppler tecidual, que &#233; um marcador da press&#227;o de enchimento do VE alta, foi um fator independente associado &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        <p>Em conformidade com nossos achados, um estudo anterior mostrou que uma redu&#231;&#227;o na dist&#226;ncia da caminhada de 6 minutos estava independentemente associada a medi&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, expressa pela velocidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide, e a medidas de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, sugerindo duas determinantes independentes de intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, anormalidades na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, medidas pela rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217;, s&#227;o independentemente associadas &#224; capacidade de exerc&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Embora os pacientes do sexo masculino tivessem uma capacidade de exerc&#237;cio maior que a dos pacientes do sexo feminino, a magnitude de sua diferen&#231;a diminu&#237;a com a idade. Comparados aos indiv&#237;duos com fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica normal, os pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica leve (relaxamento deficiente) tinham um aumento progressivo na magnitude da capacidade do exerc&#237;cio com o avan&#231;o da idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> No presente estudo, com pacientes assintom&#225;ticos com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica leve, a idade estava inversamente relacionada &#224; capacidade de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resposta de press&#227;o arterial anormal e resultado adverso na AF</title>
        <p>A press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia deve normalmente aumentar em cerda de 40% com o exerc&#237;cio incremental, devido ao aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, com um aumento progressivo da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Respostas de press&#227;o arterial anormais s&#227;o relativamente comuns e seu potencial de valor cl&#237;nico tem chamado cada vez mais aten&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Embora seja dif&#237;cil determinar a preval&#234;ncia exata de resposta press&#243;rica anormal ao esfor&#231;o, devido a varia&#231;&#245;es na defini&#231;&#227;o desse par&#226;metro, estima-se em at&#233; 6% a ocorr&#234;ncia dessa altera&#231;&#227;o ao esfor&#231;o.</p>
        <p>A hipotens&#227;o induzida pelo exerc&#237;cio tem sido considerada, h&#225; muito tempo, um sinal de progn&#243;stico ruim para os indiv&#237;duos portadores de doen&#231;a cardiovascular estabelecida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Uma an&#225;lise sistem&#225;tica e uma meta-an&#225;lise demonstraram que a resposta hipotensiva prev&#234; eventos cardiovasculares fatais e n&#227;o fatais de longo prazo e mortalidade global.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Isso foi observado independentemente da apresenta&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, do modo de exerc&#237;cio realizado, da intensidade do exerc&#237;cio, ou de como a hipotens&#227;o pelo exerc&#237;cio era definida. Em conformidade, identificamos que a resposta press&#243;rica anormal foi um preditor independente de eventos adversos, ap&#243;s o ajuste para fatores progn&#243;sticos conhecidos.</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios mecanismos foram propostos para explicar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o aumento no risco da ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares adversos e a presen&#231;a de resposta press&#243;rica anormal (eleva&#231;&#227;o insuficiente ou queda da PA) durante o teste ergom&#233;trico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Durante o exerc&#237;cio, a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica abaixo dos valores de repouso foi associada a doen&#231;a cardiovascular subjacente, incluindo disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, e obstru&#231;&#245;es do fluxo a&#243;rtico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Anormalidades no sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo durante o teste ergom&#233;trico provavelmente s&#227;o observadas em pacientes que apresentaram respostas de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica diminu&#237;das. O desequil&#237;brio auton&#244;mico est&#225; relacionado ao desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, e dist&#250;rbios similares possivelmente ocorrem nas pessoas com resposta de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica ao exerc&#237;cio diminu&#237;da.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> Um estudo anterior demonstrou que at&#233; mesmos as eleva&#231;&#245;es modestas da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica durante o teste ergom&#233;trico de esfor&#231;o est&#227;o associadas a um risco menor de mortalidade global e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Entretanto, a etiologia da hipotens&#227;o induzida pelo exerc&#237;cio &#233; multifatorial e complexa.</p>
        <p>Em pacientes com AF &#233; descrito que a press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica &#233; mais baixa nos pacientes com AF sem comorbidades quando comparado &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o em geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> Pacientes com AF cujos valores de press&#227;o arterial est&#227;o acima da faixa esperada para esse popula&#231;&#227;o &#8211; &#8220;hipertens&#227;o sist&#234;mica relativa&#8221; &#8211; tinham risco maior de acidente vascular cerebral e morte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> O mecanismo exato pelo qual a resposta anormal da press&#227;o arterial induzida pelo exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com AF est&#225; relacionada a resultados adversos precisa ser definido. A isquemia mioc&#225;rdica induzida pelo exerc&#237;cio pode causar disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Realmente, um estudo anterior relatou que o volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo diminuiu mais significativamente com o exerc&#237;cio em pacientes que apresentaram ECG isqu&#234;mico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> &#201; descrito tamb&#233;m que pacientes com a presen&#231;a de resposta isqu&#234;mica ao esfor&#231;o tamb&#233;m atingiram um duplo produto (press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica x FC) mais alto, com uma eleva&#231;&#227;o excessiva da press&#227;o arterial, sugerindo aumento da demanda de oxig&#234;nio do mioc&#225;rdio durante o exerc&#237;cio na popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar est&#225; associada &#224; limita&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio e progn&#243;stico ruim em pacientes com AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Embora, em nosso estudo, a resposta da press&#227;o pulmonar ao exerc&#237;cio n&#227;o tenha sido avaliada, sua eleva&#231;&#227;o excessiva durante o exerc&#237;cio pode contribuir para a disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito, e a redu&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, com a consequente resposta hipotensiva ao exerc&#237;cio. Diante de exposto, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cl&#237;nicos adversos e a resposta press&#243;rica anormal ao esfor&#231;o em pacientes com AF &#233; complexa e provavelmente mediada por complica&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas, incluindo anemia, doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar, e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. O tamanho da amostra foi estimado para se detectar anormalidades no ECG relacionadas a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica na AF, o que limita a an&#225;lise em termos dos preditores de eventos adversos. Os pacientes cadastrados neste estudo s&#227;o encaminhados de atendimento ambulatorial, incluindo um amplo espectro de pacientes com AF, mas com um pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes de subgrupos mais graves, especialmente aqueles com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, o que limita a validade externa para pacientes mais graves.</p>
        <p>34% dos pacientes eram portadores do subtipo SC, em geral menos graves, o que limita nossas conclus&#245;es para toda a popula&#231;&#227;o com doen&#231;a falciforme (subtipo SS e outros). Outros dois fatores limitantes foram a impossibilidade de se utilizar o teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar, ferramenta ideal, mas menos dispon&#237;vel, para avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional nesses pacientes, e a dificuldade na mensura&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial durante o esfor&#231;o, j&#225; descrita em outros estudos que utilizaram a ergometria, e que pode comprometer a reprodutibilidade dos nossos achados.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>A realiza&#231;&#227;o de testes ergom&#233;tricos em pacientes com AF clinicamente est&#225;veis &#233; relativamente segura e vi&#225;vel, e oferece informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas valiosas, al&#233;m de poder ser &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o do condicionamento aer&#243;bico. Altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas isqu&#234;micas induzidas pelo exerc&#237;cio foram frequentes e a ocorr&#234;ncia de crises &#225;lgicas ap&#243;s o esfor&#231;o n&#227;o foi comum. Os principais determinantes da dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio foram a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e a press&#227;o arterial pulmonar estimada pela velocidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide. A resposta press&#243;rica anormal ao esfor&#231;o foi um preditor independente de eventos adversos. S&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos adicionais para se determinar a seguran&#231;a do exame em amostras maiores assim como para esclarecer os mecanismos subjacentes associados ao risco aumentado de eventos adversos em pacientes com AF com resposta de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica diminu&#237;da durante o teste ergom&#233;trico.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Este trabalho foi financiado por bolsas das ag&#234;ncias de pesquisa brasileiras Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG), e N&#250;cleo de A&#231;&#245;es e Pesquisa em Apoio Diagn&#243;stico (NUPAD) - Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. ARP Ribeiro e MCP Nunes s&#227;o membros do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq).</p>
    </ack>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Exercise Testing In Patients with Sickle Cell Disease: Safety, Feasibility and Potential Prognostic Implication</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Christiano Gon&#231;alves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Resende</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Bet&#226;nia Solis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tupinamb&#225;s</surname>
            <given-names>Julia Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Rebeca Coeli Teodoro Maciel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio Coelho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8967-4647</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Carmen Melo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Janu&#225;rio</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Nelio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2740-0042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Luiz Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8801-1828</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Carmo P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais,Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia de Minas Gerais (HEMOMINAS Foundation), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">N&#250;cleo de A&#231;&#245;es e Pesquisa em Apoio Diagn&#243;stico (Nupad) &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Maria Carmo P. Nunes &#8226; Departamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Av. Professor Alfredo Balena, 190. Postal Code 30130-100, Santa Efig&#234;nia, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil E-mail: mcarmo@waymail.com.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Ara&#250;jo CG, Resende MBS, Janu&#225;rio JN, Ribeiro ALP, Nunes MCP; Acquisition of data: Ara&#250;jo CG, Resende MBS, Tupinamb&#225;s JT, Dias RCTM, Barros FC, Vasconcelos MCM, Janu&#225;rio JN, Nunes MCP; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Ara&#250;jo CG, Resende MBS, Ribeiro ALP, Nunes MCP; Obtaining financing: Janu&#225;rio JN, Ribeiro ALP, Nunes MCP; Writing of the manuscript: Ara&#250;jo CG, Ribeiro ALP, Nunes MCP; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Ara&#250;jo CG, Resende MBS, Dias RCTM, Vasconcelos MCM, Janu&#225;rio JN, Ribeiro ALP, Nunes MCP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at increased risk for cardiovascular complications. Exercise testing is used as a prognostic marker in a variety of cardiovascular diseases. However, there is a lack of evidence on exercise in SCD patients, particularly regarding its safety, feasibility, and possible prognostic role.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>We used the maximal treadmill test to determine safety and feasibility of the exercise testing in SCD patients. Additionally, the factors associated with exercise duration, as well as the impact of exercise-induced changes on clinical outcome, were also assessed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>One-hundred thirteen patients with SCD, who underwent exercise testing, were prospectively enrolled. A comprehensive cardiovascular evaluation, including echocardiography and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels, were obtained. The long-term outcome was a composite endpoint of death, severe acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, or hospitalization for other SCD-related complications. Cox regression analysis was performed to identify the variables associated with the outcome. A p-value&lt;0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>The mean age was 36 &#177; 12 years (range, 18-65 years), and 62 patients were women (52%). Ischemic electrocardiogram and abnormal blood pressure (BP) response to exercise were detected in 17% and 9%, respectively. Two patients experienced pain crises within 48 hours that required hospitalization. Factors associated with exercise duration were age, sex, tricuspid regurgitation (TR) maximal velocity, and E/e&#8217; ratio, after adjustment for markers of disease severity. During the mean follow-up of 10.1 months (ranging from 1.2 to 26), the endpoint was reached in 27 patients (23%). Independent predictors of adverse events were hemoglobin concentration, late transmitral flow velocity (A wave), and BP response to exercise.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>Exercise testing in SCD patients who were clinically stable is feasible. Exercise duration was associated with diastolic function and pulmonary artery pressure. Abnormal BP response was an independent predictor of adverse events.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Anemia, Sickle Cell</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasculitis</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemolysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Occlusion</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an increasing global health problem associated with life-threatening complications and progressive organ damage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Although the number of patients with SCD is expected to increase with treatment improvement, life expectancy is reduced by about 3 decades, even with the best medical care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> This condition is characterized by the presence of abnormal erythrocytes damaged by hemoglobin S, leading to a multisystem disorder.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The pathophysiological hallmark of SCD is hemoglobin polymerization, causing vaso-occlusion with ischemia-reperfusion injury and hemolysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Chronic complications result from two main mechanisms including large-vessel vasculopathy and progressive ischemic organ damage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In recent decades, early diagnosis and effective treatment have greatly prolonged the survival of patients with SCD<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and thus cardiovascular complications have been increasingly detected. Chronic anemia is associated with several well-described cardiac changes in patients with SCD, including left ventricular dilation, increased mass, and impaired diastolic function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In addition, intravascular hemolysis may lead to precapillary pulmonary hypertension, which is one of the major complications of SCD, with severe consequences on the right-side heart chambers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Patients with SCD are at increased risk for myocardial ischemia and sudden death, especially with the aging of the affected population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Chest pain is usually attributed to vascular occlusive crisis, and the diagnosis of myocardial infarction is frequently missed, occasionally made only upon autopsy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Therefore, ischemic heart disease may be present in a significant number of patients with SCD.</p>
        <p>Exercise testing has been used widely to detect myocardial ischemia in patients with chest pain syndromes or potential symptom equivalents.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> However, the metabolic changes induced by exercise may stimulate erythrocyte sickling and promote vascular occlusions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> This fact raised a dilemma of either recommended exercise for these patients or deprives them from beneficial effects of physical activity. Although previous studies showed a normal exercise tolerance in SCD patients,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> they had several limitations, including a small number of patients and the use of a six-minute walk test to assess functional capacity. Therefore, there is a lack of evidence to indicate exercise programs for SCD patients. Furthermore, it is unclear whether exercise-induced parameters obtained from symptom-limited exercise tests are associated with adverse outcomes in the SCD setting.</p>
        <p>Therefore, in this study, we sought to 1) verify the exercise tolerance in patients with SCD; 2) determine the factors associated with the duration of exercise testing; 3) examine the impact of exercise-induced cardiovascular response on clinical outcome; and 4) assess the feasibility and safety of exercise testing in the population with SCD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>This was a single center study in which patients with SCD, confirmed by hemoglobin electrophoresis, were prospectively enrolled. Patients who were unable to perform exercise testing due to orthopedic or other organic problems associated with SCD (pain episodes, severe venous insufficiency, cardiovascular or respiratory decompensation) were excluded.</p>
          <p>B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels were measured using standard radioimmunoassay in all patients immediately before exercise testing. The research protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Minas Gerais and written informed consent was obtained from all patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exercise testing protocol</title>
          <p>Symptom-limited exercise was performed on a treadmill (Centurium 200, Micromed, Brazil), using a modified Bruce protocol, which, in the initial stages, presents smaller increments in the effort load , allowing for better adaptation and tolerance to exercise. This protocol is derived from the standard Bruce protocol and presents 3-minute stages, which are different only in the first stage, which presents normal initial velocity of the first stage original protocol, changing only in the slope (first 3 minutes, without inclination). The second stage is similar to the first stage of Bruce, and, after this it follows the usual protocol. Thus, the relation between workload and O<sub>2</sub>consumption is around 0.5 MET / minute until the third, and thereafter &#177; 1.2 MET / minute.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A 13-lead ECG was continuously monitored and recorded in each minute, and cuff blood pressure was recorded manually at rest, during the last 30 seconds of each stage and during the 6-min recovery period. After achieving maximal workload, all patients spent 1 minute in a cool-down period at a speed of 2.4 km per hour and a grade of 2.5 percent. After 1 min, all of the patients completed the recovery phase in the supine position.</p>
          <p>The test reached the maximal level, with patients remaining on the treadmill until they reached the subjective parameters (dyspnea, fatigue, chest pain or lower limbs, inability to follow the treadmill) of exercise intolerance or usual contraindications for its continuation (such as sustained arrhythmias). The peak VO<sub>2</sub>and METs were estimated at the exercise peak. Presence of ST-T changes, heart rate and blood pressure responses, and arrhythmias were evaluated. Abnormal exercise blood pressure response was defined as either no elevation or increase in systolic blood pressure at peak of exercise &lt; 20 mmHg or a drop in exercise systolic blood pressure below the resting value.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> ST-segment changes were considered indicative of ischemia when there was a horizontal or down-sloping ST-segment depression &#8805; 1 mm at 60&#8211;80 ms after the J point.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Oximetry was performed at rest and during the exercise test using two oximeters: OHMEDA 3800, GE and HELLCOR OXIMAX N-600X, one on each index finger. All exams were performed and analyzed by an experienced cardiologist.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic evaluation</title>
          <p>Echocardiographic assessment was performed according to recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> using a commercially available echocardiograph (GE Vivid Q, Horten, Norway). LV ejection fraction was calculated according to the modified Simpson&#8217;s rule, and LV mass was calculated using Devereux&#8217;s formula.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Diastolic function was assessed by pulsed-wave Doppler examination of mitral inflow, and by tissue Doppler imaging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Early diastolic velocity (e&#8217;) at the medial and lateral border of the mitral annulus were obtained, and the ratio between peak mitral E and e&#8217; (E/e&#8217;) was calculated. Right ventricular function was assessed using peak systolic velocity at the tricuspid annulus by means of tissue Doppler imaging,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> tricuspid annular motion, and fractional area change, which was calculated as (RV end-diastolic area &#8211; RV end-systolic area)/RV end-diastolic area x 100. Maximal tricuspid regurgitation (TR) velocity was obtained at the 4-chamber or parasternal views. All measurements were performed by a single investigator, blinded to clinical data, and were averaged from 3 beats.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Endpoint definitions</title>
          <p>The primary endpoint was exercise duration, and the secondary endpoint was combined into the following events: (1) death related to SCD, (2) all-cause mortality, (3) three or more acute painful episodes that require hospitalization, (4) acute chest syndrome characterized by a newly pulmonary infiltrate detected by chest radiography associated with chest pain, fever, tachypnea, wheezing, cough, and hypoxemia, and (5) hospitalization for another SCD-related complication, especially a life-threatening infection.</p>
          <p>The date of enrollment in the study was defined as the date on which exercise testing was performed. The inclusion period was from August 2015 to September 2016, and the follow-up ended on November 2017. Follow-up data were obtained during clinical follow-up appointment or telephone interviews.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The study was designed to achieve 90% power to detect a 15% prevalence of ECG abnormalities suggested of myocardial ischemia in the overall population with SCD. We assumed that at least 10 patients will have ischemic ST-T abnormalities, returning an estimated sample size of 93.</p>
          <p>Categorical data were presented as numbers and percentages, continuous data were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) or median and interquartile range, depending on the pattern of distribution of each variable. Shapiro-Wilk test was performed to evaluate the distribution of the continuous variables.</p>
          <p>To determine the factors associated with exercise testing duration, linear regression models with univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Assumptions for linear regression analysis were verified with no significant violations observed.</p>
          <p>Cox regression analysis was performed to determine the characteristics that were independently associated with composite endpoint. Clinical, laboratory, echocardiographic, and exercise testing variables that were clinically relevant or significantly associated with events in the univariate analysis were included in the multivariate logistic regression model. The variables that entered into the final model were age, gender, laboratory (reticulocytes and hemoglobin concentrations), echocardiographic (TR maximal velocity, E/e&#8217; ratio, and LV indexed mass), and exercise testing (abnormal pressure response and presence of ischemia) parameters. A p-value&lt;0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.</p>
          <p>Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, version 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical characteristics of the study population</title>
          <p>A total of 120 outpatients were included, but 7 were unable to perform the exam in an exercise testing room, leaving 113 patients who completed the study protocol. Of these, 71 were carriers of hemoglobin (Hb) SS, 40 HbSC, and 2 with sickle cell-beta zero thalassemia (Hb S-&#946;<sup>0</sup>-thal). The mean age of the patients was 36.2 &#177; 12.4 years (range, 18-65 years), and 62 patients were women (52%). The majority of the patients are asymptomatic, in NYHA functional class (FC) I (77%), whereas 24 (20%) were in class II and 4 (3%) in class III. The clinical characteristics of the study population are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . Sixteen patients (13%) had hypertension, and 43 patients (36%) had renal dysfunction. Hospitalization in the past year occurred in 25 patients (21%), 2 or more times in 11 patients (9%).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables*</th>
                    <th>Value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Body surface area (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.7 &#177; 0.2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heart rate (bpm)</td>
                    <td align="center">75.8 &#177; 13.6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Systolic/diastolic blood pressures (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">117.4 &#177; 14.6/73.2 &#177; 4.3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hemoglobin (g/dl)</td>
                    <td align="center">9.9 &#177; 2.2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Reticulocytes (% of erythrocytes)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.6 [3.6/8.7]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Leukocyte count (x10<sup>3</sup>/l)</td>
                    <td align="center">8.6 &#177; 3.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lactate dehydrogenase (U/l)</td>
                    <td align="center">575 [413/833]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Aspartate aminotransferase (U/l)</td>
                    <td align="center">23 [16/32]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ferritin (ng/ml)</td>
                    <td align="center">181 [75/388]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total bilirubin (mg/dl)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.7 [1.1/3.0]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatinine (mg/dl)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.7 [0.6/0.8]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP, pg/ml)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 [11/62]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Echocardiographic measurements</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">51 [48/56]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left ventricular end-systolic diameter (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">33[30/37]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left ventricular ejection fraction (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">63 [59/65]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Indexed LV mass (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">103.2 [85/130]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak early diastolic transmitral flow velocity (E,cm/s)</td>
                    <td align="center">93.1 &#177; 22.2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak late transmitral flow velocity (A, cm/s)</td>
                    <td align="center">55.9 &#177; 16.9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Deceleration time (ms)</td>
                    <td align="center">206.0 &#177; 41.6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>E/A ratio</td>
                    <td align="center">1.8 &#177; 0.7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>E/e&#8217; ratio &#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">6.8 &#177; 2.2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Indexed left atrial volume (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">42.1 &#177; 14.8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Right ventricular fractional area changing (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">44.2 &#177; 5.8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Right ventricular peak systolic velocity (cm/s)</td>
                    <td align="center">14.5 &#177; 3.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Tricuspid annular motion (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">25.9 &#177; 4.3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Right ventricular myocardial performance index</td>
                    <td align="center">0.12 &#177; 0.07</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Tricuspid regurgitation maximal velocity&#8225; (m/s)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.2 &#177; 0.3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Right atrial area (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">16.2 &#177; 3.4</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>*Values are expressed as the mean value &#177; SD, or median [interquartile range]. e&#8217;: early diastolic mitral annular velocity at septal and lateral mitral annulus, E/A: ratio of early to late transmitral flow velocity. &#8224; E/e&#8217;: ratio of the early diastolic transmitral flow velocity to early diastolic mitral annular velocity (average at septal and lateral mitral annulus). &#8225;Peak systolic velocity at the tricuspid annulus by tissue Doppler imaging.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Stroke was previously diagnosed in 16 patients (13%), who were under hypertransfusion and were without significant motor sequelae. The most frequently used medications were folic acid (93%), hydroxyurea (62%), and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptors blockers (23%). Seven patients (6%) were taking furosemide. All patients who were clinically stable presented mild anemia with hemoglobin levels of 9.9 &#177; 2.2 g/dl ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ). B-type natriuretic peptide concentrations were within the normal range.</p>
          <p>The echocardiographic measurements are demonstrated in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . The majority of the patients had normal ventricular dimensions with preserved systolic function. Left atrial volume was increased, whereas other parameters to assess diastolic function were normal, especially tissue Doppler-derived E/e&#8217; ratio, which was within the normal range. Similarly, right ventricular dimensions and tricuspid regurgitation maximal velocity jet were also within the normal range. Only 2 patients presented a tricuspid regurgitation jet velocity &#8805;3 m/s.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exercise testing</title>
          <p>Ischemic ST abnormalities compatible with criteria for ischemia during the effort were detected in 19 patients (17%). Exercise testing characteristics are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Patient characteristics during exercise testing</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables*</th>
                    <th>Value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Oximetry (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">95 [92/96]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak HR (beats/min)</td>
                    <td align="center">158.4 &#177; 21.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak HR (% predicted)</td>
                    <td align="center">86.9 &#177; 10.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak VO<sub>2</sub>(ml.Kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">31.0 &#177; 9.7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MET</td>
                    <td align="center">8.9 &#177; 2.8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Presence of ischemia</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (17)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Supraventricular premature beats</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (33)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ventricular premature beats</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (14)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Abnormal blood pressure response</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Changes in systolic blood pressure (mmHg) &#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">27.5 &#177; 14.9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Delta of systolic pressure/exercise duration (mmHg/min) &#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">3.1 &#177; 1.5</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>*Values are expressed as the mean value &#177; SD, number (percentage) of patients, or median [interquartile range]. &#8224; Systolic blood pressure at peak - at rest. &#8225; Systolic blood pressure at peak - at rest / exercise time; HR: heart rate; MET: metabolic equivalent for task.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>In the overall population, subjective assessment of functional capacity during anamnesis by NYHA functional class (FC) was associated with that measured by exercise testing. Functional capacity was measured in METs, with the mean value of 8.9 &#177; 2.8, range from 1.5 to 17.3. The patients in class I achieved 9.4 METs whereas those in class III achieved less than 4 METs. The relationship between functional class as assessed by anamnesis and ergometry is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Association between functional capacity by NYHA functional class assessed by anamnesis and exercise capacity measured by ergometry.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-03-0565-00437-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Supraventricular premature contractions were frequent during exercise, isolated in 16% of the cases, and complexes with some episodes of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in 17% of the patients. Isolated ventricular premature contractions occurred in 14 patients (12%). Abnormal blood pressure response was found in 10 patients (9%), with a mean increase of systolic blood pressure of 14 mmHg, when compared to those with anormal response, in whom the mean increase of blood pressure was 29 mmHg (p=0.002). Following the exercise testing, within 48 hours, two patients (1.8%) experienced pain crises that required hospitalization for treatment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Factors associated with exercise duration</title>
          <p>In the overall population, the exercise duration was 9.2 minutes, ranging from 1.1 to 15.5 minutes. Several clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic variables were tested for a possible association with exercise tolerance ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ). The potential predictors that were selected for the multivariate model were age, gender, oximetry at rest, hemoglobin concentration, and echocardiographic parameters of LV diastolic function, RV function, and pulmonary pressure assessed by TR maximal velocity. TR maximal velocity and E/e&#8217; ratio were the main factors associated with exercise time in the univariate analysis. In the multivariate linear regression analysis, including the laboratory markers of disease severity, TR maximal velocity and E/e&#8217; ratio emerged as important factors associated with exercise duration, after adjustment for age and gender ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Factors associated with exercise time</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variables</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Univariate</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Multivariate</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Beta</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                    <th>Beta</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.067</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.038</td>
                    <td align="center">0.045</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male gender</td>
                    <td align="center">1.386</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                    <td align="center">1.195</td>
                    <td align="center">0.006</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Beta-blockers</td>
                    <td align="center">-2.158</td>
                    <td align="center">0.014</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Leg ulcers</td>
                    <td align="center">-1.242</td>
                    <td align="center">0.034</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous stroke</td>
                    <td align="center">-1.475</td>
                    <td align="center">0.042</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Indexed LA volume (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.049</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak A velocity (cm/s)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.032</td>
                    <td align="center">0.025</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Deceleration time (ms)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.017</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>E/e&#8217; ratio</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.358</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.224</td>
                    <td align="center">0.018</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TR maximal velocity (m/s)</td>
                    <td align="center">-2.675</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">-1.810</td>
                    <td align="center">0.015</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Indexed LV mass (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.015</td>
                    <td align="center">0.014</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.045</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Oximetry (%) at rest</td>
                    <td align="center">0.240</td>
                    <td align="center">0.022</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>B-type natriuretic peptide (pg/ml)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.006</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hemoglobin (g/dl)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.387</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ferritin (ng/ml)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lactate dehydrogenase (IU/l)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.002</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Proteinuria</td>
                    <td align="center">1.436</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>LA: left atrial; LV: left ventricular; TR: tricuspid regurgitation.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Cox proportional-hazards analysis for predicting adverse outcomes in patients with sickle cell disease</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variables</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Univariate</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Multivariate</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>HR (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                    <th>HR (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Genotype Hb SS</td>
                    <td align="center">2.546 (1.020-6.351)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.045</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hemoglobin (g/dl)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.803 (0.664-0.970)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.023</td>
                    <td align="center">0.688 (0.552-0.858)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV mass (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.007 (1.000-1.015)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.055</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LAV (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.022 (0.999-1.046)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.060</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Right atrial area (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.143 (1.042-1.255)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TAM (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.098 (1.008-1.197)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.033</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TR velocity (m/s)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.729 (1.474-9.433)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak A velocity (cm/s)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.976 (0.955-0.998)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.031</td>
                    <td align="center">0.964 (0.933-0.997)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.034</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Abnormal SBP response</td>
                    <td align="center">4.110 (1.346-12.550)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.013</td>
                    <td align="center">4.990 (1.316-18.921)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.018</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BNP (pg/ml)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.001 (1.000-1.003)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.052</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8230;</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>CI: confidence interval; HR: hazard ratio; LAV: left atrial volume; LV: left ventricular; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TAM: tricuspid annular motion; TR: tricuspid regurgitation; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Predictor of adverse events</title>
          <p>During a mean follow-up of 10.1 months (range, 1.2 to 26), the endpoint was reached in 27 patients (23%): 4 patients died (one death was unrelated to SCD), 8 were hospitalized due to &#8805; 3 acute painful episodes, 11 had acute chest syndrome, and 4 were hospitalized with other SCD-related complications.</p>
          <p>Several variables were tested for a possible association with an adverse outcome ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> ). The potential predictors that were selected for the multivariate model were genotype Hb SS, Hemoglobin levels, left ventricular mass, left atrial volume, right atrial area, tricuspid regurgitation peak velocity, peak transmitral A velocity, BNP levels, and abnormal blood pressure response to exercise. In the multivariate analysis, the independent predictors of adverse events were hemoglobin concentration, peak transmitral A velocity, and abnormal blood pressure response to exercise. The cumulative incidence of adverse events by systolic blood pressure response is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Cumulative incidence of adverse events in patients with SCD who presented abnormal blood pressure response to exercise as compared to those with a physiological response (p-value of 0.027).</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-03-0565-00437-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study sought to provide some information on exercise tolerance in SCD patients. As there is a lack of evidence in the literature about exercise testing in SCD, our results show that exercise testing in chronic compensated patients with SCD is feasible, relatively safe, and can be performed in a hospital environment with an experienced team. Moreover, exercise testing provides useful information for the management of patients with SCD.</p>
        <p>There is a lack of evidence to indicate an exercise program for patients with SCD. The major question faced by healthcare professionals involved in SCA management is the safe level of physical exercise they should recommend for their patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As physical activity is known to induce metabolic changes that can potentially precipitate a vaso-occlusive crisis, patients are usually encouraged to exercise on a symptom-limited basis. The presence of anemia induces a faster transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism during exercise, which may stimulate the polymerization of hemoglobin S and promote microvascular occlusions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Additionally, the dehydration that occurs during exercise, associated with the acute episodes of tissue hypoxia, may also contribute to the sickling of the red blood cells. Therefore, although our study and others have demonstrated relative safety of physical activity in SCD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> it is not risk-free. We observed two complications after the test, reinforcing the need for medical care, including hydration, to perform exercise testing in this vulnerable population.</p>
        <p>However, recent evidence suggests that SCD patients may practice physical activities even if specific recommendations about exercise duration and intensity are needed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The presence of arrhythmias during exercise varies greatly in the literature. In our study, 16% of the patients presented supraventricular arrhythmias, which is higher than expected for this group of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> This is probably due to left atrial enlargement and diastolic dysfunction often seen in SCD, which are the main factors associated with these arrhythmias,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> adjusted by age. The prevalence of ventricular arrhythmias was similar to data from the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> The presence of ischemic changes of the ST-segment, suggesting that myocardial ischemia is considered frequent in SCD, ranging from 10-50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> We found a prevalence of 17%, with no other findings indicating obstructive coronary disease.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Determinants of exercise tolerance in patients with SCD</title>
          <p>Accentuated impairment in exercise capacity has consistently been found in SCD patients. Several factors contribute to exercise intolerance, including possible cardiac filling abnormalities, chronic anemia, pulmonary vascular disease, peripheral vascular disease related to microvascular occlusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Three main mechanisms for exercise limitation in SCA were proposed: anemia, pulmonary vascular disease, and peripheral vascular disease and/or myopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Indeed, in our study, the tricuspid regurgitation velocity that estimates pulmonary artery systolic pressure remained as an important determinant of exercise duration after adjustment for age and gender. Similarly, a tissue Doppler-derived E/e&#8217; ratio, which is a marker of high LV filling pressure was an independent factor associated with exercise duration.</p>
          <p>In agreement with our findings, a previous study showed that a reduction in the 6-min walk distance was independently associated with echocardiographic measures of pulmonary hypertension, expressed by tricuspid regurgitation velocity, and with measures of diastolic dysfunction, suggesting two major independent determinants of exercise intolerance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In the general population, abnormalities of left ventricular diastolic function, measured by E/e&#8217; ratio, are independently associated with exercise capacity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Although males had a greater exercise capacity than females, the magnitude of this difference decreased with age. Compared to those with normal diastolic function, patients with mild diastolic dysfunction (impaired relaxation) had a progressive increase in the magnitude of reduction in exercise capacity with advancing age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> In the present study with asymptomatic patients with mild diastolic dysfunction, age was inversely correlated with exercise capacity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Abnormal blood pressure response and adverse outcomes in SCD</title>
          <p>The mean arterial pressure should normally increase by near 40% during incremental exercise as a result of the increase in cardiac output, with a progressive increase in systolic blood pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Abnormal blood pressure responses are relatively common, and their potential clinical value has increasingly drawn attention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Although difficult to determine on the basis of varying definitions, the prevalence of exercise hypotension has been reported in up to 6%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Exercise-induced hypotension has long been considered a poor prognostic sign in those with established cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> A systematic review and meta-analysis showed that a hypotensive response predicts longer-term fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> This was observed irrespective of disease presentation, mode of exercise undertaken, intensity of exercise, or how exercise hypotension was defined. In agreement, we found that abnormal blood response was an independent predictor of adverse events, after adjustment for well-known prognostic factors.</p>
          <p>Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the association between the increased risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes and an insufficient rise, or drop, in blood pressure during incremental exercise testing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> During exercise, decreased systolic blood pressure below resting values has been linked to underlying cardiovascular disease, including left ventricular dysfunction, coronary artery disease, and aortic outflow obstructions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Abnormalities in the autonomic nervous system during exercise testing are likely observed in patients who appear with decreased systolic blood pressure responses. Autonomic imbalance has been related to the development of heart failure, and similar disturbances possibly occur in those with decreased exercise systolic blood pressure response.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> A previous study showed that even modest elevations in systolic blood pressure during exercise stress testing are associated with a decreased risk of all-cause death and myocardial infarction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> However, the etiology of exercise-induced hypotension is multifactorial and complex.</p>
          <p>In the setting of SCD, systemic blood pressure is reported to be lower in SCD patients without comorbidities, when compared to the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> SCD patients with blood pressure values above the expected range for this population &#8211; &#8220;relative systemic hypertension&#8221; &#8211; had increased risk of stroke and death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> . The exact mechanism by which exercise induced abnormal blood pressure response in SCD patients is related to adverse outcomes needs to be defined. Myocardial ischemia induced by exercise may cause left ventricular dysfunction. Indeed, a previous study reported that left ventricular end-diastolic volume decreased most markedly with exercise in patients exhibiting ischemic ECG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> On the other hand, another investigation found that the patients who had ischemic responses when exercising also showed an elevated double product (systolic blood pressure x heart rate) with an excessive elevation in blood pressure, suggesting increased myocardial oxygen demand during exercise in this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Pulmonary hypertension is also associated with exercise limitation and poor prognosis in SCD patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Although in our study the pulmonary pressure response to exercise was not assessed, its excessive elevation during exercise may contribute to right ventricular dysfunction, reduction in cardiac output, with consequent hypotensive response to exercise. Indeed, the relationship between adverse outcome and abnormal blood pressure response to exercise in SCD patients is complex, likely mediated by chronic complications, including anemia, pulmonary vascular disease, and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>The study has some limitations. The sample size was estimated to detect ECG abnormalities related to myocardial ischemia in SCD, which limits the analysis regarding the predictors of adverse events. The patients enrolled in this study are referred from an outpatient clinic, including a wide spectrum of the SCD, but with a small number of more severe disease subgroups, particularly with pulmonary hypertension, which limits its external validity.</p>
          <p>A total of 34% of the patients had an SC subtype, which limited our conclusions for the entire population of SCD. In addition, the use of the cardiopulmonary exercise test would be the ideal tool to study the determinants of functional capacity in these patients. Another limiting factor is related to the measurement of blood pressure during exercise. It is well described the difficulty of this measurement during physical activity, which may compromise the reproducibility of our finding.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Exercise testing in SCD patients who were clinically stable is relatively safe and feasible, providing valuable clinical information, and may be helpful in aerobic conditioning. Exercise-induced ischemic electrocardiographic changes were frequent, whereas pain crises after exercise were uncommon. The main determinants of exercise duration were left ventricular diastolic function and pulmonary artery pressure estimated by tricuspid regurgitation velocity. Abnormal blood response was an independent predictor of adverse events. Further studies are needed to determine the safety of the exam in larger samples, together with the underlying mechanisms associated with the increased risk of adverse events in patients with SCD with decreased systolic blood pressure response during exercise stress testing.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>This work was supported by grants from the Brazilian research agencies Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG), and N&#250;cleo de A&#231;&#245;es e Pesquisa em Apoio Diagn&#243;stico (NUPAD) - School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. ARP Ribeiro and MCP Nunes are fellows of the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq).</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Christiano Gon&#231;alves de Araujo, from Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: This study was partially funded by Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Funda&#231;&#227;o Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia Minas Gerais (HEMOMINAS Foundation), N&#250;cleo de A&#231;&#245;es e Pesquisa em Apoio Diagn&#243;stico (Nupad) and Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
